(James), doctor of music, an eminent composer and teacher in that science, under whom some new edit. of the first musicians of the present day received the whole or part of their education, was the son of Mr Nares, who was, for many years, steward to Montague and.

(a) In the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for 1767, Fougeroux has proved that the gialloino prepared by him produced on porcelain a much more beautiful colour than the Naples yellow sold in the shops. Nares, and Willoughby, earls of Abingdon. He was born, as well as his brother, the late Mr Justice Nares, at Stanwell in Middlesex; the former in 1715, the latter in 1716. His musical education he commenced under Mr Gates, then master of the royal choristers; and completed it under the celebrated Dr Pepusch. Thus prepared, he officiated, for some time, as deputy to Mr Pigott, organist of Windsor; but on the resignation of Mr Salisbury, organist of York, in 1734, was chosen to succeed him, being then only nineteen. It is related, on undoubted authority, that, when the old musician first saw his intended successor, he said, rather angrily, "What! is that child to succeed me?" which being mentioned to the organist-elect, he took an early opportunity, on a difficult service being appointed, to play it throughout half a note below the pitch, which brought it into a key with seven sharps; and went through it without the slightest error. Being asked why he did so? he said, that "he only wished to show Mr Salisbury what a child could do." His knowledge in all branches of his profession was equal to his practical skill in this instance; and, during his residence at York, where he was abundantly employed as a teacher, and where he married, Mr Nares, by his good conduct, as well as professional merit, obtained many powerful friends. Among the foremost of these was Dr Fontayne, the respectable and venerable dean of York; who, when Dr Green died, towards the latter end of 1755, exerted his interest so successfully, that he obtained for him the united places of organist and composer to his majesty. He removed therefore to London in the beginning of 1756; and, about the same time, was created doctor in music at Cambridge.

On the resignation of Mr Gates, in 1757, Dr Nares obtained also the place of master of the choristers; which having been, for a long time, without increase, notwithstanding the increase of expenses attending it, was, by royal favour, augmented about 1775, with the salary of the violist; and, on the revival of that place for Mr Croftill, in 1777, with that of lutanist, which was annexed to it for ever. It was in this situation that Dr Nares superintended the education of many pupils, who have since become famous; particularly Dr Arnold, who, though with him only for a short time, was highly distinguished by him for talents and application. The anthems and services which Dr Nares produced, as composer to the royal chapel, were very numerous; many of them have since been printed, and many which exist only in manuscript still continue to be performed in the choirs with much effect. Having been originally a musician rather by accident than choice, with very strong talents and propensities also for literature, Dr Nares was particularly attentive to express the sense of the words he undertook to set; and was the first who attempted to compose the Te Deum for the choir-service, in such a manner as to let off the sentiments it contains to advantage. Before his time, it had been set rather to a regular strain of chant than to any expressive melody. The merits of Dr Nares were not overlooked by his royal patrons, whom he had occasionally the honour to attend in private, though not a part of his regular duty. To manifest his respect and gratitude for them, he composed his dramatic ode, entitled The Royal Pastoral, the words of which were written by Mr Bellamy, author of a book, entitled Nares' Ethic Amusements.

In July 1780, Dr Nares was obliged, by declining health, to resign the care of the choristers, in which place he was succeeded by Dr Ayrton, his pupil and valued friend. In his sixty-eighth year, a constitution never robust, gave way, and he died on February 10, 1783. Testimony has been borne to the merits of Dr Nares by several writers, but more particularly by Mr Mason, in his preface to a book of anthems, printed for the use of York Cathedral; and in his late Essays on Church Music, page 138. The late Lord Mornington, so well known for musical talents, frequently consulted him; and Sir John Hawkins derived advantage from his acquaintance, in the progress of his History of Music. Throughout life, he was not less respected as a man than admired as a musician; he had a vivacity that rendered his society always pleasing; and a generous contempt for every thing base, that manifested itself on all proper occasions, and very justly commanded esteem.

