or Foulores, one of the principal nations which inhabit the banks of the Senegal. They possess an extent of more than sixty leagues along the river, and exact heavy customs from the Senegal traders with the interior of the country. They are not so black as the other negroes, but of a copper colour, much inclining to red. It is remarkable, however, that their children who are sent to Senegal, and reside there for some years, become much blacker. The females are very handsome, and the whites of Senegal generally take care to procure some of them. But they are of a bad disposition, and utterly incapable of attachment. When a man has a mistress of this nation, he must watch her conduct very narrowly, and even chastise her, that she may not be guilty of infidelity to him whom she honours with her favours. The dread of the battalions will, in such case, effect what attention and compliance can never bring about.

Although the Poules inhabit one of the finest spots in Africa, they are nevertheless a wretched people; they are base, cruel, thieves, and fanatics in the extreme. They are commanded by a chief of their religion, which is a contemptible mixture of Mahometanism and idolatry. This chief is called the Almamy; he is always chosen from among the Tamfirs, who are twelve in number. The Tamfirs are the interpreters of the law, and are the most learned, or rather the most fanatical among them. The Almamy has the power of life and death over his subjects; yet he may be deposed by an assembly of Tamfirs: it is therefore his interest to keep on good terms with them. The payment of cuf-

PRINTING. (See that article, Encyclopædia and Typography in this Supplement.) We shall here only describe a PRINTING-PRESS, for the invention of which a patent was granted, in 1790, to Mr William Nicholson of New North-street, Red Lion Square, London. This machine, with some slight varieties, is adapted for printing on paper, linen, cotton, woollen, and other articles, in a more neat, cheap, and accurate method, the author thinks, than the printing presses now in use.

The invention consists in three particulars, viz., The manner of preparing and placing the types, engravings, or carvings, from which the impression is to be made; 2ly, In applying the ink or colouring matter to types or engravings; and, 3ly, In taking off the impression.

Mr Nicholson makes his moulds, punches, and matrices, for casting letters, in the same manner, and with the same materials, as other letter-founders do, excepting that, instead of leaving a space in the mould for the stem of one letter only, he leaves spaces for two, three, or more letters, to be cast at one pouring of the metal; and at the lower extremity of each of those spaces (which communicate by a common groove at top) he places a matrix, or piece of copper, with the letter punched upon its face in the usual way. And moreover, he brings the stem of his letters to a due form and finish, not only by rubbing it upon a stone, and scraping it when arranged in the finishing-tick, but likewise by scraping it, on one or more sides, in a finishing-tick whose hollowed part is less deep at the inner than the outer side. He calls that side of the groove which is nearest the face of the disposed letter, the outer side; and the purpose accomplished by this method of scraping is, that of rendering the tail of the letter gradually smaller the more remote it is, or farther from the face. Such letters may be firmly imposed upon a cylindrical surface, in the same manner as common letters are imposed upon a flat stone.

2ly, He applies the ink or colouring matter to the types, forms, or plates, by casting the surface of a cylinder, smeared or wetted with the colouring matter, to roll over the surfaces of the said forms or plates, or by causing the forms or plates apply themselves successively to the surface of the cylinder. The surface of this colouring cylinder is covered with leather, or with woollen, linen, or cotton-cloth. When the colour to be used is thin, as in calico-printing, and in almost every case, the covering is supported by a firm elastic fluffing, consisting of hair, or wool, or woollen cloth wrapped one or more folds round the cylinder. When the covering consists of woollen cloth, the fluffing must be defended by leather, or oilskin, to prevent its imbibing too much colour, and by that means losing its elasticity. It is absolutely necessary that the colouring matter be evenly distributed over the surface of the cylinder; and for this purpose, when the colour is thick and stiff, as in letter-press printing, he applies two, three, or more small cylinders, called distributing-rollers, longitudinally against the colouring cylinders, so that they may be turned by the motion of the latter; and the effect of this application is, that every lump or mass of colour which may be redundant, or irregularly placed upon the face of the colouring cylinder, will be pressed, spread, Printing spread, and partly taken up, and carried by the small rollers to the other parts of the colouring cylinder; so that this last will very speedily acquire and preserve an even face of colour. But if the colouring matter be thinner, he does not apply more than one or two of these distributing-rollers; and, if it be very thin, he applies an even blunt edge of metal, or wood, or a straight brush, or both of these last, against the colouring cylinder, for the purpose of rendering its colour uniform.

