&c.

Class II. BIRDS. Order 2. ANSERES.

9. ANAS ANSER, the goosé. ADEPS ANSERINUS, D. Goosé grease.

This fat is now rarely used in medicine, as it seems to possess no superior properties to hog’s lard, which is more conveniently procured.

Order GALLINÆ.

10. PHASIANUS GALLUS, the domestic fowl. OVUM EJUSQUE PUTAMEN. Egg, and egg-shells.

The yolk of egg is employed in pharmacy for rendering oils and resins miscible with water. For this purpose it is scarcely preferable to common vegetable mucilage, and has the disadvantage of sooner becoming putrid, and the white is used in making alum cataplasm. Egg-shells prepared, i.e. levigated, are sometimes employed as an antacid, but they do not seem better in that respect than common carbonate of lime, or magnesia.

Class IV. FISHES. Order 6. CHONDROPTERYGII.

11. ACcipENSER HUSO, E. Ifinglass fish. ICHTHYOCOLLA, L. D. Ifinglass. See the article ICHTHYOCOLLA.

Employed as an emollient, and said to be the principal substance used in making court plaster.

Class V. INSECTS. Order 1. COLEOPTERA.

12. LATTA VESICATORIA. MELOE VESICATORIUS, E. CANTHARIS, L. D. Cantharides. Spanish flies.

For the natural history of this insect, see ENTOMOLOGY, p. 169; and for its chemical analysis, see CHEMISTRY, No. 2875.

Cantharides are stimulant and virulent to so great a degree, that their internal exhibition requires to be conducted with the utmost caution, otherwise inflammation in the stomach, intestines, or urinary passages, may be the consequence. When taken in considerable quantity, they produce inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and bowels, attended with mucous or purulent stools, fetid breath, violent pains in the belly; and these symptoms, if not timely relieved, are followed by faintness, giddiness, and death. Applied externally, they inflame and excoriate the skin, and if continued for a sufficient time, produce a large vesication filled with acid serum. Their external application is not unfrequently followed by distressing strangury.

Internally they have been exhibited as a diuretic in dropical cases, in a dose from half a grain to a grain. They are frequently employed in weakness of the urinary organs; in incontinence of urine, proceeding from paralysis velutina, in gleets, flor albus, diabetes, and other diseases of the urinary passages, originating in, or connected with debility. Not only in the incontinency of urine which accompanies a palsy of the lower extremities, but also in that which is occasioned by an over-diffusion of the bladder, these flies have been administered internally with evident relief. The same beneficial effects have followed their use in itch ura vehiculata, or suppression of urine from over-diffusion of the bladder. They are recommended as an excellent remedy in gleets by Mead and Wurzilof, and the last mentioned physician prescribed them in cases of hydrophobia.

The internal use of cantharides in gleets and leucorrhoea has of late been much extended by Dr John Robertson; but for an account of the circumstances which led him to such a free use of this medicine, and for his mode of exhibiting it, we must refer to his late work on the subject, and a paper published by him in the second volume of the Edinburgh Medical Journal.

When these stimulants are administered internally, they are prescribed either in powder or in tincture. The dose in substance (which is the most certain form of internal exhibition) is from half a grain to one or two grains every fifth hour, made into pills. Of the tincture, the dose is from 10 to thirty drops. During the use of either, the patient should be directed to drink of mucilaginous decoctions, emulsions, &c. Camphor is thought by some practitioners to moderate the too stimulating action of cantharides, and is accordingly combined with them or their tinctures whenever they are given internally. Others join nitre with them, as well as camphor.

Of the external use of cantharides by way of blister we shall speak presently under the preparations that are employed for that purpose.

Official Preparations.

a. TINCTURA MELOES VESICATORII, E. TINCTU-Tincture of RA CANTHARIDIS, L. T. CANTHARIDUM, cantharides. D. Tincture of cantharides.

The Edinburgh tincture is directed to be made, by digesting for seven days, a dram of powdered cantharides in a pound of diluted alcohol; and that of the Dublin college is prepared with the same proportions. The London tincture is made by digesting two drams of bruised cantharides, and half a pound of powdered cochineal, in a pint and a half of proof spirit for eight days.

These tinctures differ a little in point of strength. When given internally, the dose of the Edinburgh or Dublin tincture may be from 20 to 30 drops; that of the London tincture from 10 to 20 drops. They are employed externally as a rubefacient in cases of palsy, angina, gastritis, &c.

b. CERATUM CANTHARIDIS, L. D. Cerate of cantharides.

This cerate is prepared by mixing a dram, or four scruples, of powdered cantharides, with six drams, or an ounce, of spermaceti cerate.

It is chiefly employed to promote the running of ulcers.

c. EMPLASTRUM MELOES VESICATORII, E. EM-Plaster of PLASTRUM CANTHARIDIS, L. EMP. CAN-tharides. THARIDUM, D. Plaster of cantharides. Blistering plaster.

According to the Edinburgh college, this plaster is Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

to be prepared by first melting together equal weights of mutton fat, yellow wax, and white rosin; and when these are removed from the fire, sprinkling in an equal proportion of powdered cantharides. The proportions of the London and Dublin colleges are 1 pound of finely powdered cantharides, 2 pounds of wax platter, and half a pound of hog's lard, and the ingredients are mixed in a similar manner.

d. Emplastrum Meloës Vesicatorii Compositum, E. Compound plaster of cantharides.

This is made of Burgundy pitch, Venice turpentine, cantharides; each 1/2 parts, yellow wax, 4 parts; sub-acetate of copper, 2 parts; mustard seed and black pepper, each 1 part. Having first melted the pitch and wax, the turpentine is to be added, and while these ingredients are still fluid, the other articles in fine powder are to be mixed with them, and the whole constantly stirred till cold.

This last-mentioned plaster of Spanish flies is too compound, and being of a corrosive quality, is rarely prescribed. The other more simple forms of cantharides platter are in frequent use for exciting vesications in various acute and chronic diseases, particularly in internal inflammations and pains, as well as in many spasmodic affections. Blistering has been recommended by some physicians in the advanced and sinking stage of typhus fever; but the propriety of such a practice is extremely questionable. We would further remark, that in the febrile disorders of children, a good deal of caution is requisite in the application of blisters; a spreading erythematous inflammation, and even gangrene, being sometimes the consequence. In some of the above-mentioned disorders much benefit is obtained by keeping the blistered part open, or in an ulcerated state for a considerable length of time. This is done by any of the following ointments.

e. Unguentum Cantharidis, L. UNG. CANTHARIDUM, D. Ointment of cantharides.

This is prepared by taking pulverized Spanish flies, two ounces; distilled water, eight ounces; ointment of yellow resin, eight ounces. The Spanish flies being boiled in the water, this is reduced to half the original quantity, the liquor is strained, and the ointment of yellow resin added. The mixture is then placed in a water bath, saturated with sea salt, and evaporated to the consistence of an ointment.

f. Unguentum Infusi Meloës vesicatorii, E. Ointment of infusion of cantharides.

To prepare this ointment, the Edinburgh college directs one part of cantharides to be macerated for a night in four parts of boiling water; the express and strained liquor to be boiled with two parts of hogs lard till the water is evaporated, then one part of yellow wax, and the same proportion of white rosin to be added; and when the whole is melted, and removed from the fire, two parts of Venice turpentine are to be mixed with it, and the whole stirred till cold.

g. Unguentum Pulveris Meloës vesicatorii, E. Ointment of cantharides powder.

This is prepared by mixing together seven parts of resinous ointment, and one part of powdered cantharides.

All these ointments, besides being used for keeping open blisters, are occasionally employed for issue ointments.

For more on the subject of blisters, the reader is referred to Percival's Essays, vol. i. and Withers on the use and abuse of Medicines.

Order 2. Hemiptera.

13. Coccus Cacti, E. COCCINELLA, L. D. Cochineal. See Entomology Index.

This is employed in medicine merely as a colouring-matter.

Order 5. Hymenoptera.

Apis Mellifica. The bee.

14. MEL. Honey.

Besides being used as an article of diet, honey is often employed medicinally, either for the preparation of electuaries, or for making a kind of syrups, called oxymels or medicated honeys. It generally proves gently laxative, but is apt to disagree with the stomach, producing sickness and griping. It might probably be entirely superseded by sugar, which is not attended with those unpleasing effects.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Mel desputatum. Clarified honey.

For the purpose of clarifying honey, the colleges of London and Dublin direct that it should be melted in a water bath, removing the scum as it rises.

In this way the honey is rendered more beautiful to the eye, but is scarcely less liable to disagree with weak stomachs.

b. Mel acetatum, L. OXYMEL SIMPLEX. Acetated honey.

Two pounds of clarified honey are boiled in a glass vessel over a gentle fire, with one pound of distilled vinegar, till they are reduced to the consistence of a syrup.

This is a useful remedy diluted with water and employed as a gargle, in coughs and sore throats.

Order 7. Aptera.

15. Oniscus asellus, E. MILLEPEDA, L. D. Millepedes or Woodlice.

Formerly employed as a diuretic in the form of pills, that were made either of the living animals, or of these killed by spirit of wine and powdered.

16. Cancer astacus, E. The craw-fish. Concrororum lapilli. Crab's eyes. See Chemistry, No. 2882.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Cancrorum lapilli praeparati, E. Prepared crabs eyes.

Formerly Formerly much employed as an antacid, though not at all superior to common carbonate of lime.

17. CANCER PAGURUS, E. The black-clawed crab. CHELÆ CANCRORUM, L. Crabs claws.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CHELÆ CANCRORUM PRÆPARATÆ, L. Prepared crabs claws.

Reduced to powder like the former, by levigation, diffusion, filtration, and drying. Of similar properties.

b. PULVIS CHELARUM CANGRI COMPOSITUS, L. Compound powder of crabs claws.

A mixture of one pound of prepared crabs claws, with three ounces of prepared chalk, and the same proportion of prepared red coral.

CLASS VI. WORMS. Order 2. MOLLUSCA.

18. HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. Medicinal leech. See HELMINTHOLOGY Index.

Order 3. TESTACEA.

19. OS REA EDULIS, E. OSTREA, L. D. Oyster. See CONCHOLOGY Index. TESTÆ OSTREARUM. Oyster shells. See Chemistry, No 2883.

Officinal Preparation.

a. OSTREARUM TESTÆ PRÆPARATÆ, L. Prepared oyster shells.

Prepared in the same way as crabs claws, possessing similar properties.

Order 4. ZOOPHYTA.

20. GORONIA NOBILIS. ISIS NOBILIS, E. CORALLIUM RUBRUM, L. D. Red coral. See Chemistry, No 2886.

Officinal Preparation.

a. CORALLIUM RUBRUM PRÆPARATUM. Prepared red coral.

As above.

21. SPONGIA OFFICINALIS, E. SPONGIA, L. D. Sponge. See HELMINTHOLOGY Index.

In its natural state, sponge is employed by surgeons, for cleansing wounds and ulcers, for making tents, and for stopping hemorrhages from small divided blood vessels.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SPONGIA USTA, L. D. Burnt sponge.

Sponge is burnt in a close iron vessel, after being cut into small pieces and bruised to free it from earthy and stony matter. The burning is continued till the sponge becomes black and friable, and it is then reduced to a fine powder.

Burnt sponge has been long employed as a remedy in scrophulous affections. It seems to owe its beneficial operation (mostly flight and uncertain) in these disorders, partly to its alkaline and partly to its carbonaceous nature. Perhaps the first-mentioned may contribute to the solution and diffusion (in the human body) of its coaly matter. It is given (made into a bolus, or lozenge) in doses of a scruple, or half a dram, twice a day.

It is likewise said to be a remedy for the bronchocele, in which cases it has been administered with success in the following manner. The stomach and bowels having been duly cleansed by a vomit and purge taken two days before, the patient, on going to bed, is to place a bolus consisting of half a dram of burnt sponge, and as much honey as is necessary, in the mouth, under the tongue, and as it gradually dissolves to swallow it. This bolus is to be repeated for six nights. A bitter powder made of five grains of chamomile flowers, gentian root, and the lesser centaury tops, is to be taken every seventh day during the use of the bolus, and on the eighth day the purge is to be repeated. Others have employed sponge in these cases in the form of a lozenge, which is certainly more conveniently held in the mouth than a bolus.

CHAP. II. Vegetable Substances.

SECT. I. Vegetable products that are procured from plants in general, or from such as are imperfectly known.

22. CARBO LIGNI, E. Charcoal. See CHEMISTRY Index.

For medical purposes charcoal should be fresh burned, or should be kept carefully excluded from the air. Its chief use is as an antiseptic, correcting putridity; hence it is employed as a tooth-powder, either alone or mixed with astringents and aromatics, and is sometimes given internally in diarrhoea and dysentery, where the matters evacuated are very offensive. It is also said to act as a gentle laxative.

23. FULIGO LIGNI COMBUSTI. Wood foot.

This differs from charcoal in containing a considerable quantity of empyreumatic oil, to which the properties attributed to it as an antispasmodic are to be ascribed. It is now seldom used.

24. ALCOHOL, E. SPIRITUS VINOSUS RECTIFICATUS, L. SPIRITUS VINI RECTIFICATUS, D. Alcohol. Rectified spirit of wine.

For the usual preparation, history and chemical properties of alcohol, see Chemistry, Chap. xi. sect. i.

The only certain mode of ascertaining the purity of alcohol and its preparations is by taking their specific gravity, for the manner of doing which see HYDRODYNAMICS. The specific gravity of rectified spirit should be 835.

Alcohol is one of the most violent stimuli with which we are acquainted. Applied externally it corrugates the solid parts of the body, and conglobates all the albuminous and gelatinous fluids with which it comes in contact. By violently contracting the smaller vessels, it checks checks passive hemorrhages, and by destroying the sensibility of the extremities of nerves it alleviates pain, and in some cases removes spasms. Taken undiluted into the stomach, it acts in a similar manner, contracting the folds, and destroying nervous sensibility. If the quantity is considerable, it brings on apoplexy and palsy, followed by death. Sufficiently diluted alcohol acts as a tonic and gentle stimulus, exhilarating the spirits, increasing the appetite, and promoting digestion; but a too frequent use of ardent spirits is attended with dangerous consequences. See No 102. It is a useful application to recent burns and scalds, preventing vesication.

It must be remarked, that what the Edinburgh college have called alcohol is not pure alcohol.

**Official Preparations.**

**a. Alcohol, L. D. Alcohol.**

The process for obtaining pure alcohol given by the London college is somewhat different from that of the Dublin college. The former directs a gallon of rectified spirit of wine to be mixed with an ounce of pure kali, and afterwards a pound of hot prepared kali to be added. The mixture is to be well shaken and set for 24 hours, when the spirit is to be poured off, mixed with half a pound more prepared kali, and distilled in a water bath. The distilled alcohol should have the specific gravity of 815.

The process of the Dublin pharmacopoeia is as follows. Five pounds of rectified spirit are mixed with one ounce of caustic vegetable alkali, and then with one pound of pearl-ashes dried over the fire and till warm. This mixture is digested for three days, shaking it frequently; and then the spirit is poured off, and distilled till three pounds have come over. The Dublin alcohol has the specific gravity of 820, and is consequently weaker than that of the London pharmacopoeia.

Pure alcohol is not employed in medicine, and therefore the college of Edinburgh have given no formula for its preparation.

**b. Liquor æthereus vitriolicus, D. Vitriolic etheral liquor.**

This is prepared by putting 32 ounces of rectified spirit of wine into a retort that is capable of supporting a sudden heat, and pouring on it in a continued stream 32 ounces of sulphuric acid, mixing them gradually; then placing the retort in heated sand, and distilling off 16 ounces into a cool receiver, taking care to regulate the heat so that the mixture may boil as soon as possible. The specific gravity should be about 753.

In a similar manner is prepared the

**Spiritus ætheris vitriolicus, L. Spirit of vitriolic ether.**

This preparation is an impure ether, and, when purified, as directed below, it forms the officinal sulphuric ether.

It is employed as a stimulant in low fevers and febrile eruptions. Dose from 60 to 100 drops.

**c. Æther sulphuricus, E. Æther vitriolicus, L. D. Sulphuric ether. Vitriolic ether.**

The colleges of London and Dublin direct their sulphuric ether to be prepared by rectifying the former preparation by means of potash. According to the former, two pounds of spirit of vitriolic ether are to be mixed with one measured ounce of water of pure kali, and the mixture distilled with a gentle heat, till 14 measured ounces have come over. In the Dublin formula 16 ounces of vitriolic etherial liquor are mixed with two drams of powdered caustic vegetable alkali; and 10 ounces are distilled off.

The Edinburgh college direct 32 ounces of alcohol, and the same quantity of sulphuric acid, to be mixed together in a proper retort, and 16 ounces to be distilled over from a high heat suddenly applied. To the distilled liquor are then to be added two drachms of potash, and from a very high retort 10 ounces are to be distilled with a gentle fire.

On the chemical nature and properties of sulphuric ether, see Chemistry, Chap. XI. Sect. II. Its specific gravity should be about 739.

The medical uses of ether are thus described by Dr. Duncan. "As a medicine taken internally, it is an excellent antispasmodic, cordial, and stimulant. In catarrhal and asthmatic complaints, its vapour is inhaled with advantage, by holding in the mouth a piece of sugar, on which ether has been dropped. It is given as a cordial in nausea, and in febrile diseases of the typhoid type, as an antispasmodic in hysteria, and in other spasmodic and painful diseases; and as a stimulus in febrile and apoplectic affections. Regular practitioners seldom give so much as half an ounce, much more frequently only a few drops, for a dose; but empirics have sometimes ventured upon much larger quantities, and with incredible benefit. When applied externally, it is capable of producing two very opposite effects, according to its management; for if it be prevented from evaporating, by covering the place to which it is applied closely with the hand, it proves a powerful stimulant and rubefacient, and excites a sensation of burning heat. In this way it is frequently used for removing pains in the head or teeth. On the contrary, if it be dropped on any part of the body exposed freely to the contact of the air, its rapid evaporation produces an intense degree of cold; and this is attended with a proportional diminution of bulk in the part to which it is applied: in this way it has frequently facilitated the reduction of strangulated hernia."

**d. Æther sulphuricus cum alcohole, E. Sulphuric ether with alcohol.**

This is prepared by mixing together one part of sulphuric ether, and two parts of alcohol. In nature and properties it agrees with the spiritus ætheris vitriolicus of the London Pharmacopoeia.

**e. Oleum Vini, L. Oil of wine.**

This preparation is made by mixing together one part of alcohol, and the same quantity of sulphuric acid, and distilling, taking care that no black froth passes into the receiver. The oily part of the distilled liquor is to be separated from the volatile acid; and to the former is to be added as much water and pure kali, as is sufficient to correct the sulphureous smell. Then a gentle heat is to be applied to distill off the little ether that... Materia Medica, &c.

If any of that the liquor contains; and the oil that floats on the remaining fluid is to be separated and preserved for use.

This is employed chiefly as an ingredient in the following preparation; though it is sometimes given alone as a stimulus, in a dose from 10 to 20 drops.

f. Spiritus Ætheris vitriolici compositus, L. Compound spirit of vitriolic ether.

Prepared by mixing two pounds of spirit of vitriolic ether, and three drams of the oil of wine.

It is employed as an antispasmodic in similar cases, and doses, as sulphuric ether.

g. Liquor Æthereus oleosus, D. Liquor Hoffmanni anodynus. Oily ethereal liquor. Hoffmann's anodyne liquor.

Made by distilling to one half the liquor that remains after preparing the Dublin vitriolic ether.

Similar in its properties to ether, but weaker. It is much the same as the former.

h. Æther sulphuricus cum Alcohole aromatis, L. Aromatic sulphuric ether with alcohol.

This is prepared by digesting, for seven days, an ounce of bruised cinnamon, an ounce of bruised lesser cardamom seeds, and two drams of powdered long pepper, in two pounds and a half of sulphuric ether with alcohol.

A powerful stimulant and tonic. Dose 30 drops to a dram.

25. Alcohol dilutum, E. Spiritus vinosus tenuior, L. Spiritus vini tenuior, D. Diluted alcohol. Weaker spirit of wine. Proof spirit.

This is rectified spirit lowered with water to what is called proof strength, having a specific gravity of about 935. In all its essential properties it resembles common spirits, and either whisky or British spirit may be used for it. The proof spirit of commerce is usually distilled either from molasses or grain.

In pharmacy it is employed as a menstruum for making various tinctures.

26. Acidum acetosum impurum. Acetum vini, D. Acetum, L. Impure acetic acid. Vinegar.

As the vinegar commonly met with is made from other fermented liquors besides the juice of the grape, we have inserted it here among the vegetable principles. On the production and properties of vinegar, see Chemistry, No. 649 and 2310. Common vinegar, besides diluted acetic acid, contains tartaric acid, tartrate of potash, superphosphate of potash, and mucilage. It should be transparent, of a pale yellow colour, fragrant pungent smell, and an agreeable sharp taste. It is seldom employed in medicine before it is purified by distillation or other processes to be immediately mentioned. Vinegar is a good family remedy as a refrigerant in fevers, as a stimulant external application in bruises, sprains, &c., and vinegar whey made by coagulating warm milk by means of good vinegar, is one of the best auxiliary diaphoretics with which we are acquainted.

The Edinburgh college directs eight pounds of common acetic acid to be distilled in a glass vessel with a gentle heat, setting aside the first two pounds that come over, and preserving the next four pounds. The Dublin college directs 10 pounds of vinegar to be put into the still, and six pounds to be drawn off at once; and the London college, from five pounds, directs that there should be distilled off as much as comes over free from empyreuma.

