or Plectronitæ, in *Natural History*, a name by which the fossil teeth of fishes are sometimes distinguished.

**Coniferæ**, in *Botany*, an order of plants in the *Fragmenta methodi naturalis* of Linnaeus, containing the following genera, viz. cupressus, ephedra, equidium, juniperus, pinus, taxus, thuja. See *Botany Index*.

**Coniferous trees**, such as bear hard dry feed-vessels of a conical figure; consisting of several woody parts, being mostly scaly, adhering closely together, and separating when ripe.

**Conimbrica**, in *Ancient Geography*, a town of Lusitania, on the south side of the river Monde; from the ruins of which arose Coimbra, in its neighbourhood, a city of Portugal. W. Long. 9° 5'. N. Lat. 40° 16'.

**Coningseck**, a town of Swabia in Germany, and capital of a county of the same name, 20 miles north of Constance. E. Long. 9° 20'. N. Lat. 47° 50'.

**Conjoint**, in a general sense, signifies united or connected.

**Conjoint Degrees**, in *Music*, two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re.

**Conjoint Tetrachords**, two tetrachords, or fourths, where the same chord is the highest of one and the lowest of the other.

**Conissalæ**, an old term in natural history, signifying a clas of fossils, which were said to be naturally and essentially compounded, not inflammable, nor soluble in water, found in detached masses, and formed of crystalline matter debased by earth. It included sand and gritty substances.

**Conjugate Diameter**, or *Axis of an Ellipse*, the shortest of the two diameters, or that bisecting the axis.

**Conjugation**, in *Grammar*, a regular distribution of the several inflections of verbs in their different voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons, so as to distinguish them from one another. See *Grammar and Language*.

**Conium hemlock**. See *Botany Index*.

**Conjunct**, in a general sense, signifies joined, concurrent, or united.

**Conjunct Rights**, in *Scots Law*, such as are granted to two or more persons. See *Law Index*.

**Conjunct, or Confidant Persons**, in *Scots Law*, such as are about the person of another, or employed by him. See *Law Index*.

**Conjunction**, in *Astronomy*, the meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac.

**Conjunction**, in *Grammar*, an indeclinable word or particle, which serves to join words and sentences together, and thereby shows their relation or dependence upon one another. See *Grammar*.

**Conjuration**, magic words, characters, or ceremonies, whereby evil spirits, tempests, &c., are supposed to be raised, or driven away. The Romish priests pretend to expel devils, by preparing holy water in a particular manner, and sprinkling it over the possessed, with a number of conjurations and exorcisms.

Some authors make the difference between conjuration and witchcraft to consist in this; that the former effects its end by prayers and invocation of God's name, &c. to compel the devil to do what is desired; so that the conjurer is supposed to be at war with the devil, and that evil spirit to act merely out of constraint; whereas the latter attains its end by an immediate application to the devil himself: and the devil's complaisance is supposed to be the consequence of some compact between them, so that the devil and the witch have a good understanding together. Both these, again, differ from enchantment and sorcery; in that these latter operate secretly and slowly by spells, charms, &c. without ever calling on the devil, or having any conference with him.

**Conn.** See *Connecticut*.

**Connacht**, one of the four provinces of Ireland, bounded on the east by that of Leinster, on the west by the ocean, on the north and north-west by part of the ocean and province of Ulster, and on the south and east by Munster. It is about 130 miles in length, and 84 in breadth. It has no rivers of any great note besides the Shannon. It has several convenient bays and creeks, and is fertile in many places. It had several dangerous bogs, overrun with woods, which are now in some measure cleared away. This province produces abundance of cattle, sheep, deer, hawks, and honey; but the inhabitants being lazy, it is the least cultivated of all the four provinces. It contains 1 archbishopric, 5 bishoprics, 6 counties, 7 market-towns, 8 places of trade, 10 boroughs that send members to parliament, 47,256 houses, 24 old castles, besides fortresses that have been erected of late, and 330 parishes. The principal town is Galway.

