See Eugenia.
YARD of a Ship, a long piece of timber suspended upon the masts of a ship, to extend the sails to the wind. See Mast and Sail.
All yards are either square or lateen; the former of which are suspended across the masts at right angles, and the latter obliquely. See Plate CCCCXLIV. fig. 1.
The square yards are nearly of a cylindrical surface. They taper from the middle, which is called the flings, towards the extremities, which are termed the yard-arms; and the distance between the flings and the yard-arms on each side is by the artificers divided into quarters, which are distinguished into the first, second, third quarters, and yard-arms. The middle quarters are formed into eight squares, and each of the end parts is figured like the frustum of a cone. All the yards of a ship are square except that of the mizen.
The proportions for the length of yards, according to the different classes of ships in the British navy, are as follows:
| Yard | Guns | |-----------------------|------| | 560 : main-yard fig. 1 | 100 | | 559 : Pl. CCCLXIV. | 90 | | 570 : Note, the figure | 80 | | 1000 : gun-deck | 70 | | 576 : represents the | 60 | | 575 : yard and sails | 50 | | 561 : a ship of 74 guns| 44 | | 1000 : main-yard | 100 | | 880 : fore-yard | 90 | | 874 : all the rest | 80 |
To apply this rule to practice, suppose the gun-deck 144 feet. The proportion for this length is as 1000 is to 575; so is 144 to 83; which will be the length of the main-yard in feet, and so of all the rest.
| Yard | Guns | |-----------------------|------| | 1000 main-yard | 100 | | 847 : mizen-yard | 90 | | 840 : | 80 | | 1000 : main-yard | 70 | | 726 : main top-sail-yard | 60 | | 720 : all the rest | 50 | | 1000 : fore-yard | 44 | | 719 : fore top-sail-yard | 40 | | 726 : all the rest | 30 | | 1000 : main top-sail-yard | 24 | | 696 : main top gall. yard all the rates | 20 | | 1000 : fore top-sail-yard | 14 | | 690 : yard | 10 | | 1000 : fore top-sail-yard | 8 | | 768 : mizen top-sail-yard | 6 | | 750 : all the rest | 4 |
Cross-jack and sprit-sail yards equal to the fore top-sail-yard.
Sprit-top-sail-yard equal to the fore top-gallant-yard.
The diameters of yards are in the following proportions to their length.
The main and fore yards five-sevenths of an inch to one yard. The top-sail, cross-jack, and sprit-sail yards, nine-fourteenths of an inch to one yard. The top-gallant, mizen top-sail, and sprit-sail top-sail yards, eight-thirteenths of an inch to one yard.
The mizen-yard five-ninths of an inch to one yard.
All studding-tail booms and yards half an inch to one yard in length.
The lifts of the main-yard are exhibited in the above figure by gg; the horses and their stirrups by b, i; the reef-tackles and their pendents by k, l; and the braces and brace-pendents by m, n.
The lateen-yards evidently derive their names from having YAWING has been peculiar to the ancient Romans. They are usually composed of several pieces fastened together by woodings, which also serve as steps whereby the sailors climb to the peak or upper extremity, in order to furl or cast loose the sail.
The mizen-yard of a ship, and the main-yard of a bilander, are hung obliquely on the mast, almost in the same manner as the lateen-yard of a xebec, séttee, or palacre.