His printed works are these: 1. Eight Sets of Lessons for the Harpsichord; dedicated to the Right Hon. Willoughby Earl of Abingdon. Printed in 1748; reprinted in 1757. 2. Five Lessons for the Harpsichord, with a Sonata in score for the Harpsichord or Organ; dedicated to the Right Honourable the Countess of Carlisle; published in 1758 or 1759. 3. A Set of Easy Lessons for the Harpsichord, three in number; with a dedication to the public, signed J. N. 4. A Treatise on Singing, small size. 5. II Principio; or A regular Introduction to playing on the Harpsichord or Organ. This was the first set of progressive lessons published on a regular plan. 6. The Royal Pastoral, a Dramatic Ode; dedicated to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; printed in score, with an overture and choruses. 7. Catches, Canons, and Glees; dedicated to the late Lord Mornington. 8. Six Fugues, with Introductory Voluntaries for the Organ or Harpsichord. 9. A Concise and Easy Treatise on Singing, with a Set of English Duets for Beginners. A different work from the former small treatise. 10. Twenty Anthems, in score, for one, two, three, four, and five Voices. Composed for the Use of his Majesty's Chapel Royal, 1778. 11. Six Easy Anthems, with a favourite Morning and Evening Service, left for publication at his death, and published in 1789, with a portrait and a concise account of the author. Of these compositions the following short character is given by an eminent musician, to whom they are all well known: "The lessons are composed in a masterly and pleasing style; free from those tricks and unmeaning successions of semitones, to which a good ear and sound judgment never can be reconciled. The treatises on singing contain duets composed for the use of the children of the royal chapels, superior to anything yet published; and such as every teacher ought to peruse. His catches, canons, and glees, are natural and pleasing; especially the glee to all Lovers of Harmony, which gained the prize medal at the catch-club in 1770. The Royal Pastoral is composed throughout in a very masterly manner; particularly the choruses, with which each part concludes. This ode, containing 108 pages, was written, and all the vocal and instrumental parts transferred for performing, within twelve days. The Navigators, with introductory voluntaries for the organ, contain the strongest proofs of ingenuity and judgment; few, if any, have ever been written that can be preferred to them. In both sets of the anthems, the same characteristics appear; and the service of the latter very justly acquired the title of favorite; nor can there be any doubt that the works of this author will be admired as long as a taste for music shall subsist.

Navigators Islands, an archipelago in the South Sea, discovered by Bougainville, who gave to them that name, because the natives do not pass between the different villages, which are all built in creeks and bays, but in their canoes. The Navigators Islands are ten in number; namely, Opoua, Leone, Fanfou, Maouana, Oyolava, Calinoff, Pola, Shika, Offame, and Quera.

We have already given an account of the soil and productions of Maouana; and as the other islands of this cluster are equally fertile, we need not go over the same ground again. It may be proper, however, to observe, that in some of them the sugar-cane was found growing spontaneously, though its juice contained less of the saccharine substance than the sugar cane of the West Indies, which our voyagers attributed to its growing in a richer soil and in the shade. According to Perouse, the Navigators Islands are situated about the 14th degree of south latitude, and between the 171st and 175th degrees of longitude west from Paris. In Oyolava the smoke was seen hovering over a village as over a large European town; and the number of canoes which from that island surrounded the frigates was immense. These are very ticklish vessels, and would be absolutely useless to any body but such excellent swimmers as the islanders, who are no more surprised or uneasy at their overturning than we are at the fall of a hat. Taking up the canoe on their shoulders, they empty it of water, and then get in again, with the certainty of having the same operation to perform a second time in half an hour. Sometimes they join two canoes together by means of a cross piece of wood, in which they make a flep to receive the mast; and in this way they are less liable to be overturned, sometimes performing a long voyage without any such accident. It is needless to add, that these canoes are very small, generally containing only five or six persons, though some few of them may contain as many as fourteen.

The natives of the Navigators Islands are tall and well made. Their usual height is five feet nine, ten, and eleven inches; but their stature is less astonishing than the colossal proportions of the different parts of their bodies. "Our curiosity (says Perouse), which often led us to measure them, gave them an opportunity of making frequent comparisons of their bodily strength with ours. These comparisons were not to our advantage; and we perhaps owe our misfortunes (see Maouana in this Supplement) to the idea of individual superiority resulting from repeated trials. Their countenances often appeared to express a sentiment of disdain, which I hoped to destroy, by ordering our arms to be used in their presence; but my end could only have been gained by directing them against human victims; for otherwise they took the noise for sport, and the trial for a diversion.

