Modern Differences.

This bearing, though so very singular for a coat of arms, was given as a reward to one of the ancestors of the late Robert Dalziel, earl of Carnwath, to perpetuate the memory of a brave and hazardous exploit performed, in taking down from a gallows the body of a favourite and near relation of King Kenneth II., hung up by the Piets; which story is thus related by Alexander Nilbet: "The king being exceedingly grieved that the body of his minion and kinsman should be so disgracefully treated, he proffered a great reward to any of his subjects who would adventure to rescue his corpse from the disgrace his cruel enemies had unjustly put upon it: but when none would undertake this hazardous enterprise, at last a valorous gentleman came and said to the king, Dalziel, which signifies; 'I dare;' and he did actually perform that noble exploit to the king's satisfaction and his own immortal honour, and in memory of it got the aforesaid remarkable bearing; and afterwards his posterity took the word Dalziel for their surname, and the interpretation of it, I dare, continues even to this day to be the motto of that noble family." We can have no better proof of the truth of this tradition than this, that the heads of this ancient family have for many ages carefully retained this bearing without any alteration or addition.

Art. 2. Of Modern Differences.

The modern differences which the English have adopted not only for the distinguishing of sons issued out of one family, but also to denote the difference and subordinate degrees in each house from the original ancestors, are nine, viz:

For the heir or first son, the Label; 2d son, the Crescent; 3d son, the Mullet; 4th son, the Martlet; 5th son, the Annulet; 6th son, the Flower-de-luce; 7th son, the Rose; 8th son, the Cross moline; 9th son, the Double Quater-foil.

By these differences, the six sons of Thomas Beauchamp, the 13th earl of Warwick, who died in the 34th year of King Edward III., are distinguished in an old window of the church of St Mary at Warwick; so that although they are called modern differences, their usage with the English is ancient.

It must be observed, that, of all the aforementioned marks of distinction, none but the label is affixed on the coats of arms belonging to any of the royal family; which the introducers of this peculiarity have, however, thought proper to distinguish by additional pendants and distinct charges on them.

As to the distinction to be made in the arms of the offspring belonging to each of the above-mentioned brothers, it is expressed by figures on the top and margin of the table contained in fig. 4. For instance, The heir or first son of the second house, beneath a crescent charged with a label during his father's life only. The second son of the second house, a crescent charged with another crescent. The third son of the second house, a crescent charged with a mullet. The fourth son of the second house, a crescent charged with a martlet. The fifth son of the second house, a crescent charged with an annulet. The sixth son of the second house, a crescent charged with a flower-de-luce; and so on of the other sons, taking care to have them of a different tincture.

In what part of the escutcheon these differences should be borne is not certain; for Guillim, Morgan, and others, give us many different examples of their position. The honour-point would be the properest place, if the arms would admit of it; but that is not always the case, as that part may be charged with some figure in the paternal coat, which cannot with propriety receive the difference. There are instances where these are borne as perfect coats of arms, as the examples subjoined to the Table of Houses sufficiently show; which are to be blazoned thus:

The first is "Azure, a Label Argent."—When such a label is borne as a difference, the pendants, according to G. Leigh, signify that he is but the third person; the dexter pendant referring to his father, the sinister to his mother, and the middle one to himself.

The second is "Argent, a Label of five points Azure;" borne by the name of Hentington. If a label has more or less than three pendants or points, they are to be expressed as in the foregoing example.

The third is "Azure, a Crescent Argent," borne by the name of Lucy.—The reason G. Leigh affirms for the second son's having a crescent for a difference is to show that he should increase the family by adding to its riches and reputation.

The fourth is "Argent, a Mullet Sable, on a Chief Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Or;" borne by the name of Rogers, in Gloucestershire.—A mullet or spur was appointed for the third son's difference, as the last mentioned author says, to show that he should follow chivalry.

The fifth is "Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Argent;" borne by the right hon. Henry Digby, Baron Digby of Gealhill, in King's county, Ireland.

These few examples, among many more that might be given, demonstrate the impropriety of adopting these modern differences, as they are called, for marks of cadency to distinguish the different branches of a family: for it is impossible to distinguish the uncle or granduncle, from the nephew, or grandnephew, if each of them are second, third, or fourth sons; and in the course of succession these differences would multiply to such a number, that it would be impossible to delineate them distinctly in most cases. But as they are given by most of the English writers on heraldry, though no foreign nation uses them, it was thought proper to insert them here.

Sitters, except of the blood-royal, have no other mark of difference in their coats of arms, but the form of the escutcheon (as observed before); therefore they are permitted to bear the arms of their father, even as the eldest son does after his father's decease. The reason of which is by Guillim said to be, that when they are married, they lose their surname, and receive that of their husbands.

Next to these diminutions, G. Leigh, J. Guillim, and after them Dr Harris in his Lexicon Technicum, set forth at large divers figures, which they pretend were formerly added to the coats of arms as were to be punished and branded for cowardice, fornication, slander, adultery, treason, or murder, for which they give them the name of abatements of honour; but as they produce but one instance of such whimsical bearings, we have not inserted them here. Besides, arms being marks of honour, they cannot admit of any note of infamy; nor would any body now-a-days bear them if they were to branded. It is true, a man may be degraded for divers crimes, particularly high treason; but in such cases the escutcheon is reverred, trod upon, and torn in pieces, to denote a total extinction and suppression of the honour and dignity of the person to whom it belonged.

**Chap. III. Of the Charges.**

Armorists call a charge whatsoever is contained in the field, whether it occupy the whole or only a part thereof. All charges are distinguished by the names of honourable ordinaries, sub-ordinaries, and common charges.

Honourable ordinaries, the principal charges in heraldry, are made of lines only, which, according to their disposition and form, receive different names.

Sub-ordinaries are ancient heraldic figures, frequently used in coats of arms, and which are distinguished by terms appropriated to each of them.

Common charges are composed of natural, artificial, and even chimerical things; such as planets, creatures, vegetables, instruments, &c.

**Sect. I. Of Honourable Ordinaries.**

The most judicious armorists admit only of nine honourable ordinaries, viz.

| The Chief | The Bar | |-----------|---------| | The Pale | The Chevron | | The Bend | The Crofs | | The Bend sinister | and | | The Fefs | The Saltier |

Of these, but fix have diminutives, which are called as follows: That of the chief is a fillet; the pale has a pallet and endorfe; the bend, a bendlet, cleft, and ribband; the bend sinister has the scarf, and bâton; the bar, the closet and barulet; the chevron, a chevronel and coupleclosete. All which will be treated of in their order.

**Art. I. Of the Chief.**

The chief is an ordinary determined by an horizontal line, which, if it is of any other form but straight, must be expressed. It is placed in the upper part of the escutcheon, and containeth in depth the third part of the field. Its diminutive is a fillet, the content of which is not to exceed one fourth of the chief, and standeth in the lowest part thereof. This ordinary is subject to be charged with variety of figures; and may be indented, wavy, nebule, &c. as in the examples, fig. 5.

N° 1. is "Or, a Chief indented Azure;" borne by the right hon. Edmund Butler, Viscount Mountgarret, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This great and illustrious family of the Butlers, so renowned for the many valiant and loyal persons it has produced, is descended from the ancient counts of Brion in Normandy; but since King Henry II. conferred the office of chief butler of Ireland upon one of the family, he and his successors have assumed the name of Butler.

2. "Azure, a Chief engrailed Or."

3. "Argent, a Chief invected Vert."

4. "Vert, a Chief undy Or."

5. "Azure, a Chief nebule Argent."

6. "Or, a Chief checky Azure and Argent."

7. "Ermine, a Chief quarterly Or and Gules;" borne by the name of Peckham.

8. "Argent, a Chief Sable, in the lower part thereof a fillet of the Field."

6. "Azure, fretty Argent, a Chief Or;" borne by the right hon. Hayes St Leger, Viscount Doneraile, &c. of the county of Cork in Ireland. This ancient and noble family is of French extraction; and is descended from Sir Robert Sent Legere, Knight, who, in 1066, accompanied William duke of Normandy in his expedition into England; and the family have a tradition, that he, with his own hand, supported the said duke when he quitted the ship to land in Sussex.

10. "Argent, on a Chief engrailed Azure, a Tortoise passant Or;" borne by the name of Bidgood.

11. "Argent, on a Chief Gules, two Spur revels Or;" borne by the right hon. John St John, Lord St John of Bletthoe, &c. Of this ancient family, which derive their surname from a place called St John in Normandy, was John de St John, Esq., who having a principal employment in the army of the Norman duke, attended him in his expedition into England.

12. "Argent, on a Chief Vert, two Spears Heads erect of the Field, the points imbrued Gules;" borne by the right hon. George Brodrick, Viscount Middleton, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This family is lineally descended from George de Brodrick, who came into England in the reign of William II.

13. "Or, on a Chief Sable, three Escallops of the field," for the name of Graham; and borne quartered in the arms of his Grace William Graham, duke, marquis, and earl of Montrose, &c. with Argent three Roses Gules. According to the Scots writers this great and noble family is descended from the renowned Greme or Grane, who in the year 404 was general of King Fergus II.'s army, and in 420 forced his way through the wall built by the Romans between the rivers Forth and Clyde to keep out the Scots from molesting them in their possessions, and the said breach has ever since been called Grame's Dike.

14. "Argent, on a Chief indented Gules, three Croffes pattee of the Field;" borne by the right hon. John Percival earl of Egmont, &c. This very ancient and noble family is supposed, from circumstances little short of positive proof, to have sprung from a younger branch of the sovereign dukes of Bretagne in France, of the same name. They were transplanted into Normandy before the conquest, possessed of great estates and power, and invested with the office of chief butler. Upon the Norman invasion, two of this family came over into England with the Conqueror, from one of which the descent of the present earl of Egmont is deduced by the clearest and most indisputable proofs of historians and records.

15. "Azure, on a Chief indented Or, three Spur-revels Gules;" borne by the right hon. Charles Moore, earl of Drogheda, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This noble family, which is of French extraction, came into England soon after the conquest, and made their first Chap. III.

Of the first residence in the manor of Moore-court, in the county of Kent.

16. "Ermine, on a Chief indented Azure, three ducal coronets Or;" borne by the name of Lyton.

17. "Azure, on a Chief Or, three Martlets Gules," for the name of Wray; and borne by Sir Cecil Wray, Bart. of Lincolnshire.

18. "Ermine, on a Chief Gules; five Lozenges of the first;" borne by the name of Dixin.

19. "Argent, fretty Gules, on a Chief of the second, three Leopards Faces Or;" borne by the right hon. Henry Liddel, Lord Ravensworth. This noble lord is descended from the ancient lords of Liddle-cattle, in the county of Durham, where they have been proprietors of great coal-mines time out of mind.

20. "Ermine, a Chief party per pale Azure and Or; on the dexter the Sun in his splendour, on the sinister a Crois pattee Gules." The arms of the bishopric of Raphoe, in the kingdom of Ireland.

ART. 2. Of the Pale.

The Pale is an ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular lines drawn from the top to the base of the escutcheon, and contains the third middle part of the field. Its diminutives are, the pallet, which is the half of the pale; and the endorf, which is the fourth part of a pale. This ordinary and the pallet may receive any charge, but the endorf should not be charged. The endorf, besides, is never used, according to J. Leigh, but to accompany the pale in pairs, as cotices do the bend; but Sir John Ferne is of a different opinion. fig. 6.

Ex. 1. "Gules, a Pale Or;" by the name of Grandmain.

2. "Party per Pale Argent and Gules, a Pale counterchanged."

3. "Argent, a Pale between two Endorses Gules."

4. "Party per Pale, 1st, Paly of six Argent and Sable, 2d, Azure;" borne by the name of Trenchard.

5. "Paly of six Or and Azure."

6. "Argent, three Pallets undy Sable;" by the name of Downes.

7. "Party per Pale, Argent and Gules;" borne by the right honourable John Waldegrave, Earl Waldegrave, &c. This noble earl is descended from John de Waldegrave, who was sheriff of London in the year 1255, in the seventh year of King John.

8. "Party per Pale indented, Or and Gules;" borne by the right honourable Thomas Bermingham, baron of Athenry, in the kingdom of Ireland. Of this ancient and noble family, which are of English extraction, and took their name from the town of Bermingham in the county of Warwick, was William de Bermingham, who was possessed of the town of that name in the reign of Henry II., which continued in that family till the reign of Henry VIII.

9. "Quarterly per Pale dove-tail, Gules and Or;" borne by the right honourable Thomas Bromley, Lord Montfort, &c. This noble lord is maternally descended from Sir Walter Bromleghe of Bromleghe, in the county of Stafford, who flourished in the reign of King John. Sir Thomas Bromley, another of his lordship's ancestors, was constituted lord high chancellor of England, 21 Elizabeth; in which post he died, 29 Elizabeth.

10. "Argent, a Pale flory counterflory Sable."

11. "Argent, a Pale lozengy Sable;" borne by the name of Savage.

12. "Argent, a Pale indented Vert;" borne by the name of Dickson.

13. "Argent, on a Pale engrailed Sable, three Crescents Or;" borne by the name of Ashby.

14. "Ermine on a Pale engrailed azure, three Lion's Heads couped Or;" borne by the name of Avery.

15. "Vert, on a Pale radiant Or, a Lion rampant Sable;" borne by the right honourable James O'Hara, Lord Tyrawley, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is descended from Milesius king of Spain, by his eldest son Hiberius, who, with his brother Heremon, established a colony in Ireland. Sir Charles O'Hara, father to the present lord, was created baron of Tyrawley by Queen Anne, Jan. 10, 1706, being at that time a lieutenant-general, and colonel of the royal regiment of fusiliers; and the next year was made general in Spain, when this son, Lord James, was wounded at the battle of Almanza.

16. "Azure, a Pallet Argent."

17. "Vert, an Endorse Or."

18. "Argent, on two Pallets Sable, six Croissants fitchy Or;" borne by the name of Betuner, of the county of Salop.

19. "Argent, two Endorses Gules, in Chief three Mullets Sable;" borne by the name of Vautort.

20. "Azure, on a Pale walled with three pieces on each side Or, an Endorse Sable;" borne by the name of Sublet de Noyers, a family of distinction in France.

ART. 3. Of the Bend and Bend-sinister.

The bend is an ordinary formed by two diagonal lines, drawn from the dexter-chief to the sinister-base; and contains the fifth part of the field in breadth, if uncharged; but if charged, then the third. Its diminutives are, the bendlet, which is the half of a bend; the colt or cotice, when two of them accompany a bend, which is the fourth part of a bend; and the ribband, the moiety of a colt, or the eighth part of the field.

There is also the bend-fnitter, which is of the same breadth as the bend, but drawn the contrary way: this is subdivided into a ferape, which is the half of the bend, and into a baton, which is the fourth part of the bend, but does not extend itself to the extremities of the field, there being part of it seen at both ends. See the examples, fig. 7.

Ex. 1. "Argent, a Bend wavy Sable;" borne by the right honourable John Wallop, earl of Portsmouth, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Wallops of Hampshire, a Saxon family, who were possessed of lands to a considerable value in the county at the time of the conquest.

2. "Cheeky Or, and Azure, a Bend Ermine;" borne by the right honourable John Ward, Viscount Dudley and Ward, &c. The ancestors of this noble lord were anciently of the county of Norfolk, of which was Simon Ward, who had large possessions in the reign of Edward I. and was in France and Scotland in the reigns of King Edward II. and III.