When he applies colour to an engraved plate, or cylinder, or through the interstices of a perforated pattern, as in the manufacturing of some kinds of paper hangings, he uses a cylinder entirely covered with hair or bristles in the manner of a brush.

3rdly, He performs all his impressions, even in letter-press printing, by the action of a cylinder or cylindrical surface. The construction of this machine, and the manner of using it, will be intelligible to every reader, who shall attentively consider Plate XL; where fig. 1 represents a printing press, more especially applicable to the printing of books. A and E are two cylinders, running or turning in a strong frame of wood, or metal, or both. The cylinder A is faced with woollen cloth, and is capable of being pressed with more or less force upon H, by means of the lever M. HI is a long table, which is capable of moving endwise, backwards and forwards, upon the rollers E and K. The roller A acts upon this table by means of a cog-wheel, or by straps, so as to draw it backwards and forwards by the motion of its handle L. The table is kept in the same line by grooves on its sides, which contain the cylinder A. D is a chase, containing letter set up and imposed. B is a box, containing a colouring-roller, with its distributing-rollers CC; it is supported by the arm N. O is a cylinder faced with leather, and lying across an ink-block; this cylinder is fixed by the middle to a bended lever moveable on the joint Q.

The action. When D, or the letter, is drawn beneath the cylinder B, it receives ink; and when it has passed into the position R, a workman places or turns down a tympan with paper upon it (this tympan differs in no respect from the usual one, except that its hinge opens sidewise); it then proceeds to pass under the cylinder A, which presses it successively through its whole surface. On the other side, at S, the workman takes off the paper, and leaves the tympan up. This motion causes the cylinder B to revolve continually, and consequently renders its inked surface very uniform, by the action of its distributing-rollers CC; and, when the table has passed to its extreme distance in the direction now spoken of, the arm G touches the lever P, and raises the cylinder O off the ink block, by which means it dabs against one of the distributing-rollers, and gives it a small quantity of ink. The returning motion of the table carries the letter again under the roller B, which again inks it, and the process of printing another sheet goes on as before.

Fig. 2. is another printing press. In this, B is the inking-roller; A is a cylinder, having the letter imposed upon its surface; and E is a cylinder, having its uniform surface covered with woollen cloth: these three cylinders are connected, either by cogs or straps at the edges of each. The machine is uniformly turned in one direction by the handle L. The workman applies a sheet of paper to the surface of E, where it is retained, either by points in the usual manner, or by the apparatus to be described in treating of fig. 4. The paper passes between E and A, and receives an impression; after which the workman takes it off, and applies another sheet; and in the mean time the letter on the surface of A passes round against the surface of B, and receives ink during the rotation of B. The distributing-rollers CC do their office as in the machine fig. 1; and once in every revolution the tail F, affixed to B, raises the inking-piece G, so as to cause it to touch one of the distributing-rollers, and supply it with ink. In this way therefore the repeated printing of sheet after sheet goes on.

Fig. 3. is a printing press, more particularly adapted to print cottons, silks, paper hangings, or other articles which run of a considerable length. A is a cylinder covered with woollen cloth, or other soft substance. The web or piece of cotton, or other goods, is passed round this cylinder, from the carrying-roller F to the receiving-rollers GH; which are connected by a piece of linen, woollen, or hair-cloth, in the manner of a jack-towel sewed round them; the rotation of this towel carries away the printed stuff or goods, and deposits them at L. KL is a moveable box, containing three rollers, which move against each other in rotation. The lowest roller C revolves in a mass of colour, contained in a trough or vessel in the bottom part of the box KL; the surface of this colour is represented by the line MN. The next roller B is stuffed and covered as described in section 2. The pressure of B against C prevents the cylinder B from receiving too much colour. D is a cut or carved cylinder, which receives colour, during the rotation, from the roller B, and impresses it upon the web as it passes round the cylinder A; in this way the constant and effectual action of the machine is sufficiently obvious.