Among these Indians a very small number is below the height indicated above. I have, however, met several who were only five feet four inches, but Navigators, they are the dwarfs of the country; and although their stature resembles ours, their strong and nervous arms, their broad chests, and their legs and thighs, are of a very different proportion.

"The men have the body painted or tattooed, so that any one would suppose them clad, although they go almost naked. They have only a girdle of seaweeds encircling their loins, which comes down to their knees, and gives them the appearance of the river gods of fabulous history, whom it is customary to depict with ruffs round their waist. Their hair is very long. They often twist it round their heads, and thus add to their native ferocity of countenance, which always expresses either surprize or anger. The least dispute between them is followed by blows of sticks, clubs, or paddles; and often, without doubt, cools the combatants' lives. They are almost all covered with scars, which can only be the consequence of their individual quarrels. The stature of the women is proportioned to that of the men. They are tall, slender, and not without grace; but they lose, while yet in their prime, those elegant forms, of which nature has not broken the mould among this barbarous race, but of which she appears to leave them in possession only for a moment, and with reluctance. Among a great number of women that I had an opportunity of seeing, I only observed three really pretty. The gross effrontery of the rest, the indecency of their motions, and the disgusting offers which they made of their favours, rendered them fit mothers and wives for the ferocious beings that surrounded us." Our author gives the following instance of indecent manners, which is, perhaps, without a parallel.

The young and prettiest females soon attracted the attention of several Frenchmen, who, in spite of the Commodore's prohibition, endeavoured to form a connection with them, and were successful. The looks of the Europeans expressing desires which were soon divined, some old women undertook the negociation. The altar was prepared in the handsomest hut in the village, all the blinds were let down, and the inquisitive were excluded. The victim was then laid in the arms of an old man, who exhorted her, during the ceremony, to moderate the expression of her pain; while the matrons sang and howled: the ceremony being performed in their presence, and under the auspices of the old man, who served at once as priest and altar. All the women and children in the village were round the house, gently lifting up the blinds, and seeking to enjoy the sight through the smallest crevices in the mats. Whatever former navigators may have said, Perouse was convinced that, in the Navigators Islands at least, the young girls, before they are married, are mistresses of their persons, and that they are not dishonoured by their compliance. It is even more than probable, that in marrying they are called to no account concerning their past conduct; but he had no doubt that they are obliged to be more revered when provided with a husband.

These people cultivate certain arts with success. Under the article Maouana mention has been made of the elegant form which they give to their huts. It is not with such folly as is commonly supposed that they disdain our instruments of iron; for they finish their work very Navigators very neatly with tools made of a very fine and compact species of basaltes in the form of an adze. For a few glass beads they fold to Peroufe large three-legged dishes of a single piece of wood, and so well polished that they seemed to have been laid over with a coat of the finest varnish. It would take an European workman several days to produce one of these dishes, which, for want of proper instruments, must cost an Indian several months labour. They set, however, scarcely any value upon them, because they set little upon the time they employ. The fruit trees and nutritious roots that grow spontaneously around them, infuse to them their sufficiency, as well as that of their hogs, dogs, and fowls; and if they sometimes stoop to work, it is to procure enjoyments rather agreeable than useful.

They manufacture very fine mats, and some paper stuffs. Our author remarked two or three of them, whom he took for chiefs, with a piece of cloth tied round their waist like a petticoat, instead of a girdle of weeds. It is composed of real thread, prepared no doubt from some filamentous plant like the nettle or flax; and is manufactured without a shuttle, the threads being absolutely laid over one another like those of their mats. This cloth, which has all the suppleness and solidity of ours, is very fit for the sails of their canoes; and appeared far superior to the paper stuff of the Society and Friendly Islands, which they manufacture also. Their canoes are well constructed, and furnish a good proof of the skill with which they work in wood. For a few glass beads they gave to the Frenchmen, among other things, a wooden vessel filled with cocoa nut oil, exactly of the shape of our earthen pots, and such as no European would undertake to fashion by any other means than a turning lathe. Their ropes are round, and twisted like watch chains of ribbon; their mats are very fine; but their stuffs are inferior to those of the Easter and Sandwich Islands.