**Connarus, Ceylon sumach**. See *Botany Index*.

**Connecticut**, a large river in New England, which gives name to one of the five colonies of that province (see the next article). It rises in a swamp on the height of land, in N. Lat. 45° 10'. W. Long. 71°. After a sleepy course of eight or ten miles, it tumbles over four separate falls, and turning west keeps close under the hills which form the northern boundary of the vale through which it runs. The Ammonoosuck and Iseel rivers, two principal branches of Connecticut river, fall into it from the east, between the latitudes 44° and 45°. Between the towns of Walpole on the east, and Westminister on the west side of the river, are the great falls. The whole river, comprehended between two rocks scarcely 30 feet asunder, flows with amazing rapidity into a broad basin below. Over these falls, a bridge 160 feet in length was built in 1784, under which the highest floods may pass without detriment. This is the first bridge that was ever erected over this noble river. Above Deerfield in Massachusetts it receives Deerfield river from the west, and Miller's river from the east, after which it turns westerly in a sinuous course to Fighting-falls, and a little after tumbles over Deerfield falls, which are impassable by boats. At Windsor in Connecticut it receives Farmington river from the west, and at Hartford meets the tide. From Hartford it passes on in a crooked course, until it falls into Long Island sound between Saybrook and Lyme.

The length of this river, in a straight line, is nearly 300 miles. Its general course is several degrees west of south. It is from 80 to 100 rods wide, 130 miles from... Connecticut from its mouth. At its mouth is a bar of sand which considerably obstructs the navigation. Ten feet water at full tides is found on this bar, and the same depth to Middleton. The distance of the bar from this place, as the river runs, is 36 miles. Above Middleton are several shoals which stretch quite across the river. Only six feet water is found on the shoal at high tide, and here the tide ebbs and flows but about eight inches. About three miles below Middleton the river is contracted to about 40 rods in breadth by two high mountains. Almost everywhere else the banks are low, and spread into fine extensive meadows. In the spring floods, which generally happen in May, these meadows are covered with water. At Hartford the water sometimes rises 20 feet above the common surface of the river, and having all to pass through the above-mentioned strait, it is sometimes two or three weeks before it returns to its usual bed. These floods add nothing to the depth of water on the bar at the mouth of the river; this bar lying too far off in the sound to be affected by them.

On this beautiful river, whose banks are settled almost to its source, are many pleasant, neat, well-built towns. On its western bank, from its mouth northward, are the towns of Saybrook, Haddam, Middleton, Weathersfield, Hartford, Windsor, and Suffield, in Connecticut; West Springfield, Northampton, Hatfield, and Deerfield, in Massachusetts; Guilford, Brattleborough, in which is Fort Dummer, Westminster, Windsor, Hartford, Fairlee, Newbury, Brunswick, and many others in Vermont. Crossing the river into New Hampshire, and travelling on the eastern bank, you pass through Woodbury nearly opposite to Brunswick, Northumberland, the Coos country, Lyman, Orford, Lyme, Hanover, in which is Dartmouth College, Lebanon, Cornish, Chesterfield, and many others in New Hampshire; Sunderland, Hadley, Springfield, Long Meadow, in Massachusetts; and in Connecticut, Enfield, East Windsor, East Hartford, Glastenbury, East Haddam, and Lyme.

This river is navigable to Hartford, upwards of 50 miles from its mouth, and the produce of the country for 200 miles above is brought thither in boats. The boats which are used in this business are flat-bottomed, long and narrow, for the convenience of going up stream, and of so light a make as to be portable in carts. They are taken out of the river at three different carrying-places, all of which make 15 miles.

Sturgeon, salmon, and shad, are caught in plenty in their season, from the mouth of the river upwards, excepting sturgeon, which do not ascend the upper falls; besides a variety of small fish, such as pike, carp, perch, &c.

From this river are employed three brigs of 180 tons each, in the European trade; and about 60 sail from 60 to 150 tons, in the West India trade; besides a few fishermen, and 40 or 50 coasting vessels.