Distilled vinegar is freed from the salts and mucilage contained in common vinegar, and therefore is purer and keeps better; but it is much weaker than good vinegar. If it has been distilled in glass vessels it can have acquired no metallic impregnation; but it is sometimes, as well as common vinegar, adulterated with sulphuric acid to make it appear stronger. This fraud may be detected by adding muriate of baryta, which will produce a white precipitate if sulphuric acid be present.

It is employed for gargles, for preparing various acetates, and other officinal medicines. It is also given as a refrigerant diluted with water in feverish disorders, and is applied externally.

b. Acidum acetosum forte, E. Acidum acetosum, L. Strong acetic acid. Radical vi. acetic acid.

By the Edinburgh process, a pound of dried sulphate of iron is to be rubbed with 10 ounces of acetate of lead; the mixture is then to be put into a retort, and distilled as long as any acid comes over. The London college directs two pounds of coarsely-powdered verdigris, well dried by means of a water bath, saturated with sea salt, to be put into a retort and distilled, repeating the distillation with the liquor that comes over.

On the production and properties of this acid, see Chemistry, No. 652, et seq. Its specific gravity should be about 1060. It is sometimes contaminated with sulphuric acid or with lead. The former may be discovered by the unpleasant tickling cough it then occasions when sniffed up the nose; and the latter by adding sulphuret of ammonia, by which, if lead be present, the liquor will be tinged of a dark brown.

This preparation is employed chiefly as a stimulant to be sniffed up the nose in typhus, hysteria, and similar affections; externally it acts as a rubefacient. Both this and the two following may be used as fumigations to correct the bad smell of sick rooms.

c. Acetum aromaticum, E. Aromatic vinegar. Aromatic vinegar of the four thieves.

Made by macerating four ounces of dried rosemary tops, four ounces of dried sage leaves, two ounces of dried lavender flowers, and two drams of cloves, in eight pounds of distilled acetic acid for seven days, and straining.

Sometimes given as a stimulus, diluted with water in typhus.

d. Acidum d. Acidum acetosum camphoratum, E. Camphorated acetic acid.

Prepared by dissolving half an ounce of camphor, reduced to powder by being rubbed with alcohol, in five ounces of strong acetic acid.

This should be kept in glass phials with ground stoppers. It is an excellent stimulus for sniffing up the nostrils.

e. Syrupus acidi acetosi, E. Syrup of acetic acid.

This is prepared by boiling together two pounds and a half of acetic acid (common vinegar), and three pounds and a half of double refined sugar.

Used in the same cases as acetylated honey, (see No. 277.) to which it is preferable.

f. Acetate of potash, L. Alkali vegetable acetatum, D. Sal diureticus. Acetate of potash. Acetated kali. Acetated vegetable alkali. Diuretic salt.

This salt is made by boiling any quantity of subcarbonate of potash with distilled acetic acid, first using about five times its weight, and, during the boiling, gradually adding more till all effervescence ceases, slowly evaporating to dryness, fusing the dry salt, then dissolving it in water, and slowly evaporating the solution till there remains a dry white saline mass, which is to be kept well kept from the air, in which it deliquesces. See Chemistry, No. 987.

Acetate of potash is employed as a diuretic in a dose of from one to four scruples, and in a dilute solution as a refrigerant in fevers, &c.

27. Subcarbonas potassae impurus, Carbonas potassae impurus, E. Cineres clavellati, L. Alkali fixum vegetabile, D. Impure subcarbonate of potash. Potash. Pearlash. Fixed vegetable alkali.

For the production and nature of this alkaline substance, see Chemistry, Chap. XII, Sect. I. It is seldom employed in pharmacy, except as the basis of some official preparations.

a. Subcarbonas potassae, Carbonas potassae, E. Kali praeparatum, L. Alkali vegetable mite, D. Subcarbonate of potash. Carbonate of potash. Prepared kali. Mild vegetable alkali.

This is usually prepared from the former substance, which is purified by burning it in a crucible, then dissolving it in water, filtering and evaporating to dryness in a clean iron pot, stirring the mass as it dries, to prevent its coagulating into one cake.

This salt appears in small white grains of scarcely any perceptible smell, but of a hot alkaline taste. When pure, it should dissolve entirely in cold water, and should deliquesce in moist air into a limpid transparent fluid.

As usually made, it contains a considerable proportion of sulphate of potash, which may be separated from it by mixing it with its own weight of water, and allowing it to stand till cold, when most of the sulphate of potash is separated in crystals.

This alkaline carbonate is employed as a diuretic, mixed with infusion of chamomile and spirit of juniper, in a dose of about a scruple repeated occasionally; and as an antacid. It is also employed in combination with citric acid, to relieve nausea and check vomiting.

b. Aqua kali preparati, L. Lixivium mite, D. Water of prepared kali. Mild ley.

This is made by allowing subcarbonate of potash to deliquesce in a moist atmosphere, and straining it; or, by dissolving it in an equal weight of water.

It possesses the same properties as the dry carbonate, and is employed chiefly for decomposing other salts.

c. Aqua carbonatis potassae, Aqua super-carbonatis potassae, E. Liquor alcali vegetabilis mitissimi, D. Water of potash. Solution of mild vegetable alkali.

This is properly a neutral salt, and is prepared by dissolving subcarbonate of potash in water, and saturating it with carbonic acid, by passing through it a stream of this gas, arising from the decomposition of carbonate of lime by diluted sulphuric acid.

On the nature of this salt, see Chemistry, No. 109, 174.

By this means the alkaline carbonate is better adapted for internal use, as it is rendered not only more pleasant to the taste; but is less apt to offend the stomach. Indeed it is the only form in which we can exhibit potash in sufficient doses, and for a sufficient length of time, to derive much benefit from its use in calculous complaints. It has certainly been frequently of advantage in these affections, but probably only in those instances in which the stone consists of uric acid, or urate of ammonia; for though supersaturated with carbonic acid, yet the affinity of that acid for potash is so weak, that it really operates as an alkali.

Six or eight ounces may be taken two or three times a day. It in general proves powerfully diuretic, and sometimes produces inebriation. This last effect is ascribed to the carbonic acid.

d. Aqua potassae, E. Aqua kali puri, L. Water of lixivium causticum, D. Water of potash. Water of pure kali. Caustic ley.

The following is the Edinburgh process for obtaining a solution of pure potash.

Take of newly prepared lime, eight ounces; carbonate of potash, six ounces. Put the lime into an iron or earthen vessel, with 28 ounces of warm water. After the ebullition is finished, instantly add the salt, and having thoroughly mixed them, cover the vessel till they cool. When the mixture has cooled, agitate it well, and pour it into a glass funnel, whose throat must be obstructed with a piece of clean linen. Cover the upper orifice of the funnel, and insert its tube into another glass vessel, so that the water of potash may gradually drop through the rag into the lower vessel. As soon... History of soon as it ceases to drop, pour into the funnel some ounces of water, but cautiously, so that it may swim above the matter. The water of potash will again begin to drop, and the affluence of water is to be repeated in the same manner, until three pounds have dropped, which will happen in the space of two or three days; then mix the superior and inferior parts of the liquor together by agitation, and keep it in a well-stopped phial.

From this process those of the London and Dublin colleges do not materially differ. For other methods of procuring pure potash, see Chemistry, No 905, et seq.

This preparation was formerly much employed in calculous disorders. From 10 to 40 drops were given in gruel, milk, or broth, twice or thrice a day; but even in these doses it has often proved highly injurious, when long continued, to the organs of digestion. Hence it has been justly superseded by the solution of carbonate of potash above mentioned.

e. Potassa, E. KALI PURUM, L. ALKALI VEGETABLE CAUSTICUM, D. LAPIS INFERNALIS. Potash. Pure kali. Caustic vegetable alkali. Common stronger caustic.

This is made by evaporating any quantity of the solution of potash in a very clean covered iron vessel, till on the ebullition ceasing, the saline matter flows like oil, which happens before the vessel becomes red. The mass is then to be poured out on a smooth iron plate, till it be divided into small pieces before it hardens, when it must be deposited in a well-stopped phial.

This has been long employed by surgeons as a caustic; but its use in this way is inconvenient, as from its rapid deliquescence it is not easily confined.

f. Potassa cum Calce, E. CALX CUM KALI PURO, L. CAUSTICUM MITIUS, D. Potash with lime. Lime with pure kali. Milder caustic.

Made by evaporating in a covered iron vessel any quantity of solution of potash till it is reduced to a third, and then gradually adding as much newly flaked or powdered lime as is sufficient to form a thick mass, which is to be kept in a closely stopped vessel. This is employed as a caustic, and is milder in its operation, and more manageable than the last.

28. Cera. Bees wax.

Though wax is generally obtained from honeycombs, we have here introduced it as a vegetable principle, since modern chemistry has shown that it may be obtained by certain processes from most vegetables. See Chemistry, No 2432.

Two varieties of wax are employed in medicine, cera flavia, yellow wax, which is the wax as it is naturally procured from the comb, and cera alba, white wax, bleached by art. They do not differ in their sensible properties, and the white wax is only preferable to the yellow, from its making ointments, &c. of a more delicate colour.

Wax is seldom employed internally, though it is sometimes administered as an emollient by way of emulsion in diarrhoea and dysentery. It is used chiefly for preparing ointments, liniments, and cerates.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Linimentum simplex, E. Simple liniment. Made by melting together one part of white wax, and four of olive oil.

b. Unguentum simplex, E. Simple ointment. This differs from the last, only in its proportions, being composed of two parts of white wax, and four of olive oil.

c. Unguentum cereum, L. D. Wax ointment. Made by melting together four ounces of white wax, three ounces of spermaceti, and a pint of olive oil.

d. Emplastrum simplex, E. Emplastrum Simple Ceræ, D. Emplastrum Ceræ Compositum, L. Simple plaster. Wax plaster. Compound wax plaster.

The Edinburgh preparation is composed of three parts of yellow wax, and of mutton fat and white rosin each two parts; that of the London and Dublin colleges is formed from yellow wax and mutton fat, each three pounds, and yellow rosin one pound.

29. Ammoniacum. Gum ammoniac.

This is a common concrete, gummy, resinous juice gum from the East Indies, generally in large masses, composed of little lumps or tears, of a milky whiteness; the external parts of the mass are commonly yellowish or brownish, and the white tears change to the same colour on being exposed for some time to the air. Of the plant from which it is extracted, we have no further knowledge, than what is learnt from the seeds found among the tears, which resemble those of dill, except that they are larger, and apparently belong to a plant of the umbelliferous kind.

Ammoniacum has a strong smell, and a nauseous sweetish taste, which is followed by a bitter one. It is frequently made use of in asthma, in menstrual suppressions, and cachectic indispositions. In obstructions of the breast it is accounted the most effectual of the aperient gums: in hysterical cases, some of the others are preferred or joined to it, on account, chiefly, of their more powerful smell. It is most commodiously taken in the form of pills; the dose is a scruple or half a dram, every night or oftener: in larger doses, as a dram, it generally loosens the belly. Applied externally, it is supposed to affect hard indolent tumours.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Ammoniacum purificatum. Purified gum ammoniac.

Ammoniacum is purified by melting it in hot water, squeezing it through linen, and evaporating to a proper consistence.

b. Lac Ammoniaci, L. D. Emulsion of gum ammoniac.

Made by triturating two drams of ammoniac with half a pint of distilled water till an emulsion is formed. Given in most cases where ammoniac is used as an expectorant. Dose an ounce or two, repeated occasionally. **Part IV.**

**Materia Medica, &c.**

**c. Emplastrum Gummosum, E.** Gum plaster.

Made by melting together eight parts of plaster of semifluid oxide of lead, one part of gum ammoniac, and the same proportion of galbanum and yellow wax.

Employed to form adhesive plasters.

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**30. Myrrha.** Myrrh.

Myrrh is a gum resin brought from the East Indies, or from Abyssinia. The best myrrh is in the form of tears. It should be of a yellow, or reddish yellow colour, becoming redder when breathed on, light, brittle, of an unctuous feel, pellucid, shining, presenting white semicircular striæ in its fracture; of a very bitter aromatic taste, and a strong, peculiar, not unpleasant odour. It is not good if whitish, dark-coloured, black, resinous, ill-smelled, or mixed with impurities, which is too commonly the case.

Neumann ascertained that water and alcohol are both of them capable of taking up the whole of the taste and smell of the myrrh; the extract made by either after the other being infusible. The alcohol distilled from the tincture elevated none of the flavour of the myrrh; but during the infusion of the decoction a volatile oil arose, containing the whole of the flavour of the myrrh, and heavier than water, while the extract was merely bitter. From 7680 parts of myrrh got 6000 watery extract, 180 volatile oil, and 720 alcoholic; and inversely, 2400 alcoholic, and 4200 watery. Dr Duncan junior has observed that the tincture is transparent, and when poured into water, forms a yellow opaque fluid, but lets fall no precipitate, while the watery solution is always yellow and opaque; and that myrrh is not fusible, and is difficultly inflammable. Mr Hatchett found it soluble in alkalies.

Myrrh is a heating stimulating medicine. It frequently occasions a mild diaphoresis, and promotes the fluid secretions in general. Hence it proves serviceable in cachectic diseases, arising from inactivity of the system, and is supposed to act especially upon the uterine system, and to resist putrefaction.

It is exhibited in substance; in the form of powder, or made up into pills, in doses of 10 to 60 grains; dissolved in water, as in Griffith's famous, but unchemical, myrrh mixture; and dissolved in alcohol.

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**Officinal Preparations.**

**a. Tinctura Myrrhae.** Tincture of myrrh.

This tincture is made by digesting three ounces of powdered myrrh in about 20 ounces of alcohol, mixed with 10 ounces of water, according to the Edinburgh process; half a pint of alcohol, with a pint and a half of proof spirit, according to the London college; or two pounds of alcohol according to that of Dublin, for seven or eight days.

Tincture of myrrh is seldom given internally, its principal use being as an external application, either as a gargle, or as a lotion for cleansing foul ulcers, and promoting the exfoliation of carious bones.

**b. Pulvis Myrrhae Compositus, L.** Compound powder of myrrh.

Made by rubbing together into a powder equal

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**31. Sagapenum.** See Chemistry, No 2495.

Sagapenum is employed as a stimulant and antipathetic, chiefly in combination with other gum resins, to be mentioned hereafter.

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**32. Angustura. Cortex Angusturæ.** Angustura bark.

This bark was some years ago introduced into this country from the West Indies. It is not certainly known of what tree it is the produce, but it is probable that it is a species of cinchona. It is thus described by Mr Brande. "There is a considerable variety in the external appearance of the angustura bark, owing, however, probably, to its having been taken from trees of different sizes and ages, or from various parts of the same tree, as the taste and other properties perfectly agree. Some parcels (says Mr Brande) which I have examined, consist chiefly of slips torn from branches which could not have exceeded the thickness of a finger. These are often smooth, three feet or more in length, and rolled up into small bundles. In others, the pieces have evidently been, for the greater part, taken from the trunk of a large tree, and are nearly flat, with quills of all sizes intermixed.

"The outer surface of the angustura bark, when good, is in general more or less wrinkled, and covered with a coat of a grayish white, below which it is brown, with a yellow cast: the inner surface is of a dull brownish yellow colour. It breaks short and resinous. The smell is singular and unpleasant, but not very powerful; the taste intensely bitter, and slightly aromatic; in some degree resembling bitter almonds, but very lasting, and leaving a sense of heat and pungency in the throat. This bark, when powdered, is not unlike the powder of Indian rhubarb. It burns pretty freely, but without any particular smell."

It is employed as a tonic, generally in substances, dose from 15 to 30 grains. It may also be given in the form of infusion, decoction, tincture, or extract. It is well adapted to cases of debility of the alimentary canal.

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**33. Colomba. Radix Colombæ.** Columbo root.

This root is brought from Columbo, a town in the island of Ceylon, to which it was originally transplanted from the continent of India. It is called by the Portuguese Raijs de Moambique. We are as yet unacquainted with the vegetable of which it is a part.

Columbo root comes to us in circular pieces, which are from half an inch to three inches in diameter, and from two inches to a quarter of an inch in length. The sides are covered with a thick wrinkled bark, of a dark brown colour externally, but of a light colour within. The surfaces of the transverse sections appear very unequal, highest at the edges, with a concavity towards the centre. On paring off this rough surface, the root is seen to consist of three laminae, the cortical, ligneous, and medullary. This last is much the softest, and, when chewed, seems very mucilaginous. A number of small fibres run longitudinally through it, and appear... This root has an aromatic smell, but is disagreeably bitter and pungent to the taste, resembling mustard seed long kept.

This is an excellent bitter tonic, useful in debilities of the stomach and intestinal canal, in bilious diarrhoeas, in bilious fevers, in which it sometimes agrees when Peruvian bark fails; in the nausea and vomiting attending pregnancy. It is usually given in substance, in a dose from 15 grains to half a dram, or by way of infusion.

**Officinal Preparation.**

*Tinctura Columboe, E. L.* Tincture of Columbo.

The Edinburgh college direct this tincture to be made, by digesting for eight days two ounces of columbo root in two pounds of diluted alcohol. The London tincture is stronger than this, being made with two ounces and a half of the root to two pints of proof spirit. This tincture may be given in a dose of a dram or two.

For some valuable observations on the nature and uses of columbo root, see Percival's *Essays*, vol. ii.

**Sect. II. Medicinal Vegetables, arranged according to the System of Linnaeus.**

**Class I. MONANDRIA. Order 1. MONOGYNA.**

34. *Kaempferia Rotunda.* Zedoary root.

This is a spicy root brought from the East Indies, in pieces about an inch long, rather rough on the surface, and commonly terminating in a point. It is seldom employed except as an ingredient in an aromatic electuary to be afterwards mentioned.

35. *Curcuma Longa.* Curcuma, L. Turmeric root.

This is brought from the East Indies, where it is employed as a spice. The roots are tuberous, long, knotty, and wrinkled; of a pale yellow colour externally, and a shining saffron brown within; of a weak aromatic smell, and a warm, slightly bitter taste.

Seldom employed in this country as a remedy, but much used in the composition of curry powder.

36. *Amomum Zingiber,* E. Zingiber, L. D. Ginger root. See Botany, p. 76.

This is the least acrimonious of all the foreign aromatics. It may be taken in considerable quantities, either with food or as a medicine. It is an excellent stimulant, peculiarly suited to the constitutions of those whose stomachs are subject to flatulency, atonic gout, and other disorders marked by want of energy in the organs of digestion. In these cases it may be given either by itself, or combined with bitters and other tonics. It is also joined with antacids. It is a common and useful addition to cathartic medicines, particularly to infusions and tinctures of the vegetable cathartics, serving to moderate their irritating action on the bowels. The pulverized root may be given in doses from 10 to 30 grains. It has sometimes been used with advantage as a mafficator in strumous affections of the tonsils. It is often prescribed in the form of a watery infusion, made by steeping two ounces of the bruised root in one pint of boiling water. A small wine glass full of such an infusion, taken warm three or four times a day, has afforded great relief in many cases of gouty dyspepsia.

**Officinal Preparations.**

*a.* *Tinctura Zingiberis, L.* Tincture of ginger.

This is made by digesting two ounces of powdered ginger in two pounds of proof spirit, for eight days. It may be given in a dose of two or three drams, mixed with water.

*b.* *Syrupus Amomi Zingiberis, E.* SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS, L. Syrup of ginger.

The Edinburgh syrup is made by macerating three ounces of beaten ginger in four pounds of boiling water for 24 hours in a covered vessel, and then forming the syrup by adding seven pounds and a half of double refined sugar. The syrup of the London college is made with four ounces of bruised ginger to three pints of boiling distilled water, adding a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

A useful addition to stimulating mixtures, and employed in pharmacy as a constituent in several electuaries and pills.

37. *Amomum Zedoaria, D.* Long zedoary root.

A spicy root brought from the East Indies, especially from Ceylon, much resembling the kaempferia in properties, but rather stronger.

38. *Amomum Cardamomum.* AMOMUM RE-PENS, E. CARDAMOMUM MINUS, L. D. Leffer cardamom seeds.

It is uncertain whether these seeds are the produce of the amomum cardamomum or repens. They are brought from the East Indies, and form a very grateful aromatic, frequently employed in practice as a stimulant. They are brought to us in little whitish, roundish, triangular, pointed pods. The seeds are of a dark brown colour, of a fragrant smell, and pungent, rather saltish taste. The hulls are separated from the rest by beating them in a mortar.

**Officinal Preparations.**

*Tinctura Amomi Relentis, E.* TINCTURA CARDAMOMI, L. D. Tincture of cardamom seeds.

The Edinburgh tincture is made by digesting for seven days, four ounces of bruised cardamom seeds in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol. In the London formula, three ounces of the seeds are digested for eight days in two pints of proof spirit. Dose two or three drams.

*b.* *Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, L. D.* Compound tincture of cardamom seeds.

Made by digesting two drams of leffer cardamom seeds powdered, the same quantity of powdered cardamom seeds. Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of raway seeds (and in the London formula, of cochineal), simple and half an ounce of bruised cinnamon, and four ounces of stoned raisins, in two pints, (or according to the Dublin college, two pounds), of proof spirit for 14 days.

A very grateful aromatic tincture, sometimes given alone as a cordial, in a dose of three or four drams, but more commonly added to stimulant draughts and juleps, to which it gives a fine rich colour.

39. Maranta Galanga. Galanga. Galangal root.

Sometimes employed as a warm aromatic, in a dose of about a scruple.

Class II. DIANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNA.