It must be observed, that the cylinders ADB and G are connected together by cog-wheels, straps, or other well-known equivalent contrivances; so that the handle P drives the whole, without their necessarily depending on any adhesion or friction at their surfaces. The pressure of B against D is governed by an adjustment of the axis of D, whose sockets are capable of a small motion; and the pressure of D against A is governed by the position of the whole box KL. When it is required to print more than one colour upon a piece, Mr Nicholson causes it to pass two or more times through the machine; or, in those cases where the materials are liable to change their dimensions, he applies, at one and the same time, two or more such boxes as KL, with their respective cylinders, so that the pattern cylinder of each may make its impression upon the web or material to be printed on.

Fig. 4. is a printing press, chiefly of use for books and papers. 1, 2, 3, 4, represents a long table, with ledges on each side; so that the two cylinders A and B can run backwards and forwards without any side shake. In one of these ledges is placed a strip or plate of metal cut into teeth, which lock into correspondent teeth in each cylinder; by which means the two cylinders roll along, without the possibility of changing the relative positions of their surfaces at any determinate part of the table. This may also be effected by straps, and may indeed be accomplished, with tolerable accuracy, by the mere rolling of the cylinders on the smooth or flat ledges without any provision. A is the printing-cylinder, covered with woollen cloth, and B is the inking-cylinder, with its distributing rollers. The table may may be divided into four compartments, marked with a thicker bounding line than the rest, and numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. At 1 is placed a sheet of paper; at 2 is the form or chase, containing letter set and imposed; at 3 is an apparatus for receiving the printed sheet; and 4 is employed in no other use than as a place of standing for the carriage E, after it has passed through one operation, and when it takes ink at F. Its action is as follows: the carriage is thrust forward by the workman, and as the roller A passes over the space numbered 1, it takes up the sheet of paper previously laid there, while the roller B runs over the form and inks the letter. The sheet of paper, being wrapped round the cylinder A, is pressed against the form so that the cylinder proceeds, and consequently it receives an impression. When A arrives at the space numbered 3, it lets go the sheet of paper, while the prominent part of the carriage G strikes the lever P, and raises the inking-piece, which applies itself against one of the distributing-rollers. In this manner therefore the cylinder A returns empty, and the cylinder B inked, and in the mean time the workman places another sheet of paper ready in the space numbered 1. Thus it is that the operation proceeds in the printing of one sheet after another.

The preceding description is not incumbered with an account of the apparatus by which the paper is taken up and laid down. This may be done in several ways: Fig. 9, and 10, represent one of the methods. DE is a lever, moving on the centre pin C, and having its end D pressed upwards by the action of the spring G. The shoulder which contains the pin C is fixed in another piece F, which is inserted in a groove in the surface of the cylinder A (fig. 4), so that it is capable of moving in and out, in a direction parallel to the axis of that cylinder. As that cylinder proceeds, it meets a pin in the table; which (letter P, fig. 9) acting on the inclined plane at the other end of the lever, throws the whole inwards, in the position represented in fig. 10; in which case the extremity D shoots inwards, and applies itself against the side of the cylinder.

In fig. 11, is a representation of part of the table; the dotted square represents a sheet of paper, and the four small shaded squares denote holes in the board, with pins standing beside them. When the lever DE (fig. 10) shoots forward, it is situated in one of these holes, and advances under the edge of the paper, which consequently it presses and retains against the cylinder with its extremity D. Nothing more remains to be said respecting the taking up, but that the cylinder is provided with two pair of these clasps or levers, which are fixed as to correspond with the four holes represented in fig. 11. It will be easy to understand how the paper is deposited in the compartment n° 3. (fig. 4.) A pin P (fig. 10.) rising out of the platform or table, acts against a pin E, projecting sidewise out of the lever, and must of course draw the slider and its lever to the original position; the paper consequently will be let go, and its disengagement is rendered certain by an apparatus fixed in the compartment numbered 3. (fig. 4.) of exactly the same kind as that upon the cylinder, and which, by the action of a pin duly placed in the surface of the cylinder A, takes the paper from the cylinder in precisely the same manner as that cylinder originally took it up in the compartment numbered 1 (fig. 4.)

