Is that science which arranges, distinguishes, and names all plants or vegetables, to enable us to study their properties and uses.

Vegetables consist of an innumerable succession of individuals which it is impossible to examine, and would be useless if it were possible. It is therefore necessary to diminish the labour by forming them into groups or classes, that the same name may apply to a great number of individuals. Now certain individual plants have so close a resemblance to others in their flower, fruit, leaves, and general appearance, that almost every man at first sight would give them the same name. Thus every man who has seen the common daisy once, and knows its name, will probably apply the same name without mistake to every other individual of the same species. This forms the first step in botany, or what is called arranging and naming plants according to their species. Nor is it only the first, but the easiest step in botany. It is also the most important; for all the individuals of the same species must in similar circumstances possess the same qualities. For example, we have no reason to doubt that each individual plant of common hemlock, or of foxglove, possesses the same medical qualities, though from their place of growth these qualities may differ in degree. It is therefore the individuals of the species alone that are useful; and the whole value of any arrangement consists in enabling the botanist to distinguish and name the individuals, with the greatest ease and accuracy. If the number of species were small, definitions, or descriptions Elements. scriptions of them would alone be sufficient; but as they amount perhaps to 40,000 or 50,000 or more, to search for every single species amid such a multitude would be a task for which neither human patience nor human life would be sufficient.

To shorten the labour, it has been found very expedient to arrange plants into various divisions; first into some very general divisions which may reduce them into a small compass, then to subdivide these general divisions into others less comprehensive, and these into others, till we arrive at the particular species which we are in search of. Thus the arrangement descends from a general division of all plants to every particular species.

Many plans of this kind have been attempted by various botanists, but the arrangement of the celebrated Linnæus is incomparably the most ingenious, most accurate, as well as the simplest and easiest. That illustrious botanist divided all plants into classes, the classes into orders, the orders into genera, and the genera into species. The orders too, and the species, when numerous, he frequently subdivided into sections.

Objections have been made to the arrangement of Linnæus, because it admits divisions which do not appear natural. But such persons, though distinguished botanists, seem to us to have misunderstood the use and intention of that arrangement. It is not, and ought not to be, its object to give what has been called a natural arrangement; for nature does not classify her productions. She places before us innumerable individuals, and leaves us to classify them according to the purpose which we have in view. If nature had formed plants into classes, orders, and genera, the botanist would have nothing to do but to study these. But in none of her works has nature done this. Classification is the work of man; and it is necessary for man merely on account of the limited nature of the faculties of his mind. Classification enables us to accomplish by several steps or operations what we cannot accomplish by one. But were our faculties much more exalted, were our penetration much more acute, and our memories perfectly retentive; could we at once survey all the qualities of objects, discern their relations to one another, and retain the remembrance of these accurately, we should have no occasion to generalize at all. As generalization or classification is necessary to aid our limited faculties, the best classification is that which leads us without error, and by the easiest process, to the particular object which we have occasion to investigate.

The arrangement of Linnæus is therefore the best: It is, however, not so perfect in some of its parts as it may yet be rendered. This is the case in some of the genera which are distinguished by marks that are too minute. But when we consider the indefatigable mind of that illustrious man, the chaos in which he found botany, and the beautiful arrangement which he gave to it, we may justly enroll the name of Linnæus in the same list with Bacon, and Newton, and Locke.

A botanical system is a dictionary by which a person who has studied the rudiments of the science may find out the name of every plant which he meets with. This dictionary has been much enlarged by the labours of the great many eminent botanists of the present time. We shall therefore point out the method of consulting it, after giving a very concise view of the principles upon which it is founded. We will give a concise view, because we think most or perhaps all the elementary books of this science tend to confound and disgust beginners by physiological definitions, and by the multiplicity of terms which they require to be studied at the very first outset. Their plan is just as if a teacher of Latin was to require his pupils first to make themselves masters of a Latin dictionary before he allowed them to translate. Our plan is to require of a beginner no more elementary knowledge than what is sufficient to enable him to consult the system as he would do a dictionary. The meaning of the rest of the botanical terms we think can best be learned by having recourse to an explanation in an alphabetical form, as they occur in the investigation. This we intend to add to the present article. And we wish sincerely that every man who publishes a system of botany would do the same; for we have strong reasons to believe that different writers use the same words in different senses from one another. Linnæus, indeed, has defined his botanical terms; but in his two works, *Deliciæ Plantarum* and *Philosophia Botanica*, he sometimes defines the same word differently. Now we ought to know which of his definitions succeeding botanists have adopted. Besides almost every botanist introduces terms of his own which we shall look for in vain in the definitions of Linnæus.

**ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.**

The parts of a plant which it is necessary for the young botanist first to know, are the flower, and fruit. These include seven; the calyx, corolla, stamen, pistil, pericarp or seed-vessel, seed and receptacle. We will describe these in the order which will make them most easily distinguished.

1. The corolla, which in common language is called the flower, and in fruit-trees the blossom, is the part which is most beautifully coloured, which is of the finest texture, and is often odorous. It is to be found of every colour, except green, a hue which it very seldom attains. It is white, as in the blossoms of the cherry, yellow as in the primrose and ranunculus or buttercup, red as in the rose, blue as in the violet. It is sometimes of one piece, and sometimes divided into distinct pieces, called petals. When the corolla consists of one petal, the outer or upper part which is broad is named the limb or border; and the lower part which is narrow and hollow, by which it is fixed, is called the tube. When the corolla consists of more than one petal, the lower part is called a claw, and the upper lamina.

In the corolla it is necessary to attend to its form, its divisions, the number of its petals, its colour and the part to which it is attached. See Plate XCV. Fig. 11. a corolla of one petal: a, the tube; b, the laminae. Fig. 13. a corolla of more than one petal: a, the claw; b, the laminae.

2. The calyx is situated on the outside of the corolla, and enclosing it commonly at the base. It is generally Generally of a greenish colour and of a coarser texture than the corolla. It consists of one part, or of two, three, &c., and is then said to be one-leaved, two-leaved, three-leaved, many-leaved. The calyx is of various shapes, tubular, globular, inflated, &c.

There are seven species of calyx, perianth, involucre, glume, anther, (pathe, calyptra, and volva. For explanation of these consult the vocabulary and Plate XCV. Fig. 18, a, the calyx.

3. The pistil, or pistils, commonly appear in the centre of the corolla, from which they rise like so many columns. There are from one to twelve in the same flower, and sometimes more.

A pistil consists of three parts, the stigma, the style, and the germen. 1. The stigma is the highest part of the pistil; which is sometimes globular, sometimes cleft, sometimes cross-shaped, &c. 2. The style is the pillar or thread which supports the stigma. 3. The germen is the pedicel or base of the pistil, most commonly of a roundish or globular shape; but sometimes long and slender. Sometimes there are several germens together. See Plate XCV. fig. 12, c, the stigma; b, the style; a, the germen.

4. The filaments, which resemble threads or pillars, usually stand between the corolla and the pistil, are placed in regular order round the pistils, or alternate with the petals. They are in number on one flower from one to several hundreds. But it is not necessary to count them when they are more than twenty.

A filament consists of two parts, the anther and the filament. 1. The anther is the summit of the filament, containing a mealy or powdery substance called pollen, and is generally of a different colour from the filament. They are of different forms, globular, horned, &c. 2. The filaments are the threads or pillars which support the anthers. The filaments are attached to the corolla, to the calyx, to the receptacle, or to the style. See Plate XCV. fig. 18. Filaments marked by e, e, e, e, e, e.

5. The pericarp, or seed-vessel, is the case or covering of the seed, and is the external part of the germen come to maturity. It is of various shapes; globular, as in the poppy; long, as in the pod of the common garden or field pea: it is pulpy with a stone in the middle, as in the plum; pulpy, containing seeds enclosed in a case, as in the pear; juicy, and containing seeds which have only an external case, as the currant and gooseberry.

There are eight species of pericarp; capsule, silique, legume, follicle, drupe, pome, berry, and strobile. A description of these will be given in the vocabulary. Consult also Plate XCV. fig. 23. to 30.

6. The seeds are so well known, that they require no description in the elements of the science.

7. The receptacle is a point, line, or broad base, to which some or all of the six parts now described are attached. When it is the base of all these parts, it is called the receptacle of the fructification. When the calyx, corolla, and stamens only are attached to it, it is called the receptacle of the flower. When the germens together with the pistil only is fixed to it, it is called the receptacle of the fruit. It is called proper when only one flower with its fruit is inserted into it. It is called common when many flowers are attached to it, as in the common daisies, dandelion. See Plate XCV. Elements: Fig. 13, c, a proper receptacle. Fig. 9, 10, a common receptacle.

Attention to the receptacle is most necessary chiefly in classes 11th, 13th, and 19th.

Besides these seven, which are called the parts of fructification, because when they exist together, they are supposed necessary for producing proper fruit, there is another part which Linnaeus calls the nectary, that requires attention, as it is the foundation of some genera. It is difficult for beginners to distinguish it, as it varies much in its appearance, and is not very discernible in a great many species. It is sometimes the name of a small gland; sometimes of a scale or a number of scales; sometimes of a cup; sometimes of a horn or spur on the corolla, as in larkspur and violet; sometimes of a groove or excavation. In short, it appears to be a name for any singular or irregular appearance of any of the parts of the flower. In all accurate and perspicuous systems, it is so well described that it can be easily found out. If this be done the name may be admitted, but if not it must lead to ambiguity and want of precision.

OF THE CLASSES.

The descriptions now given are sufficient to enable the young botanist to understand the classes and orders.

All plants are arranged into 24 divisions, called classes. In 23 of these classes, the flowers, or the pistils and stamens, or at least the stigmas and anthers, are evident. The 24th class comprehends all plants in which the flowers are invisible to the naked eye, as mosses, ferns, mushrooms.

The principles upon which the classes are formed are few, simple, and beautiful. All plants which have only one stamen, are of the first class; those that have only two, are of the second; those that have only three, are of the third: and so on, the number of stamens being the same with the number of the clas in the first ten classes. See Plate XCIV. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

In the next three classes, the place to which the stamens are fixed must be attended to as well as the number of the stamens. Thus the 11th contains those plants which have from 12 to 19 stamens inclusive, fixed to the receptacle. The 12th those that have 20 stamens fixed to the inside of the calyx. In this clas the place of insertion is more to be relied on than the number of the stamens, for they are sometimes less than 20, often more. The 13th clas comprehends those that have more than 20 stamens attached to the receptacle. See Plate XCIV. fig. 11, 12, 13. For an example of the 12th clas a rose may be examined, and for an example of the 13th a poppy, or a ranunculus.

The 14th and 15th classes depend upon the number and proportion of the stamens. When there are four stamens in a flower, of which two are longer, it belongs to the 14th clas. When there are five stamens, of which four are longer, it belongs to the 15th clas. For an example of the 14th clas the flowers of the dead nettle, mint, thyme, or fox-glove, may be examined; Elements mined, and for a specimen of the 15th class, inspect the flowers of shepherds purse, or mustard. See also Plate XCIV. fig. 14. and 15.

The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th classes depend upon the manner in which the stamens are connected, whether they be joined by their filaments into one set, or two sets, or more than two; or be united by the anthers into a cylinder.

In the 16th class the stamens are united by their filaments into one set, forming a case round the lower part of the pistils, but separating at the top. A geranium forms a specimen of this class. In the 17th the corollas are papilionaceous, like the blossom of a bean; the stamens are connected by their filaments, but divided into two sets or parcels, one of which is thicker and forms a case round the pistil; the other is smaller and leans towards the pistil. Specimens of these may be found in the flowers of peas and beans. In the 18th class, the stamens are united by their filaments into more than two sets, or parcels. See Plate XCIV. fig. 18.

The 19th class is difficult to a beginner. It consists of compound flowers, as the common daisy, dandelion. They are called compound, because each single flower consists of a collection of little flowers or florets, attached to the same broad receptacle, and contained within one calyx. Each floret consists of a corollet, or little corolla, five stamens united by their anthers into a hollow or tubular cylinder, and a pistil which passes up through the tube of the cylinder. See Plate XCIV. fig. 19, and examine a dandelion, or thistle, or common groundsel, or a sunflower. See also the beginning of the 19th class in the system, where a fuller account will be given of this class.

In the 20th class, the stamens are attached to the pistil. An orchis will afford a specimen of this. See also Plate XCIV. fig. 20.

In the three next classes, the pistils and stamens are situated on separate flowers, or distinct plants, or on plants which bear flowers with pistils and stamens, others with stamens or with pistils, or flowers of both kinds.

The 21st class contains those plants which have flowers of different kinds on the same plant, some bearing pistils, and others bearing stamens only. The flowers with pistils we shall call pistillar or stigmata, and those with stamens staminial or anthered. The birch affords an example of this class. See also fig. 21.

The 22nd class consists of those species which have stamens on one plant and pistils on another. Instances of this may be found in the willow, poplar, and juniper. See fig. 22.

The 23rd class comprehends those plants which have at least two and sometimes three kinds of flowers. 1. Some anther-stigmata, or with pistils and stamens on the same flower. 2. Others having pistils only, or stamens only. 3. Or having flowers with pistils only, or flowers with stamens only. This may be expressed more concisely. Some having flowers anther-stigmata, some stigmata, or some anthered, or having both anthered flowers and stigmatic flowers. The common ash tree may be examined for a specimen of this class. See also fig. 23.

The names of the classes are formed from Greek words, and express the characteristic of each class. The first ten classes are named from the Greek nu-

1. Mon-andria. 2. Di-andria. 3. Tri-andria. 4. Tetr-andria. 5. Pent-andria. 6. Hex-andria. 7. Hept-andria. 8. Oct-andria. 9. Enne-andria. 10. Dec-andria. 11. Dodec-andria, 12 stamens. 12. Icos-andria, 20 stamens. 13. Di-dynamia, 2 powers. 14. Tetra-dynamia, 4 powers. 15. Tetra-dynamia, 4 powers. 16. Mon-adelphe, one brotherhood. 17. Di-adelphe, two brotherhoods. 18. Poly-adelphe, many brotherhoods. 19. Syn-genchia means origin or production together, so called from the stamens being united by the anthers. 20. Gyn-andria, pistils and stamens together. 21. Mon-cecia, one house. 22. Di-cecia, two houses. 23. Poly-gamia, many kinds of flowers. The etymology here would throw no light upon the class to a beginner; nor does it throw any on the next class. 24. Crypto-gamia, therefore, is to be understood to mean invisible flowers.

OF THE ORDERS.

The formation of the orders is as ingenious and simple as that of the classes. In the first thirteen classes, the names and characters are taken from the number of pistils or styles; when there are wanting, from the number of stigmas. Thus:

- Mono-gynia, 1 style. - Dia-gynia, 2 styles. - Tri-gynia, 3 styles. - Tetra-gynia, 4 styles. - Penta-gynia, 5 styles. - Hexa-gynia, 6 styles. - Hepta-gynia, 7 styles. - Deca-gynia, 10 styles. - Dodeca-gynia, 12 styles. - Poly-gynia, many styles.

In the 14th class Didynamia there are only two orders, which depend on the presence or absence of the pericarp or seed-vessel.

1. Gymnospermia. Four naked seeds in the bottom of the calyx; as in mint, dead-nettle, thyme. 2. Angiospermia. Seeds enclosed in a pericarp; as in fox-glove, eye-bright, toad-flax, fig-wort.

In the 15th class, tetrodynamia, there are also two orders, which are taken from the form of the pericarp.

1. Siliculosa. Seeds enclosed in a silicle or roundish seed-vessel, consisting of two pieces called valves, and the seeds fixed to both edges or sutures, as in shepherd's purse, lacy-grass.

2. Siliquosa. Elements. 2. Siliquosa. Seeds enclosed in a siliqua or long seed-vessel; as in mustard.

In the 16th, 17th, and 18th classes, the names and characters of the orders are taken from the number of stamens.

In the 19th class there are six orders, which it is difficult at first to distinguish accurately.

1. Polygamia Aequalis. Florets anther-fligmate, or having both stamens and pistils in the same floret; as in dandelion, thistle, sow-thistle, artichoke.

2. Polygamia Superflua. When the flower is composed of two parts, a disk or central part, and rays projecting outwards; as in corn-marygold, tanzy, daisy, golden-rod, groundsel, chamomile, milkweed. The florets of the disk are another-fligmate; those of the ray fligmate.

3. Polygamia Frustranea. Florets of the disk another-fligmate; those of the rays with styles but no stigmas; as blue-bottle, knapweed.

4. Polygamia Necessaria. Florets of the disk another-styled, without stigmas; those of the rays fligmate. Garden marigold will afford a specimen.

5. Polygamia Segregata. When each of the florets has a calyx, besides the common or general calyx of the flower. Specimens of this can only be found in botanic gardens.

6. Monogamia. When the flower is not compound but single, and the anthers united. This order ought to be transferred to the class pentandra, as, indeed, has been done in some very valuable systems. Examples of it may be found in the violet.

In the classes gynandria, monocia, and dioecia, the orders are formed from the number of stamens, with three of a different kind, monadelphia, syngenesia, and gynandria, in the classes monocia and dioecia.

In the 23rd class there are three orders.

1. Monocia. When the flowers are anther-fligmate and anthered; or anther-fligmate and fligmate, on the same individual plant.

2. Dioecia. When the flowers are anther-fligmate and anthered, or anther-fligmate and fligmate, on two different individual plants.

3. Triocia. When the flowers of one individual plant of the same species are anther-fligmate; upon a second individual plant, anthered; and upon a third individual plant, fligmate.

The orders into which the 24th class, cryptogamia, is divided, will be explained in the introduction to that class.

OF THE SECTIONS.

The orders are generally subdivided into what may be called sections. These may vary in number, according as the system is partial or universal; but they are almost as well established as the classes and orders. Sections are not employed in the 11th, 12th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d classes. The principles on which they are formed are few and very simple.

In the first ten classes they depend upon the following circumstances: on the flower being superior or inferior or naked, complete or incomplete, calycled, enclosed in a spathe or glume, aggregate, umbellate, involucrate; on the number of petals, the seeds being naked or enclosed; on the number of seeds, and the number of cells in the capsule or seed vessel, or number of berries.

The flower is said to be superior when the receptacle of the flower is above the germen, and inferior when the receptacle is below the germen. A flower is said to be naked when the calyx is absent; it is called complete when it has both a calyx and corolla, and incomplete when either of these is wanting. It is said to be calycled when the calyx has a small calyx or calyclet at the base. An aggregate flower, is a flower composed of florets standing on footstalks, attached to a broad receptacle.

An umbellate plant, is one which sends out towards the top, from the same point or centre, a number of branches like the spokes of an umbrella, and bearing flowers on the top. All the spokes, with their flowers, form a universal umbel. On the top of each spoke arises an umbellule, or partial umbel. At the base of the spokes of the umbel, or universal umbel, is a fort of calyx, called an involucre, or universal involucre; and at the base of the spokes of the umbellule is a partial involucre, or an involucre. This will suffice for explaining the sections of the first ten classes. The sections of the 13th depend on the number of petals.

In the 14th class, didynamia, the sections depend upon the calyx; which is said to be cleft when it is cut or divided into so many parts, and two-lipped when its mouth has a resemblance to two lips.

In the 15th class the sections depend on the filicle and calyx. The filicle in one section is notched at the point, and in another unnotched or entire. In the first section of the order filiquea, the calyx is closed by its own leaflets. In the second it is not closed, and the leaflets are separated at the upper end.

In the 17th class, diadelphia, and the order decandra, there are six sections. 1. The first comprehends those flowers which have their stamens all united as in the clas monadelphia, and therefore forms an exception to the regularity of the clas. 2. In the second, the stigma is pubescent or hairy. The stamens not. 3. The seed-vessel or legume, has two cells, without the connected marks of the former sections. 4. The legume contains only one seed, without the marks of the former three sections. 5. The legume is somewhat jointed, without the marks of the former. 6. The legume has only one apartment, but many seeds, without the marks already mentioned.