40. Olea Europæa, E. Oliva, L. D. The olive tree. Oleum Olivæ. Olive oil.

Pure olive oil should have a fine rich greenish yellow colour, with scarcely any perceptible taste on smell; should be perfectly transparent, and should congeal at about 38° of Fahrenheit. It is brought to us from the south of France, from Italy, and the Levant. The best is supposed to come from Florence.

Olive oil is chiefly employed as an emollient, both externally and internally. Internally it is sometimes employed as a gentle laxative, and to moderate the action of acid substances, especially poisons. It has been given as an anthelmintic, either alone or formed into an emulsion with ammonia.

41. Gratiola officinalis, E. Gratiola, L. Hedge hyssop.

This plant, when dried, is sometimes employed as a drastic purgative and anthelmintic, given in substance, in a dose of from 20 to 30 grains, or by way of infusion, to the extent of 3 drams. Its use requires caution.

42. Rosmarinus officinalis, E. Rosmarinus, L. D. Rosemary.

The tops of rosemary are used as a stimulant, and form an ingredient in some tinctures. Rosemary owes its stimulating powers to its essential oil, which is very similar to camphor.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum volatile Rorismarini officinalis, E. Oleum Rorismarini, L. Volatile oil of rosemary.

This oil, like most of the other volatile oils of aromatic plants, is obtained by distilling the plant with a sufficient quantity of water to prevent burning, and separating the oil that floats on the surface of the distilled liquor, by means of a funnel with a long capillary tube.

Oil of rosemary is seldom employed alone, but it may be given in a dose of a few drops as a stimulant.

b. Spiritus Rorismarini officinalis, E. Spiritus Rorismarini, L. Spirit of rosemary.

Made by distilling 2 pounds, or, according to the London college a pound and a half, of rosemary tops, with a gallon of diluted alcohol, and a sufficient quantity of water to prevent burning, distilling off a gallon.

Chiefly employed to form some compound tinctures, or as an external stimulant, in which way it is commonly used under the name of Hungary water.

43. Salvia officinalis, E. Salvia, L. D. Sage. Sage leaves.

An infusion of sage leaves is sometimes employed as a refreshing drink in fevers, and has been recommended as a tonic in nervous debilities and dyspepsia. It forms a good substitute for Chinese tea.

44. Veronica Becabunga, Becabunga, L. Brooklime. D. Brooklime. See Botany, p. 84.

A common succulent plant that has been recommended as an excellent antiscorbutic.

Order 3. TRIGYNA.

45. Piper nigrum. Black pepper.

This is brought from the East Indies, being cultivated chiefly in Java and Malabar. White pepper is the same fruit, with the black bark taken off.

Pepper is one of the most heating spices, and is said sometimes to act violently on the kidneys, so as when taken in large quantities to excite nephritis. It is not frequently given internally as a stimulant, especially in the form of powder. A few grains of white pepper swallowed whole, are recommended by some practitioners, as a remedy in the debility of the digestive organs.

46. Piper Cubeba. Cubeba. L. Cubebs. Cubebs.

These are scarcely to be distinguished by the eye from common pepper, except in being furnished with a long slender stalk. They are brought from Java. In stimulating properties they resemble pepper, but are much weaker, and are seldom used.

47. Piper longum. Long pepper.

Long pepper appears in small round grains, disposed spirally in a long cylindrical head. It is extremely pungent, and has a kind of saltish taste. It is employed chiefly as an ingredient in an aromatic electuary and tincture.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNA.

48. Valeriana officinalis, E. Valeria-Valeria ana sylvestris, L. D. Valerian root.

This root consists of a number of strings or fibres, of a pale brownish colour, proceeding from a common stock, and matted together. It has a very strong, unpleasant smell, and a warm, bitterish, acid taste. It imparts its smell to water distilled from it, and most of its properties may be imparted to alcohol. Valerian grows commonly in Britain, and the best is that which grows in high, dry situations. The roots should be taken up in autumn or winter.

Valerian is a valuable antispasmodic, and is properly ranked among the most powerful of that class of remedies. It has been found efficacious in epilepsy, in which it should be given in substance, in large doses, to the extent History of extent of a dram or two several times a day. It is useful in hysteria, and in cases of great nervous sensibility. It is sometimes united with cinchona in the form of an electuary. The usual dose is from 15 to 30 grains. Its unpleasant flavour is most effectually concealed by the addition of a little mace.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura Valerianae, L. Tincture of valerian.

This is made by digesting four ounces of valerian root in coarse powder in two pints of proof spirit for eight days, with a gentle heat.

This tincture is given in the same cases in which valerian is useful in substance, in a dose of from two to four drams; but it is not so efficacious as the powder, or the following tincture.

b. Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniatae, L. D. Ammoniated tincture of valerian.

Made by digesting for eight days, in a closely covered vessel, four ounces of powdered valerian root in two pints of compound spirit of ammonia.

This is perhaps the best form in which valerian can be given, as its antispasmodic virtues are much improved by the addition of ammonia. Dose a dram or two, which is best taken in water a little warmed.

c. Extractum Valerianae Sylvesteris Resinosum, D. Resinous extract of wild valerian.

This extract is made by digesting for four days a pound of powdered valerian in four pounds of rectified spirit of wine; then pouring off the tincture, and boiling the residuum in 12 pounds of water to two pounds. The two liquors are to be strained separately; the decoction is to be boiled, and the tincture distilled, till both are sufficiently thick, and they are then to be mixed together.

Of the effects of this extract we have had no experience; but we believe an extract made by infusing the ammoniated tincture, has been given with success in the form of pills.

49. Crocus Sativus, E. CROCUS, L. D. Saffron.

Saffron is made from the stigmata of the above species of the crocus, which is cultivated for that purpose in some parts of England, especially in Essex. Saffron is also brought from abroad, but that of our own produce is considered as the best. See Botany, p. 100.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Syrupus Croci, L. Syrup of saffron.

This is made by infusing an ounce of saffron in a pint of boiling distilled water for 12 hours, and boiling the strained infusion with a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to form a syrup.

Syrup of saffron is used chiefly as a pleasant addition to draughts and juleps, to which it imparts a fine yellow colour.

b. Tinctura Croci, E. Tincture of saffron.

Made by digesting an ounce of English saffron cut into shreds, in 15 ounces of diluted alcohol for seven days, and straining the tincture.

By some practitioners this is considered as a good remedy in chronic weakness, and is given in the dose of a table spoonful undiluted, every morning.

50. Iris Florentina, E. IRIS, L. Florentine Florentine orris.

This is brought from Italy in white, flatish, knotty pieces, that are very difficult to break or powder. It has an agreeable fragrant smell, and a slightly bitter taste. It is employed chiefly as a perfume.

51. Iris Pseudacorus. IRIS, D. Water flag. See Botany, p. 100.

Order 2. DIGNYA.

52. Saccharum Officinarum. Sugar. SACCHARUM NON PURIFICATUM, E. L. SACCHARUM RUBRUM, D. Brown sugar. SACCHARUM PURIFICATUM, L. D. SACCHARUM PURISSIMUM, E. Refined sugar.

On the chemical properties of sugar, see Chemistry. Brown sugar is sometimes employed as a gentle laxative, especially in clysters. Refined sugar is used chiefly in making syrups and conserves, and in giving an agreeable taste.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus Simplex, E. Simple syrup.

Made by dissolving 15 parts of double refined sugar in 8 of water, by a gentle heat.

53. Avena sativa, E. AVENA, L. Oats.

Oats are employed in medicine chiefly to form gruel, which is made either from groats or oatmeal, and is a useful diluent in febrile and inflammatory affections, and is also used in clysters as an emollient. Poultices are sometimes made of oatmeal, mixed with other substances according to the nature of the case.

54. Triticum {Æstivum, D.} {Hibernum, L.} Common wheat. FARINA. Flour. AMYLM. Starch.

Flour and starch are sometimes used as emollients, especially the latter, in the form of clysters or troches, in cases of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Mucilago Amyli, E. L. Mucilage of starch. Mucilage of starch.

Made by triturating half an ounce of starch with one pound of water, and then boiling the liquor till it be sufficiently thick.

b. Trochisci Amyli, L. Troches of starch.

Composed of an ounce and half of starch, six drams of extract of liquorice, half an ounce of powdered Florentine orris root, and one pound and a half of double refined sugar, made into a mass for troches, with mucilage of gum tragacanth.

These troches are employed as demulcents, to allay the irritation of tickling coughs.

55. Hordeum 55. **Hordeum distichon**, E. D. HORDEUM, L. Common barley.

Common barley freed from the hulls, and formed into what is called pearl barley, is used in medicine as an emollient in the form of decoction, or barley water.

**Officinal Preparations.**

*a.* **Decoctum Hordei distichi**, E. DECOCTUM HORDEI, L. Decoction of barley.

The making of barley water requires more nicety than is usually supposed. The following is the method directed in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.

Take of pearl barley two ounces; water five pounds. First wash off the mealy part which adheres to the barley with some cold water; then extract the colouring matter by boiling it a little with about half a pound of water. Throw this decoction away, and put the barley thus purified into five pounds of boiling water, which is to be boiled down to one half, and strain the decoction.

*b.* **Decoctum Hordei compositum**, L. Compound decoction of barley.

Made by boiling two pints of the decoction of barley, two ounces of sliced figs, half an ounce of liquorice root sliced and bruised, two ounces of stoned raisins, in one pint of distilled water, boiled to two pints and strained.

These decoctions may be used as common drink, in pneumonia, and similar affections of the breast.

**Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNYA.**

56. **Penea sarcocolla**, SARCOCOLLA, L. Sarocol. See Chemistry, No. 2493.

57. **Rubia tinctorum**, E. RUBIA, L. D. Madder root.

This root has been long reputed a specific in uterine obstructions, but we believe without any good foundation. It is recommended in the atrophy of children, given in substance, in doses of a scruple or half a dram several times a day. Its property of tingling the bones of animals has been already mentioned.

58. **Dorstenia contrajerva**, E. CONTRAYERVA, L. Contrayerva root.

The root of this plant is knotty, an inch or two long, about half an inch thick, of a reddish brown colour externally, and pale within. From all sides of it there shoot out long, rough, slender fibres, generally loaded with knots. It has a peculiar kind of aromatic smell, and its taste is somewhat astringent and bitterish, with a light sweetish kind of acrimony, when chewed for a considerable time. The fibres have little or no taste or smell, therefore the tuberous parts alone should be chosen.

This plant is perennial, and grows in South America and some of the Caribbee islands.

Contrayerva has been employed as a stimulant diaphoretic, in typhus fever, given in substance, in a dose of from 30 to 40 grains; and a decoction of it, used as a gargle, has been recommended in putrid sore throat.

**Officinal Preparation.**

*a.* **Pulvis Contrayervae compositus**, L. Compound powder of contrayerva.

This is made by mixing together five ounces of powdered contrayerva, and one pound and a half of powder of crabs claws. Dose about a dram, repeated every three or four hours.

**Class V. PENTANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNYA.**

59. **Anchusa tinctoria**, E. ANCHUSA, D. Alkanet root.

This root is employed merely to give colour to an ointment.

60. **Spigelia marylandica**, E. SPIGELIA, L. D. Carolina pink root.

From 10 to 20 grains of the root of this plant have been given twice a day to children between 2 and 12 years of age, when troubled with worms. It generally operates as a purgative; but when it does not produce this effect in a sufficient degree, proper doses of rhubarb, jalap, or calomel, should be given with it. As the spigelia may be easily overdosed, and in that case produces alarming symptoms, it should perhaps be erased from the catalogue of vermifuge medicines, of which there is a sufficient number without it, that are at least equally efficacious, and much safer in their operation.

61. **Menyanthes trifoliata**, E. TRIFOLIUM PALUDOSUM, L. D. Marsh trefoil.

This plant operates by purging and vomiting, in a dose of a dram. It has been recommended in fevers and intermittents, but is seldom employed.

62. **Convolvulus scammonia**, E. SCAMMONIA, L. D. Scammony.

This is a gum resin which is brought from Syria, Mydia and Cappadocia. The roots of this plant, which are very long and thick, when fresh contain a milky juice. To obtain this, the earth is removed from the upper part of the roots, and the tops of these are cut obliquely off. The milky juice which flows out, is collected in a small vessel sunk in the earth at the lower end of the cut. Each root furnishes only a few drams, but it is collected from several vessels, and dried in the sun. This is the true and unadulterated scammony. It is light, of a dark gray colour, but becomes of a whitish yellow when touched with the wet finger, is shining in its fracture, has a peculiar nauseous smell, and bitter acid taste, and forms with water a greenish milky fluid, without any remarkable sediment. In this state of purity it seldom reaches us, but is commonly mixed with the expressed juice of the root, and even of the stalks and leaves, and often with flour, sand, or earth. The best to be met with in the shops comes from Aleppo, in light spongy masses, having a heavy disagreeable smell; friable, and easily powdered; of a shining ash colour, verging to black; when powdered Scammony is one of the most drastic purgatives, and as such is sometimes given in dropsy, in a dose of from 5 to 15 grains. It is also one of the most common anthelmintics; but in this latter case is generally combined with a mercurial.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Pulvis Scammoniae compositus, L. E. D. Compound powder of scammony.

The London powder is composed of scammony, hard extract of jalap, of each two ounces; ginger, half an ounce; powdered separately, and then mixed together.

This powder in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia is directed to be composed of scammony, lupartartrate of potash, equal parts rubbed together to a fine powder.

The Dublin formula directs of scammony and vitriolated vegetable alkali, each two ounces, and ginger half an ounce, powdered separately, and then mixed together.

As the strength of these powders is different, their doses must vary: from 10 to 30 grains of the Edinburgh powder, and from 8 to 15 of the others, may be given for a dose.

b. Pulvis Scammonii compositus cum Aloe, L. Compound powder of scammony with aloes.

This is composed of six drams of scammony, hard extract of jalap, focotrine aloes, of each one ounce and a half, of ginger half an ounce, powdered separately and mixed together.

Dose from 5 to 15 grains.

c. Pulvis Scammonii cum Calomelane, L. Powder of scammony with calomel.

This is composed of scammony half an ounce, calomel, double refined sugar, of each two drams, powdered separately and then mixed together.

This is well suited to cases of worms, and may be given from 12 to 20 grains.

d. Electuarium Scammonii, L. D. Electuary of scammony.

Prepared of an ounce and a half of powdered scammony, cloves, ginger, of each six drams, essential oil of caraway half a dram, and syrup of roses or orange peel, a sufficient quantity to form an electuary.

A brisk warm purgative, dose from 15 to 30 grains.

63 Convolvulus Jalapa, E. JALAPIUM, L. Jalap root.

The botanical and medical history of this simple has been already sufficiently detailed under the article Botany, p. 132. It remains here only to notice the

Officinal Preparations.

a. Pulvis Jalapae compositus, E. Compound powder of jalap.

This is prepared by grinding together one part of powdered jalap and two parts of lupartartrate of potash jalap into a fine powder.

The lupartartrate of potash in this preparation is useful chiefly for afflicting in reducing the jalap to a finer powder, and thus rendering its operation milder. Dose from half a dram to one dram.

b. Extractum Convolvuli Jalapae, E. EXTRACTUM JALAPII, L. EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ, D. Extract of jalap.

This extract, according to the Edinburgh process, is made by digesting one pound of powdered jalap in four pounds of alcohol for four days, pouring off the liquor, and boiling the residuum for 15 minutes in five pounds of distilled water, filtering the decoction while boiling hot through linen. This decoction is to be repeated with the same quantity of water, and both decoctions, when filtered, are to be boiled to the consistence of honey. In the mean time the spirit is to be drawn off from the tincture by distillation, till this also becomes thick, when it is to be mixed with the watery extract, and both evaporated in a bath of boiling water saturated with nitrate of soda, till there is formed a mass of a proper consistence for making pills.

This extract is a powerful purgative; it may be given in a dose of from 5 to 15 grains.

c. Tinctura Convolvuli Jalapae, E. TINCTURA JALAPII, L. TINCTURA JALAPÆ, D. Tincture of jalap.

This tincture is made by digesting three ounces (according to the Edinburgh college) or eight ounces according to the colleges of London and Dublin, of powdered jalap, in 15 ounces (or two pints London, or two pounds Dublin), of diluted alcohol, for seven or eight days, and straining the liquor through paper.

The dose of the Edinburgh tincture may be from three to five drams; that of the others from two to four drams.

64. Datura stramonium, E. STRAMONIUM. Thorn apple. See Botany, p. 137.

65. Hyoscyamus niger, E. HYOSCYAMUS. Black henbane.

This plant grows commonly on dunghills and uncultivated places in several parts of Britain. It produces large, dark-coloured, woolly, jagged leaves, of a very strong and peculiar smell, sparkling when burnt, as if impregnated with nitre. These leaves are the principal part employed in medicine, acting as a narcotic. The seeds are also employed, and when smoked like tobacco, are said to be an excellent remedy in toothache.

Wherever an anodyne is wanted, and opium disagrees, this herb, and the preparations from it, may be preferred. It is especially suited to spasmodic and colic affections, and to cases of chronic rheumatism and arthritis. Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of arthritis. Instances are also recorded of its beneficial effects in mania and melancholy; but in the last-mentioned disorders, it has at least as often failed as it has succeeded, and is, on the whole, a doubtful remedy in diseases belonging to the order of venefia. It does not occasion coarseness like opium, and forms one of the best substitutes for this expensive narcotic. Given in large doses; it produces great debility, delirium, remarkable dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, convulsions, and death. It is usually given in the form of extract, but the leaves are sometimes applied freely by way of cataplasm to fibrinous tumors and cancerous ulcers.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Succus Spissatus Hyoscyami Nigri, E. Infused juice of henbane.

This is made by bruising the fresh leaves, and putting them into a hempen bag, in which they are strongly compressed till the juice is extracted. This is evaporated in flat vessels heated with boiling water, saturated with muriate of soda, till it becomes of the consistence of thick honey; and after the mass has become cold, it is put into glazed earthen vessels sprinkled with alcohol, and closely covered.

Dose from two grains to 15 or 20, on extraordinary occasions; but if these large doses occasion unpleasant effects, as headache, vertigo, vomiting, or purging, the medicine must be discontinued.

b. Tinctura Hyoscyami Nigri, E. Tincture of henbane.

Made by digesting one ounce of the dried leaves of henbane in eight ounces of diluted alcohol for seven days, and straining. Dose from half a dram to a dram.

66. Nicotiana Tabacum, E. NICOTIANA, L. D. Tobacco leaves. See Botany, p. 137.

Besides its ordinary narcotic virtues, the smoke of tobacco thrown up the bowels by way of clyster, has proved an effectual remedy in obstinate colic.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Vinum Nicotianae Tabaci, E. Tobacco wine.

Made by macerating one ounce of the dried leaves of tobacco in one pound of Spanish white wine for seven days, and straining the liquor.

This has been sometimes employed as a diuretic. Dose from 30 to 60 drops.

67. Chironia Centaurium, E. CENTAURIUM MINUS, L. D. Lesser centaury.

A strong bitter, sometimes employed as a tonic in the form of an infusion of the tops.

68. Strychnos Nux Vomica. Nux vomica. The kernel.

The taste of this kernel is extremely bitter; it has little or no smell, and is so hard, that it cannot be reduced into powder by beating.

This nut is a very powerful narcotic, inducing even death by its sedative power, as, on diffusion, no marks of inflammation, or local affection, are to be discovered in the stomach.

As a narcotic, it has scarcely been used, though it has been recommended in mania, epilepsy, hysteria, &c. It has been given in dysentery and intermittent fever, in a dose of five grains twice a day; but it does not possess any superior medicinal powers*.

69. Capsicum Annuum, E. PIPER INDICUM, L. D. Capricum. Indian or Cayenne pepper. See Botany, p. 138.

It has been given with manifest advantage in cases of gouty dyspepsia, in some hydropic affections joined with paralytic symptoms, and in the advanced and sinking stage of typhus and the malignant endemic fever of the West Indies; also in the malignant sore throat, in which it has a good effect, both when taken into the stomach, and when used as a gargle. Bergius relates, that he prescribed the seeds with faeces in oblitinate agues. Of the dried and pulverized capsules, the dose, internally, is from one to three grains. In the advanced stage of the yellow fever, double the last mentioned quantity has been given at a time. The gargle is prepared by macerating the powder first in warm vinegar, and afterwards adding a proper quantity of hot water, and continuing the maceration for a sufficient length of time. The proportions, two drams of the capsicum to half a pound of each menstruum*.

70. Solanum Dulcamara, DULCAMARA, L. D. Bitter sweet. See Botany, p. 138.

71. Atropa Belladonna, E. BELLADONNA, Deadly nightshade. See Botany, p. 138.

The whole plant is poisonous, and the berries, from their beautiful appearance, have sometimes proved fatal to children. The symptoms excited are, a dryness of the mouth, a trembling of the tongue, a very distressing thirst, a difficulty of swallowing, fruitless efforts to vomit, and great anxiety about the praecordia. Delirium then comes on, with gnashing of the teeth, and convulsions. The pupil remains dilated, and is not sensible even to the stimulus of light. The face becomes tumid, and of a dark red colour. The jaws are frequently locked. Inflammation attacks the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines, sometimes extending to the melenterium, lungs, and liver, accompanied with violent pains in the abdomen. The stomach is very insensible to stimulus, and the peristaltic motion of the intestines is destroyed. General relaxation, palsy, especially of the lower extremities, convulsions, vertigo, blindness, coma, and death succeed. The body soon putrefies, swells, and becomes marked with livid spots; blood flows from the nose, mouth, and ears, and the stench is insufferable. On dissection the blood is found to be fluid, the intestines are inflated and inflamed, or eroded and gangrenous. The best method of cure is to excite vomiting as soon as possible, by emetics, and tickling the fauces; to evacuate the bowels by purgatives and clysters, and to give largely, vinegar, honey, milk and oil. In some children who recovered by this treatment, the delirium was succeeded by a profound sopor, accompanied with subfulus tendinum; the face and hands became pale and cold, and the pulse small, hard, and quick. Their recovery was slow, and the blindness continued a considerable time, but at last went off†.