Figs. 5, 6, and 7, represent a simpler apparatus for printing, accomplishing the same purpose. If A a B b (fig. 7.) be supposed to represent a thick plate of metal of a circular form, with two pins, A and B, proceeding sidewise or perpendicularly out of its plane, and diametrically opposite to each other, and G another pin proceeding in the direction of that plane, then it is obvious that any force applied to the pin A, so as to press it into the position a (by turning the plate on its axis or centre X'), will at the same time cause the pin G to acquire the position g; and, on the other hand, when B is at b, or the dotted representation of the side-pin, if any pressure be applied to restore its original position at B, the pin g will return back to G. Now the figures 5 and 6 exhibit an apparatus of this kind, applied to the cylinder A; and that cylinder, by rolling over the pins P and p, properly fixed in the table to react upon the apparatus, will cause its prominent part G either to apply to the cylinder and clasp the paper, or to rise up and let it go. The compartment numbered 3 (fig. 4.) must of course have an apparatus of the same kind to be acted upon by pins from A, in order that it may take the paper from that cylinder.

There is one other circumstance belonging to this machine which remains to be explained. When the carriage E (fig. 4.) goes out in the direction of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, both rollers, A and B, press the form of letter in their passage; but in their return back again the roller A, having no paper upon it, would itself become foiled, by taking a faint impression from the letter, if it were not prevented from touching it: the manner of effecting this may be understood from fig. 12. The apparatus there represented is fixed upon the outside of the carriage E, near the lower corner, in the vicinity of the roller A; the whole of this projects sidewise beyond the ledge of the table, except the small truck or wheel B. The irregularly-triangular piece, which is shaded by the stroke of the pen, carries this wheel, and also a catch moveable on the axis or pin E. The whole piece is moveable on the pin A, which connects it to the carriage. CD, or the part which is shaded by dotting, is a detent, which serves to hold the piece down in a certain position. It may be observed, that both the detent and the triangular piece are furnished each with a claw, which holds in one direction, but trips or yields in the other, like the jacks of a harpsichord, or resembling certain pieces used in clock and watch making, as is clearly represented in the figure. These claws overhang the side of the table, and their effect is as follows: There is a pin C (fig. 4.) between the compartments of the table numbered 2 and 3, but which is marked F in fig. 12, where GH represents the table. In the outward run of the carriage these claws strike that pin, but with no other effect than that they yield for an instant, and as instantly refuse their original position by the action of their respective slender back-springs. When the carriage returns, the claw of the detent indeed strikes the pin, but with as little effect as before, because its derangement is instantly removed by the action of the back spring of the detent itself; but, when the claw of the triangular piece takes the pin, the whole piece is made to revolve on its axis or pin A, the wheel B is forced down, so as to lift that end of the carriage, and the detent, catching on the piece at C, prevents the former position from being recovered. covered. The consequence of this is, that the carriage runs upon the truck B (and its correspondent truck on the opposite side) instead of the cylinder A, which is too much raised to take the letter, and foil itself; but as soon as the end of the carriage has passed clear of the letter, another pin R (fig. 4.) takes the claw of the detent, and draws it off the triangular piece; at which instant the cylinder A subdues to its usual place, and performs its functions as before. This last pin R does not affect the claw of the triangular piece, because it is placed too low; and the claw of the detent is made the longest, on purpose that it may strike this pin.

Fig. 8. represents an instrument for printing floorcloths, paper hangings, and the like, with stiff paint and a brush. D is a copper or metallic cylinder fixed in a frame A, like a garden roller; its carved part is thin, and is cut through in various places, according to the desired pattern. A strong axis passes through the cylinder, and its extremities are firmly attached to the frame A. To this axis is fixed a vessel or box of the same kind, and answering the same purpose as the box KL in fig. 3. It carries a cylinder P, which revolves in the colour; another cylinder E, which revolves in contact with P; and a third cylinder B, whose exterior surface is covered with hair, after the manner of a brush, and revolves in contact with E. This cylinder B is adjusted by its axis, in such a manner that its brush-part sweeps in the perforated parts of the metallic cylinder D. The circle C represents a cog-wheel, fixed concentric to the cylinder D, and revolving with it; this wheel takes another wheel concentric to, and fixed to, B; hence the action is as follows: When the metallic cylinder is wheeled or rolled along any surface, its cog-wheel C drives the brush B in the contrary direction; and this brush-cylinder, being connected by cogs or otherwise with E and P, causes those also to revolve and supply it with colour. As the successive openings of the cylinder D, therefore, come in contact with the ground, the several parts of the brush will traverse the uncovered part of that ground, and paint the pattern upon it. The wheel G, being kept lightly on the ground, serves to determine the line of contact, that it shall be the part opposite to B, and no other.