a Greek term, literally signifying substance, or subsistence; used in theology for person.—The word is Greek, ὑποστάσις; compounded of ὑπό under, and σώζω, save, exist; "I stand, I exist," q. d. sub sistentia. Thus we hold, that there is but one nature or essence in God, but three hypostases or persons.

The term hypostasis is of a very ancient standing in the church. St Cyril repeats it several times, as also the phrase union according to hypostasis. The first time it occurs is in a letter from that father to Nectarius, where he uses it instead of προσώπου, the word we commonly render person, which did not seem expressive enough. "The philosophers (says St Cyril) have allowed three hypostases: They have extended the Divinity to three hypostases: They have even sometimes used the word trinity: And nothing was wanting but to have admitted the consubstantiality of the three hypostases, to show the unity of the divine nature, exclusive of all triplicity in respect of distinction of nature, and not to hold it necessary to conceive any respective inferiority of hypostases."

This term occasioned great differences in the ancient church; first among the Greeks, and afterwards also among the Latins. In the council of Nice, hypostasis was defined to denote the same with essence or substance; so that it was hereby to say that Jesus Christ was of a different hypostasis from the Father; but custom altered its meaning. In the necessity they were under of expressing themselves strongly against the Sabellians, the Greeks made choice of the word hypostasis, and the Latins of persona; which change proved the occasion of endless disagreement. The phrase τρεῖς ἐνώπιον, used by the Greeks, scandalized the Latins, whose usual way of rendering ὑποστάσις in their language was by ἀποδιάνυσις. The barrenness of the Latin tongue in theological phrases, allowed them but one word for the two Greek ones, ἐνώπιον and ὑποστάσις; and thus disabled them from distinguishing essence from hypostasis. For which reason they chose rather to use the term τρεῖς περιστάσεις, and τρεῖς ὑποστάσεις.—An end was put to logomachias, in a synod held at Alexandria about the year 362, at which St Athanasius assented; from which time the Latins made no great scruple of saying τρεῖς ὑποστάσεις, nor the Greeks of three persons.