*Duncan's Dictionary of Medicine. A medicine capable of producing such powerful effects, demands the utmost caution on the part of the prescriber. He should begin with the smallest doses, increasing them very gradually to a double, triple, or quadruple quantity (in which cases the intervals between the repetitions of the doses should be proportionally lengthened) and desisting as soon as a dryness or stricture of the throat, or much diarrhoea, or great languor, with sickness and vomiting, or vertigo, and dizziness of sight, come on.

It is best employed in substance, beginning with a grain for adults, and an eighth or a fourth of a grain for children.

It has been employed in a great variety of cases, as:

1. In several febrile diseases; in obstinate intermittents; and in the plague. 2. In inflammations; the gout. 3. In catarrhal diseases; in palsy, and loss of speech from apoplexy. 4. In spasmodic diseases; in chorea, epilepsy, chincough, hydrophobia, melancholy, and mania. 5. In cachectic affections; in dropsies, and oblate jaundice. 6. In local diseases; in amaurosis, ophthalmia, in schirrhus, and cancer.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Succus spissatus Atropae Belladonne, E. Infusculated juice of deadly nightshade.

This is made in the same way as the infusculated juice of henbane. See No. 391. Dose from one to five grains.

b. Cinchona officinalis, E. Cortex Peruvianus. Cinchona bark. Peruvian bark. Jesuits bark.

The account of this valuable remedy already given under Botany, p. 133, and the article Cinchona, has been so ample, that we shall add nothing to it in this place, but shall immediately proceed to notice the officinal preparations, referring our readers for further information on the simple, to Percival's essays, the Synopsis Medicinae, the Theaurus Medicaminum, and Dr Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Cinchonae officinalis, E. Infusion of cinchona bark.

This is made by infusing an ounce of powdered cinchona bark in a pound of water for 24 hours, and filtering.

Dose from two to four ounces.

b. Decoctum Cinchonae officinalis, E. Decoction of cinchona bark.

Prepared by boiling an ounce of powdered cinchona bark in about a pound and a half of water for 10 minutes, and straining the liquor while hot.

This is scarcely so good a preparation as the infusion. The ordinary dose is three or four ounces.

c. Tinctura Cinchonae officinalis, E. Tinctura Corticis Peruviani, L.D. Tincture of cinchona bark.

Made by digesting four or six ounces of powdered cinchona bark in about two or two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol for seven or eight days, and straining the liquor through paper.

This is seldom given by itself, being generally added to the decoction or infusion. Dose three or four drams to an ounce.

d. Tinctura Cinchonae composita, L.D. Compound tincture of cinchona bark. Huxham's tincture of bark.

This is a very aromatic tincture of bark, made by digesting two ounces of powdered cinchona, from half an ounce to an ounce and a half of dried Seville orange peel, three drams bruised Virginian snake-root, a dram of saffron, and two scruples of powdered cochineal, in 20 ounces or two pounds of proof spirit for 14 days, and straining.

Dose two or three drams.

e. Tinctura Cinchonae ammoniata, L. Ammoniated tincture of cinchona.

Made by digesting four ounces of powdered cinchona in two pints of compound spirit of ammonia for 10 days in a clothe vessel.

As a preparation of cinchona bark, this is useless, and as a stimulant it is not preferable to the compound spirit of ammonia by itself.

f. Extractum Cinchonae officinalis, E. Extract of cinchona bark.

This is made in the same manner as extract of jalap, see No. 387.

g. Extractum Cinchonae, L. Extract of bark.

The following is the process of the London college for making this extract.

Take of Peruvian bark, in coarse powder, one pound; distilled water, 12 pints. Boil for an hour or two, and pour off the liquor, which, while hot, will be red and pellucid, but, as it grows cold, will become yellow and turbid. The same quantity of water being again poured on, boil the bark as before, and repeat the boiling until the liquor, on becoming cold, remains clear. Then reduce all these liquors, mixed together and strained, to a proper thickness by evaporation. This extract must be prepared under two forms; one soft, and fit for making pills, and the other hard and pulverizable.

The Dublin college gives separate processes for making their hard and soft extract of cinchona; but they do not materially differ from the above.

All these extracts may be given in the form of pills, in a dose of from 10 to 20 grains, or by way of syrup in the quantity of a dram or two.

73. Cinchona Caribbea, E. Cinchona of the Caribbean islands.

This is a species of cinchona introduced here by Dr Wright. In medical properties it resembles the former, and may be substituted for it.

74. Lobelia syphilitica, E. Blue cardinal flower. Blue cardinal flower. See Botany, p. 133. Part IV.

&c.

75. CEPHAELIS IPECAUCANIA, E. IPECACUANIA, L. D. Ipecacuan root.

A pretty full account of ipecacuan has been already given in the article Botany, under Physictria Emetica, p. 135.

It appears that this drug, or something very similar to the common ipecacuan, is the produce of several vegetables, which are enumerated by Dr Duncan in his Dispensatory.

Ipecacuan is given as an emetic, in full doses of a scruple or 25 grains; as an expectorant, in doses of one grain, repeated every three or four hours; as a diaphoretic; given in combination with opium; and as anti-palmodic, given from three to fix grains.

When properly administered, it proves serviceable in the following diseases, viz. in intermittent fevers, a paroxysm of which has often been arrested by giving it as an emetic about an hour before the paroxysm was expected to come on; in continued fevers, given at the commencement as an emetic, and followed by diaphoretic regimen; in several inflammatory diseases, as rheumatism, given as a diaphoretic; in pneumonia, exhibited to excite and keep up nausea without vomiting; in dysentery, in which it was formerly deemed a specific; in exanthematous diseases, especially where the eruption is disposed to recede; in hemorrhages, given in nauseating doses; in several palmodic affections, as epilepsy, asthma, dyspnea, chincough, chronic diarrhea, hysteria; in mental alienation, as melancholia and mania, given in large doses; in some kinds of dropsy; in jaundice; in amaurosis.

Ipecacuan is best exhibited in sublimate; but it is often given in the form of a vinous infusion.

Officinal Preparations.

a. VINUM IPECAUCANHÆ. Wine of ipecacuan.

This is made by digesting two ounces of bruised ipecacuan root in about two pounds of Spanish white wine, for about a week, and straining.

This preparation being more palatable than the ipecacuan in substance, is well suited to delicate and languid patients. It may be given from an ounce to two ounces.

b. PULVIS IPECAUCANHÆ ET OPII, E. PULVIS IPECAUCANHÆ COMPOSITUS, L. D. PULVIS DOVERI. Powder of ipecacuan and opium.

Compound powder of ipecacuan. Dover's powder.

This powder is prepared by triturating eight parts of crystallized sulphate of potash, with one part of hard dry opium, and one part of powdered ipecacuan, till they are reduced to a very fine powder.

The crystallized salt in this process serves the purpose of reducing the opium and ipecacuan to a state of very minute division, and thus renders them more effectual. This is a valuable diaphoretic, and may be given from 10 to 20 grains; but where a long continued sweat is desired to be kept up, it is better to give 10 or 15 grains at first, and 10 or 5 grains more a few hours after.

76. RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, E. SPINA CERVINÆ, L. Buckthorn. See Botany, p. 139.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SYRUPUS RHAMNI CATHARTICI, E. SYRUPUS SPINÆ CERVINÆ, L. Syrup of buckthorn.

The Edinburgh college directs this to be made with two parts of the depurated juice of ripe buckthorn berries, and one part of double refined sugar, boiled to the consistence of a syrup. The London process is more complex. It directs a gallon of the fresh juice of ripe buckthorn berries, an ounce of bruised ginger, an ounce and a half of powdered pimento, and seven pounds of double refined sugar. The juice is to be set aside for three days, and then strained from the feces. The ginger and pimento are to be macerated for four hours in a pint of the strained liquor. In the meantime the rest of the juice is to be boiled down to three pints; then the sugar and the pint of juice in which the spices have been macerated, are to be added, and the whole boiled to the consistence of a syrup.

This syrup is a good cathartic, but is seldom given alone, except to children. Dose from six drams to an ounce and a half.

77. VITIS VINIFERA; E. The vine.

The remedies drawn from the vine are wine, grapes, and supertartrate of potash.

The properties of wine as a stimulant and cordial, have been already mentioned. See No. 100. The wines usually employed in medicine are,

Vinum album hispanum, white Spanish wine. Vinum album rhenanum, Rhine wine. Vinum rubrum lusitanum, red Port wine.

The last, besides the stimulating power common to all wines, possesses much stringency, and is therefore better suited to cases of debility.

78. UVÆ PASSÆ. Raisins.

These are chiefly employed as emollients and demulcents.

79. SUPERTARTRAS POTASSÆ. SUPERTARTRIS POTASSÆ. TARTARI CRYSTALLI, L. D. CREMOR TARTARI. Supertartrate of potash. Crystals of tartar. Cream of tartar.

For the chemical nature of this salt, see Chemistry.

This salt is employed in medicine chiefly as a gentle laxative and refrigerant. As a laxative, it may be given in the dose of from two drams to half an ounce, mixed with syrup or honey, or dissolved in a large quantity of barley water. In the latter way it has been found a good diuretic in dropsies. As a refrigerant, it is given in a diluted solution, sweetened with sugar, or some pleasant syrup.

Officinal Preparations.

a. TARTRAS POTASSÆ. TARTRIS POTASSÆ, E. Tartrate of KALI TARTARISATUM, L. ALKALI VE. potash. GETABILE TARTARISATUM, D. Tartrate of potash. Tartarized kali. Tartarized vegetable alkali. Soluble tartar.

This salt is prepared by adding to a solution of supertartrate of potash, a sufficient quantity of sub-carbo- Materia Medica, &c.

Prepared by boiling the depurated juice of black currants with a sufficient quantity of sugar to make a syrup.

Order 2. DIGNYA.

83. Gentiana lutea, E. Gentiana, L. D. Gentian root.

The root of gentian is moderately long, slender, branched, brownish on the outside, of a reddish yellow or gold colour within. It is perennial, a native of the mountainous parts of Germany, &c., whence the shops are generally supplied with the dried roots.

Among the gentian brought to London, some years ago, a root of a different kind was mixed, the use of which occasioned violent disorders, and in some instances, as is said, proved fatal. This root is externally of a paler colour than gentian, and its longitudinal wrinkles finer and closer; on cutting the two roots, the difference is more remarkable, the poisonous root being white, without any degree of the yellow tinge which is deep in gentian, nor is its taste bitter, like that of gentian, but mucilaginous.

Gentian root is a strong flavourless bitter; in taste less exceptionable than most of the other common strong bitters, and hence among us most generally made use of. The flavour and aromatic warmth wanting to render it grateful, and acceptable to the stomach, are supplied by additions.

The root of this plant is a valuable substance, very successfully and very generally employed as a stomachic and strengthening medicine. It is particularly useful in various chronic affections connected with debility, such as dyspepsia, diarrhoea, hysteria, chlorosis, dropsy. It has also been given with good effect in intermittent fevers, joined with the Peruvian bark; and in convalescencies from all fevers. In these and other cases it is combined with aromatics and chalk-bates; sometimes with acids; at other times with alkaline salts, especially in dyspeptic and chlorotic affections, as also in certain disorders of the bowels; with absorbents and aromatics in cases of gout.

The use of this bitter, like that of many others, must not, however, be carried too far, as by weakening the energy of the nervous system, it predisposes to palsy and apoplexy.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Gentianæ compositum, E. L. D. Compound infusion of gentian. Bitter infusion.

The Edinburgh infusion is made by steeping half an ounce of sliced gentian root, one dram dried peel of Seville oranges, half a dram of coriander seeds bruised, first in four ounces of diluted alcohol for three hours, and then adding one pound of water; macerating without heat for twelve hours, and then straining.

This infusion, according to the London Pharmacopoeia, is made by macerating for an hour in boiling water, twelve ounces by measure, one dram of sliced gentian root; one dram and a half dried orange peel, half an ounce of fresh outer rind of lemons. The Dublin formula directs two drams of bruised gentian root, half an ounce fresh outer rind of lemons, one dram and Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of Simple and Official Medicines.

A half of dry orange peel, four ounces of diluted alcohol, and twelve ounces of boiling water; and the infusion is to be made first by alcohol and afterwards with the addition of water, nearly as in the Edinburgh process.

These infusions form a good tonic remedy in debility of the alimentary canal. A glass of them may be given twice or thrice a day, either alone, or with the addition of some aromatic tonic tincture.

b. Tinctura Gentianæ Composita, E. L. Tinctura Amara, Elixir Stomachicum.

Compound tincture of gentian. Bitter tincture. Stomachic elixir.

The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by macerating two ounces of sliced and bruised gentian root, an ounce of dried and bruised Seville orange peel, half an ounce of bruised canella alba, and half a dram of powdered cochineal, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol for seven days. The tincture of the London college is made with two ounces of sliced and bruised gentian, one ounce of dried orange peel, half an ounce lesser cardamom seeds, hulled and bruised, digested for eight days in two pints of proof spirit.

These tinctures are seldom given alone, but may be administered in a dose of two or three drams in a glass of water.

c. Vinum Gentianæ Compositum, E. Vinum Amarum.

Compound wine of gentian. Bitter wine.

Prepared of half an ounce of gentian root, one ounce of cinchona bark, two drams of Seville dried orange peel, one dram of canella alba, four ounces diluted alcohol, two pounds and a half of Spanish white wine. The diluted alcohol is first poured on the root and bark sliced and bruised, and after 24 hours adding the wine, then macerating for seven days and straining. Dose from two drams to half an ounce.

d. Extractum Gentianæ Luteæ, E. Extractum Gentianæ, L. D.

Extract of gentian.

This is made by evaporating the saturated and strained decoction of the root to a consistence fit for being made into pills, under which form it is frequently prescribed in all those cases in which the infusion and tincture are employed. Dose of this extract from ten grains to half a dram. It is seldom given alone, but generally in combination with aromatic and aloeic powders, with myrrh, sulphate of iron, &c.

84. Ulmus Campestris, E. Ulmus, L. D.

Elm bark.

The inner bark of the elm is frequently employed in cutaneous eruptions, as an alterative, or gentle diaphoretic, in the form of decoction.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Decoctum Ulmi, L. Decoction of elm bark.

Made by boiling four ounces of the fresh inner bark of elm bruised, in four pints of water to two, and straining. Dose about four ounces, repeated several times a day.

This medicine probably does not deserve the reputation it has acquired.

85. Eryngium Maritimum, Eryngium, L. Eryngo D. Eryngo root. See Botany, p. 144.

86. Daucus Carota, E. Daucus Sylvester, Carrot Tris, L. D. Wild carrot seed.

The seeds are sometimes employed as a carminative, and have been recommended as a diuretic. They are seldom used.

The grated roots of cultivated carrot are frequently applied as a poultice to cancerous and ill-conditioned ulcers.

87. Conium Maculatum, E. Cicuta, L. D. Hemlock. Hemlock. See Botany, p. 145.

Hemlock has been employed chiefly in scrophulous and cancerous disorders, both internally and externally, and in many of these cases, with considerable benefit; in other instances, without any sensible relief, even after being continued for a great length of time. Like most propofers of new remedies, Stoerck has been too profuse in his encomiums on hemlock. It has been found useful in chronic rheumatism, and some cases of gout, where opium disagreed, and in that acutely painful complaint termed tic dolorous; as also in caries of the bones and bad venereal ulcerations. Dr Butter prescribed it with marked success in the hooping-cough; and being less stimulant than opium, and less liable to check expectoration, it generally answers better than the infusorial juice of the poppy, in cases of phthisis pulmonalis. The dried leaves may be given alone in doses of five to fifteen grains. With the infusorial juice and powder are joined, according to the nature of the disorder in which they are given, calomel, guaiacum, ammoniacum, &c. In the administration of this, as of all other narcotic medicines, it is proper to begin with the smallest doses, afterwards gradually increasing them to as much as the patients can well bear. In this manner many instances are recorded where astonishing quantities of hemlock have been taken, in cancerous and other painful disorders, without disturbing the constitution. It is a sign that the medicine has been pushed to its utmost length, when it disturbs the head, stomach, or bowels. For external use, fomentations, cataplasm, and plasters, are prepared from this vegetable.

* Practical Synopsis, vol. ii.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Succus Spissatus Conii Maculati, E. Sucus Spissatus Cicutæ, D. Infusorial juice of hemlock.

This is made by expressing hemlock which is gathered when the flowers are beginning to appear, and allowing the juice to stand six hours until the feces subside, then reducing the decanted juice to dryness in a water bath. This extract may be given in a dose of two grains, increasing it gradually as long as seems prudent.

88. SIUM NODIFLORUM. SIUM, L. Creeping skirret.

Formerly employed as an emmenagogue and lithontriptic, but now seldom used.

89. Cuminum Cyminum. CUMINUM, L. Cummin seed. See Botany, p. 146.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CATAPLASMA CUMINI, L. Cataplasm of cummin seed.

This is made of cummin seed one pound; of bay berries, dried leaves of water germander, virginian snakeroot, each three ounces; cloves one ounce; rubbed together into a powder, and formed into a cataplasm with three times their weight of honey.

b. EMLASTRUM CUMINI, L. Cummin plaster.

This is composed of cummin seeds, caraway seeds, bay berries, each three ounces; Burgundy pitch three pounds, and yellow wax three ounces. The pitch and wax are first melted together, and the other ingredients in fine powder mixed with them.

Both these preparations are intended for external application to the belly, in some disorders of the stomach and bowels, which require such a stimulus.

90. FERULA ASAFETIDA, E. ASAFETIDA, L. D. Asafetida. See Botany, p. 145, and Chemistry, No 2490.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ASAFETIDA PURIFICATA. Purified asafetida.

Asafetida is purified in the same manner as gum ammoniac.

b. LAC ASAFETIDÆ, L. Emulsion of asafetida.

This is made in the same manner as the emulsion of gum ammoniac (See No 326.), and is given in similar doses.

c. TINCTURA FERULÆ ASAFETIDÆ, E. TINCTURA ASAFETIDÆ, L. D. Tincture of asafetida.

This tincture is prepared by digesting four ounces of asafetida in two pounds and a half (E), or two pounds (D), or two pints (L), of rectified spirit of wine, for about a week.

This is a good preparation of asafetida, and may be given in doses of from 20 to 60 drops.

d. PILULÆ ASAFETIDÆ COMPOSITÆ, E. Compound asafetida pills.

Made by beating together asafetida, galbanum, and myrrh, of each eight parts, and one part of rectified oil of amber, into a mass with simple syrup. Dose 15 grains, or a scruple, three or four times a day. Chiefly in hysteria.

e. EMLASTRUM ASAFETIDÆ, L. Plaster of asafetida.

Made by melting together plaster of semifluidified oxide of lead, asafetida, of each two parts, and galbanum and yellow wax, of each one part.

Applied to the belly in hysteria.

91. BURON GALBANUM, E. GALBANUM, L. D. Galbanum. Galbanum. See Chemistry, No 2494.

Galbanum is employed in similar cases as asafetida. It is seldom given alone.

Officinal Preparations.

a. GALBANUM PURIFICATUM. Strained galbanum. Purified galbanum.

Galbanum is purified by melting it, inclosed in a bladder, by the heat of boiling water, and straining it through linen.

b. TINCTURA GALBANI, L. Tincture of galbanum. Tincture of galbanum.

This is made by digesting two ounces of galbanum, cut into small pieces, in two pints of proof spirit, for eight days, with a gentle heat, and straining. Dose from one to two drams.

c. PILULÆ GALBANI COMPOSITÆ, L. Compound galbanum pills.

Prepared of opoponax, myrrh, sagapenum, of each an ounce, asafetida half an ounce.

Similar to the asafetida pills, and given in similar doses.

92. ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA, E. ANGELICA, L. D. Angelica.

An elegant aromatic, but seldom employed.

93. CORIANDRUM SATIVUM, E. CORIANDRUM. Coriander seeds. See Botany, p. 147.

94. CARUM CARUI, E. CARUON, L. CARUI, Caraway seeds. See Botany, p. 147.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE CARUI, E. OL. CA-OL of caraway.

Volatile oil of caraway.

Prepared by distillation in the same manner as the oil of rosemary. A very warm stimulant. Dose two or three drops.

b. SPIRITUS CARICARUI, E. SPIRITUS CARUI, Spirit of caraway.

Prepared by macerating half a pound of bruised caraway seeds in eight or nine pounds of proof spirit for a day or two, and then with the addition of a sufficient quantity of water to prevent burning, distilling off the spirit.

A good dram, where drams are required, as in flatulent colic. Dose half an ounce to an ounce.

95. PASTINACA OPOPONAX. OPOPONAX, L. Opoponax.

One of the gum-resins, brought from the East Indies and the Levant. It possesses properties similar to those of Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of galbanum and asafoetida, and is usually employed in combination with them.

96. Anethum graveolens, L. Dill-seed.

This seed is of a nearly oval shape, convex on one side and flat on the other, of a yellowish colour, of a warm pungent taste, and aromatic smell. Employed sometimes as a carminative.

Official Preparation.

a. Aqua distillata anethi, L. Dill water.

A gallon of water distilled from a pound of bruised dill seeds.

