JULIAN Period, in Chronology, a period so called, as being adapted to the Julian year.

It is made to commence before the creation of the world. Its principal advantage lies here, that the same years of the cycles of the sun, moon, and indiction, of which three cycles it was made to consist by Joseph Scaliger in 1580, belonging to any year of this period, will never fall together again till after the expiration of 7980 years. There is taken for the first year of this period that which hath the first of the cycle of the sun, the first of the cycle of the moon, and the first of the indiction cycle, and so reckoning on.

The first year of the Christian era is always, in our systems Julian systems of chronology, the 4714th of the Julian period.

To find what year of the Julian period any given year of Christ answers to: To the given year of Christ add 4713, because so many years of the Julian period were expired A.D. 1; and the sum gives the year of the Julian period fought.

On the contrary, having the year of the Julian period given, to find what year of Christ answers thereto: From the year of the Julian period given subtract 4713, and the remainder will be the year fought.

Julian, St., a harbour on the south of Patagonia, in South America, where ships usually touch that are bound to the South seas. S. Lat. 48. 15.

Juliens, a duchy in the circle of Westphalia, in Germany, seated between the rivers Maas and Rhine, and bounded by Prussian Guelderland on the north, by the electorate of Triers on the south, by the electorate of Cologne on the east, and by the Netherlands on the west. It is about 60 miles long, and 30 broad; and is a very plentiful country, abounding in cattle, corn, and fine meadows, and is well supplied with wood; but it is most remarkable for a fine breed of horses, and woad for dyeing, which is gathered here in abundance. The chief towns are Juliens, Aix-la-Chapelle, Duren, Münster-Eifel, Bedburg, Weselburgh, and Laerlen. It is subject to the elector Palatine, with the consent of the kings of Prussia and Poland.

Juliens, a city, capital of the duchy of Juliens in Westphalia; some think this city was founded by Julius Caesar or Julia Agrippina; but this is much questioned by others, because it is not mentioned before Antoninus's Itinerary and Theodosius's Tables. The town is small but well fortified, and neatly built; the houses are of brick, and the streets broad and regular. The citadel is large and very strong, containing a palace of the ancient dukes, and a spacious piazza. In the suburbs there is a monastery of Carthusians, nobly endowed by several dukes of Juliens. The town is but poorly inhabited, though they have a fine woollen manufacture in this country, and likewise another of linen. It was taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau in 1610, and by the Spaniards in 1622. It is seated on the river Roer, in E. Long. 6. 35. N. Lat. 50. 55.

Julio Romano. See Romano.

Julius Cæsar. See Cæsar.

Julius II. Julian de la Rovere, pope, remarkable for his warlike disposition, and his political negotiations: by the latter, he engaged the principal powers of Europe to league with him against the republic of Venice, called the league of Cambrai, signed in 1508. The Venetians having purchased peace by the cession of part Romania, Julius turned his arms against Louis XII., king of France, and appeared in person armed cap-apee, at the siege of Mirandola; which place he took by assault in 1511. But proceeding to excommunicate Louis, the king wisely turned his own weapons against him, by calling a general council at Pifa: at which the pope refusing to appear, was declared to be suspended from the holy see; and Louis, in his turn, excommunicated the pope, who died soon after in 1512. He built the famous church of St Peter at Rome, and was a patron of the polite arts.

Julius Vicus, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Julius Vicus Nemetes in Gallia Belgica; situated between the Tres Tabernae and Noviomagus. Now Germerstein, a town of the Lower Palatinate, on the west side of the Rhine. E. Long. 8. 15. N. Lat. 49. 12.

Julius Pollux. See Pollux.