the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk in Persia, was the son of David, and great grandson of Seljuk the founder of the dynasty. He Alp Arslan, was born in the year 1039, of the Hegira 421. In place of Ibrahîm, which was his original name, he assumed that of Mohammed, when he embraced the Muslim faith, and he obtained the surname, Alp Arslan, which in the Turkish language signifies a valiant lion, on account of his military prowess. Having held the chief command in Khorasan for ten years as lieutenant of his uncle Toghrul Beg, he succeeded him in the year 1063, and at the commencement of his reign saw himself sole monarch of Persia, from the river Amu to the Tigris. When he assumed the reins of government, faction and open rebellion prevailed in his dominions, in subduing of which he was ably assisted by Nadham al Molk his vizir, one of the most distinguished characters of his time, whose prudence and integrity in the administration of the affairs of the kingdom proved of most essential service to this prince and to his successor. Peace and security being established in his dominions, he convoked an assembly of the states; and having declared his son Malek Shaw his heir and successor, seated him on a throne of gold, and exacted an oath of fidelity to him from the principal officers of the empire. With the hope of acquiring immense booty in the rich temple of St Basil in Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia, he placed himself at the head of the Turkish cavalry, crossed the Euphrates, and entered and plundered that city. He then marched into Armenia and Georgia, which in the year 1065 he finally conquered. In the former country, the very name of a kingdom and the spirit of a nation were totally extinguished. But the native Georgians who had retired to the woods and valleys of Mount Caucasus made a more vigorous resistance. They too, however, overpowered by the arms of the sultan and his son Malek, were forced to submission, and reduced to slavery. To punish them for the brave defence which they had made, and as a badge of their humiliating condition, Alp Arslan obliged them to wear at their ears huge thorns of iron. Some, to escape this mark of cruelty and ignominy, professed to embrace the religion of Mahomet.

In the year 1068 Alp Arslan invaded the Roman empire, the seat of which was then at Constantinople. Eudocia, the reigning empress, saw and dreaded the progress of his arms. To avert the threatened danger, she married Romanus Diogenes, a brave soldier, who was accordingly associated with her in the government, and raised to the imperial dignity. The new emperor, during the exhausted state of their resources, sustained the Roman power with surprising valour and invincible courage. His spirit and success animated his soldiers in the field to act with fortitude and firmness, inspired his subjects with hope, and struck terror in his enemies. In three severe campaigns his arms were victorious; and the Turks were forced to retreat beyond the Euphrates. In the fourth he advanced with an army of 100,000 men into the Armenian territory for the relief of that country. Here he was met by Alp Arslan with 40,000 cavalry, or, according to some authors, a much smaller number; and the sultan having proposed terms of peace which were insultingly rejected by the emperor, a bloody and decisive engagement took place. Alp Arslan, it is said, when he saw that a battle was inevitable, wept at the thought that so many of his faithful followers must fall in Alp Arlan, in the struggle; and after offering up a devout prayer, granted free permission to all who chose it to retire from the field. Then with his own hand he tied up his horse's tail, exchanged his bow and arrows for a mace and scimitar, and robed himself in a white garment perfumed with musk, resolved to perish on the spot unless he came off victorious. The skilful movements of the Turkish cavalry soon made an impression on the superior numbers of the Greeks, who were thrown into great disorder, and after a terrible slaughter, were totally routed. Romanus, deserted by the main body of his army, with unshaken courage kept his station, till he was recognized by a slave, taken prisoner, and conducted into the presence of Alp Arlan. In the Turkish divan, the captive emperor was commanded to kiss the ground as a degrading mark of submission to the power and authority of the sultan, who, it is said, leapt from his throne and set his foot on his neck. But this is scarcely probable or consistent with the generous and respectful treatment which he otherwise experienced. For the sultan instantly raised him from the ground, embraced him tenderly, and assured him that his life and dignity should remain inviolate under the protection of a prince who had not forgotten the respect due to the majesty of his equals, and the vicissitudes of fortune. When the terms of his ransom were about to be settled, Romanus was asked by Alp Arlan what treatment he expected to receive. To this question the emperor, with seeming indifference, replied, "If you are cruel, you will take my life; if you follow the dictates of pride, you will drag me at your chariot wheels; if you consult your interest, you will accept a ransom, and restore me to my country." "But what?" says the sultan, "would you have done in such circumstances?" "Had I been victorious," said the insolent Romanus, "I would have inflicted on thy body many a stripe." The conqueror smiled at the fierce and unsubdued spirit of his captive; observed that the Christian precepts strongly inculcated the love of enemies and the forgiveness of injuries; and, with a noble greatness of mind, declared that he would never imitate an example which he disapproved. A ransom of a million, an annual tribute of 3000 pieces of gold, an intermarriage between the families, and the deliverance of all the captive Muslims in the power of the Greeks, were at last agreed to as the terms of peace and the liberty of the emperor. Romanus was now dismissed loaded with presents, and respectfully attended by a military guard. But the distracted state of his dominions, the consequence of a revolt of his subjects, precluded him from fulfilling the terms of the treaty, and remitting the stipulated price of his ransom. The sultan seemed disposed to favour and support the declining fortunes of his ally; but the defeat, imprisonment, and death of Romanus interrupted the accomplishment of his generous, or rather ambitious, design.