97. Anethum foeniculum, E. Foeniculum, L. D. Sweet fennel seeds. See Botany, p. 147.

Official Preparations.

a. Aqua distillata foeniculi dulcis, L. D. Sweet fennel water.

Prepared as dill water.

b. Oleum volatile foeniculi dulcis, D. Oil of sweet fennel seeds. Prepared as the oil of rosemary, &c.

98. Apium petroselinum, E. Petroselinum, L. Parsley.

The seeds of parsley are carminative, and the root is gently diuretic.

99. Pimpinella anisum, E. Anisum, L. D. Aniseed.

This plant is cultivated in Asia, and in the south of Europe. The seeds have a peculiar grateful smell, and a sweet aromatic taste.

They are gently stimulant, carminative and expectorant.

Official Preparations.

a. Oleum volatile pimpinellae anisi, E. Oleum volatile anisi, L. D. Volatile oil of aniseed.

Prepared as the other volatile oils.

This oil freezes at no very low temperature. It is a powerful and grateful stimulant. Dose, a drop or two.

b. Spiritus anisi compositus, L. Compound spirit of aniseed.

From aniseed and angelica seed, of each half a pound, proof spirit a gallon, and enough water to prevent burning, a gallon of spirit is distilled.

A very agreeable cordial, in cases of flatulence.

Order 3. Trigynia.

100. Sambucus nigra, E. 'Sambucus, L. D. Elder leaves, bark, and berries. See Botany, p. 148.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Succus spissatus baccæ sambuci, L. D. Infused juice of elder leaves.

Prepared in the same way as the juice of black currants. See No 422.

b. Unguentum sambuci, L. Ung. sambucinum, D. Elder ointment.

Prepared by boiling four pounds of elder flowers in three pounds of mutton suet and a pint of olive-oil till they are crisp, and then straining.

101. Rhus toxicodendron, E. Poison oak.

The leaves of this shrub, which is a native of North America, are very acid, and have lately been introduced into practice by Dr Alderton of Hull as a remedy for palsy. Dose half a grain or a grain. In Edinburgh it has been less successful than with Dr Alderton. See Alderton's "Essay on the Rhus Toxicodendron," and Duncan's Dispensatory.

102. Linum usitatissimum, E. Linum, L. Linseed. D. Common flax. Lintfeed. See Botany, p. 149.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum linii usitatissimi, E. Lintfeed oil.

Expressed from the seeds by inclosing them in a hempen bag after beating them in a stone mortar. It should be expressed without heat.

Emollient. Has been given with success in some cases of haemoptysis, nephritis, colic, and some internal inflammations. Dose an ounce or two, made into an emulsion.

103. Linum catharticum, D. Purging flax. See Botany, p. 149.

Class VI. Hexandria. Order 1. Monogynia.

104. Berberis vulgaris. Berberis, D. Barberry.

The fruit is employed as a refrigerant. See Botany, p. 159.

105. Allium sativum, E. L. D. Garlic. See Botany, p. 156, where a long account is given of its nature and uses.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Syrupus allii, D. Syrup of garlic.

Prepared by macerating a pound of sliced garlic in two pounds of boiling water in a close vessel for 12 hours, and then adding to the strained liquor four pounds of double refined sugar.

106. Allium cepa. Cepa, D. Onion.

A gentle diuretic when raw, but chiefly used roasted by way of a cataplasm.

107. Aloe perfoliata, E. Aloe socotrina, L. D. Aloes. So full an account of the several varieties of aloes and their uses in medicine has been given under Botany, p. 158, that it is necessary for us here only to notice its

**Officinal Preparations.**

*a.* **Pulvis Aloes cum Canella**, L. **Hierapilcra.** Powder of aloes with canella.

Prepared of a pound of socotrine aloes, and three pounds of white canella, powdered separately and then mixed together.

A warm stimulant cathartic. Dose 10 grains to 20. Best given in the form of pill.

*b.* **Pulvis Aloeticus cum Guaiaco**, L. Aloetic powder with guaiacum.

Prepared by mixing together an ounce and a half of powdered socotrine aloes, an ounce of powdered resin of guaiacum, and half an ounce of aromatic powder. Dose as of the preceding.

*c.* **Pulvis Aloeticus cum Ferro**, L. Aloetic powder with iron.

Prepared of socotrine aloes, an ounce and a half, myrrh two ounces, dry extract of gentian and vitriolated iron, each an ounce, powdered separately, and mixed together.

This is considered as a good emmenagogue in a dose of 15 grains.

*d.* **Pilulae Aloeticae**, E. D. **Pilulae Aloes Compositae**, L. Aloetic pills. Compound pills of aloes.

The Edinburgh aloetic pills are prepared by beating together into a mass equal parts of powdered aloes and soap. Those of the London college are made of an ounce of powdered socotrine aloes, half an ounce of extract of gentian, two scruples of oil of caraway seeds, and enough syrup of ginger to form a mass. The Dublin pills are made of an ounce of Barbadoes aloes, with half an ounce of extract of gentian, and two drams of powdered ginger, formed into a mass with soap jelly.

Any of these compositions forms a good cathartic for sedentary people. Dose 10 to 20 grains.

*e.* **Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae**, E. Pills of aloes and asafoetida.

Prepared with equal parts of powdered aloes, asafoetida and soap, made into a mass with mucilage of gum arabic.

A good remedy in dyspepsia, especially in females. Dose about 10 grains, twice a day.

*f.* **Pilulae Aloes cum Colocynthis**, E. Pills of aloes with colocynth.

These are formed of socotrine aloes, scammony, each eight parts, colocynth four parts, oil of cloves and sulphate of potash with sulphur, each one part. The aloes, scammony, and salt, are together reduced to powder, and mixed with the colocynth previously beat to a fine powder; then the oil is added, and the mass formed with mucilage of gum arabic.

*A powerful purgative, well suited to melancholia and similar diseases. Dose 10 to 20 grains.*

**g. Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae**, E. L. **Pilulae Aloes et Ruffi.** Pills of aloes and myrrh. Rufus's pills.

Prepared of four parts of socotrine aloes, two parts of myrrh, and two parts of saffron (one part L.), made into a mass with syrup of saffron.

A good laxative and stomachic. Dose 15 or 20 grains.

**b. Extractum Aloes**, C. Extract of aloes. Extract of aloes.

Prepared as extract of gentian.

**i. Tinctura Aloes Socotrinae**, E. **Tinctura Aloes**, L. D. Tincture of aloes.

Made by digesting half an ounce of powdered socotrine aloes and an ounce and a half of extract of liquorice, in four ounces of alcohol and a pound of distilled water (E.), or in eight ounces of proof spirit with the same quantity of distilled water (L.), for a few days, with a gentle heat and frequent agitation. Dose about an ounce.

**k. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae**, E. **Tinctura Aloes Compositae**, L. Tincture of aloes and myrrh. Compound tincture of aloes.

This tincture, according to the Edinburgh process, is prepared by first digesting two ounces of powdered myrrh in a pound and a half of alcohol mixed with half a pound of water, for four days; then adding an ounce and a half of powdered socotrine aloes, and an ounce of saffron; digesting for three days longer, and pouring off the tincture. The London tincture is made by digesting three ounces of socotrine aloes and the same quantity of saffron, in two pints of tincture of myrrh, for eight days, and straining it.

These tinctures differ in strength: the Edinburgh tincture may be given in a dose of half an ounce or six drams; the London one in half that quantity.

**l. Tinctura Aloes Atherea**, E. Ethereal tincture of aloes.

This tincture is prepared by digesting socotrine aloes, and myrrh powdered, of each an ounce and a half, with an ounce of sliced saffron, in a pound of fulphoric ether with alcohol; first digesting the myrrh alone for four days, then adding the rest, digesting for four days longer, and straining.

More stimulating than the other tinctures. Dose two or three drams.

**m. Vinum Aloes Socotrinae**, E. **Vinum Aloes Loeticum**, D. **Vinum Aloes**, L. Wine of socotrine aloes. Aloetic wine. Sacred elixir.

The Edinburgh wine is prepared by digesting an ounce of powdered socotrine aloes, and lesser cardamom seed, and ginger bruised, of each a dram, in two pounds of Spanish white wine, for seven days, with occasional agitation and straining. The Dublin college directs four ounces of powdered socotrine aloes, and two ounces of powdered canella alba, in four pounds of Spanish white wine for fourteen days, with frequent agitation and then filtering. In the London process, the proportions are, eight ounces of powdered aloes, two Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of Simple and Official Medicines.

Two ounces of powdered canella, six pints of Spanish white wine, and two pints of proof spirit.

This appears from long experience to be a medicine of excellent service. The dose as a purgative is from one to two ounces. It may be introduced into the habit, so as to be productive of excellent effects, as an alterant, by giving it in small doses, at proper intervals; thus managed, it does not for a considerable time operate remarkably by stool; but at length proves purgative, and occasions a lax habit of much longer continuance than that produced by other common cathartics.

108. Scilla maritima, E. SCILLA, L. D. Squill. See Botany Index.

When the root of squill is taken in large doses, it produces a violent vomiting and purging, and some times strangury, bloody urine, and inflammation and erosion of the stomach or bowels; in moderate doses it proves emetic, without any further consequence, and in small doses, it is a good expectorant and diuretic. It is chiefly employed as an expectorant in asthma and pleuripneumony, and as a diuretic in dropsy.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SCILLA MARITIMA EXSICCATA, E. SCILLA EXSICCATA, L. SCILLÆ PREPARATÆ, D. Dried squill.

Squill is dried by first removing its outer coat, then cutting it transversely into thin slices, and drying these with a gentle heat.

The sign of its being properly dried is that it be rendered friable without losing its bitternes and acrimony. This is an excellent mode of preparing squill, where it is to be given in subfiance. The dose of dried squill when reduced to powder and given as an expectorant or diuretic, is from one grain to three.

b. ACETUM SCILLÆ MARITIMÆ, E. ACETUM SCILLÆ, L. ACETUM SCILLITICUM, D. Vinegar of squill.

This is made by macerating dried squill in vinegar or distilled vinegar, with a proportion of proof spirit. The proportions of the different colleges vary. The Edinburgh college directs two ounces of squill to two pounds and a half of distilled acetic acid, and three ounces of alcohol; that of London a pound of squill, six pints of vinegar, and half a pint of proof spirit; while the Dublin proportions are half a pound of squill, three pounds of vinegar, and four ounces of proof spirit. The squill is first macerated with the vinegar for some days with a gentle heat, then the liquor is expressed, and the spirit added to it. Dose from two drams to half an ounce, chiefly in composition.

c. SYRUPUS SCILLÆ MARITIMÆ, E. Syrup of squill.

This syrup is made with two pounds of vinegar of squill, and three pounds and a half of double refined sugar, dissolved with a gentle heat.

A good expectorant. Dose from half an ounce to an ounce.

d. OXYMEL SCILLÆ, L. Oxymel of squill.

Prepared by boiling three pounds of clarified honey, with two pints of vinegar of squill, in a glass vessel, with a gentle heat, to the consistence of a syrup.

This is not so good a preparation as the syrup of squill, and is very apt to produce sickness. Dose three or four drams.

e. CONSERVA SCILLÆ, L. Conserve of squill.

This is made by beating together in a mortar, an ounce of fresh squill and five ounces of double refined sugar.

A very injudicious and nauseous preparation.

f. TINCTURA SCILLÆ, L. D. Tincture of squill.

This tincture is prepared by digesting four ounces of fresh dried squill, in two pints, or two pounds of proof spirit, for seven or eight days, and pouring off the clear liquor.

This is a good preparation of squill, especially when it is intended as a diuretic; dose twenty or thirty drops.

g. MEL SCILLÆ, L. MEL SCILLITICUM, D. Honey of squill.

Prepared by boiling together in a glass vessel, three pounds of clarified honey and two pints of the tincture of squill, to the consistence of a syrup. Dose, a dram or two.

h. PILULÆ SCILLÆ, L. PILULÆ SCILLITICÆ, Squill pills, E. D. Squill pills.

These, according to the London and Dublin colleges, are to be prepared by beating together a dram of fresh dried squill reduced to powder, three drams of powdered ginger, three drams of soap, and two drams of gum ammoniac, with a sufficient quantity of syrup of ginger, or jelly of soap, to form a mass fit for making pills. In the Edinburgh process a scruple of dried squill, in fine powder, a dram of gum ammoniac, a dram of powdered lesser cardamom seeds, and a dram of extracted liquorice, are beaten into a mass, with simple syrup.

This is a good form of squill, when intended as an expectorant. Dose from 10 to 15 grains.

109. LILIUM CANDIDUM. LILIUM ALBUM, D. White lily. White lily root. See Botany, p. 156.

110. ACORUS CALAMUS, E. CALAMUS AROMATICUS, L. Sweet flag. See Botany, p. 159.

Order III. TRIGYNA.

111. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE, E. COLCHI-COLCHICUM, L. D. Colchicum, or meadow saffron. See Botany, p. 161.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SYRUPUS COLCHICI AUTUMNALIS, E. Syrup of colchicum.

Prepared by first macerating an ounce of fresh colchicum root, cut into thin slices, in 16 ounces of vinegar, History of Simple and Officinal Medicines.

Gar, for two days, with occasional agitation, and then boiling the expressed liquor with 26 ounces of double refined sugar into a syrup.

Employed as a diuretic, in a dose of from a dram to an ounce or more.

b. Oxymel Colchicum, L. Oxymel of colchicum.

This is made in the same manner as the syrup, only that two pounds of clarified honey are used instead of sugar to the pint of vinegar of colchicum. It is given in similar doses with the former.

112. Rumex acetosa, E. ACETOSA PRA-TENSIS, L. ACETOSA, D. Sorrel. See Botany, p. 160.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNY.

113. Aesculus hippocastanum, E. HIPPOCASTANUM. Horse-chestnut bark and fruit.

The bark of horse chestnut is a powerful astringent, and has lately been recommended as a substitute for cinchona. It is certainly a good tonic, and may be given in powder from half a dram to a dram; or a dram of the extract of it may be mixed with an ounce of cinnamon water, and given in the dose of a tea spoonful three or four times a day. A strong infusion of it, snuffed up the nose, has long been employed as an erthine.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNY.

114. Amyris elemifera, ELEMI, L. Resin of elemi. Sec Botany, p. 166.; and Chemistry, No 2471.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Unguentum Elemi, D. UNG. ELEMI COMPOSITUM, L. Elemi ointment.

Prepared by first melting a pound of elemi with two pounds of mutton suet, and on removing them from the fire, immediately adding 10 ounces of turpentine, and two ounces of olive oil; and straining the mixture.

A stimulating ointment, in much reputation with some surgeons for cleansing ulcers.

115. Amyris Gileadensis, E. BALSAMUM GILEADENSE. Balsam or balm of Gilead. See Botany, p. 166.

116. Daphne mezereum, E. MEZEREUM, L. MEZEREON, D. Mezereon or spurge laurel. See Botany, p. 168.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Decoction of mezereon.

Prepared by boiling with a gentle heat two drams of the bark of mezereon root, and half an ounce of bruised liquorice root, in three pounds of water to two pounds.

Much recommended as a diaphoretic and rhinitant, History of in rheumatic affections and in cutaneous eruptions. Dose from four to eight ounces twice a day.

117. Polygonum bistorta, E. BISTORTA, L. D. Great bistort or snakeweed. See Botany, p. 168.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNY.

118. Laurus cinnamomum, E. CINNAMOMUM, L. D. Cinnamon. The bark and its essential oil. See Botany, p. 170. and 174. See also the article CEYLON.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua Lauri Cinnamomi, E. AQUA CINNAMOMI, L. D. Cinnamon water. Barley cinnamon water.

A gallon of water distilled from a pound of bruised cinnamon.

An excellent cordial in a dose of two ounces.

b. Spiritus Lauri Cinnamomi, E. SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI, L. D. Spirit of cinnamon.

A gallon of proof spirit distilled from a pound of bruised cinnamon.

Preferable to the former only where abundant spirits are required.

c. Tinctura Lauri Cinnamomi, E. TINCTURA CINNAMOMI, L. D. Tincture of cinnamon.

Made by digesting three ounces, or three ounces and a half of bruised cinnamon, in about two pounds of proof spirit, for about a week.

A better tonic than the spirit, as it contains the astringent as well as aromatic principle of cinnamon. Dose two or three drams.

d. Tinctura Cinnamomi Composita, E. TINCTURA AROMATICA, D. Compound tincture of cinnamon. Aromatic tincture.

Made by digesting an ounce (or five drams, L. D.) of bruised cinnamon, an ounce (or two drams, D. or three drams, L.) of bruised cardamom seeds, two drams of powdered long pepper, (and two drams of powdered ginger, L. D.) in two pounds and a half (or two pounds, D. or two pints, L.) of proof spirit, for seven days.

A very hot tincture, useful in asthenic atony of the stomach. Dose two or three drams.

e. Pulvis aromaticus, E. L. D. Aromatic powder.

The Edinburgh aromatic powder is prepared of equal parts of cinnamon, lesser cardamom seeds, and ginger, beaten together to a very fine powder. The proportions of the other colleges are cinnamon two ounces, lesser cardamom seeds, ginger and long pepper, of each an ounce. Dose 10 grains to a scruple.

f. Electuarium aromaticum, E. D. CONFECTION AROMATICA, L. Aromatic electuary or confection. Cordial confection. The Edinburgh electuary is made by mixing one part of aromatic powder with two parts of syrup of orange peel. That of the Dublin college is prepared by mixing three ounces of conserve of orange peel with half an ounce of powdered cinnamon, half an ounce of powdered nutmeg, two drams of powdered ginger, and two drams of saffron, with an ounce of double refined sugar, and beating them together with a sufficient quantity of syrup of orange peel into an electuary. The London confection is made by first macerating half a pound of zedoary in coarse powder, and half a pound of saffron, in three pints of water for 24 hours, pressing out the liquor, and evaporating it to a pint and a half, and adding 16 ounces of compound powder of crab's claws, of cinnamon and nutmeg each two ounces, cloves an ounce, lesser cardamom seeds half an ounce, all in fine powder, and two pounds of double refined sugar, so as to form an electuary.

Of these compositions, the first is the best. Dose a scruple to half a dram.

**Cassia bark.**

119. **Laurus Cassia**, E. Cassia Lignea, D. Cassia bark. See Botany, p. 173.

This is commonly employed instead of cinnamon, and though not so delicate, is as efficacious as that expensive drug. The buds of cassia are, we believe, stronger than the bark.

**Officinal Preparation.**

a. **Aqua Lauri Cassiae**, E. Cassia water.

Distilled like cinnamon water, for which it is commonly substituted.

**Camphor.**

120. **Laurus Camphora**, E. The camphor tree. CAMPHORA, L. D. Camphor or Camphire. See Botany, page 170 and 174; and Chemistry, No. 2441. See also the article CAMPHORA.

Internally camphor is administered as a diaphoretic in typhoid fevers, in rheumatism, in low eruptive fevers, in a dose of from five to 20 grains; and as an antispasmodic in hiccup, hysteria, epilepsy, and in mania and melancholia, especially in that maniacal affection that sometimes takes place in lying-in women. It is applied externally in cases of gangrene, to disperse indolent tumors, and to disperse collections of milk in the breast of women who are weaning their infants.

**Officinal Preparations.**

a. **Emulsio Camphorata**, E. Camphorated emulsion.

Prepared by first beating together two drams of blanched sweet almonds, and a dram of double refined sugar, then rubbing with these a scruple of camphor, and gradually adding six ounces of water to make an emulsion. Dose two or three ounces.

b. **Mistura Camphorata**, L. Camphorated mixture.

Made by rubbing a dram of camphor, first with a little rectified spirit of wine, and then with half an ounce of double refined sugar, and adding gradually a pint of boiling distilled water, and straining off the clear liquor.

Scarcely so active as the foregoing. Dose much the same.

c. **Tinctura Camphorae**, E. SPIRITUS CAMPHORATUS, L. D. Tincture of camphor. Camphorated spirit.

A solution of camphor in rectified spirit. The several colleges direct very different proportions, viz., the Edinburgh an ounce, or two or three ounces, of camphor, to a pound of alcohol; the London four ounces to two pints; and the Dublin college half an ounce to eight ounces.

d. **Oleum Camphoratum**, E. Camphorated oil.

A solution of camphor in oil olive, in the proportion of half an ounce of the former to two ounces of the latter, made by triturating them together in a glass or marble mortar.

e. **Linimentum Camphorae Compositum**, L. LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE, D. Compound liniment of camphor.

Made by first mixing six ounces of water of pure ammonia (L.) or 10 ounces of water of carbonated ammonia (D.) with 16 ounces, (or two pounds, D.) of spirit of lavender, and distilling off the spirit from a glass retort; then diluting in the distilled spirit two ounces (L.) or three ounces (D.) of camphor.

These three last are intended for external application in the cases above mentioned, and the last is the most stimulating.

121. **Laurus Nobilis**, E. LAURUS, L. Bay. See Botany, p. 171, and 172.

The leaves, berries, and expressed oil of the berries, are employed in medicine.

122. **Laurus Sassafras**, E. SASSAFRAS, L. Sassafras, D. Sassafras wood, root, and bark. See Botany, p. 173.

Employed chiefly as a gentle diaphoretic or alternative in cutaneous eruptions, by way of decoction or infusion.

**Officinal Preparation.**

a. **Oleum Volatile Lauri Sassafras**, E. OLEUM SASSAFRAS, L. Oil of sassafras.

Distilled as the other volatile oils.

Order 2. TRIGYNA.

123. **Rheum Palmatum**, E. RHABARBARUM, L. D. Rhubarb. See Botany, p. 175.