The only remaining clas, whose orders are divided into sections, is the 19th, syngenesia. 1. In the first section of the first order, the corollets are ligulate, that is, flat towards the exterior or upper end, and tubular only at the base. 2. Capitate or headed, when the flowers grow in globular forms; as the thistle. 3. Diffused, when the corollets are all tubular, not ligulate. In the order polygamia superflua are two sections. 1. Diffused corollets. 2. Rayed or radiate, when all the corollets are ligulate. We will now present a connected view of the Classes and Orders in a Table.

I. MONANDRIA, 1 stamen. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles.

II. DIANDRIA, 2 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

III. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

IV. TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens. If the two nearest stamens be shorter, the plant belongs to clas 14th. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

V. PENTANDRIA, 5 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 styles. 5. Pentagynia, 5 styles. 6. Polygynia, more than 5.

VI. HEXANDRIA, 6 stamens. If the two opposite stamens be shorter, the plant is of the 15th clas. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 styles. 4. Polygynia, more than 4.

VII. HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 styles. 4. Heptagynia, 7 styles.

VIII. OCTANDRIA, 8 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

IX. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Trigynia, 3 styles. 3. Hexagynia, 6 styles.

X. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 styles. 5. Decagynia, 10 styles.

XI. DODECANDRIA, 12 to 19 stamens, inferted in the receptacle. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 styles. 5. Dodecagynia, 12 styles.

XII. ICOSANDRIA, 20 stamens or more fastened to the inside of the calyx. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 styles. 5. Polygynia, more than 5 styles.

XIII. POLYANDRIA, more than 20 stamens fastened to the receptacle. 1. Monogynia, 1 style. 2. Digynia, 2 styles. 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 styles. 5. Pentagynia, 5 styles. 6. Hexagynia, 6 styles. 7. Polygynia, more than 6 styles.

XIV. DIDYNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the rest. 1. Gymnopermia, 4 naked seeds in the bottom of the calyx. 2. Angiopermia, seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel.

XV. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the rest. 1. Siliculosa, seeds contained in a silicle or roundish seed-vessel. 2. Siliquosa, seeds contained in a silique or long seed-vessel.

XVI. MONADELPHIA, stamens united by their filaments into one fet or body. 1. Triandria, 3 stamens. 2. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 3. Octandria, 8 stamens. 4. Enneandria, 9 stamens. 5. Decandria, 10 stamens. 6. Endecandria, 11 stamens. 7. Dodecandria, 12 stamens. 8. Polyandria, more than 12 stamens.

XVII. DIADELPHIA, stamens united by their filaments into two bodies. 1. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 2. Hexandria, 6 stamens. 3. Octandria, 8 stamens. 4. Decandria, 10 stamens.

XVIII. POLYADELPHIA, filaments united and divided into more than two fets. 1. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 2. Icoandria, 20 stamens. 3. Polyandria, more than 20 stamens.

XIX. SYNGENESIS, anthers united into a cylinder. 1. Polygamia æqualis, florets all anther-stigmata. 2. Polygamia superflua, florets of the disk anther-stigmata; florets of the ray stigmata. 3. Polygamia fructiferae, florets of the disk anther-stigmata; florets of the ray stylated, but not stigmata. 4. Polygamia necessaria, florets of the disk anther-stylated; florets of the ray anther-stigmata. 5. Polygamia segregata, several calyclets in one calyx. 6. Monogamia, flowers single, not compound, with anthers united. XX. Gynandria, stamens fastened to the pistils.

1. Diandria, 2 stamens. 2. Triandria, 3 stamens. 3. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 4. Pentandra, 5 stamens. 5. Hexandra, 6 stamens. 6. Decandra, 10 stamens. 7. Dodecandra, 12 stamens. 8. Polyandra, more than 12 stamens.

XXI. Monoeia, stamens and pistils not in the same flowers, but in the same plant.

1. Monandria, 1 stamen. 2. Decandra, 2 stamens. 3. Triandria, 3 stamens. 4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 5. Pentandra, 5 stamens. 6. Hexandra, 6 stamens. 7. Heptandra, 7 stamens. 8. Polyandra, more than 7. 9. Monadelphia, filaments united. 10. Syngenesia, anthers united. 11. Gynandria, stamens fixed to pistils.

XXII. Dioecia, stamens and pistils on different plants.

1. Monandria, 1 stamen. 2. Diandria, 2 stamens. 3. Triandria. 4. Tetrandria. 5. Pentandra. 6. Hexandra. 7. Octandra. 8. Enneandra. 9. Decandra. 10. Dodecandra. 11. Polyandra. 12. Monadelphia. 13. Syngenesia. 14. Gynandria.

XXIII. Polygamia.

1. Monoeia, anther-fligate and stigmae, or anthered in the same plant. 2. Dioecia, anther-fligate and stigmae, or anthered in two plants. 3. Trioeia, anther-fligate in one plant, stigmae in a second, and anthered in a third.

XXIV. Cryptogamia.

1. Filices, or ferns. 2. Mollusks. 3. Algae, or sea-weeds. 4. Funguses.

OF THE GENERA.

Having now shewn how plants are arranged into classes, orders, and sections, we come to the next division called genera. The characteristic marks of the genera are derived from the flower and fruit. A genus consists of a certain number of species, which resemble one another in some parts of the flower or of the fruit, or both. By way of illustrating the principles on which the formation and division of genera are founded, we shall run over the British genera in each class.

I. In the first class, Order I. sect. 1, the calyx is Elements, one-leaved or indistinct, corolla absent. Sect. 2, the berry contains many seeds, the spadix contains many flowers, and the capsule is one-seeded. Order II. genus 5, calyx wanting, two petals present; seeds, four, not enclosed in a seed-vessel.

II. In the 2d class, Diandria, Order I, the genera depend upon the figure of the corolla, which is divided, wheel-shaped, ringent, furnished with a spur, or two-petaled; on the calyx being cleft or being two-leaved; on the number of seeds which the berry contains; on the shape of the capsule, and the number of seeds enclosed in it; on the filaments being distant, or standing on a footstalk.

In the 2d order, the only genus is a grats, the calyx and corolla of which are called glumes.

III. In the 3d class, Triandria, Order I. sect. 1, the distinction of the genera depends on the number of divisions of the calyx and singularities of the stigma. In sect. 8, the genera are distinguished by the peculiarities of the glumes and seeds.

In the 2d order, Digynia, sect. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the number of valves or pieces of which the glumes or corolla and calyx consist. 2. By the peculiarities of these valves. 3. By the number of flowers contained in the calyx. 4. By the peculiarities of the stigma and seed. 5. By the form of the spikelets, and 6. By the peculiarities of the spine or thread, or form of the receptacle.

In the 3d order, trigynia, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the number of leaves of which the calyx is composed. 2. By the number of petals. 3. By the form of the capsule, the number of valves composing it, and seeds contained in it.

IV. In the 4th class, Tetrandria, Order I. the genera are determined,

Sect. 1.

1. By the peculiarities of the common and partial calyx, or of the calyx and calycet. 2. By the corolla being superior.

Sect. 2, and 3.

1. By the form of the corolla. 2. By the peculiarities of the fruit.

Sect. 4.

1. By the number and the peculiarities of the nectaries. 2. By their absence. 3. By the nature of the seed-vessel; by its situation and the number of cells or seeds it contains.

Sect. 5.

By the peculiarities of the calyx and seed.

Digynia and Trigynia, Order I. and II.

1. By the number of petals, and by their absence. 2. By the nature of the pericarp, and by the number of its valves and cells, and seeds.

V. In the 6th class, Pentandra, Order I. the genera are distinguished, Order II. Angiopermia.

1. By the number of cells and directions of the partitions of the capsule or seed-vessel. 2. By the form and number of the seeds. 3. And by other marks of the calyx and corolla, which require no explanation.

XV. Tetradyamia.

I. Siliculae, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the filiate or short roundish seed-vessel, by the shape and position of its valves or pieces, by its being entire or notched, and the number of seeds it contains.

II. Siliqueae. The genera are distinguished, 1. By the shape of the filiate or long seed-vessel, which is composed of two valves or pieces, with the seeds fastened to both futures, or joinings of the valves; by the manner in which the filiate opens. 2. By peculiar glands. 3. By the calyx being open or spreading. 4. By the position of the petals. 5. By the stigma being notched or entire.

XVI. In the 16th class, Monadelphia, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the number of styles. 2. By the divisions of the outer calyx. 3. By the position of the capsules and number of seeds contained in each. 4. By the seeds being beaked spirally or backwards.

XVII. Diadelphia. Here it is necessary to describe the corolla, which is called papilionaceous, or pea-blossomed, and usually consists of four petals. The lower petal, shaped like a boat, is called the keel; the upper petal, which spreads and rises upwards, is called the standard, and the two side petals are called the wings. The seed-vessel is called a legume, and consists of two pieces or valves, and the seeds are fixed to one of the futures or joinings.

In the order Decandria, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the form and divisions of the calyx. 2. By the form and roughness of the style and stigma. 3. By the peculiarities of the standard, keel, and wings. 4. By the legume; its form, length, and the number of seeds it contains.

XIX. In the 19th class, Synoecesia, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the nature and form of the receptacle, by its smoothness or roughness, its being dotted, or like a honeycomb. 2. By the nature of the pappus, which is the feathery or flying, or winged crown of the seed by which it flies. 3. By the peculiarities of the calyx, its resembling tiles, being double, accompanied with scales, &c. 4. By the number of florets in the ray.

XX. Gynandria, Diandra, the genera are distinguished, By the form of the neclary, which is the lower lip of the corolla.

XXI. In the 21st clas, Monoeia, the genera are distinguished,

1. By 1. By peculiarities in the male or anthered flower of the calyx and corolla.

2. By similar peculiarities in the female or stigmatic flowers.

3. By the form of the ament. The ament is a species of flower consisting of a thread form receptacle, to which a number of chaffy scales are attached. A specimen of it may be seen in the flowers of the fir, birch, hazel, beech, and oak.

XXII. XXIII. In the 22d and 23d classes, Dioecia and Polygamia, the genera are distinguished in a manner similar to those already described. We have only to remark, that what in other systems is called hermaphrodite flowers, in the class Polygamia we call anther-stigmatic, or pistil-staminal, that is, flowers having both anthers and stigmas, or pistils and stamens.

OF THE SPECIES.

The species consist of such groups or collections of plants as have certain resemblances, which render it convenient to clas them under one genus. The species are distinguished from one another, either by marking in a few words the most striking differences, or by giving a minute description of each species. In the foreign plants, we have adopted the first method for the sake of brevity. But in the British, which is of consequence we should study more perfectly, we have adopted the second. The first is a translation of Witherow's Species Plantarum, the most complete system hitherto published, and the second, or the description of the British plants, is a translation from Dr Smith's Flora Britannica, which we have no hesitation in saying is a model of botanical description. For precision it is worthy of Linnaeus, and is so minute that nothing peculiar to any species seems to have escaped the author.

The species when numerous are formed into subdivisions. This we think should always be done, when it can be done with propriety. There are some eminent botanists who disapprove of this practice, because, say they, it separates species that have the closest resemblance to one another. This however, is of no consequence; for it is not the object of botanical arrangement to place these plants next one another, which are most like; but to point out the species, and most certain method of discovering the names of such plants as we have occasion to examine. We cannot help regretting therefore, that Mr Salisbury in his new arrangement of Erica, a genus consisting of more than 240 species, should, in order to clas them according to their affinities, have neglected to form them into subdivisions: the subdivision of the species diminishes the unnecessary labours of the botanist, and tends to increase the precision of inquiry. For example, 32 species of the campanula, have leaves smooth polished, and the rest have leaves rough to the touch. This circumstance forms a very convenient subdivision. Again, 44 species of the solanum have neither prickles nor thorns, 39 are prickled, and one is thorny or spinous. Thus in examining a solanum, we can have no occasion to run over 84 species; we are required only to go over 44, or 39, or one. There is as much propriety in forming the numerous species of a genus into subdivisions, as there is in separating plants that have a close resemblance into different genera. Who would have supposed that the botanist who has separated the Erica vulgaris or common heath, from the genus to which it has hitherto belonged, would have thought it improper to arrange so extensive a genus into subdivisions. We can only account for it by supposing that an eminent botanist may sometimes forget the principles of the Linnean classification, to seek after a natural classification; a thing which we suspect is like the government of Utopia, that exists only in the mind of the inventor.

OF VARIETIES.

Every part of a plant is subject to variation from climate, soil, cultivation, and diseases, or injuries produced by insects, winds, &c. The corolla and leaves are most liable to change. Variations arising from such accidents are not permanent; they may indeed be propagated by slips, but vanish in those plants which are raised from seeds. It is by rearing plants from seeds that we can determine whether a plant be a variety or a distinct species.

RULES FOR DIRECTING THE YOUNG BOTANIST IN INVESTIGATING A PLANT.

After the young botanist understands the principles upon which the classification is formed, he ought immediately to proceed to the examination of plants.

1. The botanist ought to select flowers in different states, some expanded, some unopened, and if possible, some that are ripened into fruit.

2. If the flower contain both stamens and pistils, it belongs to some one of the first 20 classes. If either the pistils or stamens be wanting, it belongs to the 21st, 22d, or 23d. To this rule there are a few exceptions, which if the young botanist cannot overcome, he may pass them over till he has made some progress in the art of investigation.

3. He must next examine whether the stamens be connected or separate, and whether two of them be uniformly shorter than the rest. If the stamens be not connected, and two of them be not uniformly shorter, the plant belongs to one of the 13 first classes. If the stamens do not amount to 12, the number of the stamens and number of the clas is the same. If the stamens be 12 or more, then, besides counting them, it is necessary to observe whether they be fixed at the lower end to the calyx or receptacle. This may be best known by tearing off the calyx; if the stamens do not come away with the calyx, the plant belongs to the clas dodecandra. If the stamens be about 20, less or more, and fixed to the calyx, the plant belongs to icofandra. If 20 or more, and attached to the calyx, the clas is polyandra.

In all these classes the orders may be known by the pistils.

4. If the stamens be four or six, and two shorter than the rest, the plant belongs to didynamia or tetradynamia. The corolla in didynamious plants is one petal divided into two lips; and the corolla of tetradynamious plants consists always of four petals, placed somewhat in the form of a cross: hence called cruciform.

The orders of the clas didynamia may be known by observing whether the seeds be enclosed in a seed-vessel, Elements. vessel, be four in number, and naked in the bottom of the calyx.

In tetradiamia, the orders are distinguished by the form of the seed-vessel. If long, the order is filiculosa; if roundish it is filiculina.

5. If the stamens be connected by the filaments into one set round the pistil, but separated at the top, and the petals five, the clas is monadelphia. If the stamens be formed into two sets, and the corolla like the blossom of a pea or bean, the clas is diadelphia, and if formed into more than two sets, the clas is polyadelphia. The orders depend upon the number of the stamens.

6. If the flower be compound, that is, if one calyx contain a great many corollets, each of which has five stamens united to a cylinder at the anthers, the flower belongs to the clas gyngynoidea.

The orders are to be determined by examining the florets, that is, the corollets of the disk and ray, in order to know whether they both contain pistils and stamens, or anthers and stigmas, or otherwise. 1. If all the florets contain stamens and pistils, the order is polygamia aequalis. 2. If the disk or central part have florets with a pistil and stamens, but the rays contain only a pistil, the order is polygamia superflua. 3. If the florets of the disk have stamens, and pistils, or another-fligate, and those of the rays have only a style, the order is polygamia frutrannea. 4. If the florets of the disk have stamens and styles, but no stigmas, and those of the rays a pistil only, the order is polygamia necessaria. 5. When each of the florets has a small calyx, the order is the polygamia segregata. 6. And when the flower is not compound, but single with anthers united, the order is monogamia. But such plants are commonly now added to the clas pentandria.

7. If the stamens be fixed to the pistil, the clas is gynandra. The flower has something of a monstrous or irregular appearance. The petals are five, the style grows from the inner petal of the lower lip of the corolla, so as scarcely to be distinguishable.

The orders are determined by the number of the stamens.

8. When the flowers are imperfect, that is, when some in the same individual plant have only pistils and some only stamens, the plant belongs to the clas monoecia. When the pistils are in one plant, and the stamens on another, the clas is dioecia; and when perfect and imperfect flowers occur on the same plant, or on two or three different plants, the clas is polygamia.

The orders of monoecia and dioecia, are known by the number of stamens; and in polygamia, if imperfect and perfect flowers, that is, anther-fligate and stigmatic or anthered, be found on the same plant, the order is monoecia; if on two plants, the order is dioecia; and if anther-fligate flowers be on one plant, stigmatic on another, and anthered on a third, the order is tricoecia.

9. Different flowers should be examined, and especially those that are unopened, if the number of stamens and pistils should vary. And if after this examination, different unopened or unexpanded flowers should vary, a preference should be given to the flowers that terminate the stalk. We ought always, therefore, to compare different flowers before we inquire after the clas or orders.

II. 1. After determining the clas and order, the botanist ought to compare with the flower which he is investigating the different sections of the order when it is divided into sections. He may then proceed to examine the genus.

2. In the beginning of each clas he will find all the genera arranged as they agree and differ in some essential characters of the flower and fruit. But they are numbered in that order which brings those that have the closest resemblance next to one another. After the section is determined, then the flower must be compared with each of the genera of that section, or of the order when it is not divided into sections.

3. If none of the essential characters agree with the flower and fruit of the plant which is examined, then the plants which are named at the end of the orders are to be sought for and examined.

In this system we have first given the essential marks of all the genera at the beginning of each clas in Latin, and also in English.

4. After determining the genus, the plant may be compared with the description of the species. In foreign plants we have in general given only the essential character of the species. But in some British plants we have added also, from Dr Smith's Flora Britannica, a minute and fuller account, as an example of botanical description.

We have not referred to those books which give plates of the species, because they are accessible but to very few, and because we do not think that a man will ever be a botanist whose knowledge is indebted to plates. It is much better to consult an experienced botanist than a book of plates. Those, however, who wish to consult plates may do so from this system as well as from any other, after ascertaining the clas and order.

As to the language which is employed in the following system, we need say very little. We have endeavoured to make it as much English as possible. We have always preferred words of English origin when we thought them sufficiently accurate; but when we had reason to believe that such words were so vague that they might lead into error, we thought it better to adopt the Linnean terms, and to give them an English termination. In a few cases we have retained the Linnean terms unaltered, as corolla, bractea, stipula, because we thought any such change would be unpleasant to the ear, as corol, bracte, stipule. Besides it would be no disadvantage to the harmony of our language to have more words ending with vowels.

We once intended to have given English names to many of the genera, and to all the species, and had done so through the first four or five classes; but it was objected, that this would increase the synonymes, which are already too numerous; and consequently would often tend to mislead than to be useful. It would certainly be much better that plants were known in all nations by the same name.

Of the Method of forming an Herbarium or Horius Siccus.

Every man who wishes to be a complete botanist will find it necessary to preserve and to form into a collection the plants which he has examined. The best method of preserving them is by drying them: specimens ought to be collected when dry, and carried home in a tin box. Plants may be dried by pressing, in a box of sand, or with a hot smoothing-iron. Each of these has its advantages.

1. If pressure be employed, a botanical press may be procured. The press is made of two smooth boards of hard wood, 18 inches long, 12 broad, and two thick. Screws must be fixed to each corner with nuts. If a press cannot easily be had, books may be employed.