3. "Azure, a Bend engrailed Argent, between two Cotices Or;" borne by the right honourable Matthew Fortescue, Lord Fortescue, as also by the right. right honourable Hugh Fortescue-Aland, Baron Fortescue, in the kingdom of Ireland, this last nobleman bearing a crescent in his arms for difference. The family of Fortescue is descended from Sir Richard le Forte, a person of extraordinary strength and courage, who accompanied William duke of Normandy in his invasion of England; and bearing a strong shield before the duke, at the battle of Hastings, had three horses killed under him, and from that signal event the name and motto of the family were assumed; for the Latin word *fortum*, or the old French word *efcuc* "a shield," being added to *forte* "strong," compose their name; and the motto is, *Forte fortum fatus ducum*.

4. "Sable, a Bend Argent between two Cotices indented Or;" borne by the name of French.

5. "Paly of six Or and Sable, a Bend counterchanged;" borne by the right honourable Frederick Calvert, Baron Baltimore. The original of this family is from an ancient and noble house of that surname in the earldom of Flanders, whereof Sir George Calvert, knight, among other honourable employments, was secretary of state to King James I., by whom he was created a baron, Feb. 20, 1624, and from whom he had a grant to him, and his heirs, of the province of Maryland and Avalon in America.

6. "Party per Bend crenelle Argent and Gules;" borne by the right honourable Edmund Boyle, earl of Cork and Orrery, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is said to be descended from Sir Philip Boyle, a knight of Arragon, who, in the reign of King Henry VI., tilted at a tournament with Sir Joseph Ashley, knight of the Garter.

7. "Argent, three Bendlets enhanced Gules;" as the English expresses it, but the phrase enhanced is used by no other nation. The proper blazon of this arms is, Parted per bend, first bendy of six gules, and argent; second of the last. Borne by the right honourable William Byron, Lord Byron. From Doomsday-book it appears, that this family was possessed of numerous manors and lands in the reign of the Conqueror; and that Sir John Byron, one of his lordship's ancestors, attended King Edward III. in his wars in France.

8. "Ermine, a Bend voided Gules;" borne by the name of Ireton.

9. "Argent three Bendlets wavy Azure;" borne by the name of Wilbraham.

10. "Bendy of six pieces Argent and Azure." Observe, that when the shield is filled with an equal number of bendlets of metal and colour, it is called bendy; but if the number of them is unequal, they are to be blazoned by the name bendlets, and their number specified.

11. "Party per Bend Azure and Argent, two Bendlets engrailed counterchanged;" borne by the name of French.

12. "Quarterly, Or and Gules, a Bend over-all Vair;" borne by his grace Lionel Cranfield Sackville, duke of Dorset and earl of Middlesex, &c. The ancestors of this family were lords of the town and seigniory of Sackville in Normandy, and came over with the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066.

13. "Gules on a Bend Argent, three Trefoils slipped proper;" borne by the right honourable George William Hervey, earl of Bristol, &c. This noble lord derives his pedigree from Robert Fitz-Hervey, a younger son of Hervey duke of Orleans, who came over from France with William the Conqueror.

14. "Argent, on a bend Gules cotised Sable; three pairs of Wings conjoined of the first;" borne by the right honourable Richard Wingfield, Viscount Powerscourt, in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is denominated from the manor of Wingfield in Suffolk, where they had a seat before the Norman conquest, called Wingfield-castle.

15. "Gules, on a Bend contre Ermine cotised Or, three Boars Heads couped Argent;" borne by the right honourable George Edgcumbe, Lord Edgcumbe, &c. The ancestors of this noble lord received their name from the manor of Edgcumbe in Devonshire. One of this lord's ancestors was Sir Richard Edgcumbe, who came over to England with the earl of Richmond, having a great share in the victory he obtained over King Richard III. at Bosworth, by which the earl made his way to the throne of England.

16. "Argent, a Bend-flinster Gules."

17. "Or, a Bendlet Gules."

18. "Argent, a Ribband Gules."—The name of this bearing corresponds well with its form, being both long and narrow, which is the shape of a ribband.

19. "Azure, a Scrape Or."—This bearing, as Guillim observes, is that kind of ornament called nowadays a Scarf, which is used by officers on duty, and usually worn after the same manner.

20. This contains three Batons. The first is compony ermine and azure; set over the royal arms, for his grace William Fitzroy duke of Cleveland. The second is compony argent and azure; set over the royal arms, for his grace Augustus Henry Fitzroy, duke of Grafton. The third is gules, charged with three roses argent, seeded and barbed proper; set over the royal arms, for his grace George Beauchlerk, duke of St Albans. The grandfathers of these noble dukes being natural sons of King Charles II., is what entitles them to the royal arms.

**Art. 4. Of the Fess and Bar.**

The Fess is an ordinary which is produced by two parallel lines, drawn horizontally across the centre of the field, and contains in breadth the third part thereof. Some English writers say it has no diminutive, for a bar is a distinct ordinary of itself.

The Bar, according to their definition, is formed of two lines, and contains but the fifth part of the field: which is not the only thing wherein it differs from the fess; for there may be more than one in an escutcheon, placed in different parts thereof, whereas the fess is limited to the centre-point; but in this the French differ from them. The bar has two diminutives; the barulet, which contains the half of the bar; and the clochet, which is the half of the barulet. When the shield contains a number of bars of metal and colour alternate, of even number, that is called barry of so many pieces, expressing their number. See the examples, fig. 8.

No. 1. is "Argent, a Fess indented Sable;" borne by the right honourable John Weft, Earl Delaware, &c. This noble family is descended from the Wefts, a great family in the west of England; but in the reign of Edward II., they appear to have been seised of manors. Of the Feis nors and lands in the county of Warwick. Sir Tho- mas de Well, knight; one of his lordship's ancestors, being at the battle of Cressy, and there taking John the French king prisoner, had granted him, for that remarkable action, an augmentation to his achieve- ment, viz. a Crampette Or, distinguished by the shape of a sword in the middle; the shape being given him by the said king, as an acknowledgment of his be- coming his prisoner: his cognizance was a rose parted per pale, argent, and gules; which two badges are still borne in the achievement of the present Lord De- laware.

2. "Argent, a Fess wreathed Azure and Gules;" borne by the right honourable John Carmichael, earl of Hyndford. Of this ancient family, which is said to assume their surname from the lands of Carmichael, in the county of Lanark, in Scotland, where they still have their chief seat, was Sir John Carmichael, who accompanied Archibald, earl of Douglas, to the assis- tance of Charles VI. of France, against the English; and signalizing his valour at the battle of Baughey in April 1421, and breaking his spear when the French and Scots got the victory, had thereupon added to his paternal coat, a dexter arm holding a broken spear, which is now the crest of the family.

3. "Party per Fess Or and Argent, a Fess nebule Gules;" borne by the name of Antebed.

4. "Party per Fess indented Or and Azure;" borne by the name of Saunders.

5. "Cheeky Or and Azure on a Fess Gules, a Crescent Argent for difference;" borne by the right honourable Hugh Clifford, Lord Clifford, of Chudley. This noble lord is descended from Walter de Clifford, of Clifford castle, in the county of Hereford, who came over into England with the Conqueror; of which fa- mily was fair Rosamund, mistress to King Henry II.

6. "Argent, on a Fess Azure, three Lozenges Or;" borne by the right honourable Basil Fielding, earl of Denbigh and Desmond, &c. This noble earl is descended from the earls of Hapburg, in Germany. Geoffroy earl of Hapburg, being opprested by Ro- dolph emperor of Germany, came over into England, and one his sons served King Henry III. in his wars, whose ancestors laying claim to the territories of Lauf- fenburg and Rhin-Fielding, in Germany, he took the name of Fielding.

7. "Or, on a Fess Gules, three Fleurs-de-lis of the first;" borne by the name of Lennard. This is in the first and fourth quarters of the right honourable Thomas Barret Lennard Lord Dacre's arms.

8. "Ermine, on a Fess Gules, a Lion passant Or;" borne by the right honourable John Proby, Baron Carys- fort, &c., in the kingdom of Ireland.

9. "Sable, a Fess Ermine, between three Cres- cents Or;" borne by the right honourable George William Coventry, earl of Coventry, &c. This noble earl is descended from John Coventry, a native of the city of Coventry, and afterwards mercer and lord mayor of London, in the reign of Henry V.: from whom de- scended Thomas Coventry, one of the justices of the court of common pleas, in the reign of Queen Eliza- beth; whose son Thomas was recorder of London, and afterwards lord keeper of the great seal in the reign of King Charles I.

10. "Sable, a Fess checky, Or and Azure, between three Befants;" borne by the right honourable Ridge. Of the Feis- way Pitt, earl and baron of Londonderry, &c. Of this noble family, which were anciently of Bandfort, in the county of Dorset, was Thomas Pitt, Esq., who, in the reign of Queen Anne, was made governor of Fort St George in the East Indies, where he resided many years, and purchased a diamond, which he sold to the king of France for 125,000l. sterling, weighing 136 carats, and commonly known at this day by the name of Pitt's diamond.

11. "Or, on a Fess Sable, between three Mulcovy Ducks proper, a Rose of the Field;" borne by the right honourable John Bateman, Viscount Bateman, &c. Of this noble family, which was anciently seated at Halefrook, near St Omer in Flanders, was Giles Bateman, Esq., whose son was a merchant of London, and was father to Sir James Bateman, knight, who, in 1712, was chosen member of parliament for Ilchester in the county of Somerset, and re-chosen in 1713.

12. "Sable, on a Fess Argent, between three Leop- ards passant guardant Or, three Escalops Gules;" borne by the right honourable Wills Hill, earl of Hill- borough, &c. Of this family, which, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, were of note in the county of Downe, was Sir Moses Hill, who, during O'Nellig's rebellion, was one of those gentlemen who associated under the earl of Essex to suppress it; and afterwards served un- der Arthur Lord Chichester, lord deputy, and by King James I. was appointed provost-marshal of the whole province of Ulster in Ireland.

13. "Gules, two Bars Or;" borne by the right honourable Simon Harcourt, earl of Harcourt, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Harcourts of Normandy, who took their name from a place called Harcourt, in that province, where the family usually resided. Gervaise, count de Harcourt, with his two sons Jeffrey and Arnold, came over with the Conqueror, when he invaded England in 1066.

14. "Ermine, two Bars Gules;" borne by the right honourable Thomas Nugent, earl of Westmeath, Baron Delvin.

15. "Argent, two Bars indented Sable;" borne by the right honourable Godart Ginkle, earl of Ath- lone. Godart, who was the first earl, was descended of a very ancient family in the united provinces of Hol- land, where he was baron de Reede and Ginkle, &c. In 1601, he was a lieutenant-general of King William's forces in Ireland; where, in June the same year, he took Ballymore for the English; and, in July following, the Irish town of Athlone, which last exploit is one of the greatest recorded in history.

16. "Argent, three Bars gemels Gules;" borne by the right honourable Richard Barry, earl of Barry- more, &c. This noble family, who have been renoun- ced for their loyalty and valour, are said to derive their surnames from the island of Barry, in the county of Glan- morgan, in Wales; and from their riches and estates have been called by the people Barrymore, or the Great Barry.

17. "Or, a Fess-couped Gules, between two Lions passant Sable;" borne by the right honourable Samuel Matham, Lord Matham, &c. This noble lord is de- scended from Sir John Matham, who flourished in the reign of King Henry VI. and was buried at Thorne- ham, in the county of Suffolk, in 1455. 18. "Argent, a Lion rampant guardant Gules, debruised by a Fefs Azure, between three Etoiles issuing out of as many Crescents of the second;" borne by the right honourable Robert Dillon, earl of Roifcomnon, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble family is derived from Logan, surnamed Dilane or Delton, which signifies brave and valiant, to whom the duke of Aquitaine gave his daughter in marriage, in whose right, after her father's death, he became prince and sovereign of Aquitaine, which continued in his posterity till Henry II. married Alixona, daughter and heir to William V. duke of Aquitaine, and about 1172 obtained that principality by superior force; and, to prevent any disturbance, brought Sir Henry Delion or Dillon, and his brother Thomas, then infants, to England, their father being slain.

19. "Or, two Bars Azure, a Chief quarterly of the second and Gules, the 1st and 4th charged each with two Fleurs-de-lis of France; the 2d and 3d with a Lion of England;" borne by his grace John Manners, duke of Rutland, marquis of Granby, &c. This chief was anciently Gules; and the charge thereon is an honorary augmentation, flowing his grace's descent from the blood-royal of King Edward IV.

20. "Barry of ten pieces Argent and Azure, over all five Ecuscheons; 3, 2, 1, Sable, each charged with a Lion rampant of the first, armed, and langued Gules, a Crescent for difference;" borne by the right honourable James Cecil, earl of Salisbury, &c. This noble earl is descended from the famous William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, statesman in the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth. This great man left two sons, Thomas and Robert, who were both made earls in one day, May 4, 1603. Robert, the younger son, ancestor of the present noble lord, was created earl of Salisbury in the morning; and Thomas, the eldest, earl of Exeter in the afternoon.

ART. 5. Of the Cheveron.

The Cheveron, which represents two rafters of a house well joined together, or a pair of compasses half open, takes up the fifth part of the field with the English, but the French give it the third. Its diminutives are, The cheveronel, which contains the half of a cheveron; and the couple clofe, which is the half of a cheveronel, that is, its breadth is but the fourth part of a cheveron. Leigh observes, that this last diminutive is never borne but in pairs, or with a cheveron between two of them. The French have but one diminution of this ordinary called Etaye, containing the third part of its breadth.

Examples of cheverons are given in fig. 9. viz.

1. "Argent, a Cheveron Gules between three Torreaux;" borne by the right honourable Benet Sherard, earl of Harborough, &c. This noble earl is lineally descended from Scherard, who was possessed of manors and lands to a great value in the counties of Cheshire and Lancashire in the reign of William the Conqueror. Geoffrey, another of this earl's ancestors, was three times sheriff of Rutlandshire, in the reigns of King Edward IV. and King Richard III.

2. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Etoiles Argent;" borne by the right hon. Marmaduke Langdale, Lord Langdale. This noble lord is descended from the Langdales of Yorkshire, who resided at the town of Langdale, from whence they took their name, in the reign of King John; but his ancestor, who makes the greatest figure in history, is Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who raised forces in the north of England in defence of King Charles I.; was victorious in numberless battles and sieges; and when his majesty, by the united forces of England and Scotland, was at length overpowered, he ascended King Charles II. in his exile, and returned to England with his majesty at the restoration.

3. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Leopards Heads Or;" borne by the right hon. William Wentworth, earl of Stafford, &c. All genealogists agree, that the name of Wentworth is of Saxon original, and taken from the manor of Wentworth in Yorkshire, where, in the reign of William the Conqueror, lived Reginald de Wentworde, as it is spelt in Doomsday-book.

4. "Argent, a Cheveron between three Griffons passant Sable, a Crescent for difference;" borne by the right hon. Heneage Finch, earl of Aylesford, &c. This family is descended from Herbert Fitz-Herbert, earl of Pembroke, and chamberlain to King Henry I. They took the name of Finch in the reign of King Edward I. One of the ancestors of this family was the right hon. Heneage Finch, earl of Nottingham, who was constituted lord high-chancellor of England in 1675; and lord high-treasurer on the trials of Philip earl of Pembroke, and William viscount Stafford, in 1680.

5. "Azure, a Cheveron Ermine, between three Escalops Argent;" borne by the right hon. George Townshend, Viscount Townshend, &c. This family is of Norman extraction, and came into England about the time of the conquest. Charles, lord viscount Townshend, grandfather of the present viscount, was appointed principal secretary of state in the reign of King George I. in 1720, and continued so to the end of his majesty's reign; when, upon resigning the seals, they were returned to him again by his late majesty King George II., who continued him in that honourable office to the year 1730.