Peroufe derives the natives of those islands, whose colour, he says, nearly resembles that of the Algerines and other nations on the coast of Barbary, from the Malays; and as we do not vouch for the truth of his theory, though we admit it to be ingenious, we shall give the reasoning by which he supports it in his own words.

"We did not at first discover (says he) any identity between their language and that of the natives of the Society and Friendly Islands, of which we had vocabularies; but a more mature examination convinced us, that they speak a dialect of the same language. A fact which tends to prove it, and which confirms the opinion of the English concerning the origin of these people, is, that a young domestic, a native of the province of Tagayan in the north of Manilla, understood and explained to us the greater part of their words. It is well known that the Tagayan, the Talgal, and the Navigu generality of languages spoken in the Philippines, are derived from the Malay: a language more diffused than were those of the Greeks and Romans, and common to the numerous tribes that inhabit the islands of the great Pacific Ocean. It appears to me evident, that all these different nations are the progeny of Malay colonies, which, in some age extremely remote, conquered the islands they inhabit. I should not even wonder, if the Chinese and Egyptians, whose antiquity is so much vaunted, were mere moderns in comparison of the Malays. But however this may be, I am satisfied that the aborigines of the Philippine Islands, Formosa, New Guinea, New Britain, the New Hebrides, the Friendly Islands, &c. in the southern hemisphere, and those of the Mariana and Sandwich islands in the northern, were that race of woolly headed men still found in the interior of the islands of Luzon and Formosa. They were not to be subjugated in New Guinea, New Britain, and the New Hebrides; but being overcome in the more eastern islands, which were too small to afford them a retreat in the centre, they mixed with the conquering nation. Thence has resulted a race of very black men, whose colour is still several shades deeper than that of certain families of the country, probably because the latter have made it a point of honour to keep their blood unmixed. I was struck with these two very distinct races in the Islands of Navigators, and cannot attribute to them any other origin.

"The descendants of the Malays have acquired in those islands a degree of vigour and strength, a lofty stature, and a Herculean form, which they do not inherit from their forefathers, but which they owe, without doubt, to an abundance of food, to a mild climate, and to the influence of different physical causes which have been constantly acting during a long series of generations. The arts which they perhaps brought with them may have been lost for want of materials and instruments to practise them; but the identity of language, like Ariadne's clue, enables the observer to follow all the windings of this new labyrinth. The feudal government is also preserved here: that government which little tyrants may regret; which was the disgrace of Europe for several centuries; and of which the Gothic remains are still to be found in our laws, and are the medals that attest our ancient barbarism: that government, which is the most proper to keep up a ferocity of manners, because the smallest disputes occasion wars of village against village, and because wars of this nature are conducted without magnanimity, and without courage. Surprises and treachery are employed by turns; and in these unfortunate countries, instead of generous warriors, nothing is to be found but base assassins. The Malays are still the most perilous nation.

(a) This was written under the old government of France by a man who, like other declaimers in the cause of liberty, forgot the excellencies, and insulted only on the defects of the feudal institutions. Had Peroufe, however, returned to Europe, and witnessed the philosophic government of his country, he would have perceived, that liberty and equality, and the rights of man, are as well calculated to generate base assassins, as the Gothic remains of that government by which he supposed Europe to have been so long disgraced. He might even have lived to regret, that his lot was not cast among the bold and ferocious inhabitants of Mauritius; for the treachery and cruelty of these people bears no proportion, even in his affecting narrative, to the systematic cruelty of those who decreed, that the end sanctifies the means, and that nothing, however atrocious in the estimation of antiquated moralists, is to be omitted, which contributes to elevate the mean above the noble. Nepal.