Next, some quires of unlined blossom blotting paper must be provided. The specimens when taken out of the tin box must be carefully spread on a piece of pasteboard covered with a single sheet of the blossom paper quite dry; then place three or four sheets of the same paper above the plant, to imbibe the moisture as it is pressed out; it is then to be put into the press. As many plants as the press will hold may be piled up in this manner. At first they ought to be pressed gently.

After being pressed for twenty-four hours or so, the plants ought to be examined, that any leaves or petals which have been folded may be spread out, and dry sheets of paper laid over them. They may now be replaced in the press, and a greater degree of pressure applied. The press ought to stand near a fire, or in the sunshine. After remaining two days in this situation, they should be again examined, and dry sheets of paper be laid over them. The pressure then ought to be considerably increased. After remaining three days longer in the press, the plants may be taken out, and such as are sufficiently dry may be put in a dry sheet of writing paper. Those plants which are succulent may require more pressure, and the blossom paper again renewed.

Plants which dry very quickly, ought to be pressed with considerable force when first put into the press; and if delicate, the blossom paper should be changed every day. When the stem is woody it may be thinned with a knife, and if the flower be thick or globular as the thistle, one side of it may be cut away; as all that is necessary, in a specimen, is to preserve the character of the class, order, genus and species.

2. Plants may be dried in a box of sand in a more expeditious manner, and this method preserves the colour of some plants better. The specimens after being pressed for ten or twelve hours, must be laid within a sheet of blossom paper. The box must contain an inch deep of fine dry sand, on which the sheet is to be placed, and then covered with sand an inch thick; another sheet may then be deposited in the same manner, and so on, till the box be full. The box must be placed near a fire for two or three days. Then the sand must be carefully removed, and the plants examined. If not sufficiently dried, they may again be replaced in the same manner for a day or two.

3. In drying plants with a hot smoothing iron, they must be placed within several sheets of blotting paper, and ironed till they become sufficiently dry. This method answers best for drying succulent and mucilaginous plants.

4. When properly dried, the specimens should be placed in sheets of writing paper, and may be slightly fastened by making the top and bottom of the stalk pass through a slip of the paper, cut neatly for the purpose. Then the name of the genus and species should be written down, the place where it was found, nature of the soil, and the season of the year. These specimens may be collected into genera, orders, and classes, and titled and preserved in a portfolio or cabinet. The method of preserving many of the cryptogamous plants is more difficult, on account of the greater quantity of moisture which they contain, and the greater delicacy of their texture.

We will now conclude this introduction with particular references to the plates.

EXPLANATION of the PLATES.

PLATE XCIV. exhibits the 24 CLASSES; fig. 1. representing the first class, or Monandria; fig. 2. the second class, or Diandra; fig. 3. the third class, or Triandra; and so on, according to the enumeration in the table.

PLATE XCV. represents the parts of a plant upon which the investigation of the GENUS depends.

Parts of the FLOWER.—Fig. 1. Spathe. Fig. 2. Spadix. Fig. 3. Gluma, or glume; b, arista, or awn. Fig. 4. Umbrella and involucrum: a, Umbrella universalis, or universal umbel; b, partialis, or partial umbel; c, Involucrum universale, universal involucre; d, partiale, or partial involucre. Fig. 5. Calyptra, calyptre, or veil; a, capitulum; b, operculum; parts of mollusks. Fig. 6. Amentum. Fig. 7. Strobilus, strobule. Fig. 8. a, Pileus, cap; b, volva; c, flipes; parts of fungi or mushrooms. Fig. 9. a, Receptaculum commune nudum, the common receptacle, or base of the flower when the stamina, pistillum, capsule, &c., are taken off. Fig. 10. Receptaculum commune paleis imbricatum, or common receptacle imbricated with paleae or membranaceous lamellae. Fig. 11. a the tube, b the edge or margin, of a one-petaled corolla. Fig. 12. is a flower laid in a proper position for showing its different parts, a, Germen, which includes the seeds and capsule in which they are enclosed; b, Style, a continuation of the germen; c, stigma, or top of the style; d, filaments, or threads; e, e, e, anthers; f, f, f, petals. Fig. 13. a, the claw; b, the lamina or plates, of a many-petaled corolla. Fig. 14. a, Bell shaped nectary of the narcissus. Fig. 15. Horned nectaries of monkshood. Fig. 16. Horned nectary in the calyx of the tropaeolum. Fig. 17. a, a, a, a. The nectaries of the parnassia gras, five in number, each of which has 13 styles, with round buttons on their tops.

Parts of Fructification.—Fig. 18. a, Perianth; b, germen; c, style; d, stigma; e, filaments; f, anthers, some shedding the pollen or dust; g, the appearance of the anther before it sheds the pollen. Fig. 19. a, the filament, and b, the anther, separated from the flower. Fig. 20. a, one grain of the pollen magnified by a microscope; b, an elastic aura supposed to be necessary for impregnating the seeds. Fig. 21. a, Germen; b, style; c, stigma. Fig. 22. Follicle: The seeds not adhering to the future, are enclosed in a particular receptacle, a. Fig. 23. Legume, or a double-valved pericarp, having the seeds fixed only to one of the futures a. Fig. 24. Silique, or a double-valved pericarp, with the seeds fixed to both futures or margins, a, b. Fig. 25. Pome, or a fleshy pericarp, containing... Elements. ing a capsule in which the seeds are enclosed, as in the apple, &c.; a, the pericarp; b, the capsule or seed-case. Fig. 26. a, Drupe, or pericarp containing a nut or stone, and having no valve. b, The nucleus, or stone. Fig. 27. Bacca or berry, a pericarp containing naked seeds dispersed through the pulpy part. Fig. 28. A capsule opening at the top to allow the seeds to fall out. Fig. 29. Four capsules included in a common pericarp. a, The valves; b, the dissepiment, or partition which separates the different seed-capsules from one another; c, columella, or central column, by which the capsules are connected. Fig. 30. A capsule cut open longitudinally, to show the receptacle of the seeds. Fig. 31. Pappus, or down; a, long-haired; b, feathered; c, seed; d, stipe.

Pedunculi or Footstalks of Flowers.—Fig. 32. Corymbs. 33. Racemes. 34. Spike. 35. Verticil. 36. Panicle.

Plates XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. contain delineations relative to the SPECIES of plants.

1. Leaves as to figure. A, Simple.—Fig. 37. Orbicular, of a circular figure. Fig. 38. Subrotundum, roundish or nearly circular. Fig. 39. Ovate. Fig. 40. Oval or elliptical. Fig. 41. Oblong. Fig. 42. Lanceolate. Fig. 43. Linear. Fig. 44. Subulate, or awl-shaped. Fig. 45. Reniform, or kidney-shaped. Fig. 46. Cordate, or heart-shaped. Fig. 47. Lunulated, or crescent form. Fig. 48. Triangular. Fig. 49. Sagittate. Fig. 50. Cordato-ligulata, heart-shaped behind, and sharp like the point of an arrow before. Fig. 51. Hafitate, or halbert-shaped. Fig. 52. Clift. Fig. 53. Three-lobed, or having three (55) lobes. Fig. 54. Premorse, fore-bitten. Fig. 55. Lobed. Fig. 56. Quinquangular, or five-angled. Fig. 57. Eroded. Fig. 58. Palmate. Fig. 59. Pinnated. Fig. 60. Laciniate. Fig. 61. Sinuate. Fig. 62. Dent-sinuate. Fig. 63. Sinuate backwards. Fig. 64. Partite or parted. Fig. 65. Repand, or scolloped. Fig. 66. Dentated, or dented. Fig. 67. Serrated or sawed. Fig. 68. Doubly serrated. Fig. 69. Doubly notched. Fig. 70. Cartilaginous. Fig. 71. Acutely notched. Fig. 72. Obtusely notched. Fig. 73. Plaited. Fig. 74. Crenate, notched. Fig. 75. Curled. Fig. 76. Blunt or obtuse. Fig. 77. Acute. Fig. 78. Acuminate, or awl-pointed. Fig. 79. Obtuse with an acumen, blunt with a sharp point superadded. Fig. 80. Acutely emarginated. Fig. 81. Cuneiform emarginate, wedgeform and notched at the end. Fig. 82. Retuse. Fig. 83. Long-haired. Fig. 84. Tomentose, or cottony. Fig. 85. Hispid, or brittle-haired. Fig. 86. Ciliated. Fig. 87. Rugose or wrinkly. Fig. 88. Veined. Fig. 89. Nerved. Fig. 90. Papillous. Fig. 91. Linguliform or tongue-shaped. Fig. 92. Scimitar-shaped. Fig. 93. Hatchet-shaped. Fig. 94. Deltoid. Fig. 95. Three-fidèd or triquetrous. Fig. 96. Channelled. Fig. 97. Furrowed. Fig. 98. Cylindrical. B, Compound Leaves. Fig. 99. Three-lobed. Fig. 100. Binate. Fig. 101. Ternate. Fig. 102. Digate, or fingered. Fig. 103. Pedate. Fig. 104. Pin-nated with an odd leaflet. Fig. 105. Abruptly pinnated. Fig. 106. Pinnated alternately. Fig. 107. Abruptly pinnated. Fig. 108. Pinnated with a cirrus. Fig. 109. Pinnated with only two leaflets. Fig. 110. Pinnated decursively. Fig. 111. Pinnated jointedly. Fig. 112. Lyre-shaped. Fig. 113. Bitermate, or duplico-ternate, bitermate, (100), or doubly ternate, or having three ternate (100) leaves upon one petiole. Fig. 114. Bipinnate or doubly pinnate, i.e. having the primary pinnae pinnated again a second time. Fig. 115. Trifurcate, or triple ternate, or consisting of three bitermate (113) leaves. Fig. 116. Triple pinnated without an odd leaflet, or having the secondary pinnae pinnated again, and these last pinnae not terminated by an odd leaflet. Fig. 117. Triple-pinnated with an odd leaflet.

2. Leaves, as to determination.—Fig. 118. Incurred. Fig. 119. Erect. Fig. 120. Patent or spreading. Fig. 121. Horizontal. Fig. 122. Reclined or reflex. Fig. 123. Revolute or rolled back. Fig. 124. Seminal leaves, or feed-leaves. Fig. 125. Cauline or stem-leaf. Fig. 126. A branch-leaf. Fig. 127. Floral; leaf next the flower; also termed a bractea. Fig. 128. Peltate, or target-shaped. Fig. 129. On a leaf-stalk. Fig. 130. Seffile. Fig. 131. Decurrent. Fig. 132. Stem-clasping. Fig. 133. Perfoliate. Fig. 134. Connate, or united at the base. Fig. 135. Sheathing. Fig. 136. Articulated or jointed. Fig. 137. Stellate, or verticillated. Fig. 138. Quaterna, quina, jena, &c. denote different species of filletated or verticillated leaves, when there are four, five, or six, &c. leaves in one verticil or whirl. Fig. 139. Opposite. Fig. 140. Alternate. Fig. 141. Linear and perifolius. Fig. 142. Imbricated, or tiled. Fig. 143. Fascicled. Fig. 144. Frond; a species of stalk or trunk, consisting of branches and leaves, and sometimes the fructification, all united together; peculiar to the Filices or Ferns, and the Palmae. Fig. 145. (Sauv.) Spatulate, or roundish above, with a long linear base. Fig. 146. Parabolical; having its longitudinal diameter longer than the transverse, and growing narrower from the base till it terminate somewhat like an oval.

3. Caules, or Stems.—Fig. 147. A fealy culm or stalk. Fig. 148. Caulis repens, a repent or creeping stalk or stem; appropriated to herbaceous plants. Fig. 149. Scape. Fig. 150. A jointed culm (147) or stalk. Fig. 151. A twining stem. Fig. 152. A dichotomous or two-forked stem. Fig. 153. Brachiated.

4 Fulora, or Supports.—Fig. 154. a, A clasper or tendrils; b, Striplas, the little scales at the base of the foot-stalk of the leaf, or at the base of the flower-stalk; c, small hollow glands for the secretion of some particular fluid. Fig. 155. a, Small glands. Fig. 156. a, Bractea; on footstalk, or differing from the other leaves of the plant. Fig. 157. a, A simple or one-pointed spine. b, A triple or three pointed spine. Fig. 158. A triple or three-pointed prick. Fig. 160. Opposite leaves; a, the axil, or angle betwixt the leaf and the stalk.

5. Roots.—Fig. 161. A fealy bulb. Fig. 162. A solid bulb. Fig. 163. A tunicated or coated bulb. Fig. 164. A tuberous root. Fig. 165. Fuliform or spindle-shaped. Fig. 166. A branchy root. Fig. 167. a repent or creeping root.

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS.

Duration. { Annual. Biennial. Perennial.

Magnitude. { Tree or shrub.

Time of flowering. { I, II, III. January, February, March, &c. CLASSIFICATION.

CLASSIS I. MONANDRIA.

Ordo I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. SCITAMINEAE, Fructu infero uni vel triloculari.

12. KÆMPFERIA. Cal. obsoletus. Cor. 6-partita: laciniis 3 majoribus patulis, unica bipartita. Stigma bilamellatum.

3. RENEAULMIA. Cal. 1-phyllus rumpens. Cor. 3-fida inaequalis. Neçt. oblongum basi utrinque unidentatum. Baccæ.

2. HELLENIÆ. Cal. spatiformis. Cor. limbus duplex: exterior subtrifidus. Neçt. diphyllum f. bifidum.

6. HEDYCHIUM. Cal. 1-phyllus rumpens. Cor. tubus longissimus; limbus duplex 3-partitus. Neçt. 2-phyllum.

11. CURCUMA. Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. 4-partita. Neçt. 3-lobum. Anth. basi bicalcarata.

5. HORNSTEDTIA. Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. tubus longus filiformis; limbus duplex, exterior tripartitus. Neçt. tubulofum.

8. ALPINIA. Cal. 3-dentatus æqualis tubulosus. Cor. 3-partita æqualis. Neçt. 2-labiatum: labio inferiore patente.

4. AMOMUM. Cal. 3-fidus inaequalis cylindricus. Cor. 3-partita inaequalis patens. Neçt. 2-labiatum erectifulum.

7. COSTUS. Cal. 3-fidus gibbus. Cor. 3-partita ringens. Neçt. 2-labiatum, labio inferiore maximo trilobo.

10. MARANTA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-fida. Neçt. 3-partitum: lacinia tertia superiore latere antherifera.

1. CANNÆ. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-partita. Neçt. 2-partitum. Capl. 3-locularis.

14. PHRYNIUM. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala tubo neçtari adnata. Neçt. tube filiformi, limbo 4-partito. Capl. 3-locul. Nucæ 3.

13. THALIA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala: duo interiora minora. Neçt. lanceolatum concavum. Drupa nuce unilocul.

9. MYROSMA. Cal. duplex: exterior 3-phyllus: interior 3-partitus. Cor. 5-partita irregularis.

Sect. II. Fructu infero quadriloculari.

18. LOPEZIA. Cal. 4-phyll. Cor. 5-petala inaequalis. Capl. 4-locl. 4-valvis polysperma.

Sect. III. Fructu supero.

15. PHYLIDRUM. Spatha 1-flora. Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala irregularis. Capl. 3-locl. polyperma.

CLASSIS I. MONANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. SCITAMINEAE or Spicy Plants. The Germen Inferior, and 1 or 3-celled.

12. KÆMPFERIA. Cal. indistinct. Cor. 6-parted, the three greater segments open in two-parted stigmas, bilamellated.

3. RENEAULMIA. Cal. 1-leaved, burfling. Cor. 3-cleft, unequal. Neçt. oblong, one tooth on each side of the base. A berry.

2. HELLENIÆ. Cal. spatiform. Cor. limb double, exterior one trifid. Neçt. two-leaved, or bifid.

6. HEDYCHIUM. Cal. 1-leaved, burfling. Cor. tube very long, limb double, 3-parted. Neçt. diphyllous.

11. CURCUMA. Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 4-parted. Anth. two horns at the base. Neçt. 3-lobed.

5. HORNSTEDTIA. Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. long, filiform; limb double, the exterior one 3-parted. Neçt. tubulous.

8. ALPINIA. Cal. 3-dented, equal. Cor. 3-parted, equal. Neçt. 2-lipped, inferior lip spreading.

4. AMOMUM. Cal. 3-cleft, unequal. Cor. 3-parted, unequal. Neçt. 2-lipped, somewhat erect.

7. COSTUS. Cal. 3-cleft, gibbosus. Cor. 3-parted, ringent. Neçt. 2-lipped, inferior lip greatest, and 3-lobed.

10. MARANTA. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-cleft. Neçt. 3-parted, third segment on the higher side anther-bearing.

1. CANNÆ. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-parted. Neçt. 2-parted. Capl. 3-celled.

14. PHRYNIUM. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Neçt. tube filiform. Limb 4-parted. Capl. 3-celled. Nucæ 3.

13. THALIA. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, two inferior pet. lefs. Neçt. lanceolate, concave. Drupe 1 cell.

9. MYROSMA. Cal. double; exterior one 3-leaved, interior 3-parted. Cor. 5-parted, irregular.

Sect. II. Germen inferior, and four-celled.

18. LOPEZIA. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 5-petals, unequal. Capl. 4 cells, 4 valves, many seeds.

Sect. III. Germen superior.

15. PHYLIDRUM. Spathe one flower. Cal. none. Cor. 4 petals irregular. Capl. 3 cells, many seeds.

16. CUCULLARIA. Monandria.

16. Cucullaria. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala inaequalis calcarata. Fil. petaliforme. Anth. loculis diversis!

17. Qualea. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. dipetala Baccas.

18. Usteria. Cal. 4-dentatus, lacinia unica reliquis multo majore! Cor. infundibuliformis 4-dentata. Capl. 1-local. 2-sperma.

† Mangifera Indica. Tradescantia monandra.

Sect. IV. Monospermæ.

20. Boerhaavia. Cal. superus margo integerimus. Cor. 1-petala campanulata.

* 23. Hippuris. Cal. superus margo bilobus. Cor. o.

22. Salicornia. Cal. 1-phyllos ventricosus. Cor. o.

21. Pollichia. Cal. 1-phyllos 5-dentatus. Cor. o.

Sem. 1 receptaculi squamis 2 baccatis teckum.

24. Mithridatea. Recep. multiformum 4-fidum. Cal. o. Cor. o. Sem. foliata recept. carnosia immedia.

* Chara. Cal. o. Cor. o. Anth. sefllis. Styl. o.

Stigma 5-fidum. Sem. plura.

* Zostera. Spadix linearis, altera latera fructifer. Cal. o. Cor. o. Stam. altern. Sem. foliar. altern.

† Valeriana rubra, angustifolia. Calcitrapa. Scirpi et Cyperi nonnullae species. Alchemilla Aphanes, monandra. Polycnemum monandrum.

Ordo II. Digynia.

Sect. I. Plantæ.

25. Lacistema. Cal. amenti squama. Cor. 4-partita. Fil. 2-fid. Bac. pedicellata monosperma.

26. Corispermum. Cal. o. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. 1.

* 27. Callitriche. Cal. o. Cor. 2-petala. Capl. 2-locularis.

28. Blitum. Cal. 3-fidus baccatus. Cor. o.

Sem. 1.

29. Mniarum. Cal. 4-partitus superus. Cor. o.

Sem. 1.

Sect. II. Gramineæ.

30. Cinna. Cal. gluma 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis.

† Leerfia Monandra.

1. Cannæ, Flowering Reed.

Cor. 6-parted, erect. Nect. 2-parted, rolled back. Style lanceolate, adhering to the corolla. Cal. 3-leaved.

1. Can. leaves ovate, acuminate ribbed.

α Can. whole flower reddish, leaves ellipse-ovate.

β Can. interior petals erect and yellow, the segments of the nectary rolled back and sprinkled with reddish lines; leaves ovate elliptical.