6. "Azure, a Cheveron between three Mullets Or;" borne by the right honourable John Chetwind viscount Chetwind, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. Of this family, which hath been of great antiquity in the county of Salop, taking their surname from Chetwynd in that county, was Adam de Chetwynd, who married Agnes daughter of John Lord Lovel, baron of Dockinges, and lord of Minster Lovel in Oxfordshire; and by her had issue Sir John de Chetwynd, who, in the 37th of Henry III. had a charter of free-warren, through all his demesne in the counties of Salop, Stafford, and Warwick.

7. "Argent, a Cheveron Gules, between three square Buckles Sable;" borne by the right honourable Matthew Ducie-Morton, Lord Ducie, &c. This noble lord is descended from the Duccies in Normandy. After they came into England, King Edward I. conferred on them the lordship of Morton in Staffordshire, and several other lordships and manors, which the family enjoyed for many years. Sir Robert Ducie, one of his lordship's ancestors, was lord mayor of London in the reign of King Charles I. and though he lent his majesty £20,000, which was lost by the king's being driven... 8. "Argent, a Cheveron Checky Gules, and of the Field, between three Bugle-horns strung Sable, garnished of the second;" borne by the right honourable Lord Hugh Semple, Lord Semple. The principal family of this name was Semple of Eliottton in Renfrewshire, where they had large possessions and offices, as stewards and bailiffs under the family of Stewart, proprietors of that county before they came to the crown. The first Lord Semple was Sir Robert, who, being much in favour with King James IV., was by him created Lord Semple in 1489.

9. "Argent, a Cheveron engrailed between three Lions passant Sable;" borne by the right honourable and the reverend Philip Smith, Viscount Strangford. One of this lord's ancestors was John Smith, Esq.; who acquired a considerable estate whilst he was farmer of the customs in the reign of Henry VIII. He left two sons, John and Sir Thomas; which last was sent ambassador by King James I. to the emperors of Russia.

10. "Quarterly Argent and Azure, a Cheveron engrailed counter-changed;" borne by the name of Chamber.

11. "Party per Cheveron engrailed Gules and Argent, three Talbots Heads erased counter-changed;" borne by the right honourable Anthony Duncombe, Lord Everingham, &c. His lordship is descended from the Duncombes of Barley-end in Buckinghamshire. Sir Charles Duncombe, uncle to the present lord, was lord mayor of London in 1709; and this nobleman was created Lord Everingham and baron of Downton in Wiltshire, June 23, 1744.

12. "Paly of six, Argent and Gules, on a Cheveron Azure, three Crofs-crolets Or;" borne by the name of Carpenter, Baron Carpenter, of Killaghy in Ireland. This ancient and noble family are of great antiquity in the county of Hereford, and have been lords of the manor of the Home in the parish of Delwyn, near Weobley, for above 300 years. George, the first Lord Carpenter, was so created May 4, 1719.

13. "Azure, on a Cheveron Or, between three Beasts, a Bay Leaf Proper;" borne by the right honourable James Hope, earl of Hopetoun, &c. This noble family is descended from Henry Hope, a native of Holland, who, about two centuries ago, came over and settled in Scotland. Charles Hope, Esq., grandfather of the present earl, was created an earl by Queen Anne, April 15, 1703.

14. "Vert, on a Cheveron between three Unicorn Heads erased Argent, horned and maned Or, three Mullets Sable;" borne by the name of Ker, being the 1st and 4th quarters in the arms of his grace John Ker, duke of Roxburgh, &c. This ancient family is said to come from Normandy. John Ker, marquis of Beaumont and Cesford, the first duke of Roxburgh, was so created April 27, 1707.

15. "Azure, on a Cheveron Or, between three Bears Heads couped Argent, muzzled Gules, a Roebuck's Head erased, between two Hands holding Daggers all proper;" borne by the right honourable Donald Mackay, Lord Reay. This family is said to derive their descent from Alexander, a younger son of Ochonacker, who, about the end of the twelfth century, came from Ireland; and the fourth in descent from him was Donald of Strathnavern, whose son was named Y More; and from him began the surname of Mac T, Mackie, or Mackay. Donald, the first lord of this family, was created baronet in 1625, and on June 20, 1628, was created Baron Reay of the county of Caitlnes, by Charles I.

16. "Ermine, on a Cheveron Azure, three Foxes Heads erased Or, and in a Canton of the second a Fleur-de-lis of the third;" borne by the right honourable Stephen, earl of Ilchester, &c. Of the family of Fox there have been many persons of note living in the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, and Hants, particularly Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. His lordship was created Lord Ilchester and Baron Strangeways, May 11, 1741, 1 Geo. II. and earl of Ilchester in June 1756.

17. "Or, two Cheveronels Gules;" borne by the right honourable John Monson, Lord Monson. This noble lord is descended from John Monson, who flourished in the reign of King Edward III., from whom descended another John, who attended King Henry V. in his wars in France. Sir John Monson, Bart., father of the present lord, was created Lord Monson, May 28, 1728.

18. "Or, on a Fefs, between two Cheveronels Sable, three Crofs-crolets of the first;" borne by the right honourable George Walpole, earl of Orford, &c. This family took their name from Walpole in Norfolk, where they resided before the conquest. Sir Robert Walpole was, in King George II.'s reign, elected knight of the garter in 1726, and created earl of Orford, February 9, 1741-2.

19. "Azure, three Cheveronels interlaced Or, and a Chief of the last;" borne by the name of Fitz-Hugh.

20. "Argent, three Cheveronels Gules, in Chief a Label Azure;" borne by the right honourable William Wildman Barrington, Viscount Barrington, &c. This family is of Norman extraction; in which duchy, whilst it continued annexed to the English crown, there were to be seen the remains of a castle, bearing the name of Slute, or Slute, and formerly in the family, with other monuments in several towns of that duchy. John Slute, the late Viscount Barrington, was in 1708 made a commissioner of the customs, and succeeded to the estates of Francis Barrington, Esq.; and of John Wildman of the county of Berks, who made him their heir; and in pursuance of the will of the former, he took the name and arms of Barrington. On June 11, 1720, he was created Viscount Barrington.

ART. 6. Of the Cross.

The Cross is an ordinary formed by the meeting of two perpendicular with two horizontal lines in the fess-point, where they make four right angles; the lines are not drawn throughout, but discontinued the breadth of the ordinary, which takes up only the fifth part of the field when not charged; but if charged, then the third. It is borne as well engrailed, indented, &c., as plain.

There is so great a variety of crosses used in heraldry, that it would be a very difficult task to treat of them all. Guillim has mentioned 39 different sorts; De la Columbiere, 72; Leigh, 46; and Upton declares he dares not ascertain all the various crofes borne in arms, for that they are almost innumerable; therefore, as all their forms cannot be expected here, we will only take notice of such as are most commonly seen at present in coats-of-arms. See Fig. 18.

1. "Quarterly, Ermine and Azure, a Crofs Or;" borne by his grace Thomas Osborne duke of Leeds, &c. This noble duke is descended from the honourable family of the Olbornes of Ashford, in the county of Kent; Sir Thomas Osborne, the grandfather to the present duke, was advanced to the peerage by King Charles II.

2. "Gules, a Crofs engrailed Argent, a Lozenge in the dexter-chief of the second;" borne by the right honourable Edward Leigh, Lord Leigh. This family took their surname from the town of High Leigh in Cheshire, where they resided before the Norman conquest. Sir Thomas Leigh, the first lord of this family, was created Baron Leigh of Stonely, by King Charles I. on July 1, 1643.

3. "Gules, a Crofs Argent fretty Azure;" borne by the right honourable Nicholas Taaffe, Viscount Taaffe, of Corran, &c. in Ireland. Of this noble and ancient family was Richard Taaffe, who lived in 1282; as in 1366 did John Taaffe, who was archbishop of Armagh; and, in 1479, the order of the Garter being established in Ireland, Sir Nicholas Taaffe was one of the first members; and John, his son and heir, was created a baron and viscount by Charles I. August 1, 1628.

4. "Sable, a Crofs raguly Or;" borne by the name of Stoway.

5. "Argent, on a Crofs Sable, a Leopard's face Or;" borne by his grace Henry Brydges duke of Chandos, &c. The ancestors of this noble family took their name from the city of Bruges in Flanders; and one of them came over with William the Conqueror, and had a considerable share in the victory obtained near Hastings in Sussex, 1066. James, the father of the present duke, was created Viscount Wilton and earl of Caernarvon, October 19, 1714; and marquis of Caernarvon and duke of Chandos, —— 30. 1719.

6. "Or, on a Crofs Sable, a patriarchal Crofs of the Field;" borne by the right honourable Thomas Vesey, baron of Knapton in the kingdom of Ireland. The truly noble family of Vesey or Vesey, derives its origin from Charles the Great, king of France, and emperor of the west, who died at Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany, January 28, 814. His lordship's father was created a peer April 10, 1759.

7. "Argent, on a Crofs Gules, five Escalops Or;" borne by the right honourable William Villiers earl of Jerley, &c. This noble earl is descended from the family of Villiers in Normandy, some of whom came over to England with the Conqueror; several manors and lands in England being soon after granted to Pagan de Villiers, one of this earl's ancestors. The first peer of this family was created a baron and viscount, March 20, 1600.

8. "Sable, on a Crofs within a Bordure engrailed Or, five Pellets;" borne by the right honourable Francis Greville, earl of Brooke and Warwick, &c. The ancestors of this noble family are of Norman extraction, and came over with William the Conqueror, who conferred manors and lands on them in England, of a considerable value; and at length they obtained the government of the castle of Warwick, the present seat of the family. Sir Fulke, the first peer of this family, was created Baron Brooke by King James I. January 9, 1620.

9. "Argent, a Crofs bottony Sable," borne by the name of Winwood.

10. "Or, a Crofs-croset Gules," borne by the name of Taddington.

11. "Azure, a Crofs potent fitchy Or." This ensign is said to have been borne by Ethelred king of the West Saxons; and crofes of this sort are frequently met with in coats of arms.

12. "Party per pale, Gules and Argent; a Crofs potent quadrate in the Centre, between four Crofes pattee counter-changed;" the arms of the episcopal see of Litchfield and Coventry. This see was originally fixed at Litchfield; from thence removed to Chester, and from both to Coventry. It contains the whole county of Stafford, except two parishes; all Derbyshire; the better part of Warwickshire, and near half Shropshire; divided into the four archdeaconries of Coventry, Stafford, Derby, and Salop. The parishes are 557 in number; but, including chapels, they amount to 643.

13. "Azure, a Crofs moline Argent;" borne by his grace Cavendish Bentinck, duke of Portland, &c. This noble duke is descended from a very ancient and distinguished family in the United Provinces of Holland, of which was William Bentinck, Esq. who in his youth was page of honour to William prince of Orange, afterwards William III. king of Great Britain, and, on the accession of William and his consort, was made groom of the stole, privy-purse to his majesty, lieutenant-general of his majesty's army, &c. and also created baron of Cirencester, Viscount Woodstock, and earl of Portland, April 19, 1689.

14. "Argent, a Crofs patonce Sable;" borne by the name of Rice.

15. "Sable, a Crofs pattee Argent;" borne by the name of Maplefelden.

16. "Azure, a Crofs flowery Or;" borne by the name of Cheney.—This is said to have also been the arms of Edwin, the first Christian king of Northumberland.

17. "Argent, six Crofs-crosetts fitchy 3, 2, 1, Sable, on a Chief Azure, two Mullets pierced Or," borne by his grace Henry Clinton, duke of Newcastle, &c. This noble family is descended from Jeffrey de Clinton, lord chamberlain, and treasurer to King Henry I. grandion to William de Tankerville, chamberlain of Normandy; from whom descended William de Clinton, chief justice of Chester, governor of Dover castle, lord warden of the king's forests south of Trent. Edward Lord Clinton, another of this noble earl's ancestors, was constituted lord high-admiral of England for life, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who created him earl of Lincoln, May 4, 1572.

18. "Gules, a Cheveron between ten Crofes pattee, six above and four below, Argent;" borne by the right honourable Frederick Augustus Berkeley, earl of Berkeley, &c. This noble family is descended from Robert Fitz-Harding, who obtained a grant of Berkeley. Chap. III.

ley-castle in Gloucestershire, which the family still inherits, and from whence they obtained the surname of Berkeley, from Henry duke of Normandy, afterwards king of England; the said Robert Fitz-Harding was descended from the royal line of the kings of Denmark.

19. "Azure, three mullets Or, accompanied with seven Crofs-croflets fitchy Argent, three in Chief, one in Fefs, two in Flanks, and the last in Base;" borne by the right honourable James Somerville, Lord Somerville. The first of this name on record is Sir Walter de Somerville, lord of Wichmore, in the county of Stafford, who came to England with William the Conqueror.

20. "Gules, three Croffes recercelée, voided Or, a Chief vairy ermine and contre ermine;" borne by the right honourable John Peyto Verney, Baron Wolloughby de Broke. This noble lord is descended from William de Vernai, who flourished in the reign of King Henry I. 1119.

Art. 7. Of the Saltier.

The Saltier, which is formed by the bend and bend-fillet crossing each other in right angles, as the intersecting of the pale and fefs forms the crofs, contains the fifth part of the field; but if charged, then the third. In Scotland, this ordinary is frequently called a St Andrew's Crofs. It may, like the others, be borne engrailed, wavy, &c., as also between charges or charged with any thing. See examples, fig. 11.

No. 1. is "Argent, a Saltier Gules;" borne by his grace James Fitz-Gerald, duke of Leinster, &c. This noble lord is descended from Otho, or Other, a rich and powerful lord in the time of King Alfred, descended from the dukes of Tuscany; who passing from Florence into Normandy, and thence into England, there the family flourished, until Richard Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, their kinsman, engaged them to partake in his expedition to Ireland, in which Maurice Fitz-Gerald embarked, and was one of the principal conquerors of that kingdom, for which he was rewarded with a great estate in lands in the province of Leinster, and particularly the barony of Offaley, and the castle of Wicklow; and died, covered with honours, in the year 1177, 24 Henry II.

2. "Gules, a Saltier Argent, between twelve Crofs-croflets Or;" borne by the right hon. Other-Lewis Windsor Hickman, earl of Plymouth, &c. This noble earl is descended from Robert Fitz-Hicman, lord of the manor of Bloxham, Oxfordshire, in the 56 Hen. III. 1272; and he is maternally descended from the noble family of the Windfors, who were barons of the realm at the time of the conquest.

3. "Vert, a Saltier wavy Ermine;" borne by the name of Waterman of Beckford, in Gloucestershire.

4. "Ermine, a Saltier counter-compony Or and Gules;" borne by the name of Upton.

5. "Argent, a Saltier Azure with a Bezant in the centre;" borne by the right hon. Philip Yorke, earl of Hardwicke, &c. He was in October 1733 constituted lord chief-justice of the king's bench, and November 23, in the same year, created Baron Hardwicke of Hardwicke.

6. "Argent on a Saltier Gules an Escalop Or;" the arms of the bishopric of Rochester.—This diocese, the least in England, comprehends only a small part of Kent, in which there are 150 churches and chapels; and the two parishes of Ickham in Cambridgeshire, and Frekenham in Suffolk. It has only one archdeacon, that of Rochester. For many years it was in the immediate patronage of the archbishop of Canterbury.