**Officinal Preparations.**

a. **Infusum Rhei Palmati**, E. Infusion of rhubarb.

Made by macerating half an ounce of bruised rhubarb in eight ounces of boiling water for 12 hours; then adding an ounce of spirit of cinnamon, and straining. Dose half an ounce to an ounce and a half.

b. **Vinum Rhei Palmati**, E. VINUM RHABARBARI, L. Rhubarb wine. The Edinburgh wine is prepared by infusing two ounces of sliced rhubarb and a dram of bruised canella alba in 15 ounces of Spanish white wine, and two ounces of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining through paper. The London formula directs two ounces and a half of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce of bruised lesser cardamom seeds, and two drams of saffron, to be digested in two pints of Spanish white wine, and half a pint of proof spirit, for 10 days.

The Edinburgh wine is the stronger, and may be given in the dose of an ounce. Dose of the London, about an ounce and a half, or a small wine glass full.

**Tincture of Rhubarb**

Prepared by digesting three ounces (L.) or two ounces (L. D.) of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce (E.) or two drams (L. D.) of bruised cardamom seeds, (and two drams of saffron L. D.) in two pounds and a half (E.) or two pounds (D.) or two pints (L.) of proof spirit, for about a week, and straining.

As a purgative, this may be given in the dose of an ounce; as a stomachic from two to four drams.

**Compound Tincture of Rhubarb**

Prepared of two ounces of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce of bruised liquorice root, two drams of powdered ginger, and two drams of saffron, digested for 14 days in 12 ounces of proof spirit mixed with a pint of distilled water.

Uses and doses as of the preceding.

**Tincture of Rhubarb and Aloes**

Made by digesting 10 drams of sliced rhubarb, six drams of powdered locotoinine aloes, and half an ounce of bruised cardamom seeds, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days.

Dose half an ounce to an ounce.

**Tincture of Rhubarb and Gentian**

Made by digesting two ounces of sliced rhubarb, and half an ounce of sliced gentian root, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining.

A good stomachic. Dose two or three drams.

**Class X. Decandria. Order I. Monogynia.**

**Myroxylon Peruiferum**, E. Balsamum Peruianum, L. D. Balsam of Peru. See Botany, p. 182, and Chemistry, No 2484.

---

(c) This volume is now drawing very near a close, and it is indispensible that the present article should not extend beyond it. It is therefore necessary that in the remaining part of the materia medica, we should be extremely concise, and should omit all the natural history, and much of the medical history, of the simple articles. Fortunately, in many cases, these circumstances have been anticipated under botany; and where this has not been Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Sennae simplex, L. Simple infusion of fenna.

Prepared by macerating an ounce and a half of fenna, and a dram of powdered ginger, in a pint of boiling water, for an hour, in a covered vessel. Dose about two or three ounces.

b. Infusum Sennae tartarisatum, L. Tartarized infusion of fenna.

Instead of ginger, half an ounce of bruised coriander seeds and two drams of crystals of tartar are here added. Dose as of the above.

c. Infusum Tamarindi cum Senna, E. Infusion of tamarinds with fenna.

Prepared by macerating an ounce of preserved tamarinds, a dram (or two, three, &c. drams) of fenna, half a dram of bruised coriander seeds, and half an ounce of brown sugar, in eight ounces of boiling water, for four hours, in a glass vessel.

An excellent laxative. Dose from two to four ounces, according to the quantity of fenna.

d. Tinctura Sennae composita, E. Tinctura Sennae, L. D. Compound tincture of fenna.

The Edinburgh tincture is made by digesting two ounces of fenna, an ounce of bruised jalap root, and half an ounce of bruised coriander seeds, in three pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, straining the tincture, and adding four ounces of double-refined sugar. The London and Dublin tinctures are made by digesting a pound of fenna, an ounce and a half of bruised caraway seeds, half an ounce of bruised cardamom seeds, and 16 ounces of floured raisins, in a gallon or nine pounds (D.) of proof spirit, for 14 days. Dose half an ounce to an ounce and a half.

e. Electuarium Cassiae Sennae, E. Electuarium Sennae, L. D. Electuary of fenna. Laxative electuary.

The Edinburgh and London electuaries are composed of eight ounces of pounded fenna, four ounces of powdered coriander seeds, three ounces of liquorice root, half a pound or a pound of figs, half a pound of pulp of tamarinds, half a pound of pulp of prunes (and half a pound of pulp of cassia (L.), and two pounds and a half of double refined sugar. That of Dublin is made of four ounces of powdered fenna, a pound of pulp of French prunes, two ounces of pulp of tamarinds, a pound and a half of molasses, and two drams of essential oil of caraway. Dose about half an ounce.

f. Extractum Cassiae Sennae, E. Extractum Sennae, L. D. Extract of fenna.

Made like other extracts that have been mentioned. Dose 10 to 30 grains. Not much used.

g. Pulvis Sennae compositus, L. Compound powder of fenna.

Composed of fenna, crystals of tartar, each two ounces, scammony half an ounce, and ginger two drams. Dose two or three scruples.

128. Hematoxylon campechianum, E. Hæmatoxylon, L. D. Lignum campechense. Logwood. See Botany, p. 183.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Extractum Hematoxyli, L. Extract of logwood.

Made by boiling logwood in successive portions of water, and evaporating the mixed liquors to a proper consistence. Dose a scruple to two scruples.

129. Swietenia mahagoni, E. Mahogany tree bark.

130. Swietenia febrifuga, E. Febrifuge swietenia bark.

These barks are good tonics, and may be used instead of the cinchona.

131. Guaiacum officinale, E. Guaiacum, L. D. Guaiacum wood, bark and resin. See Botany, p. 181.; and for an excellent account of the nature and chemical properties of the resin, see Phil. Trans. for 1806. p. 89.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Decoction Guaiaci compositum, E. Compound decoction of guaiacum.

Made by boiling three ounces of guaiacum rapsings, and two ounces of floned resins, in ten pounds of water to five pounds; adding towards the end, of sliced sassafras and braised liquorice root, each an ounce.

Given as a diet drink in cutaneous eruptions and rheumatism, to the extent of a pint in the day.

b. Tinctura Guaiaci officinalis, E. Tincture of guaiacum.

Made by digesting a pound of powdered resin of guaiacum in two pounds and a half of alcohol for ten days, and filtering.

A good diaphoretic. Dose, two or three drams mixed with honey or syrup.

c. Tinctura Guaiaci ammoniata, E. Tinctura guaiaci volatilis, D. Tinctura guaiaci, L. Ammoniated tincture of guaiacum.

This

the case, we here make a general reference to Woodville's "Medical Botany," Lewis's "Experimental History," Duncan's "New Dispensatory," the "Practical Synopsis," and "Thesaurus Medicamentum." This is made by digesting four ounces of powdered resin of guaiacum in about one pound and a half of ammoniated alcohol for seven days (three days L.), and filtering.

More stimulant than the last. Dose one or two drams.

132. RUTA GRAVEOLENS, E. RUTA, L. D. Rue. See Botany, p. 182.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE RUTÆ, D. Volatile oil of rue.

Distilled as other volatile oils. Used chiefly as an anthelmintic. Dose from three to six drops.

b. EXTRACTUM RUTÆ GRAVEOLENTIS, E. EXTRACTUM RUTÆ, L. D. Extract of rue.

Made like other watery extracts. Dose about one scruple.

133. QUASSIA SIMARUBA, E. SIMAROUBA, L. D. Simarouba, or mountain damson bark.

Used as a tonic in dysentery, obstinate diarrhoea, indigestion, and intermittent fevers. Dose about a dram in substance, or two drams in the form of decoction, which is the better mode of exhibition.

134. QUASSIA EXCELSA, E. QUASSIA, L. Quassia wood, bark, and root.

A strong bitter, and good tonic, generally given by way of infusion, in the proportion of one to two drams to a pint of water.

135. RHODODENDRON CHRYSANTHUM, E. Yellow-flowered rhododendron. See Botany, p. 184, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

136. ARBUTUS UVA URSI, E. UVA URSI, L. D. Whortleberry. See Botany, p. 184.

137. STYRAX OFFICINALE, E. STYRAX, L. STYRAX CALAMITA, D. Storax. See Botany, p. 184, and Chemistry, No 2481.

Officinal Preparations.

a. STYRAX PURIFICATA, L. D. Purified storax.

Storax is purified by dissolving it in rectified spirit, straining the solution, and reducing it to a proper thickness by a gentle heat.

Employed chiefly as an ingredient in a tincture to be mentioned immediately.

138. STYRAX BENZOIN, E. BENZOE, L. BENZOINUM, D. Benzoin or benjamin. See Botany, p. 184, and Chemistry, No 2480.

Officinal Preparations.

a. TINCTURA BENZOS COMPOSITA, E. L. BALSAMUM TRAUMATICUM. Compound tincture of benzoin. Traumatic, vulnerary, or friars balm.

Prepared by digesting three ounces of powdered benzoin (two ounces of strained storax, L.) an ounce of ballam of Tolu, and half an ounce of powdered focotrine aloes, in two pounds of alcohol, for seven days (or, three days, L.) and straining.

This tincture forms a good expectorant, made into an emulsion with honey; and it has been long, though perhaps undeservedly, celebrated, as an external application to wounds.

b. ACIDUM BENZOICUM, E. SAL BENZOINI, D. FLORES BENZOES, L. Benzoic acid. Salt acid of benzoin. Flowers of benjamin.

The Edinburgh process for obtaining this acid is, to triturate 24 ounces of benzoin with eight ounces of carbonate of soda; to boil this mixture in 16 pounds of water, constantly stirring, straining the decoction; repeat the boiling with six pounds of more water, straining, mixing the two decoctions, and evaporating till only two pounds remain, filtering again, and dropping into the fluid diluted sulphuric acid as long as there is any precipitation; then dissolving the precipitated acid in boiling water, straining the solution through linen, and setting it aside to crystallize; and lastly washing the crystals with cold water, and drying them.

For other methods of procuring this acid, and for an account of its chemical properties, see Chemistry, No 714 et seq.

Benzoic acid is employed as an expectorant, in a dose of a grain or two.

139. COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS, E. BALSAMUM COPAIWA, L. BALSAMUM COPAIBA, D. copaiva. Balsam of Copaiva. See Botany, p. 185.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

140. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS, E. CARYO-CLOVE JULYPHYLLUM RUBRUM, L. D. Clove julyflower. See Botany, p. 196.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SYRUPUS DIANTHÆ CARYOPHYLLÆ, E. SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI RUBRI, L. Syrup of clove julyflower.

Made by macerating a pound or two of the petals of clove julyflowers fresh gathered, and freed from the heels, in four pounds or five pints of boiling water for 12 hours, in a glass vessel, straining the infusion, and adding of double refined sugar, seven pounds, or as much as is sufficient to form a syrup.

Order 4. PENTAGYNIA.

141. OXALIS ACETOCELLA, L. LUJULA, L. A-Wood for CETOSELLA, D. Wood forrel. See Botany, p. 187.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CONSERVA ACETOCELLÆ, D. Conserve of wood forrel.

Made by beating the leaves of wood forrel in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle, first by themselves, and then with three times their weight of double refined sugar, till they are thoroughly combined. Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

142. Asarum Europaeum, E. Asarum, L. D. Afrabacca. See Botany, p. 190.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Pulvis Asari compositus, E. L. D. Compound powder of afrabacca.

Prepared according to the London and Dublin processes, of equal parts of afrabacca, sweet marjoram, Syrian herb mastic, and lavender, dried and reduced together to a fine powder. In the Edinburgh formula there are used three parts of afrabacca, one of marjoram, and one of lavender.

Used as an erthine.

143. Canella alba, E. L. D. See Botany, p. 190.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

144. Eugenia Caryophyllata, Caryophyllus aromaticus, E. Caryophylla aromatica, D. Clove tree, and its essential oil. See Woodville's Botany, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

145. Myrtus pimenta, E. Pimento, L. D. Pimento, Jamaica pepper, or allspice. See Botany, p. 194.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua myrtæ pimentæ, E. AQUA PIMENTO, L. Pimento water.

A gallon of water distilled from half a pound of pimento. Dose, a small wine glass full.

b. Oleum volatile myrti pimentæ, E. Volatile oil of pimento. Tile oil of pimento.

Distilled as other volatile oils. Given as a stimulus in a dose of two or three drops.

c. Spiritus myrti pimentæ, E. SPIRITUS PIMENTO, L. D. Spirit of pimento.

A gallon of proof spirit distilled from half a pound of bruised pimento. Dose about an ounce.

146. Punica granatum, E. Granatum, L. D. Pomegranate. See Botany, p. 195.

147. Eucalyptus resinifera, Kino, E. L. D. Kino. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Tinctura kino, E. D. Tincture of kino.

Prepared by digesting two ounces of powdered kino in a pound and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and filtering. Dose from one dram to three, as an astringent.

148. Amygdalus communis, E. Amygdalæ dulces, L. D. Amygdalæ amaræ, L. Sweet and bitter almonds. See Botany, p. 195.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum amygdali communis, E. OLEUM AMYGDALARUM, L. D. Oil of almonds.

Expressed in the usual manner. Given as an emollient, ad libitum.

b. Emulsio amygdali communis, E. LAC AMYGDALÆ vel AMYGDALARUM, L. D. Almond emulsion.

Made by beating an ounce of blanched sweet almonds, or an ounce and a half, either by themselves, or with half an ounce of double refined sugar, and gradually pouring on them two pounds and a half or two pints of distilled water, to form an emulsion.

A grateful demulcent, that may be drunk in any quantity.

149. Prunus domestica, E. L. D. Prunes.

Used as a gentle laxative, chiefly in composition.

150. Prunus spinosa, PRUNUS SYLVESTRIS, Sloes, L. Sloes.

Employed as an astringent.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Conserva pruni sylvestris, L. Conserve of floes.

Made by mixing any quantity of the pulp of floes, obtained by boiling them in water till they are soft, and subsequent expression, with three times its weight of double refined sugar.

Order 4. Pentagynia.

151. Pyrus cydonia, CYDONIA MALUS, L. Quince seeds. See Botany, p. 197.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Mucilago seminum cydonii mali, L. Mucilage of quince seed.

Made by boiling one dram of quince seeds in eight ounces of distilled water, with a slow fire for ten minutes, and then squeezing the mucilage through linen.

Order 5. Polygynia.

152. Rosa gallica, E. ROSA RUBRA, L. D. Red rose buds. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum rosæ gallicæ, E. INFUSUM ROSÆ, L. INFUSUM ROSARUM, D. Infusion of red roses.

Prepared by infusing one ounce of the dried petals of red History of red roses, in about two pounds and a half of boiling simple and water, in a glass or unglazed earthen vessel, till cold, then adding about half a dram of sulphuric acid, and about two ounces of double refined sugar.

A pleasant refrigerant and gentle astringent, given internally in hemorrhages, and much employed as a gargle.

b. Syrupus Roseae gallice, E. Syrup of red roses.

Made by macerating seven ounces of the dried petals of red roses in five pounds of boiling water for 12 hours, straining the liquor, and adding six pounds of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

c. Mel Roseae, L. D. Honey of roses.

Made by macerating four ounces of dried petals of red rose buds in three pints of boiling distilled water, for six hours, then straining the liquor, and boiling it with five pounds of clarified honey to the confluence of a syrup.

d. Conserva Roseae rubrae, L. Conserva Roseae, D. Conserve of roses.

Made by beating the fresh petals of red roses with three times their weight of double-refined sugar till they are thoroughly mixed.

153. Rosa Damascena, L. D. Rosa centifolia, E. The damask rose. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua Roseae centifolii, E. Aqua Roseae, L. D. Rose water.

A gallon of water distilled from six pounds of the fresh petals of damask roses.

Chiefly employed as a perfume.

b. Syrupus Roseae centifolii, E. Syrupus Roseae, L. Syrup of damask roses.

Made by macerating one pound (E.) or seven ounces (L.) of the fresh petals of damask roses, in four pounds or four pints of boiling distilled water, and adding to the strained liquor three pounds (E.) or six pounds (L.) of double-refined sugar, to make a syrup.

154. Rosa canina, E. Cynosbatus, L. Hips. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Conserva Roseae caninae, E. Conserva Cynosbati, L. Conserve of hips.

Made by beating any quantity of the pulp of ripe hips with three times its weight of double-refined sugar.

155. Rubus idaeus, L. D. Raspberry. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus fructus Rubi idaei, L. Syrup of raspberry juice.

Made by boiling the juice of raspberry with a sufficient quantity of double-refined sugar to make a syrup.

156. Tormentilla erecta, E. Tormentilla, L. D. Tormentil root. See Botany, p. 199.

157. Potentilla reptans, Pentaphylolum, L. Common cinquefoil. See Botany, p. 199.

158. Geum urbanum. Avens or herb bennet. See Botany, p. 199. and the "Practical Synopsis." This is considered as a good substitute for cinchona.

Class XIII. Polyandria. Order I. Monogynia.

159. Papaver rhoesas, Papaver erraticum, L. Common red poppy. See Botany, p. 204.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus Papaveris erratici, L. Syrup of red poppy.

Four pounds of the fresh flowers of red poppy are gradually mixed with four pints and a half of boiling distilled water in a water bath, constantly stirring them; they are then suffered to macerate for 12 hours, the juice is pressed out and boiled with double-refined sugar into a syrup.

Generally added to narcotic draughts, juleps, &c.

160. Papaver somniferum, E. Papaver album, L. D. White poppy. Opium. See Botany, p. 204.

To dilute any article, however important, is now out of our power; we must therefore, besides the above reference, refer our readers for the best accounts of opium, to Dr Crumpe's "Inquiry," Dr Duncan's Dispensatory, the "Practical Synopsis," and Theopaurus Medicaminum.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Opium purificatum, L. D. Purified opium.

A pound of opium, cut into small pieces, is digested with 12 pints of proof spirit, with a gentle heat, till as much as possible of the opium is dissolved. The tincture is then filtered and distilled to a confluence proper for making into pills or beating to powder.

Purified opium is commonly considered as rather weaker than crude opium; two grains of the softer mass, and one grain and a half of the harder, being an ordinary dose.

b. Pulvis opiatus, E. L. Opiate powder.

By the London process this is formed by mixing together a dram of hard purified opium in powder, and nine drams of burnt and prepared hawthorn. The Edinburgh powder is prepared of one part of opium, and nine parts of prepared carbonate of lime, rubbed together to a very fine powder.

Ten grains of these powders contain one grain of opium; but the Edinburgh powder is rather the stronger. Part IV.

&c.

They are useful when it is required to administer opium in very small doses.

c. PILULÆ OPII, L. PILULÆ OPIATÆ, E. Opium pills. Opiate or thebaic pills.

The London pills are prepared of two drams of hard purified opium in powder, and one ounce of extract of liquorice, beaten together till they are perfectly united. The Edinburgh pills are formed of one part of opium, and seven of extract of liquorice, softened separately with diluted alcohol, beaten into a pulp and mixed, and then beaten with two parts of pounded Jamaica pepper into an uniform mass.

The London pills contain two grains of opium, and the Edinburgh one grain, in 10 of the mass.

Extractum Opii, D. Extract of opium.

Prepared by dissolving two ounces of purified opium in one pound of boiling water, straining the liquor, and adding, while warm, one pound of cold distilled water, exposing to the air for two days, filtering again, and evaporating to the proper consistence of an extract.

Troches of liquorice with opium.

Troches of liquorice with opium. Compound troches of liquorice.

The Edinburgh troches are formed by triturating two drams of opium, with half an ounce of tincture of tolu; then adding by degrees five ounces of extract of liquorice, softened in warm water, and eight ounces of common syrup; and lastly, five ounces of powdered gum arabic, and drying the mass till it is of a consistence to form troches, weighing ten grains each. The Dublin formula directs two drams of purified opium to be triturated with a dram of balsam of Peru, and three drams of tincture of myrrh, till they are intimately mixed; then to be added two drams of tincture of tolu, and nine ounces of extract of liquorice, softened in warm water; when the whole is to be well beaten together, and, with the addition of five ounces of powdered gum arabic, formed into troches, weighing ten grains each.

These troches are intended to allay irritation in tickling coughs. About seven and a half of the Edinburgh, and six of the Dublin troches, contain about one grain of opium.

Electuarium Opiatum, E. CONFECTIO OPIATA, L. Opiate electuary. Opiate confection.

The Edinburgh electuary is formed by mixing together six ounces of aromatic powder, three ounces of finely powdered sarsaparilla, half an ounce of opium, diluted in a sufficient quantity of Spanish white wine, and one pound of the syrup of ginger. The London confection is prepared of six drams of hard purified opium in powder; of long pepper, ginger, and caraway seeds powdered, each two ounces; and syrup of white poppy boiled to the consistence of honey, three times the weight of the other ingredients. The opium is first mixed with the syrup, then the other powders added, and the whole intimately blended.

These are intended as stimulating compositions of opium. Thirty-six grains of the London, and 43 of the Edinburgh preparation, contain about one grain of opium.

Electuarium mimosae Catechu, E. ELECTUARIUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM, D. Electuary confectio japonica. Electuary of catechu.

These electuaries are prepared of four ounces of extract of catechu powdered, three ounces powdered kino, one ounce of cinnamon, and the same of nutmeg in powder, one dram and a half of opium, diffused in Spanish white wine, and two pounds and a quarter of syrup of red roses boiled to the consistence of honey (E.); or 14 ounces of syrup of ginger, and the same of the syrup of orange peel, boiled to the consistence of honey (D.).

Powerful astringents, given in diarrhoeas. Ten scruples contain about one grain of opium, and the usual dose is a tea spoonful frequently repeated.

