considered as a medicine, is a very useful detergent and aperient, powerfully dissolving viscid juices, and promoting the expectoration of tough phlegm. In some particular constitutions it has an inconvenience of griping, or of proving purgative, which is said to be in some measure prevented by previously boiling the honey. This, however, with all constitutions, is by no means effectual; and the circumstance mentioned has had so much weight with the Edinburgh college, that they do not now employ it in any preparation, and have entirely rejected the melia medicata, substituting syrups in their place: but there can be no doubt that honey is very useful in giving form to different articles, although there be some individuals with whom it may disagree. In order, however, to obtain the good effects of the honey itself, it must be used to a considerable extent, and as an article of diet. The following remarkable instances of the good effects of honey in some asthmatic cases, given by Mr Monro in his Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, deserve to be here inserted. "The late Dr John Hume, one of the commissioners of the sick and hurt of the royal navy, was for many years violently afflicted with the asthma. Having taken many medicines without receiving relief, he at last resolved to try the effects of honey, having long had a great opinion of its virtues as a pectoral. For two or three years he ate some ounces of it daily, and got entirely free of his asthma, and likewise of a gravelly complaint with which he had long been afflicted. About two years after he had recovered his health, when he was fitting one day in the office for the sick and hurt, a person laboring under a great difficulty of breathing, who looked as if he could not live many days, came to him, and asked him by what means he had been cured of his asthma? Dr Hume told him the particulars of his own case, and mentioned to him the means by which he had found relief. For two years after he heard nothing of this person, who was a stranger to him, and had seemed so bad that he did not imagine he could have lived many days, and therefore had not even asked him who he was; but at the end of that period, a man seemingly in good health, and decently dressed, came to the sick and hurt office, and returned him thanks for his cure, which he assured him had been entirely brought about by the free use of honey."

Honey-Dew, a sweet saccharine substance found on the leaves of certain trees, of which bees are very fond, by the husbandmen supposed to fall from the heavens like common dew. This opinion hath been refuted, and the true origin of this and other saccharine dews shown by the Abbé Boitier de Sauvages, in a memoir read before the Society of Sciences at Montpelier. "Chance (says the abbe) afforded me an opportunity of seeing this juice in its primitive form on the leaves of the holm oak: these leaves were covered with thousands of small round globules or drops, which, without touching one another, seemed to point out the pore from whence each of them had proceeded. My taste informed me, that they were as sweet as honey; the honey-dew on a neighbouring bramble did not resemble the former, the drops having run together," gether, owing either to the moisture of the air which had diluted them, or to the heat which had expanded them. The dew was become more viscous, and lay in large drops, covering the leaves; in this form it is usually seen.

"The oak had at this time two sorts of leaves: the old, which were strong and firm; and the new, which were tender, and newly come forth. The honey-dew was found only on the old leaves, though these were covered by the new ones, and by that means sheltered from any moisture that could fall from above. I observed the same on the old leaves of the bramble, while the new leaves were quite free from it. Another proof that this dew proceeds from the leaves is, that other neighbouring trees not furnished with a juice of this kind had no moisture on them; and particularly the mulberry, which is a very particular circumstance, for this juice is a deadly poison to silk-worms. If this juice fell in the form of a dew, mist, or fog, it would wet all the leaves without distinction, and every part of the leaves, under as well as upper. Heat may have some share in its production: for though the common heat promotes only the transpiration of the more volatile and fluid juices, a sultry heat, especially if reflected by clouds, may so far dilate the vessel as to produce a more viscous juice, such as the honey-dew.

"The second kind of honey-dew, which is the chief resource of bees after the spring flowers and dew by transpiration on leaves are past, owes its origin to a small insect called a vine-fretter; the excrement ejected with some force by this insect makes a part of the most delicate honey known in nature (see APHIS). These vine-fretters rest during several months on the barks of particular trees, and extract their food by piercing that bark, without hurting or deforming the tree. These insects also cause the leaves of some trees to curl up, and produce galls upon others. They settle on branches that are a year old. The juice, at first perhaps hard and crabbed, becomes, in the bowels of this insect, equal in sweetness to the honey obtained from the flowers and leaves of vegetables; excepting that the flowers may communicate some of their essential oil to the honey, and this may give it a peculiar flavour, as happened to myself by planting a hedge of rosemary near my bees at Sauvages: the honey has tasted of it ever since, that shrub continuing long in flower.

"I have observed two species of vine-fretters, which live unsheltered on the bark of young branches; a larger and a lesser. The lesser species is of the colour of the bark upon which it feeds, generally green. It is chiefly distinguished by two horns, or straight, immovable, fleshy substances, which rise perpendicularly from the lower sides of the belly, one on each side. This is the species which lives on the young branches of bramble and elder. The larger species is double the size of the other; is of a blackish colour; and instead of the horns which distinguish the other, have in the same part of the skin a small button, black and shining like jet.