7. "Party per Saltiere, Azure and Argent, on a Saltier Gules, a Crefcent of the second for difference;" quartered by the right hon. William Hall Gage, Viscount Gage, of Castle-Halland in Ireland. This noble family is of Norman extraction, and derives descent from de Gage or Gage, who attended William I. in his expedition to England; and, after the conquest thereof, was rewarded with large grants of lands in the forest of Dean, and county of Gloucester, near which forest he fixed his residence, by building a seat at Clarenwell, in the same place where the house of Gage now stands; he also built a great house in the town of Cirencester, at which place he died, and was buried in the abbey there. Sir Thomas Gage, the eighth baronet, was created baron of Castle-Bay, and Viscount Gage, 1721.

8. "Gules, on a Saltier Argent, a Rose of the first barbed and seeded proper;" borne by the right hon. George Neville, Lord Abergavenny, premier baron of England.

9. "Or, on a Saltier Azure, nine Lozenges of the first;" the paternal arms of the right hon. John Dalrymple, earl of Stair, &c. Of this family, which took their surname from the barony of Dalrymple, lying on the river Dun in Ayrshire, Scotland, was Adam de Dalrymple, who lived in the reign of Alexander III.

10. "Argent, on a Saltier engrailed Sable, nine Annulets Or;" borne by the name of Leek.

11. "Gules, a Saltier between four Crefcents Or;" borne as the second and third quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right honourable Charles Kinnaird, Lord Kinnaird. George Kinnaird, Esq., one of the present lord's ancestors, being of great service to King Charles II. during the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell, he was by that prince, at his restoration, made one of the privy-council; and December 28, 1682, created a baron.

12. "Argent, a Saltier engrailed between four Roses Gules," for Lennox; and borne as first and fourth quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Francis Napier, Lord Napier. This family is said to be descended from the ancient thanes or stewards of Lennox in Scotland, but took the surname of Napier from the following event. King David II. in his wars with the English, about the year 1344, convoking his subjects to battle, the earl of Lennox sent his second son Donald, with such forces as his duty obliged him; and, coming to an engagement, where the Scots gave ground, this Donald, taking his father's standard from the bearer, and valiantly charging the enemy with the Lennox men, the fortune of the battle changed; and they obtained the victory: whereupon every one advancing, and reporting their acts, as the custom was, the king declared they had all behaved valiantly, but that there was one among them who had no peer, that is, no equal; upon which the said Donald took the name name of Napier, and had, in reward for his good services, the lands of Gosfield, and other estates in the county of Fife.

13. "Gules, a Saltier Or, surmounted of another Vert," for the name of Andrews; and borne by Sir William Andrews, bart. of Denton in Northamptonshire, who is descended from Sir Robert Andrews of Normandy, knight, who came into England with William the Conqueror. Sir William Andrews, the first baronet of this family, was created December 11, 1641.

14. "Azure, a Saltier quarterly quartered Or and Argent." The arms of the episcopal see of Bath and Wells.—The diocese of Bath and Wells contains all Somersetshire, except a few churches in Bristol. And in it there are three archdeaconries, viz., those of Wells, Bath, and Taunton. The number of the parishes is 388, though, according to some, the total number of the churches and chapels amounts to 503.

15. "Party per Saltier Argent and Gules, a Saltier counter-changed."

16. "Party per Pale indented Argent and Sable, a Saltier counter-changed;" borne by the name of Scott.

17. "Argent, three Saltiers couped and engrailed Sable;" borne by the name of Benton.

18. "Argent, a Saltier Gules, and a Chief Ermine;" borne by the right hon. Francis Thomas Fitz-Maurice, earl of Kerry, &c. This very ancient and noble family is a branch of the family of Kildare, who are originally descended from the great duke of Tuscany, and of which was Otho, a noble baron of Italy, whose son Walter, attending the Norman conqueror into England, was made constable of the castle of Windsor. Raymond, one of the present earl's ancestors, had a principal hand in the reduction of Ireland to the subjection of Henry II. and Dermot Mac-Carty, king of Cork, fought his aid against his son Cormac O'Lehanagh, which he undertook, and delivered the king from his rebellious son; for which that prince rewarded him with a large tract of land in the county of Kerry, where he settled his son Maurice, who gave his name to the county, which he called Clan-Maurice, and is enjoyed by the present earl of Kerry, who is Viscount Clan-Maurice. Thomas the first earl, and father of the last, was the 21st Lord Kerry, who was created earl January 17, 1722.

19. "Sable, a Saltier Argent, on a Chief Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or;" borne by the right hon. John Fitz-Patrick, earl of Upper Offory, and baron of Gowran in Ireland. This most ancient and princely family is descended from Heremon, the first monarch of the Milesian race in Ireland; and after they had assumed the surname of Fitz-Patrick, they were for many ages kings of Offory, in the province of Leinster. John, the first earl of this family, succeeded his father Richard as Lord Gowran, June 9, 1727, was created earl October 5, 1751, and died 1758.

20. "Party per Pale Argent and Gules, three Saltiers counter-changed;" borne by the name of Lane. These arms are also borne, without the least alteration, by the name of Kingman; for which similitude we can no otherwise account, than by supposing there has been some mistake made through many transcriptions.

Besides the honourable ordinaries and the diminutions already mentioned, there are other heraldic figures, called sub-ordinaries, or ordinaries only, which, by reason of their ancient use in arms, are of worthy bearing, viz. The Gyron, Franc-quarter, Canton, Pairle, Fret, Pile, Orle, Inescutcheon, Trefure, Anulet, Flanches, Flagues, Voiders, Billet, Lozenge, Gutt, Fufil, Rutfre, Maficle, Papillone, and Diaper. See Plate CCLIV. fig. 1. (A.)

The Gyron is a triangular figure formed by two lines, one drawn diagonally from one of the four angles to the centre of the shield, and the other is drawn either horizontal or perpendicular, from one of the sides of the shield, meeting the other line at the centre of the field.

Gyronny is said, when the field is covered with six, eight, ten, or twelve gyrons in a coat-of-arms: but a French author would have the true gyronny to consist of eight pieces only, as in the fig., which represents the coat-of-arms of Flora Campbell countess of Loudon, &c. whose ancestor was created baron of Loudon in 1604 by James VI. and earl of the same place, May 12, 1633, the 9th of Charles I.

The Franc-quarter is a square figure, which occupies the upper dexter quarter of the shield. It is but rarely carried as a charge. Silvetra Petra Sancta has given us a few instances of its use.

The Canton is a square part of the escutcheon, somewhat less than the quarter, but without any fixed proportion. It represents the banner that was given to ancient knights-baumets, and, generally speaking, possesses the dexter-chief point of the shield, as in the fig.; but should it possess the sinister corner, which is but seldom, it must be blazoned a canton-sinister.

James Cotes reckons it as one of the nine honourable ordinaries, contrary to most heralds opinion. It is added to coats of arms of military men as an augmentation of honour: thus John Churchill, baron of Eyemouth in Scotland, and one of the ancestors of the present duke of Marlborough, being lieutenant-general to King James II. received from him a canton argent, charged with the red-cross of England, added to his paternal coat, "which is Sable, a lion rampant Argent."

The Pairle is a figure formed by the conjunction of the upper half of the saltier with the under half of the pale.

The Fret is a figure representing two little sticks in saltier, with a maficle in the centre interlaced. J. Gibbon terms it, the heralds true-lovers knot; but many dissent from his opinion.

Fretty is said when the field or bearings are covered with a fret of six, eight, or more pieces, as in the fig. The word fretty may be used without addition, when it is of eight pieces; but if there be less than that number, they must be specified.

The Pile, which consists of two lines, terminating in a point, is formed like a wedge, and is borne engrailed, wavy, &c. as in the fig. It flows in general from the chief, and extends towards the base; yet there are some piles borne in bend, and issuing from other parts. parts of the field, as may be seen in Plate CCLVII. fig. 12. No. 12, &c.

The Orle is an ordinary composed of two lines going round the shield, the same as the bordure, but its breadth is but one half of the latter, and at some distance from the brim of the shield, as in the fig.

The Inescutcheon is a little escutcheon borne within the shield; which, according to Guillim's opinion, is only to be so called when it is borne single in the fess point or centre; see the fig. on Plate CCLIV. but modern heralds, with more propriety, give the name of inescutcheon to such as are contained in Plate CCLVII. fig. 12. No. 2. and call that which is fixed on the fess-point escutcheon of pretence, which is to contain the arms of a wife that is an heiress, as mentioned above.

The Treflure is an ordinary commonly supposed to be the half of the breadth of an orle, and is generally borne flowery and counter-flowery, as it is also very often double, and sometimes treble. See the fig. (Plate CCLIV). This double-treflure makes part of the arms of Scotland, as marshalled in the royal achievement, Plate CCLIX. fig. 21. No. 7. and was granted to the Scots kings by Charlemagne, being then emperor and king of France, when he entered into a league with Achaus king of Scotland, to show that the French lilies should defend and guard the Scottish lion.

The Annulet, or ring, is a well known figure, and is frequently to be found in arms through every kingdom in Europe.

The Flanches are formed by two curved lines, or semicircles, being always borne double. See the figure. W. Leigh observes, that on two such Flanches two sundry coats may be borne.

The Flatques resemble the flanches, except that the circular lines do not go so near the centre of the field; (see the figure). J. Gibbon would have these two ordinaries to be both one, and wrote flank; alleging, that the two other names are but a corruption of this last: but as G. Leigh and J. Guillim make them two distinct and subordinate ordinaries, we have inferred them here as such.

The Voiders are by Guillim considered as a subordinate ordinary, and are not unlike the flatques (see the figure), but they occupy less of the field.

The Billet is an oblong square figure, twice as long as broad. Some heralds imagine, that they represent bricks for building; others more properly consider them as representing folded paper or letters.

The Lozenge is an ordinary of four equal and parallel sides, but not rectangular; two of its opposite angles being acute, and the other two obtuse. Its shape is the same with those of our window-glass, before the square came so much in fashion. See the figure.

Guttae, or drops, are round at bottom, waved on the sides, and terminate at the top in points. Heralds have given them different names according to their different tinctures: thus if they are

| Yellow | d'Or | |--------|------| | White | d'Eau| | Red | de Sang| | Blue | de Larmes|

they are called

| Green | de Vert | |-------|---------| | Black | de Poix |

The Fusil is longer than the lozenge, having its upper and lower part more acute and sharp than the other two collateral middle parts, which acuteness is occasioned by the short distance of the space between the two collateral angles; which space, if the fusil is rightly made, is always shorter than any of the four equal geometrical lines whereof it is composed. See the fig. ibid.

The Ruffre is a lozenge pierced round in the middle (see the figure.) They are called by the Germans ruten. Menefrier gives an example of them in the arms of Lebaret in France, argent three ruffres azure.

The Macele is pretty much like a lozenge, but voided or perforated through its whole extent, showing a narrow border, as in the figure. Authors are divided about the resemblance; some taking it for the mesh of a net, and others for the spots of certain flints found about Rohan; and no writer has given a clearer account in support of this last opinion than Colombiere, author of La Science Heraldique, we shall transcribe it for the satisfaction of the curious.

"Rohan (says he) bears Gules, nine Maceles Or, 3, 3, 3. Opinions have varied very much about the original of the maceles or meshes, as being somewhat like the meshes of nets: but for my own part, having often observed that those things which are remarkable and singular in some countries, have sometimes occasioned the lords thereof to represent them in their escutcheons, and to take them for their arms, I am of opinion, that the lords of Rohan, who, I believe, are the first that bore those figures in their arms though descended from the ancient kings and princes of Bretagne, took them, because in the most ancient vicinage of Rohan, afterwards erected into a duchy, there are abundance of small flints, which being cut in two, this figure appears on the inside of them; as also the carps, which are in the fish-ponds of that duchy, have the same mark upon their scales; which, being very extraordinary and peculiar to that country, the ancient lords of the same had good reason, upon observing that wonder, to take those figures for their arms, and to transmit them to their posterity, giving them the name of maceles, from the Latin word macula, signifying a spot; whence some of that house have taken for their motto, Sine macula macla, that is, A macele without a spot."

Papillone is an expression used for a field or charge that is covered with figures like the scales of a fish. Mons. Baron gives as an example of it the arms of Monti, Gueules Papelone d'Argent. The proper term for it in English would be scallop work.

Diapering is said of a field or charge shadowed with flourishings or foliage with a colour a little darker than that on which it is wrought. The Germans frequently use it; but it does not enter into the blazoning or description of an arms, it only serves to embellish the coat.

If the fore-mentioned ordinaries have any attributes, that is, if they are engrailed, indented, wavy, &c., they must be distinctly specified, after the same manner as the honourable ordinaries.

See examples of subordinates, &c. fig. xii.

1. "Gules," 1. "Gules, an Orle Ermine;" borne by the name of Humfraville.

2. "Argent, three Inescutcheons Gules;" borne by the name of Hay, and the 2d and 3d quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Thomas Hay, earl of Kinnoul, &c.—The first of the name of Hay that bore these arms, got them, as Mr Nibbet observes, because he and his two sons, after having defeated a party of the Danes at the battle of Loncarty, anno 942, were brought to the king with their shields all stained with blood.

3. "Argent, a Fret Sable;" borne by the right hon. Lionel Talmath, earl of Dyfart, &c. This family was advanced to the peerage by King Charles I. in 1646.

4. "Or fretty of Gules, a Canton Ermine;" borne by the right hon. Henry Noel, earl of Gainborough, &c. This nobleman is descended from —— Noel, who came into England with William the Conqueror, and, in consideration of his services, obtained a grant of several manors and lands of very great value. Sir Edward, who was knighted by King James on his accession to the throne, and created a baronet June 29, 1611, was the first advanced to the honour of Baron Noel, March 23, 1616.

5. "Girony of eight Pieces Or and Sable;" the 1st and 4th quarters of the coat-of-arms of the right hon. John Campbell, earl of Breadalbane, &c. This ancient and noble family is descended, in a regular succession, from Duncan the first Lord Campbell, ancestor of the family of Argyll. John, the first earl, in consideration of his personal merit, was, from a baronet, created Lord Campbell, Viscount Glenorchie, and earl of Breadalbane, Jan. 28, 1677, by Charles II.

6. "Lozenzy Argent and Gules;" borne by the right hon. George Fitz-William, Earl Fitz-William, &c. This noble earl is descended from Sir William Fitz-William, marshal of the army of William the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings in Sussex, by which victory that prince made his way to the throne.

7. "Sable, a Macele within a Trefure flowery Argent;" borne by the name of Hobletborne.

8. "Gules, three Mullets Or, within a Bordure of the latter, charged with a double Trefure flowery and counter-flowery with Fleurs-de-lis of the first;" borne by the noble family of Sutherland, &c. This family, in the peerage, is among the oldest in Britain, if not in all Europe; the title of earl being conferred on one of their ancestors in 1067.

9. "Azure, a Pile Ermine;" for the name of Wyche; and is quartered as first and fourth in the coat-of-arms of Sir Cyril Wyche, Bart.

10. "Or, on a Pile engrailed Azure, three Crois-crollots fitchy of the first;" borne by the name of Rigdon.

11. "Or, on a Pile Gules three Lions of England between six Fleurs-de-lis Azure;" the first and fourth quarters of his grace Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, &c., granted him by King Henry VIII. on his marriage with the lady Jane Seymour.

12. "Ermine, two Piles issuing from the dexter and sinister sides, and meeting in base Sable;" for the name of Holles.

13. "Argent, three Piles, one issuing from the Chief between the others reversed, Sable;" for the name of Common Hulfe, and borne by Sir Edward Hulfe, Bart.

14. "Azure, a Pile wavy bendways Or;" borne by the name of Allam.—There is no mention made of its issuing out of the dexter corner of the escutcheon, for this is sufficiently determined by the term bendways.