Tinctura Opii, E. L. D. TINCTURA THEBAICA. Tincture of opium. Thebaic tincture. Li-opium quid laudanum.

The London and Dublin tinctures are made by digesting two ounces of opium in two pounds of diluted alcohol, 14 days, and filtering. The London tincture is made by digesting ten grains of powdered purified opium in a pint of proof spirit for ten days.

These tinctures are considered as of nearly equal strength. Dose as narcotics, 25 or 30 drops; as antipathymics, they are, like the solid opium, given in much larger doses.

Tinctura Opii camphorata, L. D. ELIXIR CAMPHORATUM PAREGORICUM. Camphorated tincture of opium.

Prepared by digesting one dram of hard purified opium, one dram of flowers of benzoin, two scruples of camphor, and one dram of essential oil of aniseeds, in two pints of proof spirit, for ten days.

Half an ounce of this tincture contains about one grain of opium. Usual dose about one dram or two.

Tinctura Opii ammoniata. Olim ELIXIR AMMONIATEDUM PAREGORICUM, E. Ammoniated tincture of opium.

Made by digesting three drams of benzoic acid, three drams of sliced saffron, two drams of opium, and half a dram of volatile oil of aniseeds, in ten ounces of ammoniated alcohol, seven days, in a cloche vessel.

An excellent antipathymic, stronger than the last. Dose about one dram.

Syrupus Opii, D. Syrup of opium.

Made by dissolving 48 grains of extract of opium in three pounds of boiling water, and adding a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

An excellent narcotic for children. According to Dr Duncan, an ounce of it contains about two grains and a half of opium.

Syrupus papaveris somniferi, E. SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS ALBI, L. Syrup of white poppies.

The Edinburgh syrup is made by macerating two pounds History of pounds of sliced white poppy heads, freed from the seeds, in 30 pounds of boiling distilled water for 12 hours, boiling it to a third, and pressing out the liquor, which is again boiled to one half, strained, and formed into a syrup with four pounds of double refined sugar. The proportions in the London process are, three pounds and a half of poppy heads, eight gallons of water, and six pounds of sugar.

A weak narcotic, not so certain as the last syrup.

161. CISTUS CRETICUS, LADANUM, L. Ladanum. See Chemistry, No 2466.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EMPLASTRUM LADANI COMPOSITUM, L. Compound ladanum plaster.

Formed of three ounces of ladanum, one ounce of frankincense, powdered cinnamon and expressed oil of mace, each half an ounce, and one dram of essential oil of mint.

A warm stimulating plaster.

Order 3. TRIGYNIA.

162. DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA, STAPHISAGRIA, L. D. Stavesacre.

Employed as an external application against vermin.

163. ACONITUM NEOMONTANUM, ACONITUM NAPELLUS, E. ACONITUM, L. D. Blue monkshood, or aconite. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SUCCUS SPISSATUS ACONITI NAPPELLI, E. Infiltrated juice of aconite.

Made from the fresh leaves of aconite in the usual manner. Dose from half a grain to three grains, twice or thrice a day.

Order 4. TETRAGYNIA.

164. WINTERA AROMATICA, E. Winter's bark. Similar to canella alba.

Order 6. POLYGYNIA.

165. HELLEBORUS NIGER, E. L. D. MELAMPODIUM. Black hellebore. See Botany, p. 210.

Officinal Preparation.

a. TINCTURA HELLEBORI NIGRI, E. L. D. Tincture of black hellebore.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of black hellebore, and about half a dram of powdered cochineal, in two pounds and a half (E.), or two pints (L.), or two pounds (D.), of diluted alcohol, for about a week.

Much celebrated as an emmenagogue. Dose about a tea spoonful.

166. HELLEBORUS FOETIDUS, HELLEBORASTER, L. Stinking hellebore. See Botany, p. 210.

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Order 1. GYMNOSPERMIA.

167. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS, F. HYSSOPUS, D. Hyssop. See Botany, p. 216.

168. MENTHA VIRIDIS, MENTHA SATIVA, L. D. Spearmint. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. D. Mint water.

A gallon of water distilled from a pound and a half of mint.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. D. Oil of mint.

Distilled as other volatile oils.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. Spirit of mint.

A gallon of spirit distilled from a pound and a half of mint.

169. MENTHA PIPERITA, E. MENTHA PIPERIS, L. D. Peppermint. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ, E. AQUA MENTHÆ PIPERITIDIS, L. Peppermint water.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ vel OIL OF peppermint, E. L. D. Oil of peppermint.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ vel PIPERITI-PULVERIS, E. L. Spirit of peppermint.

All these are prepared in the same manner as similar preparations of mint, possessing similar properties, but rather stronger. Dose of the water, a wine glass full; of the oil, a drop or two; of the spirit, about an ounce.

170. MENTHA PULEGIUM, E. PULEGIUM, L. Pennyroyal.

D. Pennyroyal. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. AQUA PULEGI, L. D. Pennyroyal water.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. OLEUM PULEGI, L. D. Oil of pennyroyal.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. SPIRITUS PULEGI, L. Spirit of pennyroyal.

Distilled in the same manner, and possessing similar properties with the preparations of mint.

171. LAVANDULA SPICA, E. LAVANDULA, L. D. Lavender flowers. See Botany, p. 216.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE LAVANDULÆ SPICÆ, E. OLEUM LAVANDULÆ SPICÆ, L. D. Oil of lavender. Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

LEUM VOLATILE LAVENDULÆ. Volatile oil of lavender.

Distilled as other volatile oils.

b. Spiritus Lavendulæ spicæ, E. Spiritus Lavendulæ, L. D. Spirit of lavender.

Two pounds of fresh flowering spikes of lavender to eight pounds of alcohol, and seven pounds drawn off. (Ed.) A pound and half of lavender to a gallon, (L.) or nine pounds (D.) of proof spirit, and five pints, (L.) or five pounds (D.) drawn off.

A powerful stimulus, seldom employed internally, except in the following preparation.

c. Spiritus Lavendulæ Spice compositus, E. Spiritus Lavendulæ Compositus, L. Tinctura Lavendulæ Composita, D. Compound spirit of lavender. Compound tincture of lavender.

Made by digesting an ounce (or half an ounce, L. D) of bruised cinnamon, half an ounce of bruised nutmegs, (two drams of bruised cloves, E.) and three drams (or an ounce L.) of red sanders shavings, in three pounds (or three pints L.) of spirit of lavender, and a pound (or a pint L.) of spirit of rosemary, for about a week.

An excellent cordial in faintness or nausea. Dose from 20 drops to a dram.

172. Teucrium Marum. Marum Syriacum, L. D. Syrian herb mastic. See Botany, p. 216.

173. Teucrium Scordium. Scordium, L. Water germander. See Botany, p. 216.

176. Marrubium vulgare, E. L. D. White horehound. Horehound. See Botany, p. 218.

177. Origanum vulgare. Origanum, L. D. Origanum, or wild marjoram. See Botany, p. 218.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Oleum Origani, L. D. Oil of origanum.

Distilled as other volatile oils. Much used in toothache.

178. Origanum Majorana, E. Majorana, L. D. Sweet marjoram. See Botany, p. 219.

179. Melissa officinalis, E. Melissa, L. Balm. See Botany, p. 219.

Order 2. Angiospermia.

180. Digitalis purpurea, E. Digitalis, L. D. Foxglove. See Botany, p. 221. See also Withering on Foxglove, Duncan's Dispensatory, the Practical Synopsis, and the Theatrum Medicinæ.

Dose of the digitalis in substance about one grain, gradually increased.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Digitalis purpureæ, E. Infusion of foxglove.

Vol. XII. Part II.

Made by macerating a dram of the dried leaves of foxglove in eight ounces of boiling water, with an ounce of spirit of cinnamon, for four hours, and filtering. Used principally in dropsical complaints. Dose half an ounce, or one ounce, twice a day.

b. Tinctura Digitalis purpureæ, E. Tincture of foxglove.

Prepared by digesting an ounce of the dried leaves of foxglove in eight ounces of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining through paper.

Much recommended in hemoptysis, and the early stages of consumption, to diminish the frequency of the pulse. Dose from 10 to 20 drops, twice or thrice a day, gradually and cautiously increased.

Class XV. Tetrady namia. Order 1. Siliculose.

181. Cochlearia officinalis, E. Cochlearia officinalis, L. Garden scurvygrass. See Botany, p. 225.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Succus Cochleariae compositus, E. L. Compound juice of scurvygrass.

According to the Edinburgh process, this is prepared by mixing juice of scurvygrass, juice of water cresses, both fresh gathered, and juice of Seville oranges, each two pounds, with half a pound of spirit of nutmeg; and after the feces have subsided, straining the liquor. The London preparation is composed of two pints of juice of scurvygrass, one pint of the juice of brooklime, and the same of that of water cresses, and 20 ounces by measure of Seville orange juice, mixed and strained as before.

A celebrated remedy in the scurvy, and cutaneous eruptions. Dose from one to four ounces, twice or thrice a day.

182. Cochlearia armoracia, E. Raphanus rusticus, L. D. Horse-radish root. See Botany, p. 226.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Spiritus Raphani compositus, L. D. Compound spirit of horse-radish.

Two gallons or 18 pounds (D.) of proof spirit distilled from fresh horse-radish root, and dried Seville orange peel, of each two pounds; fresh garden scurvy grass four pounds, and bruised nutmegs an ounce.

Formerly much celebrated as an antiscorbutic, and stimulant. Dose from half an ounce to an ounce.

Order 2. Siliquose.

183. Cardamine pratensis, E. Cardamine pratensis, L. Ladies smock. See Botany, p. 226.

184. Sinapis alba, E. Sinapis, D. White mustard seed.

184. Sinapis nigra, Sinapis, L. Common mustard seed. See Botany, p. 228. Officinal Preparation.

a. CATAPLASMA SINAPIOS, L. CATAPLASMA SINAPIUM, D. Mustard cataplasm, or sinapism.

Prepared of equal parts of powdered mustard and crumb of bread, made into a proper confidence with vinegar.

An excellent external stimulant application, in the low stage of acute diseases, and in other cases where slight external inflammation is indicated.

185. SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM, E. NASTURTIUM AQUATICUM, L. D. Water cresses. See Botany, p. 226.

Class XVI. MONODELPHIA. Order 1. TRIANDRIA.

186. TAMARINDUS INDICA, E. TAMARINDUS, L. D. Tamarinds. See Botany, 231.

Order 8. POLYANDRIA.

187. MALVA SYLVESTRIS, E. MALVA, L. Common mallow. See Botany, p. 233.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM PRO ENEMATE, L. Decoction for clysters.

Made by boiling one ounce of the dried leaves of mallow, and one ounce and a half of dried chamomile flowers, with a pint of water, and straining.

188. ALTHÆA OFFICINALIS, E. ALTHÆA, L. Marshmallow root. See Botany, p. 233.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM ALTHÆÆ OFFICINALIS, E. Decoction of marshmallow.

Made by boiling four ounces of dried marshmallow root bruised, and two ounces of stoned raisins of the sun, in seven pounds of water to five pounds, straining, and when the feces have subsided, pouring off the clear liquor.

A good emollient drink in inflammatory diseases.

b. SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ OFFICINALIS, E. SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ, L. Syrup of marshmallow.

Made by boiling one pound of fresh marshmallow root, sliced or bruised, in ten pounds or a gallon of water, to one half, and adding four pounds of double-refined sugar to make a syrup.

A good emollient and demulcent in coughs, &c.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Order 2. HEXANDRIA.

189. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS, FUMARIA, D. Common fumitory. See Botany, p. 237.

Order 3. OCTANDRIA.

190. POLYGALA SENEGA, E. SENEGA, L. D. Seneka root. See Botany, p. 237.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM POLYGALÆ SENEGÆ, E. Decoction of seneka.

Made by boiling one ounce of seneka root in two pounds of water to 16 ounces, and straining.

Used in dropsy and rheumatic or arthritic complaints, and lately recommended in croup. Dose about two ounces, three or four times a day.

Order 4. DECANDRIA.

191. PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS, E. SANTA-LUM RUBRUM, L. D. Red sanders wood.

Employed chiefly to give colour to a tincture.

192. PTEROCARPUS DRACO, E. SANGUIS-DRACONIS, L. Dragon's blood. See Chemi-blood, TRY, No. 2467.

Employed as an astringent, but now seldom used.

193. SPARTIUM SCOPARIUM, E. GENISTA, L. D. Common broom tops. See Botany, p. 237.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EXTRACTUM GENISTÆ, L. Extract of broom. Extract of broom.

Employed as a diuretic.

194. DOLICHOS PRURIENS, E. DOLICHOS, D. Cowhage, or cow-itch. See Botany, p. 239.

195. ASTRAGALUS TRAGACANTHA, E. TRAGA-CANTHA, L. D. Gum tragacanth, or gum dragant. caanth.

This gum is a mere mucilage, and is employed as a demulcent.

Officinal Preparations.

a. MUCILAGO ASTRAGALI TRAGACANTHÆ, E. MUCILAGO TRAGACANTHÆ, I. MUCI of gum tragacanth. LAGO GUMMI TRAGACANTHÆ, D. Mucilage of gum tragacanth.

Made by macerating one ounce of powdered gum tragacanth in eight ounces of boiling water (E.), or half an ounce in ten ounces (L.), or one dram in eight ounces (D.), and dissolving by subsequent trituration.

b. PULVIS TRAGACANTHÆ COMPOSITUS, L. Compound powder of tragacanth.

Prepared of powdered gum tragacanth, gum arabic, and starch; of each half an ounce, rubbed into a powder with three ounces of double refined sugar.

A demulcent powder, serviceable in tickling coughs, strangury, ardor urine, violent mucous diarrhoea, and similar diseases.

196. GLYCYYRHIZA GLABRA, E. GLYCYR-RHIZA, TOX. Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of RHIZA, L. D. Liquorice root and extract of liquorice. Used as an emollient and demulcent, in substance, in decoction, pills, electuaries, &c.

Officinal Preparation.

687 Extract of liquorice.

a. EXTRACTUM GLYCYYRHIZÆ GLABRÆ, E. EXTRACTUM GLYCYYRHIZÆ, L. D. Extract of liquorice.

Prepared like other watery extracts.

633 Cabbage-tree bark.

197. GEOFFRÆA INERMIS, E. GEOFFRÆA, D. Cabbage-tree bark.

Lately introduced into this country from the West Indies as an anthelmintic, in the form of decoction.

Officinal Preparation.

632 Decoction of cabbage-tree bark.

a. DECOCTUM GEOFFRÆA INERMIS, E. Decoction of cabbage-tree bark.

Made by boiling one ounce of powdered cabbage-tree bark with a gentle fire in two pounds of water to one pound, and straining. Dose to children a tablespoonful, to adults four; giving caffoil, or diluting with acidulated drinks, if unpleasant symptoms should arise.

650 Fenugreek seed.

198. TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRECUM. FOENUM GRECUM, L. Fenugreek seed. See Botany, p. 241.

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Order 3. ICOSANDRIA.

601 Seville orange.

199. CITRUS AURANTIUM, E. AURANTIUM HISPALENSE, L. D. Seville orange juice, peel, and leaves. See Botany, p. 243.

Officinal Preparations.

602 Syrup of orange peel.

a. SYRUPUS CITRI AURANTII, E. SYRUPUS CORTICIS AURANTII, L. D. Syrup of orange peel.

Prepared by macerating six ounces, or eight ounces (L., D.), of the fresh outer rind of Seville oranges, with three pounds or five pints (L. D.) of boiling water, for 12 hours in a clove vessel, and adding to the filtered liquor of double-refined sugar four pounds, or enough to make a syrup.

Used chiefly in composition.

603 Orange peel water.

b. AQUA CITRI AURANTII, E. Orange-peel water.

Ten pounds of water distilled from two pounds of fresh orange peel, after due maceration.

A pleasant cordial water. Dose two or three ounces.

604 Tincture of orange peel.

c. TINCTURA AURANTII CORTICIS, L. D. Tincture of orange peel.

Made by digesting three ounces of fresh orange peel in two pints or two pounds of proof spirit for three days. Dose three or four drams to an ounce.

d. CONSERVA CITRI AURANTII, E. CONSERVA AURANTII HISPALENSIS, L. CONSERVA CORTICIS AURANTII, D. Conserve of orange peel.

Prepared by beating the fresh rind of Seville oranges first by itself, and then with three times its weight of double-refined sugar.

200. CITRUS MEDICA, E. LIMON, L. D. Lemon juice, peel, and essential oil. See Botany, p. 242.

Officinal Preparations.

607 Lemon peel water.

a. AQUA CITRI MEDICÆ, E. Lemon peel water.

A gallon of water distilled from two pounds of fresh lemon peel.

A pleasant aromatic water, similar to orange water.

608 Syrup of lemon juice.

b. SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICÆ, E. SYRUPUS LEMONI MONIS SUCCI, L. D. Syrup of lemon juice.

Made by dissolving five parts (E.) or five pounds (L.) or four pounds (D.) of double-refined sugar, in three parts or two pints (L.) or two pounds (D.) of filtered lemon juice.

A pleasant refrigerant syrup.

609 Insipidated lemon juice.

c. SUCCUS LIMONIS SPISSATUS, L. Insipidated lemon juice.

Prepared in the same manner as the insipidated juice of elder berries.

Employed chiefly as a refrigerant, especially in bilious or remittent fevers.

Order 4. POLYANDRIA.

201. MELALEUCA LEUCODENDRON, E. CAJEPUT. PUTA. Cajeput oil.

Used as an external stimulant in cases of luxation, sprains, and rheumatic and gouty affections.

202. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. HYPERICUM ST JOHN'S WORT. St John's wort. See Botany, p. 243.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Order 1. POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS.

203. LEONTODON TARAXACUM, E. TARAXA. Dandelion root and leaves.

Reputed a diuretic, but scarcely employed in modern practice.

204. LACTUCA VIROSA, E. Wild lettuce. See Wild Botany, p. 248. and Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparation.

604 Inflated juice of wild lettuce.

a. SUCCUS SPISSATUS LACTUCAE VIROSAE, E. Inflated juice of wild lettuce.

Prepared as other insipidated juices; employed as a lettuce narcotic and diuretic, principally in dropsies proceeding from visceral obstructions. Dose at first about 5 E 2

&c.

History of Simple and Official Medicines.

215. Tussilago farfara, E. TUSILAGO, L. D. Coltsfoot. See Botany, p. 252.

216. Anthemis nobilis, E. CHAMÆMELUM, L. D. Chamomile flowers. See Botany, p. 254.

An excellent tonic and anthelmintic. Dose in substance about a scruple in powder, or one dram in infusion. Used externally as an emollient and diuretic, in the form of clyster or fomentation.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Decoction of Anthemidis nobilis, E. DECOCTION CHAMÆMELI, D. Decoction of chamomile.

Prepared by boiling an ounce of chamomile flowers, and half an ounce of bruised caraway seeds, in five pounds of water (E.), or half an ounce of chamomile flowers with two drams of sweet fennel seeds, in a pound of water (D).

Used as a carminative clyster, or stimulant fomentation.

b. Extractum Anthemidis nobilis, E. EXTRACTUM CHAMÆMELI, L. Extract of chamomile.

Prepared as other watery extracts. Dose from a scruple to a dram, as a tonic and anthelmintic.

217. Anthemis pyrethrum, E. PYRETHRUM, L. D. Pellitory of Spain.

Used chiefly as a masticatory in toothache.

Order 3. Polygamia Frustranea.

218. Centaurea benedicta, E. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS, L. D. Blest thistle. See Botany, p. 255.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Order V. Hexandra.

219. Aristolochia serpentaria, E. SERPENTARIA VIRGINIANA, L. D. Virginian snakeroot. See Duncan's Dispensatory, and the Synopsis Materia Medicae.

Employed as a stimulant and tonic in low fevers, gangrene, &c. Dose in substance 10 grains to 30.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Tinctura Aristolochiae Serpentariae, E. TINCTURA SERPENTARIAE, L. D. Tincture of snakeroot.

Prepared by digesting two ounces of bruised Virginian snakeroot, and a dram of powdered cochineal, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days (E.), or three ounces of snakeroot in two pints (L.), or two pounds (D.) of proof spirit, for seven or eight days. Dose from two drams to half an ounce.

Order 10. Polyandria.

220. Arum maculatum, ARUM, L. D. Arum, Wake robin.

Officinal. Officinal Preparations.

221. MYRISTICA MOSCHATA, E. MYRISTICA, L. D. Nutmeg tree.

Nux Moschata. Nutmeg. Macis. Mace. Oleum Macis. Oil of Mace. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SPIRITUS MYRISTICÆ MOSCHATÆ, E. SPIRITUS NUCIS MOSCHATÆ, L. D. Spirit of nutmeg.

A gallon of spirit distilled from two ounces of well-bruised nutmegs. A good cordial. Dose about half an ounce.

Order 4. TETRANDRIA.

222. BETULA ALBA, D. Birch juice.

A gentle diuretic.

223. MORUS NIGRA. Morus, L. Mulberries.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SYRUPUS SUGCI FRUCTUS MORI, L. Syrup of mulberry juice.

Prepared in the same manner as the syrup of black currant juice.

Employed as a refrigerant and demulcent.

224. URTICA DIOICA. URTICA, L. Common stinging nettle.

Used as a rubefacient to paralytic limbs, which are whipped with nettles.

Order 8. POLYANDRIA.