γ Can. interior petals erect, scarlet, the segments of the nectary rolled back, yellow sprinkled with red lines, leaves ovate elliptical.

δ Can. interior petals reflected, scarlet leaves lanceolate oblong. Between the tropics.

2. Can. leaves lanceolate on footstalks, ribbed. Small angustifolia. Flowering reed. America.

3. Can. leaves lanceol. petiol. glaucous beneath, glauca. without ribs. Carolina.

4. Can. leaves linear, ribbed. Ruby flowering reed. juncea. China.

2. Hellenia.

Limb of the cor. double, the outer one commonly 3-cleft. Nect. 2-leaved or 2-cleft. Capl. 3-celled, coriaceous, inflated, subglobose. Cal. spatuliform, campanulated, 2-cleft.

1. Hel. Nect. 2-leaved. Capl. subspongious, leaves alugbas. entire. Ceylon.

K 2

2. Hel. alba.

2. Hel. Nect. diphyllous. Capl. striated, leaves entire. China.

ebinenisis.

3. Hel. Nect. 2-leaved, leaves ciliated. China.

aquatica.

4. Hel. Nect. 1-leaved, 2-cleft, leaves denticulated. India.

3. Renealmia.

Cor. trifid. Nect. oblong. Cal. 1-leaved, having two or three irregular dents. Anth. fleshy, opposite to the nectary. Berry fleshy.

exaltata.

1. Ren. High or tall renealmia. It is a tree which grows 20 feet high; the leaves are lanceolated, and 5 or 6 feet long. Surinam.

4. Amomum, Ginger.

Cal. 3-cleft, unequal, cylindrical. Cor. 5-parted, unequal, spreading. Nect. bilabiately, almost erect.

zingiber.

1. AM. Scape naked, spike and scales ovate, leaves lanceolate, ciliated on the margin near the apex. 2f. East Indies, and Jamaica. This plant grows to the height only of two or three feet. It is valued chiefly on account of its root which is tuberous, of the thickness of a finger, white or reddish within and pale or yellow without. Ginger is reckoned a good stomachic. It is much used by the Indians by way of seasoning. It grows in Malabar, Ceylon, Ambonina, and China, and is cultivated in the West Indies. As it is very plentiful on the mountains of Gingi, some suppose that from this circumstance the name Ginger or Zingiber was derived.

merum'et.

2. AM. Scape naked, spike oblong, obtuse; scales roundish; leaves ovate, smooth on the margin. 2f. East Indies.

medoaria.

3. AM. scape naked; spike loose, cylindrical, truncated; leaves ovate acuminate. 2f. India.

syloesire.

4. AM. scape naked, spike elongated, bracteas oblong ventricose, leaves broad-lanceolate. 2f. Jamaica.

mioga.

5. AM. scape very short, capsular ovate, leaves sword-form and acute. 2f. Japan.

anguiflorum.

6. AM. scape naked very short, spike headed, leaves linear-lanceolate. 2f. Madagascar.

cardamomum.

7. AM. spike radical fleshy obovate, leaves obovate-elliptical and cuspidate. 2f. India.

villosum.

8. AM. scape sheathed very short, spike roundish; bracteas lanceolate, longer than the flower. 2f. India.

echinatum.

9. AM. spike radical, somewhat globular, capsules furrowed, echinate and globular. 2f. India.

repens.

10. AM. scape branchy, decumbent; leaves lanceolate. 2f. Malabar.

granum paradisi.

11. AM. scape branched loose, leaves ovate. 2f. Madagascar, Guinea and Ceylon. The fresh leaves of this plant, which grows to the height of 10 or 12 feet, have a strong aromatic taste, but somewhat bitter. Its grains have the same qualities in a higher degree. The Indians mix them with betel, in order to promote digestion. Their taste is very agreeable; when squeezed in the mouth, they produce a pleasant coolness. They are an object of commerce on the Malabar coast.

5. Hornstedtia.

Cal. bifid. Tube of the corolla long filiform; border double, outer one three-parted. Nect. tubular; capsule three-celled, oblong.

Monandria.

1. Hor. leaves tomentose beneath. 2f. Malacca, Syzygium.

2. Hor. leaves smooth ciliated. 2f. Malacca, Leoninus.

6. Hedychium.

Cal. 1-leaved, burrfing. Cor. with a very long tube; border double, three-parted. Nect. 2-leaved.

1. Hed. 2f. India.

7. Costus.

Cal. trifid, gibbous. Cor. 3-parted, ringent. Nect. 2-lipped, the inferior lip large, 3-lobed.

1. Cos. leaves smooth on both sides, spike with few arabicus flowers, scales leaf-like at the apex, the highest ones fatiguate. 2f. America.

2. Cos. leaves smooth on both sides; spike many-flowered, somewhat ovate, closely imbricated, scales ovate simple. 2f. Brazil and the Caribbee islands.

3. Cos. leaves covered beneath with a silky velvet, speciosus, down. 2f. East Indies.

8. Alpinia.

Cal. 3-dented, equal, tubular. Cor. 3-parted, equal. Nect. bilabiately, lower lip spreading.

1. ALP. the raceme or cluster terminating spiked, racemosa, flowers alternate, lip of the nectary 3-cleft; leaves oblong acuminate. 2f. America.

2. ALP. the cluster terminating loose with flowers algalanga, ternate, lip of the nectary emarginated, leaves lanceolate. 2f. East Indies.

3. ALP. spike terminating hairy, bracteas longer than coma, the flower, coloured leaves, oblong-ovate pubescent. 2f. America.

4. ALP. cluster radical, compound, erect; nectary eoccidenta-marginate at the apex, capsules 3-celled, leaves lanceolate, late-ovate and very smooth. Swartz prod. 11. 2f. Jamaica and St Domingo.

9. Myrosma.

Cor. 5-parted, irregular. Cal. double, the outer part 3-leaved, the inner 3-parted. Caps. 3-angled, 3-celled with many seeds.

1. Myr. 2f. Surinam.

10. Maranta.

Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-cleft. Nect. 3-parted, the third being a segment, the superior side anther-bearing.

1. MAR. culm-branched and herbaceous, leaves ovate-arundinaceolate, somewhat hairy beneath. 2f. America cca.

2. MAR. culm-branched, shrub-like, leaves ovate tonbat, smooth. 2f. Cochin-China.

3. MAR. culm simple, leaves oblong, on footstalks, fil-malaccensis, pubescent beneath. 2f. Malacca. This species has not yet been accurately examined.

4. MAR. stemless scape; naked, spiked, hairy, the leaf-comosus, let of the hair reflected. 2f. Surinam. It is uncertain whether this plant may not belong to an unformed genus; at any rate, it is very different from the other species of maranta already mentioned.

11. Curcuma.

Cal. bifid. Cor. quadripartite. Nect. 3-lobed. Anth. with two spurs at the base.

1. CUR. leaves lanceolate ovate, ribs or nerves lateral, rotunda, very few. 2f. India.

2. CUR. Monandria.

longa. 2. Cur. leaves lanceolate, ribs lateral and very numerous. 2f. India.

12. KEMPFERIA.

Cal. indistinct. Cor. 6-parted, the three greater segments a little expanded, one two-parted. Stigma bilamellated.

galanga. 1. Kem. leaves ovate fleshy. Galangale. 2f. India. rotunda. 2. Kem. leaves lanceolate on footstalks. 2f. India.

13. THALIA.

Cor. 5-petaled; the two inner petals less. Neft. lanceolate concave. Neft. one cell. Cal. 3-leaved.

geniculata. 1. Th. Cor. 5-petaled. Neft. lanceolate. 2f. South America. cannaformis. 2. Th. Cor. 6-petaled. Neft. 2-cleft, erect. 2f. New Hebrides.

14. PHRYNIUM.

Cal. 3-leaved. Petals three, equal, adhering to the tube of the neftary. Neft. 1-leaved, tube filiform, border four-parted. Capl. three-celled. Nuts 3.

capitatum. 1. Phr. 2f. Malabar, Cochinchina, and China.

15. PHYLLIDRUM.

Spatha one flower. Cal. none. Cor. 4-petaled, irregular. Capl. 3-celled, with many seeds.

lanuginosum. 1. Phyl. 2f. Cochinchina, and China.

16. CUCULLARIA.

Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petaled unequal, with a spur. Fil. petaliform.

excelsa. 1. Cuc. Guiana. A lofty tree, with leaves opposite, obovate acute veined; racemes terminating, flowers yellow.

17. QUALEA.

Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 2-petaled.

rosea. 1. Qua. Guiana. cerulea. 2. Qua. petals emarginate, leaves acute. Guiana.

18. LOPEZIA.

Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled unequal. Capl. 4-celled, 4-valved, many seeds.

mexicana. 1. Lop. O. Mexico. The Lopezia hirsuta of Jacquin is only a variety.

19. USTERIA.

Cal. 4-dented, one dent much larger than the rest. Cor. funnel-shaped, 4-dented. Capl. one cell, 2 feeds. Seeds arilléd.

guineensis. 1. Ust. Guinea. h with opposite branches; leaves opposite, roundish, ovate, entire. Flowers panicled terminating.

20. BOERHAAVIA.

Cal. margin quite entire. Cor. 1 petal, campanulated, plaited. Seed 1, naked, inferior.

erecta. 1. Boerh. stem 4-angled smooth, the internodes viscous, flowers corymbous-panicled. 2f. Vera Cruz, and Jamaica. The flaments are two in number.

2. Boerh. leaves oblong-ovate, a little fleshy, flowers ascendent, panicled, footstalks, with two flowers, stem ascending or rising like an arch. Guinea.

3. Boerh. stem tapering pubescent, flowers capitate diffusa, corymbous. 2f. South America. The leaves are whitish beneath. Flowers purple, with one flament.

4. Boerh. stem a little tapering, hirsute flowers hirsuta, capitate. 2f. Jamaica. The stem is a foot long, the flowers blood-coloured, the flaments two.

5. Boerh. leaves nearly heart-shaped, orbicular-acute, plumbeo-pubescent beneath, flowers umbellated. 2f. Spain. ginea. The corolla is of a pale rose hue, the flaments three, the fruit top-shaped and striated.

6. Boerh. stem erect, flowers umbellated biflaminated, scandens, leaves heart-shaped. West Indies. h six feet high, erect, smooth. The branches alternate, the umbels green, bearing six flowers, the involucre 5-leaved.

7. Boerh. stem erect, leaves inferior heart-shaped o. excelsa, vate, the highest leaves ovate, flowers umbellated, 3-flaminated. h. The corolla is purple, the flaments three.

8. Boerh. stem erect, leaves heart-shaped repando-repanda sinuated, flowers umbellated, 3-flaminated. China.

9. Boerh. leaves bipinnatifid, dented, flowers um-chero-bellated and 3-flaminated. Valeriana Cherophylloides of phylloides, Dr Smith. O. Chancay in Peru.

10. Boerh. stem creeping. 2f. Nubia. repens.

11. Boerh. leaves linear and acute. angustifol.

12. Boerh. stem creeping, flowers 4-staminated. So-tetandra, ciety islands.

Several species of Boerhaavia resemble the Valeriana.

21. POLLICHIÁ.

Cal. 1-leaved, 5-dented. Cor. none. Seed 1. Recept. including the fruit within its scales.

1. Pol. 3. Cape of Good Hope. campéstris,

22. SALICORNIA, Samphire.

Cal. ventricose, entire. No petals. Stam. 1 or 2. Seed 1. covered with the calyx.

* 1. Sal. Knees compressed, emarginate, internodes herbacea, obconical, spikes on footstalks tapering towards the apex. Europe.

a Sal. Europaea; small jointed glaéswort. b Sal. erecta, leaves short; woody-jointed. c Sal. myosuroides; procumbent shoots very long. d More branched, procumbent, leaves short, purplish. e Marsh samphire, jointed glaéswort, or saltwort. Frequent on the sea shores in muddy or sandy places. O or 3. Flowers VIII., and IX.

The root is fibrous, small. Stem commonly erect, subdivided at the base, branched above. Branches opposite, simple erect, very succulent, without leaves; kned, knees compressed, dilated at the summit, emarginated. Spikes opposite terminating with a large odd one, on footstalks, tapering gradually towards the summit, somewhat pointed, jointed. Flowers opposite, three commonly on each side.

β Has a more branched stem, spikes longer and thicker.

Note, The genera and species of plants found in Britain are marked with an asterisk. thicker. A diffuse stem, spikes very long. A stem very much branched, spikes small purple. A stem very much branched, firmer, spikes shorter, green.

Fruticosa. * 2. S.A.L. Knees cylindrical, entire, internodes equal, spikes subfusiform cylindrical obtuse. Shrubby samphire or jointed glasswort. Is found in sea marshes. Flowers in VIII. and IX. The root is woody and perennial, the stem somewhat shrubby, ascending, very much branched, the branches and branchlets opposite. All the internodes commonly cylindrical. The spikes generally sessile, cylindrical obtuse, many-flowered, joints very short.

Perennans. 3. S.A.L. knees compressed emarginate, spikes axillary, three together on fruitstalks, scales acute, root perennial. Siberia.

Frobilaceae. 4. S.A.L. stem prostrate shrubby, genicles truncated alternately bearing spikes; spikes naked, very short opposite. Near the Caspian sea.

Virginica. 5. S.A.L. erect, branches very simple. Virginia.

Arabica. 6. S.A.L. leaves alternate, sheathing, obtuse deflexed. Arabia.

Foliata. 7. S.A.L. leaves linear, alternate, stem-clasping decurrent. Siberia.

Amplexicaulis. 8. S.A.L. leaves heart-shaped, stem clasping. Tunis.

Caspica. 9. S.A.L. genicles cylindrical, spikes filiform. Shores of the Caspian and Mediterranean.

23. Hippuris.

Cal. indistinct, entire. Cor. none. Stigma simple. Seed 1. inferior.

Vulgaris. * 1. Hip., with leaves verticillate and linear. In ditches and muddy stagnant pools, but not common. Near Hornsey and Lynn; also in the King's park at Edinburgh. Flowers in V. The root is composed of long verticillate fibres; the stem very simple, erect, often knotted, immersed and leafless to the middle, leafy above. The leaves verticillate, from 8 to 12, spreading, linear, acute, very entire, smooth. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile.

Tetraphyllus. 2. Hip., leaves inferior in fours, higher leaves six together obtuse. Sweden.

24. Mithridatea.

Recep. has many flowers, and is 4-cleft. Cal. none. Cor. none. Seeds foliary, immersed in a fleshy receptacle.

Quadrifida. 1. Mith. Madagascan, Mauritius, and Bourbon. It has opposite branches, leaves on footstalks opposite, elliptical obtuse, entire, venous; flowers foliary on footstalks, four-cleft, lateral on the older branches. The fruit is fleshy, and of the size of an apple.

Chara.

Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. sessile. Style none. Berry many seeds.

Vulgaris. * 1. Ch. without prickles striated, leaves awl-shaped, jointed. Common Chara.

Ch. minor, with stems and leaves very slender. Frequent in muddy waters. In water more pure. Flowers in VII. The whole plant immersed, fleshy, brittle, and commonly incrusted with a whitish calcareous gritty substance. The stem is 1 foot long, filiform, branchy, leafy, striated, twisted. The leaves verticillate, about 8-foliate, acute, jointed, striated, channelled above, flower-bearing. The anther naked, sessile, depressed, fleshy, rimose. The germen surrounded with four leaflets, near the anther, ovate, striated spirally, 5-dented at the summit. The berry corticated, and many seeds. No stigma is visible.

* 2. Ch. furrowed, the leaves foliate and jointed, the bifida, leaflets verticillate, the prickles on the stem brittle and delicated.

Ch. major, brittle and somewhat ash-coloured. Prickly Chara. Grows in pools and ditches. North of England; in Guillon Loch, East Lothian. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The habit of this species the same as the former, but larger, the stem being five times thicker, furrowed rather than striated, very prickly above, the higher prickles all delicated, the lower ones varying in direction. The leaflets verticillate. The flowers resemble those of the vulgaris.

Variety b is chiefly distinguished by its stem being prickly only under the higher verticils.

* 3. Ch. without prickles, smooth, diaphanous, leaves flexilis, cylindrical obtuse, a little dagger-pointed. English Smooth Chara. Grows in ditches and lakes. Flowers in VII. and VIII. Green, pellucid, smooth, not striated. Stem round, branched, equal. Leaves verticillate, cylindrical, filiform, obtuse, mucronulate, often jointed and branched; hence might be called branchlets: the flower-bearing ones are aggregate, terminating shorter.

Zostera, Grass-wrack.

Spadix linear sheathed by the leaves, flower-bearing. Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. sessile opposite to the germen. Stigmas two, linear. Caps. 1 seed.

* 1. Zost. with sessile pericarps. English Grass-wrack, marina. On the sea-shore in salt marshes and ditches. Flowers in VIII. and IX. The root is fibrous. Stems tapering, smooth geniculated, decumbent at their base, striking root; partly floating, leafy, somewhat branched and a little compressed. The leaves alternate, on leafstalks, linear, a little obtuse, entire, smooth, opening a little above the same into a longitudinal chink, and exhibiting a spadix plane and linear flower-bearing on one side. The anther oblong, sessile at the side of the germen. The germen sessile, oblong. Stigmas 2, linear, acute, somewhat spreading. Capsule elliptical, pendulous, one-seeded.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

25. Lacistema.

Cal. scale of an ament. Cor. 4-parted. Fil. 2-cleft. Berry on a fruitstalklet, 1 seed.

1. Lac. Jamaica and Surinam.

myricoides

26. Corispermum, Tickseed.

Cal. none. Petals 2. Seed 1. oval naked.

1. Cor. spikes terminal, leaves linear, ribbed, awn-hypopodiolefs. Russia, Tartary, and South of France.

2. Cor. spikes axillary, squarrose, leaves lanceolate-squarros acuminate, pungent, nerved, or ribbed. Banks of sum. the Wolga and the deserts of the Caucasus.

27. Callitriche.

Cal. none. Petals two. Stigmas acute. Seeds 4, compressed, Diandria.

Botany.

compressed, naked, with a membranous margin on one side. Some flowers are monoecious.

aquatica. * 1. Cal. commonly called verna.

β Stellaaria minor, creeping.

γ Cal. autumnalis.

English Water Star-wort. Flowers from IV. to X. The whole plant floats in spring, and after the season of flowering sinks a little. Roots fibrous simple. Stems filiform, branched, leafy, smooth. Leaves opposite spatulate, obtuse, entire, triple, nerveless, pellucid, smooth. Lower leaves linear, with one nerve, emarginate. Flowers axillary, solitary, sefife, small, white, hermaphrodite or anther-stigmatic, the pistils and stamens sometimes intermingled. Fruit small, sefife, with four keels.

The variety γ which has been called Cal. Autumnalis, and considered as a distinct species, is entirely immersed, all the leaves uniform, linear, emarginate; all the flowers anther-stigmatic. It flowers in the beginning of summer.

28. Blitum.

Cal. 3-cleft. Petals none. Seed 1, in a berried calyx.

CLASSIS II.

DIANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. Flores inferi, monopetali, regulares.

36. Olea. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis subovatis. Drupe monoisperma.

37. Chionanthus. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis longissimis. Drupe monoisperma, nuce striata.

35. Phillryrea. Cor. 4-fida. Bacca monoisperma.

* 34. Ligustrum. Cor. 4-fida. Bacca tetrasperma.

40. Pimelea. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. nullus. Stam. faucis inserta. Nux corticata unilocularis.

38. Syringa. Cor. 4-fida. Capl. bilocularis.

41. Eranthemum. Cor. 5-fida: laciniis obovatis planis. Capula.

31. Nyctanthes. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis truncatis. Capl. 2-locularis marginita. Sem. folitaria.