There are three principal cities in the plain, each of which was the capital of an independent kingdom; the principal city of the three is situated to the northward of the plain, and is called Katmandu; it contains about 18,000 houses; and this kingdom, from south to north, extends to the distance of twelve or thirteen days' journey as far as the borders of Tibet, and is almost as extensive from east to west. The king of Katmandu has always about 50,000 soldiers in his service. The second city to the south-west of Katmandu is called Lelit Pattan; it contains near 24,000 houses. The third principal city to the east of Lelit Pattan is called Bhutan; it contains about 12,000 families; and is the metropolis of a district which extends towards the east to the distance of five or six days' journey; and borders upon another nation, also independent, called Giratia, who profess no religion. Besides these three principal cities, there are many other large and less considerable towns or fortresses; one of which is Timi, and another Chipoli, each of which contains about 8000 houses, and is very populous. All these towns, both great and small, are well built; the houses are constructed of brick, and are three or four stories high; their apartments are not lofty; they have doors and windows of wood well worked and arranged with great regularity. The streets of all their towns are paved with brick or stone, with a regular declivity to carry off the water. In almost every street of the capital towns there are also good wells made of stone, from which the water passes through several stone canals for the public benefit. In every town there are large square varandas well built, for the accommodation of travellers and the public; these varandas are called Pali; and there are also many of them, as well as wells, in different parts of the country for public use. There are also, on the outside of the great towns, small square reservoirs of water, faced with brick, with a good road to walk upon, and a large flight of steps for the convenience of those who choose to bathe.

The religion of Nepal is of two kinds: the more ancient is professed by many people who call themselves Baryefus; they pluck out all the hair from their heads; their dress is of coarse red woollen cloth, and they wear a cap of the same; they are considered as people of the religious order, and their religion prohibits them from marrying, as it is with the Lamas of Tibet, from which country their religion was originally brought; but in Nepal they do not observe this rule, except at their discretion. They have large monasteries, in which everybody has a separate apartment or place of abode. They observe also particular festivals, the principal of which is called Tatra in their language, and continues a month or longer according to the pleasure of the king. The ceremony consists in drawing an idol, which at Lelit Pattan is called Baghera, in a large and richly ornamented car, covered with gilt copper; round about the idol stand the king and the principal Baryefus; and in this manner the vehicle is almost every day drawn through one of the streets of the city by the inhabitants, who run about beating and playing upon every kind of instrument their country affords, which make an inconceivable noise. The other religion, the more common of the two, is that of the Brahmins, and is the same as is followed in Hindoostan, with the difference that, in the latter country the Hindoos being mixed with the Mahommedans, their religion also abounds with many prejudices, and is not strictly observed; whereas in Nepal, where there are no Musselmans (except one Cashmirian merchant), the Hindu religion is practised in its greatest purity: every day of the month they eat under its proper name, when certain sacrifices are to be performed and certain prayers offered up in their temples: the places of worship are more in number in their towns than are to be found in the most populous and most flourishing cities of Christendom; many of them are magnificent according to their ideas of architecture, and constructed at a very considerable expense; some of them have four or five square cupolas, and in some of the temples two or three of the extreme cupolas, as well as the doors and windows of them, are decorated with gilt copper.

In the city of Lelit Pattan the temple of Baghero is more valuable, on account of the gold, silver, and jewels it contains, than even the house of the king. Besides the large temples, there are also many small ones, which have stairs, by which a single person may ascend, on the outside all around them; and some of those small temples have four sides, others six, with small stone or marble pillars polished very smooth, with two or three pyramidal stories, and all their ornaments well gilt, and neatly worked according to their ideas of taste. On the outside of some of their temples there are great square pillars of single stones from twenty to thirty feet high, upon which they place their idols superbly gilt. The greatest number of their temples have a good stone staircase in the middle of the four squares, and at the end of each flight of stairs there are lines cut out of stone on both sides: around about their temples there are also bells, which the people ring on particular occasions; and when they are at prayers, many cupolas are also quite filled with little bells hanging by cords in the inside about the distance of a foot from each other, which make a great noise in that quarter where the wind conveys the sound. There are not only superb temples in their great cities, but also within their castles.