At this time the dominion of Alp Arlan extended over the fairest part of Asia; 1200 princes, sons of princes, surrounded his throne; and 200,000 soldiers were ready to execute his commands. He now meditated a greater enterprise, and declared his purpose of attempting the conquest of Turkestan, the original seat of his ancestors. After great preparations for the expedition, he marched with a powerful army, and arrived at the banks of the Oxus. Before he could pass the river with safety, it was necessary to gain possession of some fortresses in its vicinity; one of which was for several days vigorously defended by the governor, Joseph Cothul, a Circassian. He was, however, obliged to surrender, and was carried a prisoner before the sultan, who, being enraged at his obstinacy and presumption, addressed him in very reproachful terms. Joseph replied with so much spirit, that he roused the resentment of Alp Arlan, and was commanded instantly to be fastened by the hands and feet to four stakes, to suffer a painful and cruel death. Joseph, on hearing this sentence, became furious and desperate; and drawing a dagger which he had concealed in his boots, rushed towards the throne to stab the sultan; the guards raised their battle-axes, and moved forward to defend their sovereign; but Alp Arlan, the most expert archer of his age, checking their zeal, forbade them to advance, and drew his bow; his foot slipped, and the arrow missed Joseph, who rushed forward, and plunging his dagger in the breast of the sultan, was himself instantly cut in pieces. The wound proved mortal, and the sultan expired in a few hours after he received it, in the year 1072. When he found his end approaching, he addressed himself in these words to his attendants: "In my youth," said he, "I was advised by a wise man to humble myself before God, never to confide in my own strength, or to despise the most contemptible enemy. These lessons I have neglected, for which I have now met deserved punishment. Yesterday, when I beheld from an eminence the number and discipline of my troops, I said in the confidence of my heart, 'What power on earth can oppose me? what man dares to attack me?' To-day, vainly trusting to my own strength and dexterity, I foolishly checked the prompt zeal and alacrity of my guards for my safety, and now I have fallen by the hand of an afflatus! But I perceive that no force or address can resist fate." He died in the 10th year of his reign, at the age of 44. He was buried at Maru, one of the four cities of Khorasan, in the tomb of the Seljukian dynasty. On his tomb was inscribed the following epitaph: "All you who have beheld the grandeur of Alp Arlan exalted to the heavens, come to Maru, and you will see it buried in the dust."

This prince was distinguished for his valour, liberality, and piety. He was patient, just, and sincere. His stature, aspect, and voice, commanded the respect of all who approached him. He had long whiskers, and usually wore a high turban in the form of a crown. He was succeeded by his son Malek Shaw, who had been proclaimed and acknowledged sultan of the Turks during his life. (Mod. Univ. Hist. Gibbon's Hist.)