32. Jasminum. Cor. 5-8-fida. Bacca dicocca. Sem. folitaria arillata.

33 Galipea. Cor. 4-5-fida. Stam. 4-duo sterilia Capula?

Sect. II. Flores inferi, monopetali, irregulares. Fructus capsularis.

45. Pæderota. Cor. 4-fida, fauce glabra. Cal. 5-partitus. Capl. 2-locul.

46 Wulfenia. Cor. 4-fida, fauce barbata. Cal. 5-partitus. Capl. 2-locul.

* 44. Veronica. Cor. 4-fida, limbo planiusculo: lacinia inferiore angulifere. Capl. 2-locul.

1. Bl. little heads spiked, terminal. South of Eq. capitatum, rope, especially of the Tyrol, Switzerland. O.

2. Bl. little heads scattered and lateral.

3. Bl. chenopodioides, little heads verticillated and juiceless. Tartary, Spain, and France. O.

29. Miniarum.

Cal. 4-parted, superior. Cor. none. Seed 1.

1. Mn. New Zealand and Terra del Fuego. γ. biflorum.

This plant very much resembles the genus Minuartia in the 3d clas.

30. Cinna.

Cal. a glume 2-valved, one flower. Cor. a glume 2-valved.

1. Cin. Canada. γ. This plant seems to be a arundina-species of agrostis, though evidently distinct from Ag-eea.

ROSTIS CINNA.

In the clas Monandria are

30 Genera; and 84 species, 8 of which are British.

CLASS II.

DIANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. Flowers inferior.

36. Olea. Cor. 4-cleft, segments subovate. Drupe 1 seed.

37. Chionanthus. Cor. 4-cleft, segments very long. Drupe 1 seed. Nut striated.

35. Phillryrea. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 1 seed.

* 34. Ligustrum. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry with 4 seeds.

40. Pimelea. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. o. Stam. inserted into the throat. Nut.

38. Syringa. Cor. 4-cleft. Capsule corticated 1-celled.

41. Eranthemum. Cor. 5-cleft, segments obovate, plane.

31. Nyctanthes. Cor. 4-cleft, segments truncated. Capl. 2-celled, marginate. Seeds folitary.

32. Jasminum. Cor. 5-8-cleft. Berry 2-grained. Seeds folitary, arillate.

23. Galipea. Cor. 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 barren.

Sect. II. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Fruit capsular.

45. Pæderota. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bare. Cal. 5-parted. Capl. 2-celled.

46. Wulfenia. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted. Capl. 2-celled.

* 44. Veronica. Cor. limb 4-parted, lower segment narrowest.

49. Gratiola. 49. Gratiola. Cor. 4-fida bilabiata resupinata. Stamina 4: duo sterilia. Capit. 2-locul.

50. Schwennia. Cor. subaequalis: ore plicato-stellato glanduloso. Stam. 5: 3 sterilia. Capit. 2-locul.

48. Justicia. Cor. irregularis. Capit. 2-locul. unguelatis difficilius: Difficilimentum contrarium adnatum.

47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregularis. Stam. 4: 2 sterilia. Bacca 2-locularis.

* 53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringens: calcarata. Cal. 5-fidus. Capit. 1-locul.

51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringens inflata. Cal. 4-fidus. Capit. 2-locul. 4-valvis.

52. Baea. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-partitus. Capit. 2-locul. 4-valvis.

* 54. Utricularia. Cor. ringens calcicarata. Cal. 2-phyllos. Capit. 1-locularis.

55. Ghinia. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-aristatus. Nux carnosae 4-locul.

66. Sciurus. Cor. ringens. Stam. 5: 3 sterilia. Capit. 5 coalitae.

† Hemimeris sabulosa, diffusa, montana. Bignonia Catalpa, longiflora.

Sect. III. Flores inferi monopetali, irregulares. Fructus gymnospermi.

* 56. Verbena. Cor. subaequalis. Cal. lacinia suprema breviora.

* 57. Lycopus. Cor. 4-fida subaequalis; lacinia unica emarginata. Stam. distantia.

58. Amethystea. Cor. 5-fida subaequalis; lacinia infima concava. Stam. approximata.

60. Ziziphora. Cor. ringens: galea reflexa. Cal. filiformis.

61. Monarda. Cor. ringens: galea linearis obvolvente genitalia.

62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringens: galea fornicate bifida. Stam. curva curvata.

* 63. Salvia. Cor. ringens. Fil. transverse pedicellata.

59. Cunila. Cor. ringens galea plana. Stam. 4: 2 sterilia.

64. Collinsonia. Cor. subringens: labio capillari multifido.

Sect. IV. Flores inferi polypetali.

42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petala. Cal. 4-partitum. Capit. 2-locul. non dehiscens.

68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllos. Peric. 2-locul.

69. Linociera. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2-locul.

39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. nullus.

† Polyenemum sclerospermum.

Sect. V. Flores superi.

65. Morina. Cal. fructus dentato-aristatus: floris bifidus.

49. Gratiola. Cor. 4-cleft, bilabiata, resupinate. Stam. 4, 2 barren. Capit. 2-celled.

50. Schwennia. Cor. subaequal, mouth plaited-stellate glandular. Stam. 5, 3 barren. Capit. 2-celled.

48. Justicia. Cor. irregular. Capit. 2-celled, bursting, with an elastic claw.

47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregular. 4 stamens, 2 barren. Berry.

* 53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringent, spurred. Cal. 5-cleft, 1-celled.

51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringent, inflated. Cal. 4-cleft. Capit. 2-celled, 4-valved.

52. Baea. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-parted. Capit. 2-celled, 4-valved.

* 54. Utricularia. Cor. ringent, spurred. Cal. 2-leaved. Capit. 1-celled.

55. Ghinia. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-awned. Nut fleshy, 4-celled.

66. Sciurus. Cor. ringent. 5 Stam. 3, barren. Capit. 5, united.

Plants apt to be confounded with those are,

Hemimeris sabulosa, diffusa montana. Bignonia catalpa, longiflora.

Sect. III. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Seeds naked.

* 56. Verbena. Cor. subequal. Cal. highest segment shorter.

* 57. Lycopus. Cor. subequal. Stamens distant.

58. Amethystea. Cor. 4-cleft subequal, longest segment concave cleft. Stamens near.

60. Ziziphora. Cor. ringent, helmet reflected. Cal. filiform.

61. Monarda. Cor. ringent, helmet linear covering the pistils and stamens.

62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringent, helmet arched, 2-cleft. Stam. crooked.

* 63. Salvia. Cor. ringent. Fil. on a transverse footstalk, with a dent.

59. Cunila. Cor. ringent, helmet plane. 4 Stam. 2 barren.

64. Collinsonia. Cor. subringent, lip capillary many cleft.

Sect. IV. Flowers inferior, many-petaled.

42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted. Capit. 2-celled, not dehiscent.

68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Peric. 2 cells.

69. Linociera. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-dented. Berry 2 cells.

39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. none.

Flower sometimes Diandrous.

Polyenemum sclerospermum.

Sect. V. Flowers Superior.

65. Morina. Cal. double, that of the fruit dented, that of the flower 2-cleft.

* 43. Circeae. Diandria.

* 43. *Circaea*. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 2-petala obcordata.

67. *Globba*. Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 3-fida. Caps. 3-loccularis.

Flowers sometimes Diandrous, resembling those of Sect. V.

+ Valeriana Cornucopiae. Boerhaavia erecta, hirsuta scandens.

Sect. VI. Flores apetali.

70. *Ancistrum*. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa exsuccha hispida 1-locul.

71. *Aruna*. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacca 1-loccularis.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

* 72. *Anthoxanthum*. Cal. gluma 2-valvis 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis acuminata arilata.

73. *Cryptis*. Cal. gluma 2-valvis 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis mutica.

Flower resembling these.

Saccharum cylindricum, Thunbergii.

Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.

74. *Piper*. Cal. o. Cor. o. Bacca 1-sperma.

---

31. *Nyctanthes*.

Cor. salver-shaped, the segments truncated. Caps. 2-celled marginate. Seeds foliary.

1. Nyct., with a stem four-cornered, leaves ovate sharp-pointed, leaf-vessels membranaceous and flattened. India. h.

2. Jasminum, Jasmine.

Cor. salver-shaped from five to eight-cleft. Berry 2-grained. Seeds foliary in a seed-coat.

Subdiv. I. Leaves simple.

1. Jas. with leaves simple, opposite elliptical ovate, membranaceous and opake, the branchlets and footstalks pubescent, the segments of the calyx awl-shaped. India. h.

α With a simple flower.

β With a multiplied flower, segments oblong acute, shorter than the tube.

γ With full flowers, segments roundish, longer than the tube.

2. Jas. with leaves ovate, sharp-pointed a little waved, the branches columnar. Malabar. h.

3. Jas. with leafstalks and fruitstalks villosus. India. h.

4. Jas. with leaves blunt, lanceolate and ovate. India. h.

5. Jas. with leaves opposite, ovate dagger-pointed, fruitstalks axillary, one flowered, those terminating three

flowered. h. Java and Malabar. Has a great affinity to the preceding.

6. Jas. with leaves opposite ovate, heart-shaped pu-pubescent, belcent on both sides. h. Calcutta.

7. Jas. with leaves opposite, simple, ovate-oblong, scandent, tapering; panicles right-angled; segments of the calyx brittle-shaped bent back. Bengal.

8. Jas. with leaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, acute, elongatum, and long; branches columnar. *Nyctambus elongatus* of Linn. Suppl. East Indies.

9. Jas. with leaves opposite, simple, lanceolate, glossy, glaucum, the segments of the calyx awl-shaped. *Nyctambus glaucus* of Linn. Suppl. h. Cape of Good Hope.

10. Jas. with leaves opposite, simple, ovate, tapering, trinervie, three-nerved; footstalks axillary and commonly one-flowered. Java.

11. Jas. with leaves opposite ovate-lanceolate simple, simplicifolium.

Subdiv. II. Leaves ternate.

12. Jas. with leaves ternate opposite, leaflets ovate, angulare, blunt; branchlets angular and leafstalks villosus, fruitstalks axillary, three flowered. *Jasminum capense* of Thunberg. Cape of Good Hope.

13. Jas. with leaves opposite ternate, leaves of auricula-the flower bearing branchlets simple; the calyxes angled, the branches columnar and pubescent. Malabar.

14. Jas. smooth with leaves ternate and opposite, flexible, stem climbing, branches columnar. East Indies.

---

43. *Circaea*. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled.

67. *Globba*. Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. Caps. 3-celled.

Sect. VI. Flowers without Petals.

70. *Ancistrum*. Cal. 4-leaved. Drupe juicelefs, hispid 1-celled.

71. *Aruna*. Cal. 5-parted, Berry 1-cell.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

72. *Anthoxanthum*. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, acuminate awned.

73. *Cryptis*. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, awnlefs.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

74. *Piper*. Cal. none. Cor. none. Berry 1 seed. didymum. 15. Jas. smooth with leaves ternate, opposite, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, branches axillary. Society Islands.

azoricum. 16. Jas. with leaves ternate, opposite, leaflets ovate and a little heart-shaped waved, branches smooth, columnar, the segments of the calyx equal to the tube. Azores.

fruticans. 17. Jas. with leaves ternate and alternate, leaflets obovate, wedge-shaped and blunt, branches angled, segments of the calyx awl-shaped. South of Europe, and the Levant.

humile. 18. Jas. with leaves ternate, alternate acute pinnated, branches angled, the segments of the calyx very short. Obf. Pinnated leaves are seldom found in this species.

odoratissimum. 19. Jas. with leaves ternate, alternate bluntish and pinnated, branches columnar, segments of the calyx very short. Madeira.

Subdiv. III. Leaves pinnated.

officinale. 20. Jas. with leaves opposite and pinnated, leaflets sharp-pointed, the buds a little erect. India and Switzerland.

grandiflorum. 21. Jas. with leaves opposite and pinnated, leaflets bluntish, buds horizontal. East Indies.

33. Galipea.

Cal. four or five-cornered four or five-toothed. Cor. salver-shaped four or five parted. Stamens four, two barren.

trifoliata. 1. Gal. Gaiana. h 6 feet high with leaves alternate on footstalks ternate, leaflets sessile, lanceolate sharp-pointed entire. The flowers small, grow in a cyme.

34. Ligustrum, Privet.

Cor. 4-cleft, berry superior, 2-celled, with four seeds.

cylare. * 1. Lig. leaves ellipse-lanceolate obtuse mucronulated. Privet, Print or Prim-print. Grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, especially in a gravelly moist soil. Europe. b. Flowers in V. and VI. The branches are wand-like. The leaves opposite subfleshy, dark green, smooth, lanceolate, sometimes elliptical, entire, pointed like a dagger, but not very sharp, sometimes continuing through the winter; panicles terminating and crowded with flowers. Flowers milky, strong smelled. Berries black, very bitter, as are also the leaves and bark. This plant is not injured by the smoke of towns.

japonicum. 2. Lig. with leaves ovate, sharp-pointed; panicle obtuse-angled. Japan.

35. Phillyrea.

Cor. 4-cleft. Berry one seed.

media. 1. Phil. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, ferrated. a Phil. ligustrifolia with leaves oblong-lanceolate. b Phil. virgata, with leaves lanceolate, branches erect and wand-like.

v Phil. pendula, with leaves lanceolate, branches obtuse-angled, hanging.

o Phil. olefolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches nearly erect.

i Phil. buxifolia, with leaves oval-oblong and bluntish. South of Europe.

angustifolia. 2. Phil. with leaves linear-lanceolate and very entire.

a Phil. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves, and straight branches.

b Phil. rosmarinifolia, with leaves lanceolate awl-shaped, long, branches straight.

v Phil. brachiatia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate shorter, branches obtuse-angled. South of Europe.

3. Phil. with leaves ovate-heartshaped, ferrated.

a Phil. levis, with leaves ovate, plane, indistinctly ferrated.

b Phil. spinosa, with leaves ovate-oblong acute, sharply ferrated and plane.

v Phil. obliqua, with leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, ferrated, bending obliquely. South of Europe.

36. Olea, Olive.

Cor. 4-cleft, segments nearly ovate. Drupe one seed.

1. Ol. with leaves lanceolate very entire, racemes europea, axillary and condensed.

a Ol. communis, with leaves lanceolate plane, hoary beneath.

b Ol. verrucosa, with leaves lanceolate, plane, whitish beneath, branches warted.

v Ol. longifolia, with leaves linear-lanceolate, plane, silvery beneath.

d Ol. laitifolia, leaves oblong plane, hoary beneath.

e Ol. ferruginea, leaves lanceolate, rusty beneath.

f Ol. obliqua, leaves oblong bending obliquely, pale beneath.

u Ol. bustifolia, leaves oblong-oval. Common olive.

h. South of Europe, and north of Africa. b Cape of Good Hope.

2. Ol. with leaves ovate very entire, branches pa-capensis, nicked obtuse-angled.

a Ol. coriacea, leaves ovate-oblong stiff plane, with red leafstalks.

b Ol. undulata, leaves elliptical waved, leafstalks green. Cape olive. b. Cape of Good Hope.

3. Ol. with leaves lanceolate-elliptical very entire, americana, racemes narrow, all the bracteas permanent, connate and small. Carolina and Florida.

4. Ol. with leaves oblong lanceolate very blunt; ra-cernua, cemes axillary, simple; flowers drooping. Madagascar.

b. 5. Ol. with leaves elliptical, flowers racemous with apetala, out petals. New Zealand.

6. Ol. with leaves elliptical acute, bracteas perfo-excelfa, liate; the lowest cup-shaped permanent; the higher leafy, large, deciduous. Madeira.

7. Ol. with leaves lanceolate and ferrated, leafstalks fragrant, lateral, aggregate, bearing one flower. Cochinchina, China, and Japan.

37. Chionanthus, Fringe-tree.

Cor. 4-cleft, segments very long. The kernel of the drupe striated.

1. Chio, with a panicle terminating 3-cleft, fruit virginica. stalks bearing three flowers, the leaves acute. North America.

a Chio. latifolia, with leaves ovate-elliptical.

b Chio. angustifolia, with leaves lanceolate. Obf. The corolla varies with 4, 5 or 6 segments, and 4 stamens.

2. Chio, with a panicle terminating trichotomous, cotinifolia, footstalks bearing three flowers, leaves blunt. Ceylon.

3. Chio. Diandria.

compaia. 3. Chio. with panicles trichotomous, the last flowers almost head-shaped, the calyxes villosus, the leaves lanceolate oblong, the anthers sharp-pointed. Caribees.

zeylanica. 4. Chio. the branches of the axillary panicle opposite, flowers almost sessile. h. Ceylon.

incrafata. 5. Chio. with panicles axillary trichotomous, all the flowers separate, the anthers blunt. Guiana and Jamaica.

38. Syringa, Lilac.

Cor. 4-cleft. Capl. 2-celled.

vulgaris. 1. Syr. with leaves ovate heart-shaped. Common lilac. h. Persia.

a Syr. carulea, with blue flowers. Blue lilac.

b Syr. violacea, with violet flowers. Violet lilac.

c Syr. alba, with white flowers. White lilac.

chinensis. 2. Syr. with leaves ovate lanceolate. h. China.

persica. 3. Syr. with leaves lanceolate. Persia.

a with leaves lanceolate entire.

b Syr. laciniata, leaves pinnatifid.

c Syr. carulea, with leaves simple, flowers blue.

d Syr. alba; leaves simple, flowers white.

juffienfa. 4. Syr. with leaves ovate ferrated and ternate. Japan.

39. Dialium.

Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. o. Stam. on the higher side.

indicum. 1. Dial. with a panicle simple and nodding. h. India.

guineense. 2. Dial. with a panicle, more than doubly compound, and erect. Guinea.

40. Pimelea.

Cal. none. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. inserted into the throat. The nut corticated and 1-celled.

linifolia. 1. Pim. with leaves linear-lanceolate, heads terminating involucrated; corolla villosus on the outside. New Holland.

gnidia. 2. Pim. with leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, very smooth, corolla villosus on the outside. New Zealand. Bankfia gnidia of Forster. Pafferia gnidia of Lin. Suppl.

pilosa. 3. Pim. hairy, with leaves linear blunt. New Zealand. Bankfia tomentosa of Forster. Bankfia pilosa, Pafferia pilosa of Lin. Suppl.

prostrata. 4. Pim. hairy, leaves ovate sessile fleshy. New Zealand. Bankfia prostrata of Forster. Pafferia prostrata of Lin. Suppl.

41. Eranthemum.

Cor. 5-cleft, tube thread-shaped. Anth. without the the tube. Stigma simple.

capense. 1. Er. with leaves lanceolate-ovate on footstalks. Ethiopia.

enguifolium. 2. Er. with leaves linear remote acute-angled to the stem. Ethiopia.

parvifo- 3. Er. with leaves ovate-linear imbricated. Cape loides. of Good Hope.

4. Er. shrubby, leaves fleshy somewhat tapering linear very smooth, racemes axillary and the calyxes pubescent, tube bowed downwards.

42. Fontanesia.

Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted inferior. Capl. membranaceous, not opening, 2-celled; cells contain one seed.

1. Font. Syria.

43. Fraxinus, the Ash.

Cal. none or 4-parted. Cor. none or 4-parted. Capl. superior, 2-celled, leafy above, compressed. Seeds solitary, pendulous. Some of the flowers have pistils only.

* Frax. with leaflets serrated, flowers destitute of aexcellor, calyx and corolla. Common Ash Tree. There is a variety with pendulous branches, called weeping ash. h. Flowers in IV. and V. and thrives best in calcareous soils on mountains. It is a very lofty and beautiful tree, its bark is of the colour of wood-ashes, its buds are large and black. The flowers grow in loose panicles pilosiflaminial, intermixed with pistils sometimes very numerous. The anthers are large, dark-purple. When these fall off, the leaves unfold themselves. This is the latest of all our native trees of coming into leaf. The leaves are pinnate terminated by an odd one, serrated, sometimes simple, very easily injured by frost in autumn. The capsules soon fall. The seeds are flat.

