WILLIAM of MALMSBURY, an historian of consider- able merit in the reign of king Stephen; but of whose life few particulars are known. According to Bale and Pits, he was named Somerset, from the county in which he was born. From his own preface to his second book De Regibus Anglorum, it appears that he was addicted to learning from his youth; that he applied himself to the study of logic, physic, ethics, and particularly to history. He retired to the Benedictine convent at Malmesbury, became a monk, and was made precentor and librarian; a situation which much favoured his intention of writing the history of this king- dom. In this monastery he spent the remainder of his life, and died in the year 1142. He is one of our most ancient and most faithful historians. His capital work is that in- titled De Regibus Anglorum, in five books; with an Appen- dix, which he styles Historia Novella, in two more. It is a judicious collection of whatever he found on record relative to England, from the invasion of the Saxons to his own times.

WILLIAM of Newbury, so called from a monastery in Yorkshire, of which he was a member, wrote a history which begins at the conquest and ends at the year 1197. His Latin style is preferred to that of Matthew Paris; and he is entitled to particular praise, for his honest regard to truth, in treating the fables of Jeffery of Monmouth with the contempt they deserve; as well as for expressing his approbation of Henry II.'s design of reforming the clergy, by bringing them under the regulation of the secu- lar power.

WILLIAM of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, was born in the village of Wykeham, in the county of Southampton, in 1324. He had his education at Winchester and Oxford. Having continued near six years in the university, his pa- tron Nicholas Walde, governor of the province of South- ampton, took him into his family, and appointed him his counsellor and secretary. He could not have made choice of a fitter person for that employment, no man in that age writing or speaking more politely than Wykeham. For this reason Edington, bishop of Winchester, lord high trea- surer of the kingdom, appointed him his secretary three years after, and also recommended him to king Edward III., who took him into his service. Being skilled in geometry and architecture, he was appointed surveyor of the royal buildings, and also chief justice in eyre: he it was who su- perintended the building of Windsor-castle. He was after- ward chief secretary of state, a keeper of the privy-seal; and in 1367 succeeded Edington in the see of Winchester. A little after he was appointed lord high chancellor and presi- dent of the privy-council. That he might well discharge the several functions of his employments, both ecclesiastical and civil, he endeavoured, on one hand, to regulate his own life according to the strictest maxims, and to promote such parish-priests only as were able to give due instructions to their parishioners, and at the same time led exemplary lives: on the other hand, he did all in his power to cause justice to be exactly administered. In 1371 he resigned his chancel- lorship. lotship, and some time after the great seal, Edward being returned to England, after having carried on a very successful war in France, found his exchequer in great disorder. The duke of Lancaster, one of his sons, at the head of several lords, having brought complaints against the clergy, who then enjoyed most posts in the kingdom, the king removed them from their employments. But the laymen, who were raised to them, behaved so ill, that the king was forced to reprove the ecclesiastics. The duke of Lancaster showed strong animosity to the clergy, and set every engine at work to ruin Wykeham. He impeached him of extortion, and of disfiguring things, and obliged him to appear at the King's-bench. He got such judges appointed as condemned him; and not satisfied with depriving him of all the temporalities of his bishopric, he advised Edward to banish him: but this prince rejected the proposal, and afterward restored to Wykeham all that he had been deprived of.

Richard II. was but eleven years old when Edward died: whereby the duke of Lancaster had an easy opportunity of reviving the accusations against the bishop of Winchester; nevertheless Wykeham cleared himself. Then he founded two noble colleges, the one in Oxford, the other in Winchester. Whilst he was exerting his utmost endeavours to improve these two fine foundations, he was recalled to court, and in a manner forced to accept of the office of lord high-chancellor in 1389.—Having excellently discharged the duties of that employment for three years, he obtained leave to resign it, foreseeing the disturbances that were going to break out. Being returned to his church, he finished his college, and built there so magnificent a cathedral, that it almost equals that of St Paul's in London. He laid out several sums in things advantageous to the public and to the poor; notwithstanding which, in 1397 he was in great danger; for he and some others were impeached of high treason in open parliament: however, he was again fully cleared. From that time till his death he kept quiet in his diocese, and there employed himself in all the duties of a good prelate. He died in 1404, in the 81st year of his age.