15. "Or, three Piles in Bend, each point enseigned with a Fleur-de-lis Sable;" borne by the name of Norton.

16. "Argent, three Piles meeting near the point of the base Azure;" borne by the name of Bryan.

17. "Party per Pale and per Bend Or and Azure counterchanged;" borne by the name of Johnson.—This bearing is equal to two gyrons; see p. 412, col. 2.

18. "Party per Pale and per Cheveron Argent and Gules counterchanged."

19. "Party per Pale chappé Or and Vert counterchanged." This is a bearing seldom to be met with.

20. "Party per Feis Gules and Argent, a Pale counterchanged;" borne by the name of Lavider.

Sect. III. Of Common Charges borne in Coats-of-arms.

It has been already observed, that in all ages men have made use of the representation of living creatures, and other symbolical signs, to distinguish themselves in war; and that these marks, which were promiscuously used for hieroglyphics, emblems, and personal devices, gave the first notion of heraldry. But nothing shows the extent of human wit more, than the great variety of these marks of distinction, since they are composed of all sorts of figures, some natural, others artificial, and many chimerical; in allusion, it is to be supposed, to the state, quality, or inclination of the bearer.

Hence it is, that the sun, moon, stars, comets, meteors, &c. have been introduced to denote glory, grandeur, power, &c. Lions, leopards, tygers, serpents, flags, &c. have been employed to signify courage, strength, prudence, swiftness, &c.

The application to certain exercises, such as war, hunting, music, &c. has furnished lances, swords, pikes, arms, fiddles, &c. Architecture, columns, cheverons, &c.; and the other arts several things that relate to them.

Human bodies, or distinct parts of them, also clothes, and ornaments, have, for some particular intention, found place in armory; trees, plants, fruits, and flowers, have likewise been admitted to denote the rarities, advantages, and singularities, of different countries.

The relation of some creatures, figures, &c. to particular names, has been likewise a very fruitful source of variety in arms. Thus the family of Cominghy bears three coneyes; of Arundel, six swallows, of Urton, a bear; of Lucie, three pikes, in Latin tres lucios pices; of Starkey, a stork; of Callman, a caille triple-towered; of Shuttleworth, three weavers shuttles, &c.

Besides these natural and artificial figures, there are chimerical or imaginary ones used in heraldry, the result of fancy and caprice; such as centaurs, hydras, phoenixes, griffons, dragons, &c. Which great variety of figures shows the impossibility of comprehending all common common charges in a work of this nature; therefore such only shall be treated of as are most frequently borne in coats-of-arms.

Art. I. Of Natural Figures borne in Coats-of-arms.

Among the multitude of natural things which are used in coats-of-arms, those most usually borne are, for the sake of brevity as well as perspicuity, distributed into the following classes, viz.

Celestial figures; as, the sun, moon, stars, &c. and their parts.

Effigies of men, women, &c., and their parts.

Beasts; as, lions, stags, foxes, boars, &c. and their parts.

Birds; as, eagles, swans, storks, pelicans, &c. and their parts.

Fish; as, dolphins, whales, sturgeons, trouts, &c. and their parts.

Reptiles and insects; as, tortoises, serpents, grasshoppers, &c. and their parts.

Vegetables; as, trees, plants, flowers, herbs, &c. and their parts.

Stones; as, diamonds, rubies, pebbles, rocks, &c.

These charges have, as well as ordinaries, divers attributes or epithets, which express their qualities, positions, and dispositions. Thus the sun is said to be in his glory, eclipsed, &c.; the moon, in her complement, increasing, &c. Animals are said to be rampant, passant, &c. Birds have also their denominations, such as close displayed, &c. Fishes are described to be hauriant, naiant, &c.

I. Examples of Celestial Figures.

1. "Azure, a Sun in his Glory;" borne by the name of St Clare; and is found in the first and fourth quarters of the coat-of-arms of the most noble William-John Ker, marquis of Lothian, &c. It is needless to express the colour of the sun, nothing being capable to denote it but gold.

2. "Azure, one Ray of the Sun, bendways Gules, between six Beams of that Luminous Argent;" borne by the name of Aldam. There is no mention made of their issuing out of the dexter-corner of the escutcheon; for this is implied in the term bendways, for the reason mentioned before.

3. "Argent, five rays of the Sun issuing out of the sinister corner Gules;" borne by the name of Mudjibeler, a family of distinction in Franconia.

4. "Or, a Sun eclipsed." This bearing is seldom to be met with, except in emblematic or hieroglyphic figures; and might be expressed Sulla, because that hue is accidental and not natural.

5. "Gules, the Moon in her complement Or, illuminated with all her light proper." This is sufficient without naming the colour, which is Argent.

6. "Azure, a Moon decreasing proper;" borne by the name of Delatuna.

7. "Gules, a Moon increscent Or;" borne by the name of Dyscur.

8. "Argent, a Moon in her detriment, Sable." This word is used in heraldry to denote her being eclipsed.

9. "Azure, a Crescent Argent;" borne by the name of Lucy. This bearing is also used as a difference, it being assigned to the second son, as before-mentioned.

10. "Gules, three Crescents Argent;" borne by Oliphant, Lord Oliphant (at present dormant). Amongst the ancestors of this noble family was David de Oliphant, one of those barons who, in 1142, accompanied King David I. into England with an army, to assist his niece Matilda against King Stephen; but after raising the siege of Winchester, the said King David was so closely pursued, that, had it not been for the singular conduct of this brave person, the king would have been taken prisoner.

11. "Azure, a Crescent between three Mullets Argent;" borne by Arbuthnot, Viscount and Baron Arbuthnot. In the year 1105, the first of this family marrying a daughter of the family of Oliphard, sheriff of the county of Kincardin, with her he had the lands of Arbuthnot in that county, from whence he took his surname. Robert Arbuthnot was the first of this family who, for his loyalty to King Charles I. was Nov. 16, 1641, dignified with the title of Baron and Viscount Arbuthnot.

12. "Gules, a Star issuing from between the Horns of a Crescent Argent."

13. "Azure, a Star of 16 points Argent;" borne by the name of Hailson.

14. "Argent, three Mullets pierced Sable;" borne by the name of Wollaston.

15. "Azure, five Mullets, 3, 2, 1, Or;" borne by the name of Wells.

16. "Ermine, a Mullet of six points Gules, pierced;" borne by the name of Heffernan.—When a mullet has more than five points, their number must, in blazoning, be always named.

17. "Argent, a Rainbow with a Cloud at each end proper." This is part of the crest to the earl of Hopeton's coat-of-arms, which is inserted in fig. ix. No. 13. The whole of it is a globe split on the top, and above it is the rainbow, &c.

18. "Party per Fefs crenelle Gules and Azure, three Suns proper;" borne by the name of Pierston.

19. "Gules, a Mullet between three Crescents Argent;" borne by the name of Oliver.

20. "Gules, a Chief Argent, on the lower part thereof a Cloud, the Sun's resplendent rays issuing throughout proper;" borne by the name of Leeson.

II. Examples of Effigies of Men, &c., and their Parts.

1. "Azure, the Virgin Mary crowned, with her Babe in her right arm and a sceptre in her left, all Or;" the coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Salisbury.

2. "Azure, a Prelate sitting on a Tomb-stone, with a Crown on his head and a Glory Or, his right hand extended, and holding in his left an open Book Argent, with a Sword across his mouth Gules;" the coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Chichester.

3. "Azure, a Bishop habited in his pontificals sitting on a chair of state, and leaning on the sinister side thereof, holding in his left hand a Crozier, his right being extended towards the dexter chief of the escutcheon, all Or, and resting his feet on a cushion Gules, tasseled of the second;" the coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Clogher in Ireland.

4. "Azure, a Bishop habited in his pontificals, holding before him, in a Pale, a Crucifix proper;" the Effigies of the coat of arms of the bishop of Waterford in Ireland.

5. "Or, a man's Leg couped at the midst of the thigh Azure;" borne by the name of Haddon.

6. "Azure, three sinister Hands couped at the wrist, and erected Argent;" borne by the ancient family of Malmain.

7. "Argent, three sinister hands couped at the wrist, and erected Gules;" borne by the name of Maynard.

—By these two last examples it appears that different coats of arms may be easily made from the same figure or figures, by varying the colours only, without the addition of any other charge, counter-changings, partings, &c.

8. "Argent, a Man's Leg erased at the midst of the thigh Sable;" borne by the name of Prime.

9. "Gules, three Legs armed proper, conjoined in the Fefs-point at the upper part of the thighs, flexed in triangles, garnished and spurred, Or." This is the coat of arms of the Isle of Man; and is quartered by the most noble John Murray, duke of Athol, titular lord or king of that isle.

10. "Gules, three dexter Arms vambraced fessways, in Pale proper;" borne by the name of Armstrong. This coat is very well adapted to the bearer's name, and serves to denote a man of excellent conduct and valour.

11. "Or, three Legs couped above the knee Sable;" borne by the name of Hoey.

12. "Vert, three dexter Arms conjoined at the shoulders in the Fefs-point, and flexed in triangle Or, with fists clenched Argent;" borne by the name of Tremain.

13. "Argent, a Man's Heart Gules, within two equilateral triangles interlaced Sable;" borne by the name of Villager, a family of distinction in Provence.

14. "Azure, a sinister Arm, issuing out of the dexter-chief, and extended towards the sinister-base Argent."

15. "Argent, a dexter Hand couped at the wrist and erected, within a bordure engrailed Sable;" borne by the name of Manley.

16. "Argent, a Man's Heart Gules, ensigned with a Crown Or, and on a Chief Azure, three Mullets of the first." The paternal coat of the name of Douglas, and quartered in the arms of the dukes of Hamilton and Queensberry; as also in those of the earls of Morton and March, and the lord Mordington.

17. "Gules, a Saracen's Head affrontée erased at the neck Argent, environed about the temples with a wreath of the second and Sable;" borne by the name of Mergith.

18. "Argent, three Blackamoors Heads couped proper, banded about the head Argent and Gules;" borne by the name of Tanner.

19. "Gules, three Beasts, each charged with a man's face affrontée proper;" borne by the name of Gamin.

20. "Or, a Blackamoor's Head couped proper, banded about the head Argent;" borne by the name of Uffoe.

Observe, that when half of the face, or little more, of human figures, is seen in a field, it is then said to be in profile; and when the head of a man, woman, or other animal, is represented with a full face, then it is termed affrontée.

III. Examples of the different Positions of Lions, &c., in Coats-of-Arms.

1. "Or, a Lion rampant Gules;" quartered by Fig. 15. Percy, duke of Northumberland, &c.

2. "Azure, a Lion rampant-guardant Or;" borne by the name of Fitz-Hammond.

3. "Gules, a Lion rampant-guardant Or;" quartered by Cadogan, Lord Cadogan, &c.

4. "Ermine, a Lion saliant Gules;" borne by the name of Worley.

5. "Azure, a Lion statant-guardant Or;" borne by the name of Bromfield.

6. "Or, a Lion passant Gules;" borne by the name of Gurney.

7. "Argent, a Lion passant guardant Gules crowned Or;" quartered by the right honourable James Ogilvy, earl of Findlater, &c.

8. "Gules, a Lion sejant Argent."

9. "Or, a Lion rampant double-headed Azure;" borne by the name of Mason.

10. "Sable, two Lions rampant-combatant Or, armed and langued Gules;" borne by the name of Carter.

11. "Azure, two Lions rampant-adoftée Or." This coat-of-arms is said to have been borne by Achilles at the siege of Troy.

12. "Sable, two Lioncels counter-passant Argent, the uppermost towards the sinister side of the escutcheon, both collared Gules;" borne by the name of Glegg.—It is the natural disposition of the lion not to bear a rival in the field: therefore two lions cannot be borne in one coat-of-arms, but must be supposed to be lion's whelps, called lioncels; except when they are parted by an ordinary, as in fig. viii. No. 17, or so disposed as that they seem to be distinctly separated from each other, as in fig. xv. No. 20. In the two foregoing examples they are called lions, because in the 10th they seem to be striving for the sovereignty of the field, which they would not do unless they were of full growth; and in the 11th they are supposed to represent two valiant men, whose dispute being accommodated by the prince, are leaving the field, their pride not suffering them to go both one way.

13. "Argent, a Demi-lion rampant Sable;" borne by the name of Merwin.

14. "Gules, a Lion couchant between six Croscroflets, three in Chief, and as many in Base, Argent;" for the name of Tynte; and is the first and fourth quarter of the arms of Sir Charles-Kemys Tynte, Bart.

15. "Azure, a Lion dormant Or."

16. "Or, out of the midst of a Fefs Sable, a Lion rampant naissant Gules;" borne by the name of Emmie. This form of blazon is peculiar to all living things that shall be found issuing out of the midst of some ordinary or other charge.

17. "Azure, three Lioncels rampant Or;" borne by Fiennes, Viscount and Baron Saye and Sele.

18. "Gules, a tricorporated Lion issuing from three parts of the Escutcheon, all meeting under one Head in the Fefs-point Or, langued and armed Azure;" borne Chap. III.

Different Animals borne by the name of Crouchback. This coat appertained to Edmund Crouchback earl of Lancaster, in the reign of his brother King Edward I.

19. "Gules, a belant between three Demi-lions rampant Argent;" borne by Bennet, earl of Tankerville, &c. This noble earl is descended from the family of the Bennets in Berkshire, who flourished in the reign of King Edward III. Charles, Lord Offulton, was created earl of Tankerville on October 19, 1714, by George I.

20. "Party per Pale Azure and Gules, three Lions rampant Argent;" borne by Herbert earl of Pembroke, &c. This noble family is descended from Henry Fitz-Roy, natural son to Henry I. Sir William Herbert, one of the ancestors of the present earl, was master of the horse to King Henry VIII., lord president of the marches of Wales, and knight of the garter. He was also, by that king, advanced to the dignity of Baron Herbert of Caerdydd, Oct. 15, 1551, and the very next day created earl of Pembroke.—Observe, that if a lion, or any other beast, is represented with its limbs and body separated, so that they remain upon the field at a small distance from their natural places, it is then termed Dehaché or couped in all its parts; of which very remarkable bearing there is an instance in armoury, which is, "Or, a Lion rampant Gules, dehaché, or couped in all its parts, within a double Treflure flowerly and counter-flowerly of the second;" borne by the name of Maitland.

IV. Examples of other Quadrupeds, and their Parts, borne in Coats-of-Arms.

1. "Sable, a Camel statant Argent;" borne by the name of Camel.

2. "Gules, an Elephant statant Argent, tufted Or."

3. "Argent, a Boar statant Gules, armed Or;" borne by the name of Trewarthen.

4. "Sable, a Bull passant Or;" borne by the name of Fitz-Geffrey.

5. "Sable, three Nags Heads erased Argent;" borne by Blayney, Baron Blayney of Monaghan, in Ireland. This noble family is descended in a direct line from Cadwallader, a younger son of the prince of Wales; and the first peer was Sir Edward Blayney, knight, who was created a baron by King James I. July 29, 1621.

6. "Argent, three Boars Heads erased and erect Sable, langued Gules," for the name of Booth.

7. "Azure, three Boars Heads erased Or;" quartered by his grace Alexander Gordon duke of Gordon, &c. Of this great and noble family, which took their surname from the barony of Gordon in the county of Herwick, there have been, besides those in North Britain, several of great distinction in Munster; and in the time of King Malcolm IV. 1160, this family was very numerous, and flourished in the county aforesaid.