44. Circeae, Enchanter's nightshade.

Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved, superior. Capl. 2-celled. Seeds single.

* 1. Circ. with stem upright, leaves egg-shaped, lutetiana-edged with small teeth, opaque, pubescent. Common enchanter's nightshade. Grows in shady moist places, Europe and North America. h. Flowers in VI. and VII. The root creeps, and can scarcely be eradicated. The stem is erect, not much branched, having commonly but one raceme, which is terminal. The leaves when full grown are egg-shaped, faintly green, pubescent, opaque, somewhat repand, edged with small teeth not serrated. The calyx not membranaceous.

* 2. Circ. with stem ascending, leaves heart-shaped, ped, ferrated, and glossy, the calyx membranaceous. Mountain enchanter's nightshade. Grows in shady moist places in mountains and rocks; in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland, at the foot of the mountains; about Loch Broom, Rossshire, and in Hamilton Wood, Scotland; and in the cold countries of Europe. h. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The root creeps, and the whole plant is less pubescent than the former. The stalk is short, spreading at the base; the knee-joints red, the leaves tender, pale-green, glossy, heart-shaped, tooth-ferrated, the leaf-stalks edged with a membrane.

45. Veronica, Speedwell.

Cor. 4-cleft, wheel-shaped, the lowest segment least. Capl. superior, 2 celled.

Subdiv. 1. Spiked.

* 1. Ver. with a terminating spike the leaves oppo-spicaata, fite, bluntnish, notched-ferrated, very entire at the extremity; the stalk ascending, very simple. Spiked speedwell. Grows in meadows and calcareous soils. On Newmarket heath and Gogmagog hills; on Cavenham heath near Bury; and near Penny-bridge, Lancashire. Flowers in VII. and often continues in flower till IX. The stalks are seven inches high, ascending, simple, somewhat round, leafy, somewhat woody, pubescent. The leaves opposite, commonly blunt, sometimes a little sharp-pointed, crenate-ferrulate, entire at the extremity, hairy. Spike erect, many flowered. The flowers are of a deep blue, the throat of the corolla bearded. This species varies, with leaves linear and almost entire.

Hybrida. * 2. Ver., with spikes terminating, leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, unequally crenate-ferrulate, the stalk somewhat erect. Wolf's speedwell. Grows on the sides of mountains, but is very rare. It is found on Craig Wreidhin, Montgomeryshire, and at Cartmel Wells, Lancashire. Flowers in VII. Nearly allied to the preceding, but twice as large in every part; the spikes generally numerous; the stalks and leaves more rugged above, and more deeply ferrulate; the leaf-stalk in the former is often found winged.

Officinalis. * 3. Ver., with lateral spikes on footstalks, leaves opposite, scabrous, stalk procumbent. Europe. Male or common speedwell. Grows commonly in barren sandy pastures. Flowers in V. and VI. The stalk has wide spreading branches; the leaves pale, a little stiff and roughish; the spikes axillary, solitary, on footstalks, many-flowered, hairy, longer than the stalk; the flowers of a faint blue, with deeper veins.

Subdiv. 2. Corymb racemosus.

Jaxatilis. * 4. Ver., with a corymb terminating and bearing few flowers, the leaves elliptical, stalks spreading, capsule egg-shaped, 4-valved. Blue rock speedwell. Grows on Ben Lawers, Perthshire; and on the Alps. Flowers in VII. The stalks decumbent at the base, somewhat shrubby branched, the branches ascending, simple, leafy; the leaves opposite, small, elliptical, or elliptical-lanceolate, blunt, very entire, sometimes but seldom serrated on the middle, light green, somewhat fleshy, smooth, crowded at the base of the branches, more distant above; the flowers three or five in a terminating corymb, on footstalks which are three or four times longer than the floral leaf or bracteas, large, beautiful, of a blue-violet hue, the throat red. The calyx 4-cleft, almost equal, blunt, pubescent; the capsule pubescent, egg-shaped, 4-valved. It differs from the fruticulosa in having generally broader leaves, stalks more spreading, in having a larger corolla, which is blue and not flesh coloured; and is still more distinguished by having longer footstalks, fewer, and in being corymbose, not spiked.

Fruticulosa. * 5. Ver., with a corymb terminating many-flowered, spiked, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, stalks erect, capsule egg-shaped, 4-valved. Flesh-coloured brookly speedwell. Grows in Cruachan, Argyleshire, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Also on the Alps Pyrenees. Flowers in VII. The stalks are branched at the base, twisted, lying upon the ground, a little shrubby, afterwards becoming erect, stiff, and straight, seven inches long, simple leafy, round, a little pubescent. The leaves are opposite, elliptico-lanceolate, most commonly entire, sometimes serrated, pale green, hollowish, and a little flaggy on the edge. The corymb is terminating, pubescent, a little spiked, and afterwards extended into a long leafy raceme. The flower-bearing footstalks are of the same length with the bracteas, and those which bear the fruit half as long again. The calyx is four-cleft, almost equal, blunt, shaggy. The corolla of a pale flesh colour, with purple lines less than the preceding. The capsule egg-shaped, shaggy, four-valved.

* 6. Ver., with a corymb terminating, a little spiked, alpina, leaves oval, smooth, slightly ferrulate, the calyx ciliate, stem ascending and simple. Alpine speedwell. Grows on wet spongy places, on mountains about Garway-moor, on Ben Nevis, and on the mountains of Ben-doch, and on the Alps. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The stalks are a finger long, ascending, simple, leafy, rooting at the base. The leaves opposite, elliptic-oval, thin, slightly shaggy, often entire, sometimes notched, commonly three-nerved, pale-green, shining. The flowers are small, blue, on a small corymb, which afterwards extends into a short raceme. The fruitstalks are of the same proportion as in the preceding. The calyx is nearly equal, bluntish, ciliate, and often shaggy. The hairs jointed like the pubescence of the leaves. The capsule elliptical, emarginate, two-valved, pubescent, terminated with a short perifiling style.

* 7. Ver., with a raceme terminating approaching to a serpylliform spike; the leaves oval, a little notched, three-nerved, smooth; the capsule obcordate, shorter than the style. Europe and N. America.

β Ver. Humifusa. Smooth Speedwell, or Paul's Betony. The first variety grows in meadows and pastures; the second on the highest mountains in Scotland, under wet shady rocks. Flowers in V. and VI. The plant is thinning, somewhat fleshy; in moist places smooth, in mountains rough-haired. The stalks decumbent and taking root, leafy; the branches commonly erect. The leaves on footstalks oval or roundish, more or less crenated, three-nerved. The raceme terminating, long, loose, many-flowered, often pubescent. The bracteas elliptical. The segments of the calyx are obovate-elliptical, smoothish, equal. The corolla of a blue or flesh-coloured whitish colour, with violet streaks. The capsule obcordate, double, of the length of the style or a little shorter.

The variety called humifusa, has a procumbent stem with a shorter raceme.

* 8. Ver., with racemes lateral, leaves elliptical and beccalungo plane, and stalk creeping. Brooklime. Europe. Grows frequently in rivulets and ditches containing clear water. Flowers in VI. and VII. The plant is very smooth and glairy. The stalks decumbent or swimming, columnate. The leaves on short footstalks, elliptical, broad pointed, indistinctly ferrulate, of a beautiful green, somewhat fleshy. The racemes axillary, opposite, on footstalks many-flowered. The bracteas linear lanceolate, shorter than the fruitstalks. The segments of the calyx sharp-pointed. The corolla blue. The capsule almost double.

* 9. Ver., with racemes lateral and opposite, leaves anagallis, lanceolate and ferrulate, stalk erect. Water speedwell, or long-leaved brooklime. Europe and the Levant. Grows in ditches and marshes. Flowers in VII. It is distinguished from the former by leaves lanceolate, longer, a little ovate or elliptical, and by an erect stalk. The racemes are longer and more pointed.

* 10. Ver., with racemes lateral and alternate, fruit-setellata. Stalklets divaricate, leaves linear and denticulate. Narrow-leaved marjor speedwell. Europe. Grows in marshes and places that have been overflowed with water. water in a sandy soil. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The stalks are feebly and have spreading branches. The leaves are linear lanceolate, seldom very entire, often dentellated, sometimes serrated. The racemes are axillary, solitary, alternate, never opposite, loose, divaricate, varying in length. The flowers are small, of a blue flesh colour, streaked. The capsule approaching to double. Sometimes its stalk and leaves are pubescent.

* 11. Ver. with racemes lateral, long, thread-shaped, few-flowered; leaves ovate, serrated, on footstalks, the stalk hairy on all sides. Mountain speedwell, or mountain speedwell. Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Grows in woods, in moist shady places, and beside hedges in a calcareous soil. It is found in Charlton wood, Kent; in the Devil's ditch, Newmarket heath; at Linton, in Gamlingay park and Kingston wood, near Worcester, near Virginia water, about Kirkstall abbey near Leeds, at Shortwood, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire; and is very common in Yorkshire. Also in the woods at Dunglass, near the river, Berwickshire, and on the banks of the Esk near Roslin, Midlothian. Flowers in V. and VI. The root is fibrous. The stalks decumbent, feebly, hairy on all sides, leafy. The leaves grow on footstalks ovate, serrated with teeth of unequal size, slender, glairy, somewhat hairy. The racemes axillary, alternate, flaccid, few-flowered. The flowers light blue, diversified with purple. The capsule circular, double, flat, acutely edged, ciliated.

* 12. Ver. with lateral racemes, leaves ovate, fleshy, wrinkled, incised, serrated; the stalk hairy on two sides. Europe. Germander speedwell, or wild germander. Grows in meadows and pastures, and under hedges, and is very common. Flowers in V. The stalks form an acute angle with the branches, are decumbent, and have a longitudinal line of hair on each side. The leaves are fleshy, ovate, serrated with unequal teeth, the edge, very hairy. The racemes are axillary, opposite, many-flowered; longer than the stalk. The flowers are large, beautiful, of a fine blue colour in the inside, and flesh-coloured on the outside. The capsule is obcordate and small.

Subdiv. 3. Flowers Solitary.

* 13. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves ovate, incised, serrated, shorter than the flower-stalk, stalk procumbent, seeds pitcher-shaped. Procumbent speedwell, or germander chickweed. Grows in cultivated grounds, and among rubbish. Flowers from IV. to IX. The stalks are several, procumbent, simple towards the top. The leaves scattered, almost fleshy, heart-shaped-ovate, widely serrated. Footstalks axillary, solitary, one-flowered, of the length of the leaves or longer; the fruitstalks curved downwards. The segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, broad at the points, ciliated. The corolla small, and of a bright blue colour. The capsule double, swelling in the middle, rough-haired. The seeds fivefold on each side, dimpled and wrinkled.

* 14. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves ovate, incised-serrated; flowers lanceolate, longer than the leafstalk, stalk erect. Europe. Wall speedwell, or speedwell chickweed. Grows frequently in dry cultivated grounds, on walls, and among rubbish. Flowers in V. The stalk is often branchy at the base, erect, seven inches high. The flowers are fleshy, issuing from the axils of lanceolate bracts, which are quite dissimilar to the leaves. For which reason, this species might have been arranged among the Spiked Veronics, were it not for its affinity to the preceding and following species. The segments of the calyx are lanceolate, unequal and acute. The corolla is pale blue. The capsule is fleshy, erect, obcordate, flattened. The seeds are elliptical, plane and furrowed in the middle.

* 15. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves heart-shaped, Lederifolia, plane five-lobed, the segments of the calyx heart-shaped, the seeds pitcher-shaped. Europe. Ivy-leaved speedwell, or small henbit. Grows in cultivated grounds and among rubbish. Flowers from IV. to IX. The stalks are procumbent and unbranched. The leaves alternate on longer footstalks, kidney-heart-shaped, five-lobed, the central lobe being largest. The fruitstalks are longer than the leaves. The segments of the calyx are widely heart-shaped, acute, ciliate. The corolla is pale blue. The capsule is double, and swelling in the middle. The seeds are large, two on each side, dimpled, wrinkled.

* 16. Ver. with solitary flowers, superior leaves divided-triplylobed to the base, fruitstalks longer than the calyx, seeds flattened. Europe. Fingered speedwell, or upright chickweed. Grows in sandy cultivated grounds, but rare. It is found on the borders of Norfolk and Suffolk, near Bury, and near Rolington, Yorkshire. Flowers in IV. The stalk commonly branchy, flexuous. The lowest leaves entire, seldom lobed, the higher almost fleshy, three-parted, the central lobe largest, obovate, the lateral lobes commonly two-parted. The flowers on long footstalks and erect, as well as the fruit. The segments of the calyx are obovate-oblong, blunt, ciliate, unequal. The corolla a deep blue. The capsule circular emarginate, flattened. The seeds numerous, obovate-flattened. The plant becomes blackish when dried.

* 17. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves deeply divided-vernaled, the fruitstalks shorter than the calyx; the stalk stiff and straight. Germany, Sweden, and Spain. Vernal speedwell. Grows in dry sandy cultivated fields. Is found near Bury, and at Foulden, Norfolk. Flowers in IV. It resembles the arvensis in its habit, in the figure of its seeds and situation of its flowers; but is of a pale colour, and never grows blackish when dried. It is sufficiently distinguished by leaves deeply divided, by the central lobe being obovate; the floral leaves are three-parted. The stalk is scarcely a finger length, stiff and straight, often branchy. The segments of the calyx are lanceolate acute, nearly equal. The capsule obcordate flattened.

Subdiv. 1. Spiked.

18. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves in sevensibirica, verticillated, item a little thuggy. Dauria. Flowers in V.

19. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves in foursvirginica, or fives. Virginia and Japan.

20. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceolate, spuria, equally serrated. South of Europe, of Siberia, and Thuringia. Flowers in V.

21. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves nearly heart-maritima, lanceolate, unequally serrated. Var. with broader leaves. European sea-coasts.

22. Ver. longifolia. 22. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceolate sharp-pointed serrated. Tartary, Austria, and Sweden.

incana. 23. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves opposite, crenated blunt, stem erect, downy. Native of the Ukraine, Samara. Obf. It varies with a white flower.

pinnata. 24. Ver. with spike terminating, leaves linear, pinnatifid, bunched; segments thread-shaped, forming an obtuse angle. Siberia.

laciniate. 25. Ver. with a raceme approaching to a spike, and terminating, leaves pinnatifid, jagged. Siberia.

incisa. 26. Ver. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceolate, cut into irregular segments, pinnatifid, smooth, Siberia.

catarracta. 27. Ver. with racemes terminating flexuous, stem somewhat shrubby, leaves lanceolate, serrated. New Zealand.

elliptica. 28. Ver. with racemes lateral, stem shrubby, leaves elliptical, very entire. New Zealand.

macrocarpa. 29. Ver. with racemes almost terminating erect, leaves lanceolate, very entire, smooth, plain, stem shrubby. New Zealand.

salicifolia. 30. Ver. with racemes lateral nodding, leaves lanceolate, very entire, stem shrubby. New Zealand.

parviflora. 31. Ver. with racemes almost terminating, leaves linear-lanceolate, very entire, smooth, dagger-pointed, stem shrubby. New Zealand.

allionii. 32. Ver. with spikes lateral, on footstalks, leaves opposite, roundish, gloily, rigid; stalk smooth, creeping. The Alps.

decussata. 33. Ver. with racemes axillary, few-flowered, leaves elliptical, perennial, very entire; stem shrubby. Falkland islands.

Subdiv. 2. Corymb-racemous.

aphylla. 34. Ver. with a corymb terminating, and naked stem. a Ver. Kamchatka, rough-haired, raceme three-flowered, long, lateral, and without leaves; leaves ovate, oblong, ferrated, rough-haired, hairs jointed. The Alps and north of Asia.

stelluloides. 35. Ver. with a corymb terminating, stem ascending, two-leaved; leaves obtuse, crenated; calyx flabby. Pyrenees and Alps of Switzerland.

gentianoides. 36. Ver. with a corymb terminating, stem ascending, leaves lanceolate, cartilaginous on the edge, the lower leaves connate, sheathing. Cappadocia and Armenia.

ponsa. 37. Ver. with a raceme terminating, stem very little branched, leaves heart-ovate, dented, fleshy. Var. 1. Pumila, with unbranched stem, terminating with a bunch of flowers; leaves ovate, acute, dented. Native of the Pyrenees, the var. pumila on the top of the Piedmontese Alps.

integrifolia. 38. Ver. with a corymb terminating, leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, very entire, calyxes hairy. The Alps.

tenella. 39. Ver. with leaves oblong, crenated, stems creeping, calyxes villous. Pyrenees and Piedmontese Alps.

teucrium. 40. Ver. with racemes lateral, and very long, leaves ovate, wrinkly, dented, bluntish stalks, procumbent. Obf. This is a doubtful species.

pilosfa. 41. Ver. with racemes axillary, leaves ovate, blunt, plaited, deeply dented, stalk procumbent, hairy on both sides. Austria. Obf. Dr Smith suspects that this is only a variety of the latifolia.

42. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves oblong, ovate, prostrata, and ferrated, stalks procumbent. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland.

43. Ver. with racemes lateral, leafy, leaves oblong, petiata, comb-like-ferrated, stems procumbent. Constantinople.

44. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves pinnatifid, orientalis, smooth, acute, tapering at the base; the calyxes unequal, the footstalks capillary, and longer than the bractea. Armenia.

45. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves many-part-multifida, ed, segments pinnatifid, lobes decurrent, footstalks short, calyx very smooth, stalk villous. Siberia.

46. Ver. with racemes lateral; leaves a little hairy, austriaca, linear, pinnatifid, lowest segments longer; the calyxes a little hairy, the footstalks shorter than the bractea. Austria, Sliefla, and Carniola.

47. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves a little hairy, taurica, linear, undivided, and pinnatifid, denticulate; footstalks longer than the bractea, the calyx four-cleft, smooth. Tauria.

48. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves heart-shaped, verticifera, fleshy, sharply ferrated, sharp-pointed, stem stiff and straight, the leaflets of the calyx in fours. Switzerland, Bithynia, Austria, and Bavaria.

49. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves heart-shaped, latifolia, fleshy, wrinkled, bluntly ferrated, stem stiff and straight, leaflets of the calyx in fives. Austria and Switzerland.

50. Ver. with racemes lateral and very long, leaves paniculata, lanceolate, in three, ferrated, stem ascending. Tartary and Bohemia. Veronica dentata of Schmidt.

Subdiv. 3. Fruitstalks bearing one Flower.

51. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves heart-lanceo-biloba, late, dented, the segments of the calyx equal, ovate, sharp pointed, three-nerved. Cappadocia.

52. Ver. with flowers solitary, leaves heart-shaped, filiformis, crenated, shorter than the fruitstalk, segments of the calyx lanceolate. Levant.

53. Ver. with flowers solitary, fleshy, all the leaves digitata, finger-parted, stem stiff and straight. Bohemia, Montpelier, and Spain.

54. Ver. with flowers on footstalks solitary, leaves asinifolia, ovate, smooth, crenated, stem erect, a little hairy. a Ver. romana of Allionius and Schmidt. Warm climes of Europe.

55. Ver. with flowers fleshy and solitary; leaves peregrina, lanceolate-linear, smooth, blunt, very entire, stem erect. North of Europe.

56. Ver. with flowers solitary, on footstalks, leaves bellardi, linear, very entire, rough haired, longer than the flower, stalk very little branched, erect. Piedmont.