"The buzzing of bees in a tuft of holm-oak, made me suspect that something very interesting brought so many of them thither. I knew that it was not the season for expecting honey-dew, nor was it the place where it is usually found; and was surprised to find the tuft of leaves and branches covered with drops which the bees collected with a humming noise. The form of the drops drew my attention, and led me to the following discovery. Instead of being round like drops which had fallen, each formed a small longish oval. I soon perceived from whence they proceeded. The leaves covered with these drops of honey were situated beneath a swarm of the larger black vine-fretters; and on observing these insects, I perceived them from time to time raise their bellies, at the extremity of which there then appeared a small drop of an amber colour, which they instantly ejected from them to the distance of some inches. I found by taking some of these drops which I had caught on my hand that it had the same flavour with what had before fallen on the leaves. I afterwards saw the smaller species of vine-fretters eject their drops in the same manner. This ejection is so far from being a matter of indifference to these insects themselves, that it seems to have been wisely instituted to procure cleanliness in each individual, as well as to preserve the whole swarm from destruction; for preying as they do one upon another, they would otherwise soon be glued together, and rendered incapable of stirring. The drops thus spurted out fall upon the ground, if not intercepted by leaves or branches; and the spots they make on stones remain some time, unless washed off by rain. This is the only honey-dew that falls; and this never falls from a greater height than a branch where these insects can clutter.

"It is now easy to account for a phenomenon which formerly puzzled me greatly. Walking under a lime-tree in the king's garden at Paris, I felt my hand wetted with little drops, which I at first took for small rain. The tree indeed should have sheltered me from the rain, but I escaped it by going from under the tree. A seat placed near the tree shone with these drops. And being then unacquainted with anything of this kind, except the honey-dew found on the leaves of some particular trees, I was at a loss to conceive how so glutinous a substance could fall from the leaves in such small drops: for I knew that rain could not overcome its natural attraction to the leaves till it became pretty large drops; but I have since found, that the lime-tree is very subject to these vine-fretters.

"Bees are not the only insects that feed upon this honey; ants are equally fond of it. Led into this opinion by what naturalists have said, I at first believed that the horns in the lesser species of these vine-fretters had in their extremity a liquor which the ants went in search of: but I soon discovered that what drew the ants after them came from elsewhere, both in the larger and lesser species, and that no liquor is discharged by the horns. There are two species of ants which search for these insects. The large black ants follow those which live on the oaks and chestnut; the lesser ants attend those on the elder. But as the ants are not, like the bees, provided with the means of sucking up fluids; they place themselves near the vine-fretters, in order to seize the drop the moment they see it appear upon the anus; and as the drop remains some time on the small vine-fretters before they can cast it off, the ants have leisure to catch it, and thereby prevent the bees from having any share: but the vine-fretters of the oak and chestnut being stronger, and perhaps more plentifully supplied with juice, dart the drop instantly, so that the larger ants get very little of it.

"The vine-fretters finding the greatest plenty of juice in trees about the middle of summer, afford also at that time the greatest quantity of honey; and this lessens as the season advances, so that in the autumn the bees prefer to it the flowers then in season. Though these insects pierce the tree to the sap in a thousand places, yet the trees do not seem to suffer at all from them, nor do the leaves lose the leaf of their verdure. The husbandman therefore acts injudiciously when he destroys them."

**Honey-Guide**, a curious species of cuckow. See **Cuculus**, Ornithology Index.

**Honey-Locust**, or Three-thorned Acacia. See **Gleditsia**, Botany Index.

**Honey-Suckle**. See **Loniceria**, Botany Index.

**Honfleur**, a considerable sea-port town of France, in the department of Calvados, with a good harbour, and trade in bone-lace. It is seated on the river Seine, in E. Long. 0° 8' N. Lat. 17° 49'.

"Honi soit qui mal y pense," q. d., "Evil to him that thinks evil," the motto of the most noble order of the knights of the Garter. See **Garter**.

**Honiton**, a very pleasant market and borough town in Devonshire, situated 156 miles west of London, and 16 east of Exeter. It consists of about 400 houses; and has one church on a hill full half a mile from the town, and a chapel and free grammar school in the town. It is well paved and lighted, and lakes of water run through it. This place has suffered by fires greatly in 1747 and 1765. The market is on Saturday, and one fair in July; its manufactures are serge, and rich bone-lace and edgings. It was a corporation chartered by James II. but reverted to its old constitution on the revolution, and is now governed by a porrective who is chosen annually. It first returned members the 28th Edw. I.

**Honoriaci**, in antiquity, an order of soldiery under the eastern empire, who introduced the Goths, Vandals, Alani, Suevi, &c. into Spain. Didymus and Vernianus, two brothers, had, with great vigilance and valour, defended the passes of the Pyrenees against the Barbarians for some time, at their own expense; but being at length killed, the emperor Constantius appointed the honoriaci to defend those passes, who, not contented to lay them open to all the nations of the north then ravaging the Gauls, joined themselves to them.