8. "Argent, three Bulls Heads erased, Sable, armed Or;" borne by Skeffington, earl of Maflarene, &c. of Ireland. This ancient and noble family derives its name from the village of Skeffington, in the county of Leicestershire, of which place Simon Skeffington was lord in the reign of Edward I. and from him descended Sir William Skeffington, knight, made so by King Henry VII.

9. "Argent, two Foxes counter-saliant, the dexter furmounted of the sinister Gules;" for the name of Kadrod Hard, an ancient British family, from which is descended Sir ———— Wynne, Bart. who bears this quartered, second and third, in his coat-of-arms.

10. "Argent, three Bulls passant Sable, armed and unguled Or;" for Ashley, and quartered by the right honourable Anthony-Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, &c. This noble earl is descended from Richard Cooper, who flourished in the reign of King Hen. VIII. and purchased the manor of Paulet in the county of Somerset, of which the family are still proprietors. But his ancestor who makes the greatest figure in history is Sir Anthony-Ashley Cooper, who was created Baron Ashley of Winbourn, April 20, 1661, and afterwards earl of Shaftesbury April 23, 1672.

11. "Ermine, three Cats passant in Pale Argent;" for the name of Adams.

12. "Gules, two Greyhounds rampant Or, respecting each other;" borne by the name of Dogget.

13. "Or, an Afs's Head erased Sable;" borne by the name of Hackwell.

14. "Gules, three Lions gambis erased Argent;" for the name of Newdigate.

15. "Argent, three Lions Tails erected and erased Gules;" borne by the name of Cork.

16. "Azure, a Buck's Head cabossed Argent;" borne by Legge, earl of Dartmouth, &c. This noble family is descended from Signior de Lega, an Italian nobleman, who flourished in Italy in the year 1297. What time the family came into England is uncertain; but it appears they were settled at Legge-place, near Tunbridge in Kent, for many generations; and Thomas, one of their ancestors, was twice lord-mayor of London, viz. in 1346 and 1353.

17. "Argent, two Squirrels sejant adossée Gules," for the name of Samwell.

18. "Gules, a Goat passant Argent;" borne by the name of Baker.

19. "Sable, a Stag standing at gaze Argent;" borne by the name of Jones, of Monmouthshire.

20. "Azure, three Holy Lambs Or;" borne by the name of Rotw.

V. Examples of Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, &c.

1. "Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable;" borne by the name of Beddingfield.

2. "Gules, a Swan clofe proper;" borne by the name of Leighan.

3. "Argent, a Stork Sable, membered Gules;" borne by the name of Starkey.

4. "Gules, a Pelican in her nest with wings elevated, feeding her young ones Or; vulned proper;" borne by the name of Carne.

5. "Argent, three Peacocks in their pride proper;" borne by the name of Payne.

6. "Sable, a Goshawk Argent, perching upon a stock in the Bale-point of the Escutcheon of the second, armed, jeffed, and belled Or;" borne by the name of Wheeler. 7. "Or, a Raven proper;" borne by the name of Corbet.

8. "Argent, three Cocks Gules, crested and jow-lopped Sable, a Crescent surmounted of a Crescent for difference;" borne by Cockayne, Viscount Cullen, of Donegal in Ireland. Of this ancient family was Andreas Cockayne of Ashburne in the county of Derby, who lived in the 28th year of Edward I. Charles, son to Sir William Cockayne lord-mayor of London, 1619, was the first who was advanced to the peerage, by Charles I. August 11, 1642.

9. "Sable, a Dolphin naiant embowed Or;" borne by the name of Symonds. This animal is borne by the eldest son of the French king, and next heir to the crown, no other subject in that kingdom being permitted to bear it. In England, where that rule cannot take place, there are several families that have dolphins in their coats-of-arms.

10. "Argent, three Whales Heads erect and erased Sable;" borne by the name of Whalley.

11. "Gules, three Escalops Argent;" borne by Keppel, earl of Albemarle, &c. This family is descended from Arnold Jooff van Keppel, a nobleman of the province of Guelderland in Holland, who came over into England with the prince of Orange in 1688, to whom he was then a page of honour, and afterwards matter of the robes, and was by him created a peer of England, by the title of earl of Albemarle, in the duchy of Normandy in France, February 10, 1696.

12. "Azure, three Trouts fretted in Triangle Argent;" borne by the name of Troutbeck.

13. "Vert, a Grasshopper paissant Or."

14. "Azure, three Bees two and one volant in pale Argent;" borne by the name of Bye.

15. "Vert, a Tortoise paissant Argent;" borne by the name of Gaudy.

16. "Gules, an Adder nowed Or;" borne by the name of Nathiley. Adders, snakes, and serpents, are said to represent many things, which being according to the fancy of the ancients, and a few modern authors who have adopted their opinions, it is needless to enlarge upon. It is certain they often occur in armory; but the noblest is that of the duchy of Milan, viz. "Argent, a Serpent gliding in Pale Azure, crowned Or, vorant an Infant issuing Gules." The occasion of this bearing was this: Otho, first viscount of Milan, going to the Holy Land with Godfrey of Bouillon, defeated and slew in single combat the great giant Volux, a man of extraordinary stature and strength, who had challenged the bravest of the Christian army. The viscount having killed him, took his armour, and among it his helmet, the crest whereof was a serpent swallowing an infant, worn by him to strike terror into those who should be so bold as to engage him.

17. "Ermine, a Rose Gules barbed and seeded proper;" borne by Bofcawen Viscount Falmouth, &c. This family is descended from Richard Bofcawen, of the town of Bofcawen, in the county of Cornwall, who flourished in the reign of King Edward VI. Hugh, the first peer of this ancient family, was created baron of Bofcawen Rose, and Viscount Falmouth, on the 13th of June 1720, 6th of George I.

18. "Azure, three Laurel leaves slipped Or;" borne by the name of Leveson, and quartered by the right honorable Granville-Leveson Gower, earl of Gower, Artificial Figures.

19. "Azure, three Garbs Or;" borne by the name of Cuming. These are sheaves of wheat; but though they were barley, rye, or any other corn whatsoever, it is sufficient, in blazoning, to call them Garbs, telling the tincture they are of.

20. "Gules, three Cinquefoils Argent;" borne by Lambart, baron of Cavan, &c. in Ireland. Of this ancient family, which is of French extraction, was Sir Oliver, who in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, attending the earl of Essex to Spain, was there knighted by him, and afterwards returning with that earl into Ireland, was, for his singular service in the north against O'Neal earl of Tyrone, made camp-master-general, and president of Connaught; and February 17, 1617, was created Lord Lambart and baron of Cavan by King James I.

It must be observed, that trees and plants are sometimes said to be trunked, eradicated, fructuated, or raguled, according as they are represented in arms.

ART. 2. Of Artificial Figures borne in Coats-of-Arms.

After the various productions of nature, artificial figures, the objects of arts and mechanics, claim the next rank. They may be distributed into the following classes, viz:

Warlike instruments; as swords, arrows, battering-rams, gauntlets, helmets, spears, pole-axes, &c.

Ornaments used in royal and religious ceremonies; as crowns, coronets, mitres, wreaths, croisiers, &c.

Architecture; as towers, castles, arches, columns, plummets, battlements, churches, portcullises, &c.

Navigation; as ships, anchors, rudders, pendants, sails, oars, masts, flags, galleys, lighters, &c.

All these bearings have different epithets, serving either to express their position, disposition, or make: viz. swords are said to be erect, pommelled, hilted, &c.; arrows, armed, feathered, &c.; towers, covered, embattled, &c.; and so on of all others, as will appear by the following examples.

1. "Sable, three Swords, their points meeting in fig. 18. The base Argent, pommelled and hilted Or, a Crescent in chief of the second for difference;" borne by Powlet, duke of Bolton, &c. This noble duke is descended from Hercules, lord of Tournon in Picardy, who came over to England with Jeffrey Plantagenet earl of Anjou, third son of King Henry II. and among other lands had the lordship of Paullet in Somersetshire conferred on him. William Powlet, the first peer of this illustrious and loyal family, was treasurer of the household to King Henry VIII. and by him created Baron St John of Basing, in the county of Southampton, March 9, 1538.

2. "Argent, three Battering-rams barways in Pale, headed Azure and hooped Or, an Amulet for difference;" borne by Bertie, earl of Abington, &c. The first of the family of Bertie that bore the title of earl of Abington was James Bertie Lord Norris of Rycoate, being created earl, Nov. 30, 1682, by Charles II.

3. "Azure, three left-hand Gauntlets with their backs forward Or;" borne by Fane, earl of Westmorland, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Fanes, over King Harold, at Hastings in Sussex, 1066; he Artificial had manors and lands in England conferred on him by that prince, as a reward for his eminent services: George the first earl was, in consideration of his own merit and the services of his ancestors, created a peer of Great Britain, October 19, 1681.

10. "Argent, a Maunch Sable;" borne by Haft- ings, earl of Huntingdon, &c. This family is de- scended from Hugh de Haftings, a younger son of the ancient and noble family of the Haftings, earl of Pem- broke, of which family was William de Haftings, steward of the household to King Henry I.—William, the first Lord Haftings, was created a baron on July 6, 1461, by King Edward IV.

11. "Azure, a circular Wreath Argent and Sable, with four Hawks Bells joined thereto in quadrature Or;" borne by Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn, &c. This noble family is of great antiquity; for, after the Ro- mans had been masters of Britain 500 years, wearied with the wars, they took their final farewell of it, and carried away with them a great many of their brave old British soldiers, who had served them in their wars both at home and abroad, to whom they gave America in France, for their former services, which coun- try was from them afterwards called Little Britain. It is supposed that there were some of this family amongst them; and that they gave the name of Joce- lyn to a town in this country, which still preserves that name; and it is thought probable that they returned with William the Conqueror; for we find, in 1066, mention made of Sir Gilbert Jocelyn. The first lord of the family, was created Baron Newport, of Newport in Ireland, on Nov. 29, 1743, and viscount in Nov. 1751.

12. "Gules, three Towers Argent;" quartered by Fowler, Viscount Ashbrook, &c. William Fowler, Esq., was advanced to the peerage by King George II. and created baron of Cattle Durrow, in the county of Kilkenny, Oct. 27, 1733; and his son was created Viscount Ashbrook, of Ashbrook in Ireland, on Sep- tember 30, 1751; now extinct.

13. "Gules, two Keys in Saltier Argent, in Chief a Royal Crown proper;" the arms of the archbishopric of York.

14. "Gules, two Swords in Saltier Argent, pom- meled and hilted Or;" the arms of the bishopric of London.

15. "Sable, a Key in Bend, fumounted by a Crozier in Bend finister, both Or;" the arms of the bishopric of St Asaph.

16. "Gules, two Keys adosée in Bend, the upper- most Argent, the other Or, a Sword interposed be- tween them in Bend finister of the second, pommelled, and hilted of the third;" the arms of the bishopric of Winchester.

17. "Gules, three Mitres with their pendants Or;" the arms of the bishopric of Chester.

18. "Sable, three Ducal Coronets paleways Or;" the arms of the bishopric of Bristol.

19. "Gules, a Sword erect in pale Argent, pom- meled and hilted Or, fumounted by two Keys in Saltier of the last;" the arms of the bishopric of Exeter.

20. "Gules, three Ducal Coronets, Or;" the arms of the bishopric of Ely. ART. 3. Of Chimerical Figures.

The last and the oddest kind of bearings in coats-of-arms, is comprehended under the name of chimerical figures; that is to say, such as have no real existence, but are mere fabulous and fantastical inventions. These charges, griffons, martlets, and unicorns excepted, are so uncommon in British coats, that in order to make up the same number of examples hitherto contained in each collection, several foreign bearings are introduced here; which, however, as they are conform to the laws of heraldry, will also contribute both to entertain and instruct the reader. Those most in use are the following, viz.

Angels, Cherubims, Tritons, Centaurs, Martlets, Griffons, Unicorns, Dragons, Mermaids, Satyrs, Wiverns, Harpies, Cockatrices, Phoenixes.

These, like the foregoing charges, are subject to various positions and dilpositions, which, from the principles already laid down, will be plainly understood from the following examples.

1. "Gules, an Angel standing affrontée, with his hands conjoined and elevated upon his breast, habited in a long Robe close girt Argent, his Wings displayed Or;" borne by the name of Brangor de Crevechia, a foreign prelate, who assisted at the council of Constance, 1412. This example is quoted by Guillim, Sect. III. Chap. I.

2. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Cherubim Or;" borne by the name of Chaloner, of Yorkshire and Cheshire.

3. "Azure, a Fefs indented between three Cherubim Argent." These arms were granted to John Ayde, Esq., of Doddington in Kent, by Sir William Segar, garter.

4. "Gules, a Cherub having three pair of Wings, the uppermost and lowermost counter-crosted Saltierways, and the middlemost displayed Argent;" borne by the name of Buocafoco, a foreign prelate. This example is copied from Menefrier's Methode du Blason, p. 120. No. viii.

5. "Azure, a Griffin segreant Or, armed and langued Gules, between three Crescents Argent;" quartered by Bligh, Lord Clifton, &c. The ancestor of this noble family, who lived in London, going over to Ireland in the time of Oliver Cromwell, as an agent to the adventurers there, acquired a good estate, and laid the foundation for the grandeur of this family.

6. "Gules, three Martlets Or;" borne by the name of Macgill. Guillim observes, that this bird, which is represented without feet, is given for a difference to younger brothers, to put them in mind, that, in order to raise themselves, they are to trust to their wings of virtue and merit, and not to their legs, having but little land to set their feet on.

7. "Azure, three Mullets Argent within a double Tressure counter-flower Or, in the centre a Martlet of the last;" borne by Murray, Lord Elibank. Sir Gideon Murray, knighted by King James VI. by whom he was made treasurer-depute, was third son of Sir Andrew Murray of Blackbarony. His son Patrick, in respect of his loyalty to Charles I. was on May 16, 1628 made a baronet, and in 1643 created Lord Elibank.

8. "Sable, a Cockatrice displayed Argent, crested, membered, and jowelled Gules."

9. "Argent, a Mermaid Gules, crined Or, holding in her right hand a Comb, and in her left a Mirror, both proper;" borne by the name of Ellis.

10. "Argent, a Wivern, his Wings elevated, and his Tail nowed below him Gules;" borne by the name of Drakes.

11. "Or, a Dragon passant Vert."

12. "Gules, a Centaur or Sagittary in full speed regardant proper." This was the coat of arms of Stephen furbished of Blois, son to Adela daughter of William the Conqueror, and of Stephen earl of Blois; and on this descent grounding his pretension to the crown of England he was proclaimed king in 1135, and reigned to the 25th of October 1154.

13. "Argent, an Unicorn leaping Sable, unguled and horned Or;" borne by the name of Harling.

14. "Argent, a Dragon's Head erased Vert, holding in his Mouth a smaller Hand couped at the Wrist Gules;" borne by the name of Williams.

15. "Gules, three Unicorns Heads couped Or;" borne by the name of Paris.

16. "Argent, a Wivern volant Bendways Sable;" borne by the name of Raymon.

17. "Azure, a Lion Sejant guardant winged Or, his Head encircled with a Glory, holding in his fore-paws an open book, wherein is written Pax tibi, Marce, Evangelista meus; over the dexter side of the Book a Sword erect, all proper." These are the arms of the republic of Venice.

18. "Azure, a Bull saliant and winged Or," borne by the name of Cadent, a family of distinction of Provence.

19. "Argent, a Wivern with a human Face affrontée hooded, and winged Vert;" borne by the name of Buferaghi, an ancient and noble family of Lucca.

20. "Azure, a Harpy displayed, armed, crined, and crowned Or." These are the arms of the city of Nuremberg in Germany.