57. Ver. with flowers solitary, fleshy, leaves linear, marilandica, stems with spreading branches. Virginia.

45. Pederotha.

Cor. ringent, four-cleft, the throat naked. Cal. 5-parted. Cap. 2-celled.

1. Pæd. with leaves sharply pointed, helmet of the ageria, corollas two-cleft. Pederotha lutea of Linn. Suppl. Carniola and Italy.

2. Pæd. with leaves roundish-ovate, the helmet of bonarota, the corollas entire. Alps. t. Pederotha Caerulea of Linn. Suppl.

3. Pæd. Diandria.

minimae.

3. P.e.d. with leaves oblong, entire, opposite, flowers axillary, opposite, teeth of the calyx hairy within. India.

46. Wulfenia.

Cor. ringent, upper lip short, entire; the inferior three-parted; throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted. Capl. 2-celled.

1. Wulf. Pederota Wulfenii of Lamarck. Carinthian Wulfenia. Highest mountains of Carinthia. 2.

47. Cyrtandra.

Cor. five-cleft, irregular. Cal. five-dented, almost 2-lipped. Stamens four, two of them barren. Berry 2-celled.

1. Cyrt. with fruitstalks somewhat branched, leaves elliptical, almost quite entire, smooth. Otaheite.

2. Cyrt. with fruitstalks nearly cymous, leaves ovate, crenated, oblique at the base, pubescent beneath. Tanna.

48. Justicia.

Cal. simple, sometimes double. Cor. of one petal, irregular. Capl. bursting by means of an elastic claw, the partition opposite, and adhering to the valves.

Subdiv. 1. Calyx double, one anther.

saftuosa.

1. Ju. with thyrses terminating, pointing one way, leaves lance-elliptical. Tranquebar. h

Forfskali.

2. Ju. with thyrses axillary, terminating, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Arabia Felix and India. h

Jujlicia paniculata of Forskael.

purpurea.

3. Ju. with spikes axillary, and terminating, bracteas lanceolate, smooth, branches pubescent. China.

verticillaris.

4. Ju. villous, with flowers axillary, verticilled, exterior calyxes awnless, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope.

aristata.

5. Ju. villous, with flowers axillary and verticilled, exterior calyxes awned, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope.

chinensis.

6. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, verticilled, three-cleft, bracteas ovate, dagger-pointed, coloured at the base. China and Arabia Felix.

triflora.

7. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, long, three-flowered, bracteas linear-lanceolate. Arabia Felix.

Subdiv. 2. Calyx double, anthers two.

fulcata.

8. Ju. with spikes terminating, flowers verticilled, leaves ovate, heart-shaped. Arabia Felix.

bicalyculata.

9. Ju. with panicles axillary and dichotomous. J. ligulata of Lamarck. Dianthera Malabarica of Lin. Suppl. Dianthera bicalyculata of Rez. Dianthera paniculata of Forskael. Jujlicia Malabarica of Aiton. Malabar and Arabia Felix.

bivalvis.

10. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, three-cleft, fruitstalklets lateral, two-flowered, bracteas ovate, awned, nerved. Arabia and India. h

falcata.

12. Ju. with flowers axillary, nearly sessile, leaves ovate-lanceolate. Mauritius. h

Subdiv. 3. Calyx single, corollas 2-lipped, lips undivided.

fusangulatis.

13. Ju. with fruitstalks bearing three flowers, bracteas wedge-shaped, leaves ovate, branches six-angled. Vera Cruz, and Jamaica. o

14. Ju. with spikes axillary, arched downwards, scorpioides, leaves lanceolate-ovate, thaggy, sessile. Vera Cruz. h

15. Ju. with racemes terminating, axillary and gangetica, simple, flowers alternate, pointing one way, bracteas indistinct. India.

16. Ju. with spikes axillary, terminating, branched, effurgens, flowers alternate, bracteas linear. Jamaica and Santa Cruz.

Subdiv. 4. Calyx single, corollas 2-lipped, lips divided, One anther.

17. Ju. stemless, leaves crenated, veins villous be-acaule, neath. Tranquebar 2.

Var. 1. with leaves lyre-pinnatifid, veins smooth. O/S. It is doubtful whether the var. 1. be not a distinct species.

18. Ju. with spikes terminating, many-flowered, hispida, segments of the calyx and bracteas linear awl-flanged, ciliated, leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches hispid-pubescent. Sierra Leona. h

19. Ju. with spikes terminating, four-cornered, brac-cebolium-teas ovate, imbricated, ciliated, dagger-pointed; the helmet of the corollas linear, and bent back. Arabia, Malabar, and Ceylon. h

Jujlicia viridis of Forskael.

20. Ju. with spikes terminating, four-cornered; brac-tetragon-teas ovate, imbricated, keel-shaped, ciliated; leaves crenate and smooth. Cayenne. h

21. Ju. with spikes terminating, leaves and bracteas cucullina, elliptical, bare on the edge, the helmet of the corollas lanceolate, bent back at the apex. Cayenne. h

22. Ju. with spikes terminating and axillary, brac-pulcherri-teas ovate, imbricated, ciliated, and awnless, helmet of the corollas lanceolate, erect. South America. h

23. Ju. with spikes axillary, terminating four-corner-carthagi-ed, bracteas oblong, imbricated, ciliated. Carthagena nenfis, and Martinico.

24. Ju. with spikes axillary, terminating four-corner-hirsuta, ed, bracteas ovate, imbricated, hirsute, leaves dented. Java.

25. Ju. with spikes axillary, opposite, double on each sphaero-per-fide; bracteas linear, lengthened, seeds globular, and ma-flining. Caribbees.

26. Ju. with spikes terminating, leafy, flowers verti-gendarufa-cilled, leaves lanceolate, lengthened. Ceylon, Java, and Malabar. h

27. Ju. with spikes axillary, terminating, calyxes of procum-four segments, ciliated, bracteas of the length of the lens. calyx, leaves lanceolate. Ceylon. h

28. Ju. with spikes axillary and terminating, ca-diffusa, lyxes of four segments, smooth, bracteas shorter than the calyx, leaves elliptical. India. h

29. Ju. with spikes axillary, opposite, pointing one echioiodes-waya, feending, linear, rough with hair. Malabar and Ceylon. h

30. Ju. with spikes axillary, double, opposite, point-longifolia-ing one way, leaves lanceolate; long. Mahe.

31. Ju. with spikes terminating, a little branched, in-latfolia, inferior leaves verticilled, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. East Indies. h

32. Ju. with racemes axillary, and terminating, pista, flowers verticilled, leaves ovate and coloured. Asia. h

33. Ju. with racemes terminating, a little branched, nitida, flowers commonly verticilled, leaves lance-ellipti-cal, cal, tapering. Martinico, Santa Cruz, and Guadeloupe. variegata.

34. Ju. with spikes terminating, axillary simple, flowers opposite, calyxes hirtip, leaves ovate and sessile.

35. Ju. with racemes axillary, two-parted, flowers pointing one way, leaves lance-elliptical, filaments smooth. Malabar.

paniculata.

36. Ju. with panicles axillary, terminating, dichotomous, flowers pointing one way, filaments hirsute, capsules flattened, leaves lanceolate. East Indies.

nutans.

37. Ju. with racemes terminating, nodding at the apex, flowers reversed, leaves dented. Java.

nafuta.

38. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, and dichotomous, leaves elliptical, and very entire. India.

scandens.

39. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, trichotomous, obtuse angled, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, somewhat repand, the branches villous. Malabar.

ciliaris.

40. Ju. with flowers axillary, opposite, leaves lanceolate. Subdiv. 5. Calyx single, corollas two-lipped, the lips divided. Anthers two.

secunda.

41. Ju. with racemes terminating, compound ramelets pointing one way, leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Trinity island.

delphis.

42. Ju. with spikes axillary and terminating, bracteas ovate, imbricated, and ciliated. Arabia Felix.

vialaeae.

43. Ju. with spikes terminating, bracteas lanceolate, imbricated, ciliated, leaves lanceolate. Arabia Felix.

Dianthera violacea of Vahl.

bracteolata.

44. Ju. with a raceme terminating, fruitstalks three-flowered, leaves tapering oblong, stem four-cornered, edge scabrous. Caraccas.

robrii.

45. Ju. with spikes terminating, compound, imbricated, pubescent, bracteas ovate, leaves elliptical, very entire. Cayenne.

polyfloria.

46. Ju. with spikes axillary, opposite, pointing one way, bracteas ovate, hirsute, leaves lanceo-ovate. Cayenne.

retusa.

47. Ju. with spikes terminating, bracteas obovate, commonly retuse, imbricated, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Santa Cruz.

flava.

48. Ju. with spikes terminating, flowers in pairs, bracteas lanceolated, blunt, leaves lanceo-oblong. Arabia Felix. D. Americana flava of Vahl. D. Americana flava of Forkael.

americana.

49. Ju. with spikes axillary, flowers crowded, fruitstalks long, alternate, leaves lanceolate. Virginia and Florida.

punctata.

50. Ju. with spikes terminating, flowers distant, commonly verticillled, bracteas lanceolate, sharp-pointed, leaves lanceo-ovate. Arabia Felix. Dianthera punctata of Vahl. D. Americana alla of Forkael.

euphobia.

51. Ju. with spikes axillary and terminating, flowers in pairs below, above solitary, bracteas wedge-shaped. St Eustatius.

caracasina.

52. Ju. with spikes axillary and terminating, bracteas sharp-pointed, shorter than the calyx, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, waved, pubescent. Caraccas.

pedoralis.

53. Ju. with a panicle terminating, dichotomous. St Domingo and Martinico.

comata.

54. Ju. with spikes terminating, thread-shaped, spikelet verticillled. Jamaica. D. Dianthera comata.

undulata.

55. Ju. with fruitstalks terminating, umbelled, fimbriate, three-cleft, leaves lanceolate, undulated. Java and Malabar.

56. Ju. with umbels axillary, compound, on long frondosa, footstalks, bracteas obovate, rhomboid, blunt, smooth. Otaheite.

57. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, opposite, four-flower-pubescent, ed, on fruitstalklets, bracteas ovate, roundish, dagger-pointed, pubescent. Botany island. Dianthera Carulea of Forkael.

58. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, opposite, bearing leavigata, three flowers on fruitstalklets, bracteas oblong, dagger-pointed, pubescent. Java.

59. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, verticillled, bearing cuspidata, commonly three flowers on fruitstalklets, bracteas wedge-shaped, awned, anthers double. Arabia Felix.

Dianthera Verticillata of Forkael.

60. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, verticillled, bearing lithospermo-one flower, bracteas linear-lanceolate, leaves oblong, mifolia, scabrous.

61. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, two-flowered; leaves biflora, ovate, equal, bracteas awl-shaped. East Indies.

62. Ju. with flowers axillary, solitary, and sessile, foliolis, leaves ovate and crenated. St Eustatius.

Subdiv. 6. Calyx single, corollas ringent; one anther.

63. Ju. with spikes axillary, and opposite bracteas, adhatoda, ovate, acute, nervied. Ceylon. Malabar Nut.

64. Ju. with spikes terminating, bracteas ovate, harp-betonica, pointed, vein-netted, coloured. India.

65. Ju. with spikes axillary, terminating, and smooth, repens, bracteas dorsal, pointing two ways, membranaceous at the edge. Ceylon.

66. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, solitary, bearing one sanguino-flower, alternate, leaves oblong, italk creeping. Ceylon. lenta.

Obf. The whole plant is of a blood colour.

Subdiv. 7. Calyx single, corollas ringent; two anthers.

67. Ju. with spikes axillary and terminating, leaves peruviana, ovate and acute. Lima.

68. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, alternate, common-crinita, by bearing four flowers on fruitstalklets, bracteas lanceolate, ciliated. Japan. Dianthera Japonica of Thunberg.

69. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, usually bearing three trifulca, flowers flowers sessile, leaves oblong, blunt. Arabia Felix.

70. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, generally bearing hylophora, one flower, leaves lanceolate, blunt. Canaries. Ila.

71. Ju. with flowers axillary, solitary, almost sessile, periplaci-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Caraccas. It is un-foliata, certain whether this be a distinct species or a variety of the peruviana.

72. Ju. with fruitstalks one-flowered, axillary, leaves orchioidea, lanceolate, rigid, acute. Cape of Good Hope.

73. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary one-flowered, leaves madurensis oblong and dentic. Madeira.

74. Ju. with flowers axillary, solitary, and sessile, cuneata, leaves obovate emarginate. Cape of Good Hope.

75. Ju. with flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, leaves tranquela-oboavate, branches hoary. Tranquebar.

Parsifolia of Lamarck.

76. Ju. with flowers axillary, sessile, opposite, leaves odorata, roundish, branches smooth. Arabia Felix. Dianthera Odora of Forkael.

Subdiv. Diandria.

Subdiv. 8. Calyx single, corollas almost equal.

77. Ju. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceol-ovate, in fours. India. h.

78. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, trifid, leaves linear, finu-pinnifid. Tanna. h. J. longiflora of Forskål.

79. Ju. with fruitstalks axillary, generally bearing one flower, leaves ovate, stalk unarmed. Madagascar. h.

80. Ju. with fruitstalks bearing one flower, leaves oblong, spikes axillary. South America. h.

Subdiv. 9. Species indeterminate in the calyx and corolla.

repanda. 81. Ju. shrubby, leaves ovate repand, fruitstalks axillary, trifid. Tanna. h.

82. Ju. shrubby, prickly, leaves oblong emarginate, stiff like leather, glossy. Jamaica. h.

armata. 83. Ju. shrubby, branches spreading, thorny, thorns brittle-shaped, flowers on fruitstalks axillary and foliary. Jamaica. h.

acicularris. 84. Ju. with branches spreading, leaves ovate, entire, spikes pointing one way, bracteas lanceolate, anterior, winged. Calcutta. h.

parviflora. 85. Ju. with a stalk herbaceous, four-cornered, a little erect, leaves ovate-lanceolate, spikes ovate. Jamaica and Hispaniola. h.

japonica. 86. Ju. herbaceous, with leaves ovate and serrated, spikes terminating, bracteas brittle-shaped, stem forming an acute angle. Japan.

lancea. 87. Ju. with flowers verticil-aggregate, leaves entire, lanceolate. Japan. o.

reptans. 88. Ju. two-anthered, stalk herbaceous creeping, leaves blunt, spike terminating and undivided. St Domingo. o.

humifusa. 89. Ju. two-anthered, stalk herbaceous decumbent, leaves ovate and heart-shaped, spikes umbelled. Jamaica. o.

49. Gratiola.

Cor. irregular, reverfed. Stam. two, barren. Capf. two-celled. Calyx of seven segments, the two outer segments spreading.

officinalis. 1. Grat. with leaves lanceolate and ferrated, flowers on fruitstalks. South of Europe.

Grat. alpina.

monnieria. 2. Grat. with leaves oblong entire, fruitstalks bearing one flower, leaves longer, stem bending. Antilles. h.

repens. 3. Grat. with leaves ovate, stalk creeping, calyx five-leaved, style bifid. Jamaica.

rotundifolia. 4. Grat. with leaves ovate, three-nerved. Malabar.

lucida. 5. Grat. with a stalk branched, spreading, taking root, leaves heart-ovate, dented; fruitstalks axillary, longer than the leaves. Malabar, Amboina, and China.

veronicifolia. 6. Grat. with a stalk creeping, leaves ovate-lanceolate acutely ferrated, flowers terminating, opposite, calyx 5-leaved. India. o.

hyssopioides. 7. Grat. with leaves lanceolate, somewhat ferrated, shorter than the stem joint. Tranquebar. o.

lobelioides. 8. Grat. with stem almost naked, stipulated, leaves oblong, very entire, panicle dichotomous, capsules a little globular. India. o.

trifida. 9. Grat. with leaves linear lanceolate, in fours, dent-

ed at the apex, trifid, capsules hairy. Malabar. o.

Gratiola ebenadrioflora of Lamarck.

10. Grat. with leaves lanceolate, blunt, a little dent-virginica, ed. Virginia.

11. Grat. with flowers almost sessile. Peru. peruviana.

12. Grat. with stalks decumbent, leaves ovate, fer-grandiflora rated, fruitstalks opposite, capsules awl-shaped. Tranquebar, Madras, Siam, Malacca.

13. Grat. with stem ascending, leaves lanceolate, oppofitiferrated, fruitstalks opposite to the leaves. Tranque-folia bar.

14. Grat. with stem very little branched, leaves pufilla, ovate, notched, acute, fruitstalks axillary, bearing one flower, longer than the leaves. India. o.

50. Schwenkia.

Cor. nearly equal, throat plaited, glandular. Stamens three, barren. Capf. 2-celled, with many seeds.

1. Schwenkia. Berbice. s. americana.

51. Calcronaria.

Cor. ringent, inflated. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cal. 4-parted, equal.

1. Calc. with leaves pinnated. pinnata.

Var. with pinnae of the leaves fewer and broader. Peru. o.

2. Calc. with leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, ferrated, integrifolia flowers panicled and terminating. Peru.

3. Calc. with a branched stem, leaves ovate and ovata. crenated. Peru. o. Calceolaria dichotoma of Lamarck. G. integrifolia of Lin. Suppl.

4. Calc. with stem perfoliate, leaves sagittate, vil-perfoliata, lous on both sides. New Grenada and Peru.

5. Calc. with leaves felle oblong, acute, crenated; crenata. flowers cymous, terminating the stalk and branches. Peru.

6. Calc. with leaves linear, very entire, bent back rosmarinata at the edge, downy below, stem smooth. Peru. folia.

7. Calc. with leaves battledore-shaped, very entire, fothergillii, fruitstalks scape-like, bearing one flower. Falkland islands. s.

8. Calc. with scapes bearing few flowers, leaves plantaginacea rhombous and ferrated. Calceol. biflora of Lamarck. S. America near the Straits of Magellan. h.

9. Calc. with scapes bearing one flower, leaves nana, ovate and very entire. Calceol. uniflora of Lamarck. S. America near the Straits of Magellan. h.

52. Baea.

Cor. ringent, tube very short, upper lip plane, 3-dented, the lower lip plane and 2-lobed. Cal. 2-celled, 4-valved, contorted. Capf. 5-parted, and equal.

1. Baea. Near the Straits of Magellan. h. magellanica

53. Pinguicula, Butterwort.

Cor. ringent, spur-shaped. Cal. 2-lipped 5-cleft. Capf. 1-cell.

* 1. Ping. with a blunt nectary shorter than the pe-lusitanica tal, the scape villous, the capsule globular. Synon. Pinguicula villosa. Viola palustris. Pale Butterwort. It grows on the sides of marshes and bogs. h. Flowers in VI. and VII.

* 2. Ping. with a cylindrical nectary, acute, and vulgaris of the length of the petal, the capsule ovate. Com-

mon mon butterwort, or Yorkshire fanicle. Grows in spongy marshes. Europe. Flowers in V. and VI.

The inhabitants of Lapland and of the north of Sweden, give to milk the consistence of cream, by pouring it when warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant. They then strain it, and lay it aside for two or three days, till it becomes a little acid. In this state they are extremely fond of it.

grandiflora

alpina.

villosa.

3. Ping. nectary awl-shaped, straight, upper lip spreading, emarginate. Alps. 4.

4. Ping. nectary awl-shaped, bent down, shorter than the petals. Lapland, Switzerland, and Austria. 4.

5. Ping. scape stiff straight and pubescent; nectary very short; leaves nerved. Lapland and Siberia. 4.

54. UTRICULARIA.

The corolla is ringent and spur-shaped. The calyx has two equal segments. The capsule superior and one-celled.

vulgaris.

* 1. Utr. with a conical nectary, and a scape with few flowers. Lentibularia of Ray. Common bladderwort, or hooded milfoil. Grows in stagnant waters. Europe. Flowers in VI.

minor.

