the manufactures, is to give a lustre to stuffs, &c. by wetting them lightly with gum-water, and then passing them through the press or calender whether hot or cold. The gum-water ought to be pure, thin, and clear, otherwise the folds of the stuff will stick together; the operation must also be performed when the water is very hot, that it may penetrate.
Watering Meadows. See Meadows.
Waterland (Dr Daniel), a learned English divine who distinguished himself greatly in theological controversies, was born in 1683 at Waldy in Lincolnshire, of which place his father was rector. He had his academical learning at Magdalen college, Cambridge, where he drew up a useful tract, which went through several editions, intitled, Advice to a Young Student, with a Method of Study for the first four years. In 1713 he became master of the college, was soon after appointed chaplain to George I. and in 1720 preached the first course of lectures founded by lady Moyer in defence of our Lord's divinity. He went through several promotions; and at the time of his death in 1740, was canon of Windelo, archdeacon of Middlesex, and vicar of Twickenham. Besides his controversial writings, he published two volumes of sermons.
Watling-street. See Way.
Watson (Dr Robert), an elegant historian, was born at St Andrew's, in Scotland, about the year 1730. He was the son of an apothecary of that place, who was also a brewer. Having gone through the usual course of languages and philosophy at the school and university of his native place, and also entered on the study of divinity, a desire of being acquainted with a larger circle of literati, and of improving himself in every branch of knowledge, carried him, first to the university of Glasgow, and afterwards to that of Edinburgh. The period of theological studies
(a) For referring this article from the word Water to the word Works, an apology is due to the Public; and the apology which we have to offer, we are persuaded, will be sustained. It is this: The gentleman who contributed the articles Resistance of Fluids and River, promised to furnish also the article Water-Works; but sickness has hitherto prevented him from fulfilling that promise. We trust, however, that before our presses shall reach to the word Works, he may be able to fill up the sketch which he has long ago drawn of this very important subject. And such of our readers as can estimate the merit of his two articles, which we have just mentioned, will not blame the Editor for deviating a little from the alphabetical order, to give him a chance of furnishing a third article, to which these two are so closely related. studies at the universities of Scotland is four years; but during that period, young men of ingenious minds find sufficient leisure to carry on and advance the pursuits of general knowledge. Mr Watson pursued his studies with ardour. Few men ever studied more constantly. It was a rule with him to study eight hours every day; and this law he observed during the whole course of his life. An acquaintance with the polite writers of England, after the union of the two kingdoms, became general in Scotland; and in Watson's younger years, an emulation began to prevail of writing pure and elegant English. Mr Watson applied himself with great industry to the principles of philosophical or universal grammar; and by a combination of these, with the authority of the best English writers, formed a course of lectures on style or language. He proceeded to the study of rhetoric or eloquence; the principles of which he endeavoured to trace to the nature of the human mind. He delivered a course of lectures in Edinburgh on these subjects; and met with the countenance, approbation, and friendship of Lord Kames, Mr Hume, with other men of genius and learning.
At this time he had become a preacher; and a vacancy having happened in one of the churches of St Andrew's, he offered himself a candidate for that living, but was disappointed. Mr Henry Rymer, who then taught logic in St Salvador's College, was in a very infirm state of health, and entertained thoughts of retiring from the cares and emoluments of his office, to live upon his small salary or stipend. Mr Watson understanding this, purchased, for not a great sum of money, what, in familiar phraseology, may be called the good-will of Mr Rymer's place; and, with the consent of the other masters of St Salvador's, was appointed professor of logic. He obtained also a patent from the crown, constituting him professor of rhetoric and belles lettres. The study of logic, in St Andrew's, as in most other places, was at this time confined to syllogisms, modes, and figures. Mr Watson, whose mind had been opened by conversation, and by reading the writings of the wits that had begun to flourish in the Scotch capital, prepared and read to his students a course of metaphysics and logics on the most enlightened plan; in which he analyzed the powers of the mind, and entered deeply into the nature of the different species of evidence of truth or knowledge. By his history of Philip II. Dr Watson attained in his lifetime a considerable degree of celebrity; and his history of Philip III. published after his death, has added to his fame. Of this last performance, however, he has only completed the four first books; the two last were written by the editor of his manuscript, at the desire of the guardians of his children.
On the death of principal Tulideph, Dr Watson, through the earl of Kinnoull, was appointed his successor; in which station he lived only a few years. He married a lady of singular beauty and virtue, daughter to Mr Shaw, professor of divinity in St Mary's college, St Andrew's. By this lady he had five daughters, who survived him.