To the aforementioned figures may be added the montegre, an imaginary creature, supposed to have the body of a tyger with a satyr's head and horns; also those which have a real existence, but are said to be endowed with extravagant and imaginary qualities, viz. the falmander, beaver, cameleon, &c.

CHAP. IV. Of the External Ornaments of Escutcheons.

The ornaments that accompany or surround escutcheons were introduced to denote the birth, dignity, or office, of the persons to whom the coat-of-arms appertaineth; which is practised both among the laity and clergy. Those most in use are of ten sorts, viz. Crowns, Coronets, Mitres, Helmets, Mantlings, Chapeaux, Wreaths, Crests, Scrolls, Supporters.

SECT. I. Of Crowns.

The first crowns were only diadems, bands, or fillets; afterwards they were composed of branches of divers trees, and then flowers were added to them. Among Among the Greeks, the crowns given to those who carried the prize at the Ithmian games, were of pine; at the Olympic, of laurel; and at the Nemean, of smalage.

The Romans had various crowns to reward martial exploits and extraordinary services done to the republic; for which see the detached article Crown in this Dictionary, and Plate CLXIV.

Examples of some of these crowns are frequently met with in modern achievements, viz. 1. The mural crown in that of Lord Montfort, which was conferred on Sir John Bromley, one of his lordship's ancestors, as an augmentation to his arms, for his great courage at the battle of Le Croby. Part of the crest of Lord Archer is also a mural crown. And there are no less than ten English baronets, whose arms are ornamented with the same crown. 2. The naval or rostral crown is still used with coats-of-arms, as may be seen in those of Sir William Burnaby, Bart. now admiral of the red squadron, and of John Clerke, Esq. as part of their crests. 3. Of the coffrenee or vallary crown, we have instances in the coats-of-arms of Sir Reginald Graham, and of Isaac Akerman, Esq. 4. The crest of Grice Blackney, Esq. is encompassed with a civic crown. 5. The radiated crown, according to J. Yorke, was placed over the arms of the kings of England, till the time of Edward III. It is still used as a crest on the arms of some private families; those, for example, borne by the name of Whitfield, are ornamented with it. The celestial crown is formed like the radiated, with the addition of a star on each ray; and is only used upon tomb-stones, monuments, and the like.—Others of the ancient crowns are still borne, as crests, by several families.

But modern crowns are only used as an ornament, which emperors, kings, and independent princes set on their heads, in great solemnities, both to denote their sovereign authority, and to render themselves more awful to their subjects. These are the most in use in heraldry, and are as follows:

The imperial crown (No. 1.) is made of a circle of gold, adorned with precious stones and pearls, heightened with fleurs-de-lis, bordered and seeded with pearls, raised in the form of a cap voided at the top like a crescent. From the middle of this cap rises an arched fillet enriched with pearls, and surmounted of a mound, whereon is a cross of pearls.

The crown of the kings of Great Britain (2.) is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, enriched with pearls and precious stones, and heightened up with four crosses pattee and four large fleurs-de-lis alternately; from these rise four arched diadems adorned with pearls, which close under a mound, surmounted of a cross like those at bottom. Mr Sandford, in his Genealogical History, p. 381, remarks, that Edward IV. is the first king of England that in his seal, or on his coin, is crowned with an arched diadem.

The crown of the kings in France (3.) is a circle enamelled, adorned with precious stones, and heightened up with eight arched diadems, rising from as many fleurs-de-lis, that conjoin at the top under a double fleur-de-lis, all of gold.

The crowns of Spain, Portugal, and Poland, are all three of the same form, and are, amongst others, thus described by Colonel Parsons, in his Genealogical Tables of Europe, viz. A ducal coronet, heightened up with eight arched diadems that support a mound, ensigned with a plain cross. Those of Denmark and Sweden are both of the same form, and consist of eight arched diadems, rising from a marquis's coronet, which conjoin at the top under a mound ensigned with a cross-bottomy.

The crowns of most other kings are circles of gold, adorned with precious stones, and heightened up with large trefoils, and closed by four, six, or eight diadems, supporting a mound, surmounted of a cross.

The Great Turk (4.) bears over his arms a turban, enriched with pearls and diamonds, under two coronets, the first of which is made of pyramidal points heightened up with large pearls, and the uppermost is surmounted with crescents.

The Pope, or bishop of Rome, appropriates to himself a Tiara (No. 5.), or long cap of golden cloth, from which hang two pendants embroidered and fringed at the ends, sewn of crosses of gold. This cap is enclosed by three marquises coronets; and has on its top a mound of gold, whereon is a cross of the same, which cross is sometimes represented by engravers and painters powdered, recrossed, flowery, or plain.—It is a difficult matter to ascertain the time when the popes assumed the three aforementioned coronets. A patched-up succession of the holy pontiffs, engraved and published some years ago by order of Pope Clement XIII., for the edification of his good subjects in Great Britain and Ireland, represents Marcellus, who was chosen bishop of Rome anno 310, and all his successors, adorned with such a cap; but it appears, from very good authority, that Boniface VIII., who was elected into the see of Rome anno 1295, first compassed his cap with a coronet; Benedict XII. in 1335, added a second to it; and John XXIII. in 1411, a third; with a view to indicate by them, that the Pope is the sovereign priest, the supreme judge, and the sole legislator amongst Christians.

Sect. II. Of Coronets.

The coronet of the prince of Wales, or eldest son of the king of Great Britain (No. 7.), was anciently a circle of gold set round with four crosses pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately; but since the restoration, it has been closed with one arch only, adorned with pearls, and surmounted of a mound and cross, and bordered with ermine like the king's.

Besides the aforeaid coronet, his royal highness the prince of Wales has another distinguishing mark of honour, peculiar to himself, called by the vulgar the prince's arms, viz. A plume of three ostrich-feathers, with an ancient coronet of a prince of Wales. Under it, in a scroll, is the motto, Ich Dien, which in the German or old Saxon language signifies, "I serve;" (see No. 6.). This device was at first taken by Edward prince of Wales, commonly called the black prince, after the famous battle of Crecy, in 1346, where having with his own hand killed John king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume, and put it on his own.

The coronet of all the immediate sons and brothers of the kings of Great Britain, is a circle of gold, bordered: bordered with ermine, heightened up with four fleurs-de-lis, and as many croffes pattee alternate, (see No 8.)—The particular and distinguishing form of such coronets as are appropriated to princes of the blood-royal, is described and settled in a grant of Charles II. the 13th of his reign.

The coronet of the princesses of Great Britain is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, and heightened up with croffes-pattee, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves alternate (No 9.) whereas a prince's coronet has only fleurs-de-lis and croffes.

A duke's coronet is a circle of gold bordered with ermine, enriched with precious stones and pearls, and set round with eight large strawberry or parsley leaves; (No 10.)

A marquis's coronet is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, set round with four strawberry leaves, and as many pearls on pyramidal points of equal height, alternate; (No 11.)

An earl's coronet is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, heightened up with eight pyramidal points or rays, on the tops of which are as many large pearls, and are placed alternately, (with as many strawberry-leaves, but the pearls much higher than the leaves: (No 12.)

A viscount's coronet differs from the preceding ones as being only a circle of gold bordered with ermine, with large pearls set close together on the rim, without any limited number, which is the prerogative above the baron, who is limited: (see No 13.)

A baron's coronet, (No 14.), which was granted by King Charles II. is formed with five pearls set at equal distances on a gold circle, bordered with ermine, four of which only are seen on engravings, paintings, &c. to show he is inferior to the viscount.

The eldest sons of peers, above the degree of a baron, bear their father's arms and supporters with a label, and use the coronet appertaining to their father's second title; and all the younger sons bear their arms with proper differences, but use no coronets.

As the crown of the king of Great Britain is not quite like that of other potentates, so do most of the coronets of foreign noblemen differ a little from those of the British nobility; as for example, the coronet of a French earl is a circle of gold with 18 pearls set on the brim of it; a French viscount's coronet is a circle of gold only enamelled, charged with four large pearls; and a French baron's coronet is a circle of gold enamelled and bound about with a double bracelet of pearls; and these coronets are only used on French noblemen's coats-of-arms, and not worn on their heads, as the British noblemen and their ladies do at the king's coronation.

Sect. III. Of Mitres.

The archbishops and bishops of England and Ireland place a mitre over their coats-of-arms. It is a round cap pointed and cleft at the top, from which hang two pendants fringed at both ends; with this difference, that the bishop's mitre is only surrounded with a fillet of gold, set with precious stones, (see fig. 23. No 6.) whereas the archbishop's issues out of a ducal coronet, (see fig. 20. No 15.)

This ornament, with other masquerade garments, is still worn by all the archbishops and bishops of the church of Rome, whenever they officiate with solemnity; but it is never used in England, otherwise than on coats of arms, as before-mentioned.

Sect. IV. Of Helmets.

The Helmet was formerly worn as a defensive weapon, to cover the bearer's head, and is now placed over a coat-of-arms as its chief ornament, and the true mark of gentility. There are several sorts, distinguished, 1st, by the matter they are made of; 2dly, by their form; and, 3dly, by their position.

1st. As to the matter they are, or rather were, made of: The helmets of sovereigns were of burnished gold damasked; those of princes and lords, of silver figured with gold; those of knights, of steel adorned with silver, and those of private gentlemen of polished steel.

2dly. As to their form: Those of the king and the royal family, and noblemen of Great Britain, are open-faced and grated, and the number of bars serves to distinguish the bearer's quality; that is, the helmet appropriated to the dukes and marquises is different from the king's, by having a bar exactly in the middle, and two on each side, making but five bars in all, (see fig. 21. No 1.) whereas the king's helmet has six bars, viz. three on each side, (ibid. No 7.) The other grated helmet with four bars is common to all degrees of peerage under a marquis. The open-faced helmet without bars denotes baronets and knights. The close helmet is for all esquires and gentlemen.

3dly. Their position is also looked upon as a mark of distinction. The grated helmet in front belongs to sovereign princes. The grated helmet in profile is common to all degrees of peerage. The helmet standing direct without bars, and the beaver a little open, denotes baronets and knights. Lastly, the side-standing helmet, with the beaver close, is the way of wearing it amongst esquires and gentlemen. See No 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, inserted in fig. 21. Ornaments.

Sect. V. Of Mantlings.

Mantlings are pieces of cloth jagged or cut into flowers and leaves, which now-a-days serve as an ornament for escutcheons. They were the ancient coverings of helmets, to preserve them, or the bearer, from the injuries of the weather, as also to prevent the ill consequences of their too much dazzling the eye in action. But Guillim very judiciously observes, that their shape must have undergone a great alteration since they have been out of use, and therefore might more properly be termed flourishings than mantlings. See the examples annexed to the helmets represented in fig. 21.

The French heralds assure us, that these mantlings were originally no other than short coverings which commanders wore over their helmets, and that, going into battles with them, they often, on their coming away, brought them back in a ragged manner, occasioned by the many cuts they had received on their heads; and therefore the more hacked they were, the more Chap. IV.

Chapeaux, more honourable they were accounted; as our colours Wreaths, &c., in time of war are the more esteemed for having been shot through in many places.

Sometimes skins of beasts, as lions, bears, &c. were thus borne, to make the bearer look more terrible, and that gave occasion to the doubling of mantlings with furs.

Sect. VI. Of Chapeaux.

A CHAPEAU is an ancient hat, or rather cap, of dignity worn by dukes, generally scarlet-coloured velvet on the outside, lined and turned up with fur; of late frequently to be met with above an helmet, instead of a wreath, under gentlemen's and noblemen's crests. Heretofore they were seldom to be found, as of right appertaining to private families; but by the grants of Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, and other succeeding heralds, these, together with ducal coronets, are now frequently to be met with in families, who yet claim not above the degree of gentlemen. See the representation of the chapeau, No. 5, fig. 21.

Sect. VII. Of Wreaths.

The Wreath is a kind of roll made of two skins of silk of different colours twisted together, which ancient knights wore as a head-dress when equipped for tournaments. The colours of the silk are always taken from the principal metal and colour contained in the coat-of-arms of the bearer. They are still accounted as one of the lesser ornaments of escutcheons, and are placed between the helmet and the crest: (see fig. 21, No. 6.) In the time of Henry I. and long after, no man, who was under the degree of a knight, had his crest set on a wreath; but this, like other prerogatives, has been unfriended so far, that every body now-a-days wears a wreath.

Sect. VIII. Of Crests.

The Crest is the highest part of the ornaments of a coat-of-arms. It is called creft, from the Latin word crista, which signifies comb or tuft, such as many birds have upon their heads, as the peacock, pheasant, &c., in allusion to the place on which it is fixed.

Crests were formerly great marks of honour, because they were only worn by heroes of great valour, or by such as were advanced to some superior military command, in order that they might be the better distinguished in an engagement, and thereby rally their men if dispersed; but they are at present considered as a mere ornament. The crest is frequently a part either of the supporters, or of the charge borne in the escutcheon. Thus the crest of the royal achievement of Great Britain is a "Lion guardant crowned," as may be seen in fig. 21, No. 7. The crest of France is a double Fleur-de-luce. Out of the many crests borrowed from supporters, are the following, viz. The duke of Montagu's, "A Griffin's head coupé Or, back'd and wing'd Sable," the marquis of Rockingham's, "A Griffin's head argent, gouged with a ducal coronet: the earl of Westmoreland's, "A Bull's head Argent, py'd Sable, armed Or; and Lord Archer's which is, "Out of a mural-crown Or, a The Scroll Wyvern's head Argent." There are several instances of crests that are relative to alliances, employments, or names; and which on that account have been changed.

Sect. IX. Of the Scroll.

The Scroll is the ornament placed above the crest, containing a motto, or short sentence, alluding thereto, or to the bearings; or to the bearer's name, as in the two following instances. The motto of the noble earl of Cholmondeley is, Cæstis tutissima virtus; i.e. "Virtue is the safest helmet;" on account of the helmet in the coat-of-arms. The motto of the right honourable Lord Fortescue is, Forte sentum salus ducum; i.e. "A strong shield is the safety of the commanders;" alluding to the name of that ancient family. Sometimes it has reference to neither, but expresses something divine or heroic; as that of the earl of Scarborough, which is, Murus æereus conficiens fana; i.e. "A good confidence is a wall of bricks." Others are enigmatical; as that of the royal achievement, which is Dieu et mon Droit, i.e. "God and my right;" introduced by Edward III. in 1340, when he assumed the arms and title of king of France, and began to prosecute his claim, which occasioned long and bloody wars, fatal by turns to both kingdoms: or that of the prince of Wales, which is Ich dien, "I serve;" the origin of which has been already mentioned. Mottos, though hereditary in the families that first took them up, have been changed on some particular occasions, and others appropriated in their stead, instances of which are sometimes met with in the history of families.

Sect. X. Of Supporters.

Supporters are figures standing on the scroll, and placed at the side of the escutcheon; they are so called, because they seem to support or hold up the shield. The rise of supporters is, by F. Menestrier, traced up to ancient tournaments, wherein the knights caused their shields to be carried by servants or pages under the disguise of lions, bears, griffons, blackamoors, &c. who also held and guarded the escutcheons, which the knights were obliged to expose to public view for some time before the lists were opened. Sir George Mackenzie, who differs from this opinion, says, in his Treatise on the Science of Heraldry, chap. xxxi. p. 93. "That the first origin and use of them was from the custom which ever was, and is, of leading such as are invested with any great honour to the prince who confers it: thus, when any man is created a duke, marquis, or knight of the garter, or any other order, he is supported by, and led to the prince betwixt, two of the quality, and so receives from him the symbols of that honour; and in remembrance of that solemnity, his arms are thereafter supported by any two creatures he chooses." Supporters have formerly been taken from such animals or birds as are borne in the shields, and sometimes they have been chosen as bearing some allusion to the names of those whose arms they are made to support. The supporters of the arms of Great Britain, since King James the First's accession... Supporters acceding to the throne, are a Lion rampant guardant crowned Or, on the dexter side, and an Unicorn Argent, crowned, armed, unguled, maned and gorged with an antique Crown, to which a chain is affixed, all Or, on the sinister; as it appears by fig. 21. No 7.