* 2. Utr. with a nectary, keel-shaped, very short and blunt. Lentibularia minor of Ray. Lefs-fooded milfoil. Grows in ditches and marshes, but rarely. Europe. Flowers in VI.

alpina.

3. Utr. with an awl-shaped nectary, leaves ovate and very entire. Martinico.

foliacea.

4. Utr. with a conical nectary, fruits drooping, rootlets without any bottle or bladder. S. America.

obtusa.

5. Utr. with nectary bent inwards, blunt, somewhat emarginate. Jamaica.

subulata.

6. Utr. with awl-shaped nectary. Virginia. Obs.: The leaves are like hairs, the flowers white.

gibba.

7. Utr. with gibbous nectary. Virginia.

bifida.

8. Utr. with a scape naked and bifid. China.

capillacea.

9. Utr. scape naked, capillary, commonly bearing three nodding flowers, capsule awl-shaped. India.

cerulea.

10. Utr. with a naked scape, scales alternate, scattered, awl-shaped. Ceylon.

stellaris.

11. Utr. verticillo utriculario bractearum ciliari Lin. Suppl. India.

55. GHINIA.

Cal. 5-awned. Cor. ringent, limb 5-cleft. Nut fleshy, 4-celled. Seeds solitary.

spinosa.

1. Ghin. with fruits having 4 spines or thorns, leaves smooth. Verbena curassavica. Antigua and the Caribbee islands. O.

mutica.

2. Ghin. with fruits awnless, leaves downy. Guiana. O.

56. VERBENA, Vervain.

Cor. funnel-shaped, almost equal, curved. Cal. with one dent, truncated. Seeds two or four naked.

Subdiv. 1. Diandrous, two anthers, and two seeds.

orubica.

1. Verb. with spikes very long and leafy. Oruba in North America.

indica.

2. Verb. spikes long, fleshy, naked, leaves lanceolate, obliquely dented, stalk polished. Ceylon. O.

jamaicensis.

3. Verb. spikes fleshy, naked, leaves battle-dore-ovate, serrated; stem rough with hair. Caribbees.

mutabilis.

4. Verb. spikes fleshy, naked; leaves ovate, long at

the base, dented, downy beneath, stalk thrubby. South America. O.

5. Verb. spikes loose, calyxes alternate, prismatic, prismatic, truncated, awned, leaves ovate, blunt. Jamaica. O.

6. Verb. spikes loose, calyxes of the fruit turned mexicana downwards, rounded and double, hispid. Mexico. 4.

7. Verb. spikes ovate, leaves lanceolate ferrate-plait-flochadifoed, item thrubby. Jamaica. O.

Subdiv. 2. Tetrandrous, or species with four stamens.

8. Verb. spikes globular, leaves lanceolate, crenated, globiflora, wrinkled; scabrous, stem thrubby. South America. O.

9. Verb. spikes cylindrical, leaves rhomb-ovate cre-javanica, nated, stem erect. Java.

10. Verb. spikes capitate-conical, leaves wedge-fla-nodiflora, ped, dented; stalk creeping. Naples, Sicily, E. and W. Indies, and Virginia. 4.

11. Verb. spikes falcicled, leaves lanceolate, stem-bonariensis, clasping. Buenos Ayres. 4.

12. Verb. spikes long, sharp-pointed; leaves hastate. haflata. Canada. 4.

13. Verb. flowers panicle, leaves in threes, stem triploblla. shrubby. Chili. 4.

14. Verb. calyxes fruit-bearing, roundish, inflated, lappulacea, feeds echinated. Caribbee islands.

15. Verb. the calyxes fruit-bearing, roundish, beak-for/kaelei, ed-sharp-pointed, feeds rounded, wrinkly. Arabia Felix.

16. Verb. spikes thread-shaped, leaves undivided, carolina-lanceolate-ferrate, sefite. North America. na.

17. Verb. spikes panicle, leaves undivided, ovate, urticifolia, ferrated, on footstalks. Virginia and Canada. 4.

18. Verb. spikes loose, solitary, leaves trifid, incis-auletea, ed. Virginia. O.

19. Verb. spikes thread-shaped, leaves multifid-la-spuria, ciniated, stems numerous. Canada and Virginia.

20. Verb. spikes thread-shaped, panicle, leaves officinalis, multifid-laciniate, stem solitary. Common vervain. Europe. O.

21. Verb. spikes thread-shaped, solitary, leaves supina, doubly-pinnatifid.

57. LYCORUS.

Cor. four-cleft, one segment emarginate. Stamens ditant. Seeds four, retuse.

* 1. Lyc. with finuate-ferrated leaves. L. palustris gla-europeaus, ber of Ray. Marrubium aquaticum of Gerhard. Water borehound, or gyp/gwort. Banks of rivers and lakes, Europe. Flowers in VII. and VIII.

2. Lyc. leaves pinnatifid-ferrated at the base. Italy. exaltatus. Obs.: The item is about the height of a man.

3. Lyc. with leaves equally but slightly ferrated. virginicus. Virginia. 4.

58. AMETHYSTEA.

Cor. five-cleft, lowest segment more spreading. Stamens near. Cal. almost bell-shaped. Seeds four, gibbous.

Amet. Siberia. O.

59. CUNILA.

Cor. ringent, upper lip erect, plane. Filaments two, without anthers. Seeds four.

1. Cun. with leaves linear, rolled back, downy be-fruticofa, neth, flowers axillary, stem shrubby. New Holland. land. b. Obs. This species is not probably well ascertained.

capitata. 2. Cun. with leaves ovate, flowers terminating, umbel roundish. Siberia.

mariana. 3. Cun. with leaves ovate, serrated, corymbs terminating and dichotomous. Virginia. 2.

pulegoides. 4. Cun. with leaves oblong, having two dents, flowers verticillated. Virginia and Canada. O.

thymoides. 5. Cun. with leaves oval, very entire, flowers verticillated, stem four-cornered. Montpelier. O.

60. Ziziphora.

Cor. ringent, upper lip bent back, entire. Cal. thread-shaped. Seeds four.

capitata. 1. Ziz. with fascicles terminating, leaves ovate. Syria, Armenia, and Siberia. O.

hifpanica. 2. Ziz. with leaves ovate, flowers raceme-spiked, bracteas obovate, nerved, acute. Spain. O.

tenuior. 3. Ziz. with flowers lateral, and leaves lanceolate. O.

acinoides. 4. Ziz. with flowers lateral, leaves ovate. Siberia. O.

61. Monarda.

Cor. unequal, upper lip linear, wrapping the filaments. Seeds four.

fiftulosa. 1. Mon. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, heart-shaped, villous, plane. Canada. 2.

oblongata. 2. Mon. leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded, and tapering at the base, villous, plane. N. America. 2.

didyma. 3. Mon. with leaves ovate smooth, heads verticillled, flowers approaching to the didynamious, the stem acute-angled. Pennsylvania and New York. 2.

rugosa. 4. Mon. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, smooth, wrinkled. North America. 2.

clinopodia. 5. Mon. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, unequal, smooth. Virginia. 2. Obs. This resembles the preceding, but it bears leaves like Clinopodium. Its spike is not red but purple, and its leaves very smooth.

pundata. 6. Mon. with flowers verticillated, corollas dotted, bracteas coloured. Obs. The corollas are yellow with purple dots.

ciliata. 7. Mon. with flowers verticillated, corollas longer than the involucre. Virginia.

62. Rosmarinus.

Cor. unequal, upper lip two-parted. Filaments long, curved, simple with a dent.

officinalis. 1. Rosm. with sessile leaves. S. of Europe. b.

chilensis. 2. Rosm. with leaves on footstalks. Chili. b.

Obs. This plant has not been properly examined.

63. Salvia, Sage.

Cor. unequal. Filaments two, very short, supporting two others fixed transversely upon them almost by the middle. Seeds four, and naked.

pratensis. * 1. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped oblong and crenated, the highest stem-clasping. The verticils commonly without leaves, the corollas glutinous in the upper lip. Meadow Clary. In dried meadows and under hedges, but rarely. Europe. 2. Flowers in VII. This is a beautiful species, with large corollas of a blue violet colour, arched.

* 2. Salv. with leaves serrated, sinuated and smoothish, verbenaceous narrower than the calyx. Wild English Clary. Grows in meadows and pastures. Europe. 4.

Flowers from VI. to X.

3. Salv. with leaves lanceolate, slightly dented, Egyptian. Flowers on footstalks. Melissa perennis of Forskål. Egypt and the Canaries. O. Obs. The flowers are often tetranous.

4. Salv. with leaves linear-oblong, dent-pinnatisect, dentata. Verticils two-flowered, segments of the calyx blunt. Cape of Good Hope. b.

5. Salv. with leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers with cretica, two pistils, calyxes of two segments. Crete. b.

Obs. This seems to be a variety of the Salvia officinalis.

6. Salv. with root leaves lyrate, dented, the hel-lyrata. Met of the corollas very short.

Var. 2. Horminum virginicum, with leaves wedge-oblong, stem with two leaves. N. America. 2.

7. Salv. with leaves linear-lanceolate, slightly cre-leucantha, nated, wrinkled, flowers verticil-spiked, calyxes downy. Mexico. 2.

8. Salv. with leaves linear, very entire, pubescent habliziana, sessile, flowers verticil-spiked, bracteas ovate, awl-pointed. Taurea. 2. This is a beautiful plant.

9. Salv. leaves lanceol-ovate, slightly crenated, ver-officinalis, cils few-flowered, calyx dagger-pointed. S. of Europe.

10. Salv. with leaves heart-oblong, crenated, ver-grandiflocculata many flowered, calyxes acute. b.

11. Salv. downy, leaves on footstalks very wrinkly, triloba, three-lobed, the middle lobe oblong and extended, the side lobes ovate and blunt. Crete and Syria. b.

12. Salv. with leaves heart-elliptical, blunt, downy, pomifera, slightly crenate-waved on the margin, verticils crowded, calyxes trifid, blunt. Crete and Syria. b.

13. Salv. with leaves ovate-oblong, doubly ferra-articifolia, calyxes three-dented, highest segment three-dented. Virginia and Florida. 2. Obs. The corollas are small, the upper lip short, the pistil longer than the upper lip.

14. Salv. with leaves ovate, serrated, spikes flexible, occidenta-bracteas heart-shaped, commonly with three flowers. li. Caribbees. 2.

15. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, wrinkled, cre-tillifolia, nated, and equally serrated, acute, calyxes smoothish, awned. 2.

16. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, serrated, soft ferotina, flowers raceme-spiked, corollas scarcely longer than the calyx.

17. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, stalk thread-tenella, shaped, creeping, spikes ascending. Jamaica. O.

18. Salv. with leaves oblong crenated, helmet ovisividus, the corollas femicircular, calyxes fruit-bearing, turned back. Italy. O.

19. Salv. with leaves blunt, crenated, the highest herminum, bracteas barren and coloured, and larger. Greece. O.

20. Salv. with leaves oblong, heart-shaped, wrin-virgata, kled, crenated, hairs of the stem and calyx glandular at the apex. Armenia. 2.

21. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, wrinkled, twice ferra-sylvagliris, ted; bracteas coloured, shorter than the flower, awl-pointed, hairs of the stem and calyx simple. Europe. 2.

22. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, fer-nemorosa, rated and plane, bracteas coloured, the lowest lip of the corolla turned back. Austria and Tartary. 2.

23. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped and dented, in-syriaca. ferior leaves repand, bracteas heart-shaped, short, acute, calyxes downy. The Levant.

24. Salv. with leaves oblong, obtuse, erose crenated, vilcid, flowers in verticils, bracteas heart-shaped, acute. Italy.

25. Salv. with leaves heart-ovate, wrinkled, downy, calyxes hispid, root knobby. Italy and Iftria.

26. Salv. with leaves ovate erose-dented, flowers nodding, the middle segment of the lower lip of the corolla hollow. Barbary.

27. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, lateral, a little lobed, the highest leaves sessile, the verticils almost naked and very remote. India.

28. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, blunt, crenated, and somewhat downy, the corolla narrower than the calyx. East Indies.

29. Salv. scabrous, with leaves lyrate, dented and wrinkled, stem panicle-branched. C. of G. Hope.

30. Salv. scabrous, leaves runcina-pinnatifid and dented, flowers spiked and verticillated. C. of G. Hope.

31. Salv. with leaves serrated, pinnatifid, and very much wrinkled, spike blunt, the corollas narrower than the calyx. Italy and Africa.

32. Salv. with leaves ovate, heart-shaped, erose-finituated, the root leaves on footstalks, stem almost leafless, the flaments double the corolla in length. Austria, Hungary, and Moldavia.

33. Salv. leaves blunt and erose, flaments twice the corolla in length. Pyrenees.

34. Salv. leaves heart-oblong erose, the flaments equalling the corolla. Syria.

35. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, oblong-lanceolate, erose-crenated, wrinkled, a little hairy, the flaments shorter than the corolla. Cape of Good Hope.

36. Salv. leaves oblong, nearly heart-shaped, the fides unequal, wrinkled, crenated. Africa.

37. Salv. leaves sinuate, angled, crenate-dented, the dents of the calyx spinous, the angles and edge of the throat ciliated. Egypt.

38. Salv. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, ferrated. Mexico.

39. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, acute, ferrated, woolly beneath, verticils naked, calyxes trifid, corollas pubescent. New Granada.

40. Salv. with leaves heart-shaped, acute, crenated, wrinkled, downy beneath, verticils naked, calyxes trifid, helmet of the corollas villous. Mexico.

41. Salv. leaves somewhat heart-shaped, the helmet of the corollas bearded, the calyxes three-lobed, stem becoming thrubby. Peru.

42. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, crenated, somewhat hairy, calyxes trifid, corollas very long and tubular, flaments protruded. Lima.

43. Salv. leaves ovate, acute, ferrated, pubescent, calyxes trifid, corollas very long, tubular, pubescent, flaments of the length of the corolla. Mexico.

44. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, acute, downy, and ferrated; the corollas double the length of the calyx, but narrower. Florida.

45. Salv. leaves ovate, acute, ferrated, unequal at the base, stem hairy, corollas double the length of the calyx. South America.

46. Salv. leaves ovate, leaf-stalks dagger-pointed, spikes four-cornered, imbricated, calyxes trifid. Italy.

47. Salv. lower leaves lyrate, highest heart-shaped, ped, flowers verticillated, the calyxes dagger-pointed and ciliated. Africa.

48. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, crenate-dented, verticillate, almost naked, style of the corolla leaning upon the lower lip. Germany and Switzerland.

49. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, crenate-dented, the napifolia, lower ones halfate and lyrate, verticils almost naked, upper lip shorter. Italy and France.

50. Salv. leaves heart-fagittate, ferrated, and acute. glutinosa. Europe.

51. Salv. leaves unequally dented, awl-pointed, barrelieri, heart-shaped, angle-haitate at the base, verticils almost naked. Spain.

52. Salv. leaves halfate-triangular, oblong, crena-canariensis, blunt. Canaries.

53. Salv. villous, with leaves ovate, dented, ear-aurea, shaped, flowers verticil-spiked. Cape of Good Hope.

54. Salv. leaves roundish, ferrated, truncated at the africana, base and dented. Cape of Good Hope.

55. Salv. leaves roundish and very entire, truncataurea, at the base and dented. Cape of Good Hope.

56. Salv. leaves elliptical, almost quite entire, colorata, downy, the limb of the calyx membranaceous and coloured. Cape of Good Hope.

57. Salv. leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, slightly paniculata, dented, and naked, stem thrubby. Africa.

58. Salv. leaves obovate and dented, calyxes bell-acetabulum-shaped, forming an acute angle, hairy, stem thrubby. Levant.

59. Salv. leaves oblong and repand, calyxes thorny, spinea, bracteas heart-shaped, dagger-pointed, hollow. Egypt.

60. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, erose-dented, calyxes tingitana, thorny, bracteas very entire, heart-shaped, dagger-pointed, hollow, ciliated. Africa.

61. Salv. leaves wrinkled, heart-shaped, oblong, clarea, villous, ferrated; floral bracteas longer than the calyx, hollow, awl-pointed. Syria and Italy.

62. Salv. leaves ovate-lanceolate, ferrated, flowers involucra, spiked, terminating, the largest bracteas coloured. ta. Mexico.

63. Salv. leaves wrinkled, pinnatifid, woolly, the ceratohighest verticils barren. Persia.

64. Salv. leaves oblong, gnawed, woolly, verticils ethiops, woolly, bracteas arched downwards, a little thorny.

V. 2. with laciniated leaves. Greece, Africa, and France.

The lower lip coheres on the fore part, and forms a fack.

65. Salv. leaves lanceolate, almost entire, stem phlomoiwoolly-villosus. Spain.

66. Salv. leaves oblong, dent-angled, woolly, high-argentea, verticils barren, bracteas hollow. Crete.

This species connects the clareae and ethiops.

67. Salv. leaves pinnated and very entire, the ter-vulneraminating leaflet greatest. Levant.

68. Salv. leaves pinnated, pinnae gnawed. Crete pinnata, and the Levant.

69. Salv. Diandria.

incarnata. 69. Salv. leaves pinnated and serrated, stalks procumbent and hirsute. Levant. 2. Olf. The stem is quadrangular; the inferior leaves are pinnated, the superior ternate.

rosefolia. 70. Salv. leaves pinnated, hoary, leaflets serrated, calyxes ringent. Armenia. 2.

japonica. 71. Salv. leaves twice pinnated and smooth. Japan. 2.

ceratophylloides. 72. Salv. leaves pinnatifid, wrinkled, villous; stem panicle, much branched. Sicily and Egypt. 2.

forkaellii. 73. Salv. leaves lyre-shaped, stem almost leafless, the helmet of the corolla half bifid. The East. 2.

nutans. 74. Salv. leaves heart-shaped, indistinctly 5-lobed, glaucous, stem roundish, racemes nodding. Russia. 2.

baetica. 75. Salv. leaves halft-lanceolate, crenated, stalk almost naked, racemes drooping. Supposed a native of Russia.

betonica. 76. Salv. leaves lanceolate crenated, stem almost naked, racemes drooping. Russia? 2.

64. Collinsonia.

Cor. unequal, the lower lip multifid, hair-like. Seed one, perfect.

canadensis. 1. Col. leaves ovate, and stems smooth. North America.

scabrioflora. 2. Col. leaves ovate, and somewhat heart-shaped, and a little hairy; stem a little hairy and scabrous. Florida. 2.

65. Morina.

Cor. unequal. Cal. of the fruit 1-leaved, dented. Calyx of the flower bifid. Seed one crowned with the calyx of the flower.

persica. 1. Morina. Persia. 2.

66. Sciruris.

Cor. unequal, upper lip trifid, inferior bifid and shorter. Stamens are five, but three of them are without anthers. Capl. five, united into one body, with one cell and one seed.

aromatica. 1. Sciruris. Guiana. 2.

67. Globba.

Cor. equal, trifid. Cal. superior, trifid. Capl. 3-celled. Seeds many.

marantina. 1. Glob. East Indies. 2. The stalk is simple, herbaceous. The leaves alternate on footstalks, which are membranaceous sheathing, the sheaths truncated at the apex.

nutans. 2. Glob. spike terminating and pendulous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate. East Indies.

japonica. 3. Glob. raceme terminating and drooping, leaves sword-shaped entire. Japan.

uviformis. 4. Glob. with a lateral spike. East Indies. 2.

68. Lithophila.

Cal. three segments. Cor. 3-petaled. Nectary two segments. Seed-vessel, 2-celled.

nucifera. 1. Lith. Navaza.

69. Linociera.

Cal. four-dented. Cor. four-petaled. Anth. connecting the two opposite petals to the base. Berry 2-celled, cells 2-seeded.