To the eastward of Cat'hamandu, at the distance of about two or three miles, there is a place called Tolu, by which there flows a small river, the water of which is esteemed holy, according to their superstitious ideas, and thither they carry people of high rank, when they are thought to be at the point of death: at this place there is a temple, which is not inferior to the best and richest in any of the capital cities. They also have it on tradition, that at two or three places in Nepal valuable treasures are concealed under ground: one of those places they believe is Tolu; but no one is permitted to make use of them except the king, and that only in cases of necessity. Those treasures, they say, have been accumulated in this manner: When any temple had become very rich from the offerings of the people, it was destroyed, and deep vaults dug under ground one above another, in which the gold, silver, gilt copper, jewels, and every thing of value, were deposited. This was found to be actually the case when the missionary, from whose memoir this account of Nepal is taken, was at Cat'hamandu. One of the kings, or pretenders to the crown, who were then at war with each other, being in the utmost distress for want of money to pay his troops, ordered the vaults at Tolu to be opened; and found in the first vault more money, besides silver and gold idols, than he had immediate occasion for.

To the westward also of the great city of Lelit Pattan, at the distance of only three miles, is a castle called Banga, in which there is a magnificent temple. No one of the missionaries ever entered into this castle; because the people who have the care of it, have such a scrupulous veneration for the temple, that no person is permitted to enter it with his shoes on; and the missionaries, unwilling to shew such respect to their false deities, never entered it. The author of this memoir, however, who acted as physician to the commandant, was of course admitted within the castle, and got a sight of the celebrated temple, which he declares, that for magnificence he believes superior to every thing in Europe.

Besides the magnificence of the temples, which their cities and towns contain, there are many other rarities. At Cat'hamandu, on one side of the royal garden, there is a large fountain, in which is one of their idols called Narayan. This idol is of blue stone, crowned and sleeping on a mattress also of the same kind of stone, and the idol and the mattress appear as floating upon the water. This stone machine is very large, being about 18 or 20 feet long, and broad in proportion, but well worked, and in good repair.

In a wall of the royal palace of Cat'hamandu, which is built upon the court before the palace, there is a great stone of a single piece, which is about fifteen feet long, and four or five feet thick; on the top of this great stone there are four square holes at equal distances from each other; in the inside of the wall they pour water into the holes; and in the court side, each hole having a closet canal, every person may draw water to drink. At the foot of the stone is a large ladder, by which people ascend to drink; but the curiosity of the stone consists in its being quite covered with characters of different languages cut upon it. Some lines contain the characters of the language of the country, others the characters of Tibet, others Persian, others Greek, besides several others of different nations; and in the middle there is a line of Roman characters, which appears in this form, AVTOMNEW INTER LHIVERT; but none of the inhabitants have any knowledge how they came there, nor do they know whether or not any European had ever been in Nepal before the missionaries, who arrived there only the beginnings of the present century. They are manifestly two French names of persons, with an English word between them.

There is also to the northward of the city of Cat'hamandu a hill called Simi, upon which are some tombs of the Lamas of Tibet, and other people of high rank of the same nation. The monuments are constructed after various forms: two or three of them are pyramidal, very high, and well ornamented; so that they have a very good appearance, and may be seen at a considerable distance. Round these monuments are remarkable stones covered with characters, which probably are the inscriptions of some of the inhabitants of Tibet whose bones were interred there. The natives of Nepal not only look upon the hill as sacred, but imagine it is protected by their idols; and from this erroneous supposition never think of stationing troops there for the defence. defence of it, although it be a post of great importance, and only at a short mile's distance from the city. During the hostilities, however, which prevailed when our author was in the country, this sacred hill was fortified by one of the armies, who, in digging their ditches among the tombs, found considerable pieces of gold, with a quantity of which metal the corpses of the grandees of Tibet are always interred.

The kingdom of Nepal our author believes to be very ancient, because it has always preserved its peculiar language and independence. It was completely ruined, however, about thirty or forty years ago by the dissensions of its nobles, who, on the death of their sovereign, and, as it would seem, the extinction of the royal line, could not agree in their choice of a proper successor. The consequence was, that different sovereigns were set up by the nobles of different districts; and these waged war with each other, with a degree of treachery and savage atrocity that has hardly a parallel in the annals of the world. Even the Brahmans, whom we are accustomed to consider as a mild and innocent people, were, in the civil wars of Nepal, guilty of the meanest and basest villainies: they brought about treaties between the rival sovereigns, and then encouraged him whom they favoured, to massacre the adherents of the other in cold blood.