**Honour**, a testimony of esteem or submission, expressed by words, actions, and an exterior behaviour, by which we make known the veneration and respect we entertain for any one on account of his dignity or merit. The word honour is also used in general for the esteem due to virtue, glory, and reputation. It is also used for virtue and probity themselves, and for an exactness in performing whatever we have promised; and in this last sense we use the term, a man of honour. But honour is more particularly applied to two different kinds of virtue; bravery in men, and chastity in women.—Virtue and Honour were deified among the ancient Greeks and Romans, and had a joint temple consecrated to them at Rome; but afterwards each of them had separate temples, which were so placed, that honour; no one could enter the temple of Honour without passing through that of Virtue; by which the Romans were continually put in mind, that virtue is the only direct path to true glory. Plutarch tells us, that the Romans, contrary to their usual custom, sacrificed to Honour uncovered: perhaps to denote, that wherever honour is, it wants no covering, but shows itself openly to the world.

The Spanish historians relate a memorable instance of honour and regard to truth. A Spanish cavalier in a sudden quarrel flew a Moorish gentleman, and fled. His pursuers soon lost sight of him, for he had unperceived thrown himself over a garden wall. The owner, a Moor, happening to be in his garden, was addressed by the Spaniard on his knees, who acquainted him with his case, and implored concealment. "Eat this," said the Moor (giving him half a peach), "you now know that you may confide in my protection." He then locked him up in his garden apartment, telling him as soon as it was night he would provide for his escape to a place of greater safety. The Moor then went into his house, where he had but just feasted himself, when a great crowd, with loud lamentations, came to his gate, bringing the corpse of his son, who had just been killed by a Spaniard. When the first shock of surprise was a little over, he learnt from the description given, that the fatal deed was done by the very person then in his power. He mentioned this to no one; but as soon as it was dark retired to his garden, as if to grieve alone, giving orders that none should follow him. Then accosting the Spaniard, he said, "Christian, the person you have killed is my son; his body is now in my house. You ought to suffer; but you have eaten with me, and I have given you my faith, which must not be broken." He then led the astonished Spaniard to his stables, mounted him on one of his fleetest horses, and said, "Fly far while the night can cover you; you will be safe in the morning. You are indeed guilty of my son's blood; but God is just and good; and I thank him I am innocent of yours, and that my faith given is preserved."

This point of honour is most religiously observed by the Arabs and Saracens, from whom it was adopted by the Moors of Africa, and by them was brought into Spain. The following instance of Spanish honour may still dwell in the memory of many living, and deserves to be handed down to the latest posterity. In the year 1746, when we were in hot war with Spain, the Elizabeth of London, Captain William Edwards, coming through the gulf from Jamaica, richly laden, met with a most violent storm, in which the ship sprung a leak, that obliged them, for the saving of their lives, to run into the Havannah, a Spanish port. The captain went on shore, and directly waited on the governor, told the occasion of his putting in, and that he surrendered the ship as a prize, and himself and his men as prisoners of war, only requesting good quarter. "No, Sir," replied the Spanish governor, "if we had taken you in fair war at sea, or approaching our coast with hostile intentions, your ship would then have been a prize, and your people prisoners; but when, distressed by a tempest, you come into our ports for the safety of your lives, we, the enemies, being men, are bound as such by the laws of humanity to afford relief..." Honour. relief to distressed men who ask it of us. We cannot even against our enemies take advantage of an act of God. You have leave therefore to unload your ship, if that be necessary, to stop the leak; you may rest her here, and traffic so far as shall be necessary to pay the charges; you may then depart, and I will give you a pass to be in force till you are beyond Bermuda: if after that you are taken, you will then be a lawful prize; but now you are only a stranger, and have a stranger's right to safety and protection." The ship accordingly departed, and arrived safe in London.

A remarkable instance of the like honour is recorded of a poor unenlightened African negro, in Captain Snelgrave's account of his voyage to Guinea. A New England sloop, trading there in 1752, left a second mate, William Murray, sick on shore, and sailed without him. Murray was at the house of a black named Cudjoe, with whom he had contracted an acquaintance during their trade. He recovered; and the sloop being gone, he continued with his black friend till some other opportunity should offer of his getting home. In the mean time a Dutch ship came into the road, and some of the blacks coming on board her, were treacherously seized and carried off as their slaves. The relations and friends, transported with sudden rage, ran into the house of Cudjoe, to take revenge by killing Murray. Cudjoe stood them at the door, and demanded what they wanted. "The white men," said they, "have carried away our brothers and sons, and we will kill all white men. Give us the white man you have in your house, for we will kill him." "Nay," said Cudjoe, "the white men that carried away your relations are bad men, kill them when you can take them; but this white man is a good man, and you must not kill him."—"But he is a white man," they cried; "and the white men are all bad men, we will kill them all." "Nay," says he, "you must not kill a man that has done no harm, only for being white. This man is my friend, my house is his post, I am his soldier, and must fight for him; you must kill me before you can kill him. What good man will ever come again under my roof, if I let my floor be stained with a good man's blood?" The negroes seeing his resolution, and being convinced by his discourse that they were wrong, went away ashamed. In a few days Murray ventured abroad again with his friend Cudjoe, when several of them took him by the hand, and told him, "They were glad they had not killed him; for as he was a good (meaning innocent) man, their God would have been very angry, and would have spoiled their fishing."