This last figure represents the coat-of-arms of the king of Great Britain, or the royal achievement, as it has been marshalled since the accession of King George I. in 1714, and is blazoned as follows, viz.

ARMS. Quarterly, in the first grand quarter Gules, three Lions rampant guardant in pale Or, the imperial ensigns of England; impaled with Or, a Lion rampant, within a double trellise fleury and counter-fleury Gules, the royal arms of Scotland. The second is Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or, the arms of France. The third is Azure, a Harp Or, stringed Argent, the emblem of Ireland. The fourth grand quarter is Gules, two Lions passant guardant in pale Or, for Brunswick; impaled with Or semée of Hearts Proper, a Lion rampant Azure, for Lunenburg; with grafted in base Gules a Horse current Argent, for ancient Saxony; and in a field fretty Gules, the Crown of Charlemagne Or, as arch-treasurer of the empire; the whole within a Garter, inscribed with this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense, as sovereign of that noble order, given by the founder King Edward III.

CREST. On a Helmet full-faced, grated and surmounted of a Crown, a Lion guardant crowned Or; the mantlings of the loft, and lining, Ermine.

SUPPORTERS. On the Dexter side a Lion rampant guards Or, crowned as the Crest. On the Sinister side an Unicorn Argent, crowned, armed, maned, and unguled Or, gorged with an antique Crown; a Chain affixed thereto, reflecting over the back, and passing over the hind legs of the loft, both standing on a Scroll inscribed with this motto, Dieu et mon droit, from which issue the two Royal Badges of his Majesty's chief Dominions, viz. on the Dexter side a Rose party per Pale Argent and Gules, flanked and leaved proper, for England; and on the Sinister side a Thistle proper, for Scotland; being so adorned by King James I. upon his succeeding to the crown of England. As king of Scotland, he bore two unicorns, as above, for his supporters; but upon the union of that kingdom with England, in 1603, he introduced one of the above supporters on the sinister side of the royal achievement, and which continues to this day.

It is to be observed, that bearing coats-of-arms supported, is, according to the heraldical rules of England, the prerogative, 1st, Of those called nobles majores, viz. dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons; 2nd, Of all knights of the Garter, though they should be under the degree of barons; 3rd, Of knights of the Bath, who both receive on their creation a grant of supporters. And, lastly, of such grants as the king chooses to bestow this honour upon; as in the instance of Sir Andrew Fountain, who was knighted by Philip earl of Pembroke, when lord lieutenant of Ireland, Fountain being then his secretary; and on his return to England, King William granted him supporters to his arms, viz. two Griffins Gules and Or. In Scotland, all the chiefs of clans or names have the privilege of claiming supporters; also the baronets. But by act of parliament, 10th September 1672, none are allowed to use either arms or supporters, under a penalty and confiscation of all moveables whereon arms are put, without the Lord Lyon's authority.

CHAP. V. Of the Rules or Laws of Heraldry.

The several escutcheons, tinctures, charges, and ornaments of coats-of-arms, and their various properties, being now explained; it may not be improper to subjoin such rules for blazoning the same, as the ancient usage and laws of heraldry have established amongst us.

I. The first and most general rule is, to express one's self in proper terms, so as not to omit anything that ought to be specified, and at the same time to be clear and concise without tautology; as in Ex. xiv. Chap. III. art. 1. and also in Ex. xi. art. 7. wherein these expressions of the Field, or of the First, prevent the repetition of the aforementioned tincture.

II. One must begin with the tincture of the field, and then proceed to the principal charges which possess the most honourable place in the shield, such as Fels, Chevrons, &c., always naming that charge first which lies next and immediately upon the field; as in Ex. i. Chap. III. art. 5.

III. After naming the tincture of the field, the honourable ordinaries, or other principal figures, you must specify their attributes, and afterwards their metal or colour, as in Ex. 16. Examples of Effigies, &c.

IV. When an honourable ordinary, or some one figure, is placed upon another, whether it be a Fels, Chevrons, Crofs, &c., it is always to be named after the ordinary or figure over which it is placed, with one of these expressions, sur tout, or over all, as in Ex. 20. Chap. III. art. 4.

V. In the blazoning of such ordinaries as are plain, the bare mention of them is sufficient; but if an ordinary should be made of any of the crooked lines mentioned above, its form must be specified; that is, whether it be Engrailed, Wavy, &c. as in Ex. 1. 2. 3. Chap. III. art. 1.

VI. When a principal figure possesses the centre of the field, its position is not to be expressed: or (which amounts to the same thing) when a bearing is named, without specifying the point where it is placed, then it is understood to possess the middle of the shield; as in Ex. 13. 14. Examples of Celestial figures.

VII. The number of the points of mullets or stars must be specified when more than five; and also if a mullet or any other charge be pierced, it must be mentioned as such, to distinguish it from what is plain; as in Ex. 13. 14. Examples of Celestial figures.

VIII. When a ray of the sun, or other single figure, is borne in any other part of the escutcheon than the centre, the point it illues from must be named; as in Ex. 3. Examples of Celestial figures.

IX. The natural colour of trees, plants, fruits, birds, &c., is no otherwise to be expressed in blazoning but by the word proper, as in Ex. 2. 7. Examples of Birds, &c.; but if discoloured, that is, if they differ from their natural colour, it must be particularized; as in Ex. 1. 2. Examples of other Quadrupeds, &c.

X. When three figures are in a field, and their position Chap. VI.

HERALDRY

D.D., chaplain in ordinary to his majesty, prebendary of Durham, canon of Windsor, &c., impaled with that of F. Walker, his spouse.

If a widower marry again, his late and present wife's arms are, according to G. Leigh, "to be both placed on the sinister side, in the escutcheon with his own, and parted per Pale. The first wife's coat shall stand on the Chief, and the second on the Base; or he may let them both in Pale with his own, the first wife's coat next to himself, and his second outermost. If he should marry a third wife, then the two first matches shall stand on the Chief, and the third shall have the whole Base. And if he take a fourth wife, she must participate one half of the Base with the third wife, and so will they seem to be so many coats quartered." But it must be observed, that these forms of impaling are meant of hereditary coats, whereby the husband stands in expectation of having the hereditary possessions of his wife united to his patrimony.

II. In the arms of femmes joined to the paternal coat of the baron, the proper differences by which they were borne by the fathers of such women must be inserted.

III. If a coat-of-arms that has a Bordure be impaled with another, as by marriage, then the Bordure must be wholly omitted in the side of the arms next the centre.

IV. The person that marries an heiress, instead of impaling his arms with those of his wife, is to bear them in an escutcheon placed in the centre of his shield, after the same manner as the baronet's badge is marshalled in No. 3, and which, on account of its showing forth his pretension to her estate, is called an escutcheon of pretence, and is blazoned fortout, i.e., overall, as in the escutcheon borne in the fourth quarter of the royal achievement. But the children are to bear the hereditary coat-of-arms of their father and mother quarterly, which denotes a fixed inheritance, and so transmit them to posterity. The first and fourth quarters generally contain the father's arms, and the second and third the mother's; except the heirs should derive not only their estate, but also their title and dignity, from their mother.

V. If a maiden or dowager lady of quality marry a commoner, or a nobleman inferior to her rank, their coats-of-arms may be set aside of one another in two separate escutcheons, upon one mantle or drapery, and the lady's arms ornamented according to her title; see No. 4, and 6, which represent the coats-of-arms of Gen. C. Montagu, and Lady Elizabeth Villiers Viscountess Grandison.

VI. Archbishops and bishops impale the arms differently from the fore-mentioned coats, in giving the place of honour, that is, the dexter side, to the arms of their dignity, as it is expressed in No. 6, which represents the coat-of-arms of Dr Philip Yonge, Lord bishop of Norwich. It may be observed of the above prelates, that they thus bear their arms parted per Pale, to denote their being joined to their cathedral church in a sort of spiritual marriage.

With respect to such armorial ensigns as the sovereign thinks fit to augment a coat-of-arms with, they may be marshalled various ways, as may be seen by the arms of his grace the duke of Rutland, inserted in fig. 8.

Chap. VI. Of Marshalling Coats-of-arms.

By marshalling coats-of-arms, is to be understood the art of disposing divers of them in one escutcheon, and of distributing their contingent ornaments in proper places.

Various causes may occasion arms to be thus joined, which J. Guillim comprises under two heads, viz. manifest and obscure.

What this learned and judicious herald means by manifest causes in the marshalling of coats-of-arms, are such as betoken marriages, or a sovereign's gift, granted either through the special favour of the prince, or for some eminent services. Concerning marriages it is to be observed,

1. When the coats-of-arms of a married couple, descended of distinct families, are to be put together in one escutcheon, the field of their respective arms is conjoined Paleways, and blazoned parted per pale, Baron and Femme, two coats; first, &c. In which case the baron's arms are always to be placed on the dexter side, and the femme's arms on the sinister side, as in No. 1 and 2, fig. 25. Of arms marshalled, which are,

1. The coat-of-arms of the Rev. Edward Barnard, D.D., chaplain in ordinary to his majesty, provost of Eton-college, canon of Windsor, &c., impaled with that of S. Hagatt, his spouse.

2. The coat-of-arms of the Rev. Thomas Dampier, Vol. X. Part II. To those augmentations may be added, 1st, The baronet's mark of distinction, or the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland, granted and made hereditary in the male line by King James I. who erected this dignity on the 22d of May 1611, in the 9th year of his reign, in order to propagate a plantation in the fore-mentioned province. This mark is Argent, a sinister Hand couped at the Wrist, and erectèd Gules; which may be borne either in a canton, or in an escutcheon, as will best suit the figures of the arms. See fig. 23, No. 3, which represents the coat-of-arms of Sir William Lorryne, of Kirk-harle, Northumberland, and are thus blazoned: Quarterly, Sable and Argent; a plain Cross counter-quartered of the Field. The Crest,—A Laurel-tree couped, two branches sprouting out proper, and fixed to the lower part thereof with a Belt Gules, edged and buckled Or. This, according to tradition in the family, was granted for some worthy action in the field.

2ndly, The ancient and respectable badge of the most noble order of the Garter, instituted by King Edward III. 1349, in the 27th year of his reign; and which, ever since its institution, has been looked upon as a great honour bestowed on the noblest persons of this nation and other countries. This honourable augmentation is made to surmount, as with a garter, the arms of such knights, and is inscribed with this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense: see No. 7, which represents the coat-of-arms of his grace the duke of Montagu, earl of Cardigan, Baron Brundel of Stanton-Wevil, constable and lieutenant of Windfor-castle, knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and baronet, president of St Luke's Hospital, and F.R.S.

This nobleman, whose arms were Argent, a Chevron Gules between three Morions proper, has, since the decease of John duke of Montagu, taken the name and arms of Montagu, on account of his being married to Lady Mary Montagu, youngest daughter and one of the co-heiresses of his grace.

So far the causes for marshalling divers arms in one shield, &c. are manifest. As to such as are called obscure, that is, when coats-of-arms are marshalled in such a manner, that no probable reason can be given why they are so conjoined, they must be left to heralds to explain, as being the properest persons to unfold these and other mysteries of this science.

**Chap. VII. Of Funeral Escutcheons.**

After having treated of the essential parts of the coats-of-arms, of the various charges and ornaments usually borne therewith, of their attributes and dispositions, and of the rules for blazoning and marshalling them, we shall next describe the several funeral escutcheons, usually called hatchments; whereby may be known, after any person's decease, what rank either he or she held when living; and if it be a gentleman's hatchment, whether he was a bachelor, married man, or widower, with the like distinctions for gentlewomen.

The hatchment, fig. 24, No. 1, represents such as are affixed to the fronts of houses, when any of the nobility and gentry dies; the arms therein being those of a private gentleman and his wife parted per pale; the dexter side, which is Gules, three Bars Or, for the husband; having the ground without the escutcheon black, denotes the man to be dead; and the ground on the sinister side being white, signifies that the wife is living, which is also demonstrated by the small hatchment, No. 2, which is here depicted without mantling, helmet, and crest, for perpetuity's sake only.

When a married gentlewoman dies first, the hatchment is distinguished by a contrary colour from the former; that is, the arms on the sinister side have the ground without the escutcheon black; whereas those on the dexter side, for her surviving husband, are upon a white ground: the hatchment of a gentlewoman is, moreover, differenced by a cherub over the arms instead of a crest. See No. 3.

When a bachelor dies, his arms may be depicted single or quartered, with a crest over them, but never impaled as the two first are, and all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See No. 4.

When a maid dies, her arms, which are placed in a lozenge, may be single or quartered, as those of a bachelor; but, instead of a crest, have a cherub over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See No. 5.

When a widower dies, his arms are represented impaled with those of his deceased wife, having a helmet, mantling, and crest over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon black. See No. 6.

When a widow dies, her arms are also represented impaled with those of her deceased husband, but enclosed in a lozenge, and, instead of a crest, a cherub is placed over them; all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See No. 7.

If a widower or bachelor should happen to be the last of his family, the hatchment is depicted as in No. 6, and that of a maid or widow, whose family is extinct by her death, is depicted as in No. 7, with this difference only, that a death-head is generally annexed to each hatchment, to denote, that death has conquered all.

By the foregoing rules, which are sometimes neglected through the ignorance of illiterate people, may be known, upon the sight of any hatchment, what branch of the family is dead; and by the helmet or coronet, what title and degree the deceased person was of.

The same rules are observed with respect to the escutcheons placed on the hearth and horses used in pompous funerals, except that they are not surmounted with any crest, as in the foregoing examples of hatchments, but are always plain. It is necessary, however, to engrave those of peers with coronets, and that of a maiden lady with a knot of ribbands.

In Scotland, a funeral escutcheon not only shows forth the arms and condition of the defunct, but is also a proof of the gentility of his descent; and such persons for whom this species of escutcheon can be made out, are legally entitled to the character of gentlemen of blood, which is the highest species of gentility. The English hatchment above described exhibits no more than a right to a coat-of-arms which may be acquired by purchase, and is only the first step towards establishing gentility in a family. The funeral escutcheon, as exhibited in Scotland, France, and Germany, is in form of a lozenge, above five feet square, of black cloth; in the centre of which is painted, in proper colours, the complete achievementment of the defunct, with all its exterior ornaments and additional marks or badges of honour; and round the sides are placed the fifteen arms of the families from which he derives his descent, as far back as the grandfather's grandfather, as the proofs of his gentility: they exhibit the armorial bearings of his father and mother, his two grandmothers, his four great-grandmothers, and his eight great-grandmothers mothers; if all these families have acquired a legal right to bear arms, then the gentility of the person whose proof it is must be accounted complete, but not otherwise. On the four corners are placed mort-heads, and the initials of his name and titles or designation; and the black interlaces are sewn or powdered with tears, as in the figure, No. 8, which is the escutcheon of the right honourable James 5th earl of Balcarres, chief of the ancient surname of Lindesay.

On the morning of the interment, one of these is placed on the front of the house where the deceased lies; and another on the church in which he is to be buried, which after the burial is fixed above the grave. The pall, too, is generally adorned with these proofs of gentility, and the horses of the hearse with the defunct's arms.