225. QUERCUS ROBUR, E. QUERCUS, L. D. Oak bark.

A powerful astringent, employed in passive hemorrhages, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, and similar cases. Dose in substance 15 grains to half a dram of the powdered bark. Used externally by way of gargle, or lotion.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EXTRACTUM QUERCUS, D. Extract of oak bark.

Prepared like other watery extracts. Dose 10 grains to a scruple.

226. QUERCUS CERRIS, E. L. D. GALLA. Gall nuts. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

This is perhaps a more powerful astringent than oak bark, and is employed in similar cases.

227. JUGLANS REGIA. JUGLANS, L. Unripe walnuts.

Employed as a tonic and anthelmintic.

Order 10. MONODELPHIA.

228. PINUS ABIES. The fir tree.

PIX BURGUNDICA, E. D. Burgundy pitch.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EMPLASTRUM PICIS BURGUNDICÆ, D. EMPLASTRUM PICIS COMPOSITUM, L. Compound Burgundy pitch plaster.

Prepared of two pounds of Burgundy pitch, one pound of ladanum (L.) or of galbanum (D.), four ounces of yellow wax, the same of yellow resin, and one ounce of expressed oil of mace.

A stimulating plaster.

229. THUS, L. Frankincense.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EMPLASTRUM THURIS COMPOSITUM, L. Compound plaster of frankincense.

Prepared of half a pound of frankincense, three ounces of dragon's blood, and two pounds of litharge plaster, adding the resins in powder to the melted litharge plaster.

230. PINUS BALSAMEA. Hemlock fir.

BALSAMUM CANADENSE, E. L. D. Balsam of Canada.

231. PINUS LARIX. The larch.

TEREBINTHINA VENETA, E. D. Venice turpentine. OLEUM VOLATILE PINI, E. OLEUM TEREBINTHINÆ, L. D. Oil of turpentine.

The oil of turpentine is directed by the London college to be prepared by distillation from common turpentine.

Officinal Preparation.

OLEUM VOLATILE PINI PURISSIMUM, E. OLEUM TEREBINTHINÆ RECTIFICATUM, L. D. Purified oil of turpentine.

Distilled with the addition of water in well luted vessels till the purest part of the oil has come over.

Stimulant and diuretic. Dose from 10 to 30 drops. Mixed with an equal proportion of ether, it is much recommended in calculus. It is an excellent application to chilblains and recent burns.

232. PINUS SYLVESTRIS.

A. PIX LIQUIDA, E. D. Tar.

Officinal Preparation.

a. UNGUENTUM PICIS, E. L. D. Tar ointment.

Prepared by melting together equal parts of tar and mutton. Materia Medica, &c.

History of mutton fat (L. D.), or five parts of tar and two parts of yellow wax (E.). Esteemed a good application in cutaneous diseases, especially tinea capitis.

B. Terebinthina vulgaris, L. D. Common turpentine.

This, like other turpentines, is a stimulant and diuretic.

C. Resina flava, L. D. Resina alba, D. Yellow rosin. White rosin.

Employed chiefly in making stimulating ointments and plasters.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Unguentum resinosum, E. Unguentum resinae flavae, L. D. Resinous ointment. Yellow balsam.

Prepared by melting together eight parts of hog's lard, five of white rosin, and two of yellow wax (E.) or by melting together, of yellow rosin and yellow wax, each one pound, over a slow fire, adding a pint or seven ounces of olive oil, and straining the mixture while hot (L. D.).

b. Ceratum resinae flavae, L. D. Cerate of yellow rosin.

Prepared by melting together half a pound of the preceding ointment, and one ounce of yellow wax. These are intended as stimulating applications to ulcers that do not heal or suppurate properly.

c. Emplastrum resinosum, E. Emplastrum lythargyri cum resina, L. Emplastrum adhesivum. Resinous plaster. Litharge plaster with rosin. Adhesive plaster.

Prepared by melting five parts (E.), or three pounds (L.), of plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead (litharge plaster), and adding one part (E.) or half a pound (L.) of white or yellow rosin powdered.

Employed, spread on linen, to form adhesive plasters; for keeping the edges of ulcers or recent wounds together; for giving mechanical support to ulcerated limbs, or keeping on other dressings.

233. Ricinus communis, E. L. D. Palma christi. Palma christi seeds. See Botany, p. 271.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Oleum ricini, L. Castor oil.

Expressed in the usual manner from the husked seeds.

Castor oil is seldom prepared in this country, being brought chiefly from the West Indies. When cold drawn, it is milder, and less subject to become rancid, but it requires a larger dose than the common oil. It is an excellent purgative, well suited to cases of colic and worms, given either by the mouth, or by way of syringe. Dose in the former case about one ounce, and in the latter about two ounces.

234. Croton eleocharis, E. Cascarilla bark.

An excellent aromatic tonic. Dose about half a dram, or two scruples, two or three times a day.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura cascarillae, L. D. Tincture of cascarilla.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of powdered cascarilla bark in two pints or two pounds (D.) of proof spirit, for about a week, with a gentle heat. Dose about one ounce; best in composition with decoction or infusion of cinchona.

b. Extractum cascarillae, L. D. Extract of cascarilla.

Prepared in the usual way of making extracts. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

Order 10. Syngenesta.

235. Momordica elaterium, E. Cucumis agrestis, L. D. Wild cucumber.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Succus spissatus momordice elaterii, E. Elaterium. Elaterium.

This is prepared by slicing ripe wild cucumbers, expressing the juice very gently, and straining it through a very fine hair sieve; boiling it a little, and setting it by for some hours, till the thicker part has subsided. The supernatant fluid is then poured off, and separated by filtering from the thicker matter, which is to be dried and kept for use.

A violent cathartic, employed in dropsy. Dose half a grain to one grain.

236. Cucumis colocynthis, E. Colocynthis, L. D. Colocynth or bitter apple. See Botany, p. 271.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Extractum colocynthidis compositum, L. Compound extract of colocynth.

Prepared by digesting six drams of the pith of colocynth, cut small, in a pint of proof spirit, with a gentle heat for four days, then dissolving in the expressed tincture one ounce and a half of powdered socotrine aloes, and half an ounce of powdered scammony; and lastly drawing off the spirit, and adding to the infilibrated extract, a dram of hulled cardamom seeds in powder.

A strong cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose from 5 to 30 grains.

237. Bryonia alba, Bryonia, D. Bryony root. See Botany, p. 271, where it is described under the name of Bryonia dioica. Part IV.

&c.

CLASS XXII. DIECIA. Order 2, DIANDRIA.

238. SALIX FRAGILIS. SALIX, D. Crack willow bark. A good tonic, employed as a substitute for Peruvian bark. Dose about one dram.

Order 5. PENTANDRIA.

239. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS. TEREBINTHINA, L. Chio turpentine. Not materially different from the other turpentines.

240. PISTACIA LENTISCUS, E. MASTICHE, L. Mastich. See Botany, p. 276. and Chemistry, No 2404.

241. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Hop. A good narcotic, which has been found an excellent substitute for opium. See an Inaugural dissertation de Humulo Lupulo, lately printed at Edinburgh by Dr de Roches, and Kirby's tables, p. 94.

Order 6. HEXANDRIA.

242. SMILAX SARSAPARILLA, E. SARSAPARILLA, L. D. Sarsaparilla root. A flight diaphoretic, of little efficacy.

Officinal Preparations.

a. DECOCTUM SMILACIS SARSAPARILLÆ, E. DECOCTUM SARSAPARILLÆ, L. D. Decoction of sarsaparilla. Prepared by digesting six ounces of sliced sarsaparilla root in eight pints of distilled water, for two hours, in a heat of about 195°; then taking out the root and bruising it, repeating the maceration; then boiling the liquor down to four pints, pressing it out, and straining the decoction.

b. DECOCTUM SARSAPARILLÆ COMPOSITUM, L. D. Compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Made by macerating five ounces of sliced and bruised sarsaparilla root, one ounce of the bark of saffron root, in ten pints of distilled water, for six hours; then boiling down to five pints, adding towards the end, three drams of mezereon, and straining the decoction. A good diet drink, but scarcely superior to the compound decoction of guaiacum. Dose from four to eight ounces, three or four times a day.

Order 12. MONADPHILIA.

243. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, E. JUNIPERUS, L. D. Juniper berries. See Botany, p. 278.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE JUNIPERI COMMUNIS, E. OLEUM JUNIPERI BACCÆ, L. OLEUM BACCARUM JUNIPERI, D. Oil of juniper berries. Distilled in the same manner as other volatile oils. Stimulant and diuretic. Dose from three to ten drops.

b. SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMMUNIS COMPOSITUS, E. SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS, L. D. Compound spirit of juniper. Nine pounds or a gallon of diluted alcohol distilled from one pound of well-bruised juniper berries, nine ounces and a half of bruised caraway seeds, and the same of sweet fennel seeds. A good diuretic, but not superior to common gin.

244. JUNIPERUS LYCIA, E. OLIBANUM, L. Olibanum. D. Olibanum. See Chemistry, No 2487.

244. JUNIPERUS SABINA, E. SABINA, L. D. Savine. Reputed a specific in uterine obstructions, but gradually losing its celebrity. Dose in substance from fifteen grains to two scruples. Applied externally as an erector to venereal warts and similar excrescences.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE JUNIPERI SABINÆ, E. OLEUM SABINÆ, D. Volatile oil of savine.

b. EXTRACTUM SABINÆ, L. D. Extract of savine. Extract of Made like other extracts. Dose from 10 to 30 grains, twice or thrice a day.

c. TINCTURA SABINÆ COMPOSITA, L. Compound tincture of savine. Prepared by digesting one ounce of extract of savine in a pint of tincture of calomel, and half a pint of tincture of myrrh, till the extract is dissolved. Given as an emmenagogue, and as an antipasmodic in hypochondriac affections. Dose from 30 drops to a dram, twice or thrice a day.

246. CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA, PAREIRA BRAVA, L. Pareira brava root. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

CLASS XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Order 1. Monoecla.

247. STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIODES. GAMBOGIA, E. L. D. Gamboge. See Duncan's Dispensatory. A violent cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose from 1 or 2 grains to 10 or 15 grains. The latter chiefly in cases of tenia.

248. VERATRUM ALBUM, E. HELLEBORUS ALBUS, L. D. White hellebore root. See Botany, p. 281.

Officinal Preparations.

b. DECOCTUM HELLEBORI ALBI, L. Decoction of white hellebore. Made by boiling an ounce of powdered white hellebore. Materia Medica, &c.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Mucilago Mimose Niloticæ, E. Mucilago Arabici Gummi, L. D. Mucilage of gum arabic.

Prepared by dissolving one part of powdered gum arabic in about two of boiling water, and straining.

b. Emulsio Mimose Niloticæ, E. Emulsio Arabicum, D. Arabic emulsion.

Prepared, according to the Edinburgh process, in the same manner as almond emulsion, with the addition of two ounces of gum arabic, added while beating the almonds. The Dublin emulsion is composed of two drams of powdered gum arabic, half an ounce of large almonds, three drams of double-refined sugar, and one pound of decoction of barley.

Employed in the same cases as almond emulsion.

c. Unguentum Hellebori albi, L. D. Ointment of white hellebore.

Prepared by mixing four ounces of ointment of hog's lard, with one ounce of powdered white hellebore, and one scruple of essential oil of lemon.

Used in similar cases with the decoction.

249. Mimosa Catechu, E. Catechu, L. D. Catechu, or Japan earth. See Botany, p. 282.

A powerful astringent, employed in diarrhoeas, uterine hemorrhage; and externally by way of lotion, or lozenge, for exulcerations and aphthous ulcers of the mouth. Dose internally from 15 grains to two scruples.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Mimose Catechu, E. Infusum Japonicum. Infusion of catechu.

Prepared by macerating two drams and a half of powdered extract of catechu, and half a dram of bruised cinnamon, in seven ounces of boiling water, for two hours, in a covered vessel, straining the liquor and adding one ounce of simple syrup. Dose from one to two ounces.

b. Tinctura Mimose Catechu, E. Tinctura Japonica. Tincture of catechu.

Prepared by digesting three ounces of extract of catechu, and two ounces of bruised cinnamon, in two pounds and a half, or two pints (L.), of diluted alcohol, for seven or ten days, and straining through paper. Dose two or three drams.

c. Electuarium Mimose Catechu, E. Electuarium Catechu Compositum, D. Confectio Japonica. Electuary of catechu. Japanese Confection. See preparations of opium.

250. Mimosa Nilotica, E. Gummi Arabicum, L. D. Gum arabic.

A dry mucilage, very useful as an excellent and demulcent.

Order 2. Dioecia.

252. Fraxinus Ornus, E. L. D. Manna-ash. Manna.

A mild purgative, well suited to children, but requiring some gentle aromatic to prevent griping. Dose from a dram to half an ounce. Best in composition with senna.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus Mannæ, D. Syrup of manna.

Prepared by macerating half an ounce of senna in one pound of boiling water for twelve hours in a covered vessel, straining the liquor, and adding one pound of manna, and one pound of double refined sugar, to make a syrup.

This forms an excellent purgative for children.

253. Panax Quinquefolium. Ginseng, L. Ginseng root.

A Chinese root, formerly much in repute as a stimulant, but now out of fashion.

Order 3. Trioecia.

254. Ficus Carica, E. Carica, L. D. Figs. Figs.

See Botany, p. 282.

A gentle laxative, used chiefly in composition.

Class XXIV. Cryptogamia. Order i. Filices.

255. Polypodium Filix Mas, E. Filix, L. Male fern. Filix root. Part IV.

&c.

History of FILIX MAS, D. Male fern root. See BOTANY, p. 285.

This substance has been in great repute as an anthelmintic, especially in cases of tenia, given in doses of a dram or two, followed by a strong cathartic.

Order 3. ALGÆ.

256. LICHEN ISLANDICUS. Iceland liver-wort.

This lichen has lately become a fashionable remedy as an emollient, in pulmonary consumption. It contains a great quantity of farinaceous and mucilaginous matter, and is therefore highly nutritious.

See Synopsis Medicinae, and Thesaurus Medicamentorum.

Order 4. FUNGI.

257. BOLETUS IGNARIUS, E. AGARICUS. Female agaric.

This substance has been much celebrated as a styptic; and before ligatures were so much employed, was used to stop hemorrhage from the mouths of bleeding vessels during surgical operations. It is now out of fashion.

Appendix. PALMÆ.

258. COCOS BUTYRACEA. PALMA, E. Macaw tree. Palm oil. See BOTANY, p. 289.

A vegetable oily matter, employed as an external emollient.

CHAP. III. MINERAL SUBSTANCES.

Sect. I. Water.

259. AQUA. Water.

Though simple water forms no part of the Materia Medica in the Pharmacopoeias, it is an article of so much importance, both in diet and medicine, that it ought not to be omitted here. We shall therefore make no apology for inferring the following neat account of it, given by Dr Duncan in the later editions of his Dispensatory.

"The chemical properties of water have been already enumerated. (See CHEMISTRY, No 384, et seq.) The purest natural water is snow or rain water collected in the open fields; that which falls in towns, or is collected from the roofs of the houses, is contaminated with foot, animal effluvia, and other impurities; although, after it has rained for some time, the quantity of these diminishes so much, that Morveau says that it may be rendered almost perfectly pure by means of a little barytic water, and exposure to the atmosphere. Rain water, after it falls, either remains on the surface of the earth, or penetrates through it, until it meets with some impenetrable obstruction to its progress, when it bursts out at some lower part, forming a spring, or well. The water on the surface of the earth, either descends along its declivities in streams, which gradually wearing channels for themselves, combine to form rivers, which at last reach the sea; or remains stagnant in cavities of considerable depth, forming lakes or ponds, or on nearly level ground, forming marshes.

Vol. XII. Part II.

"The varieties of spring water are exceedingly numerous; but they may be divided into soft, which are sufficiently pure to dissolve soap, and to answer the purposes of pure water in general; the hard, which contain earthy salts, and decompose soap, and are unfit for many purposes, both in domestic economy, and in manufactories; and the saline, which are strongly impregnated with soluble salts. When spring waters possess any peculiar character, they are called mineral waters. River water is in general soft, as it is formed of spring water, which, by exposure becomes more pure; and running surface water, which, although turbid from particles of clay suspended in it, is otherwise very pure. Lake water is similar to river water. The water of marshes, on the contrary, is exceedingly impure, and often highly fetid, from the great proportion of animal and vegetable matters which is constantly decaying in them.

"Mineral waters derive their peculiarity of character, in general, either from containing carbonic acid or waters, soda not neutralized, sulphurated hydrogen, purging salts, earthy salts, or iron; or from their temperature exceeding in a greater or less degree that of other surrounding bodies. The following are the most celebrated:

"a. Warm Springs.—Bath, Bristol, Buxton, Matlock, Warm in England; Barege, Vichy, &c., in France. Aix-la-springs, Chapelle, Borfet, Baden, Carlsbad and Teplitz in Germany; and Pila, Lucca, Bari, and many others in Italy.

"b. Carbonated Springs.—Pyrmont, Seltzer, Spa, Carbonated springs.

"c. Alkaline.—Carlsbad, Aix-la-Chapelle, Barege, Teplitz.

"d. Sulphureous.—Enghien, Lu, Aix-la-Chapelle, Kelburn, Harrogate, Moffat, and many in Italy.

"e. Purging.—Sea water, Lymington Priors, Harrogate, Lu, Carlsbad, Moffat, Teplitz, Epion, Sedlitz, Kelburn, and all brackish waters.

"f. Calcareous.—Matlock, Buxton, and all hard water.

"g. Chalybeate.—Hartfell, Denmark, Cheltenham, Pyrmont, Spa, Tunbridge, Bath, Scarborough, Vichy, Carlbad, Lymington Priors.

"Medical use.—Water is an essential constituent in the organization of all living bodies; and as it is continually expended during the process of life, that waste must be also continually supplied; and this supply is of such importance, that it is not left to reason or to chance, but forms the object of an imperious appetite. When taken into the stomach, water acts by its temperature, its bulk, and the quantity absorbed by the lacteals. Water about 60 degrees, gives no sensation of heat or cold; between 60 degrees and 45, it gives a sensation of cold followed by a glow and increase of appetite and vigour; below 45, the sensation of cold is permanent and unpleasant, and it acts as an astringent and sedative; above 60, it excites nausea and vomiting, probably by partially relaxing the fibres of the stomach, for when mixed with stimulating substances it has not these effects. In the stomach and in the intestines it acts also by its bulk, producing the effects arising from the distention of these organs; and as the intestinal gales consist of hydrogen gas, either pure, or carbonated, or sulphurated, or phosphorated, it is probably in part decomposed in them. It likewise dilutes the contents of the stomach and intestines, thus often diminishing..." minishing their acrimony. It is absorbed by the lacteals, dilutes the chyle and the blood, increases their fluidity, lessens their acrimony, and produces *plethora ad molem*. Its effects in producing plethora and fluidity are, however, very transitory, as it at the same time increases the secretion by the skin and kidneys. Indeed the effects of sudorifics and diuretics depend in a great measure on the quantity of water taken along with them.

"Mineral waters have also a specific action, depending on the foreign substances which they contain. It is however, necessary to remark, that their effects are in general much greater than might be expected from the strength of their impregnations, owing probably to the very circumstance of their great dilution, by which every particle is presented in a state of activity, while the lacteals admit them more readily than they would in a less diluted state.

"Carbonic acid gas gives to the waters which are strongly impregnated with it, a sparkling appearance, and an agreeable degree of pungency. In its effects on the body it is decidedly stimulant, and even capable of producing a certain degree of intoxication. It is of great service in bilious complaints, atony of the stomach, nausea, and vomiting, and in all fevers of the typhoid type.

"Alkaline waters produce also a tonic effect on the stomach, but they are less grateful. They are particularly serviceable in morbid acidity of the stomach, and in diseases of the urinary organs.

"Sulphureous waters are chiefly used in cutaneous and glandular diseases. Their effects are stimulant and heating, and they operate by the skin or bowels.

"Purging waters derive their effects from the neutral salts they contain, especially the muriates of soda, lime, and magnesia, and the sulphates of soda and magnesia. They are much more frequently used for a length of time to keep the bowels open by exciting the natural action, than to produce full purging. Used in this way, instead of debilitating the patient, they increase his appetite, health, and strength.

"Chalybeate waters are used as tonics. They stimulate considerably, and increase the circulation; but as they also generally contain neutral salts, they act as gentle laxatives. They are used in all cases of debility, cachexia, chlorosis, fluor albus, amenorrhoea; and, in general, in what are called nervous diseases.

"The external use of water depends almost entirely on its temperature, which may be

1. Greater than that of the body, or above 97° Fahr. The hot bath.

2. Below the temperature of the body. a. From 97° to 85°, the warm bath. b. From 85° to 65°, the tepid bath. c. From 65° to 32°, the cold bath.

"The hot bath is decidedly stimulant in its action. It renders the pulse frequent, the veins turgid, the face flushed, the respiration quick; increases animal heat, and produces sweat. If the temperature be very high, the face becomes bathed in sweat, the arteries at the neck and temples beat with violence, anxiety and a sense of suffocation are induced; and if permitted in, vertigo, throbbing in the heart, and apoplexy, are the consequences. It is very rarely employed in medicine, except where there are hot springs, as at Baden in Switzerland.

"The Russians and some other nations use the hot bath as an article of luxury.

"The effects of the affusion of hot water have not been ascertained, and it is probable, that when the heat is not so great as to destroy the organization of the skin, the very transient application of the water would be more than counteracted by the subsequent evaporation.

"With regard to the action arising from their temperature, all baths below 97° differ only in degree, as they all ultimately abstract calorific from the surface, but with a force inversely as their temperature.

"The warm bath excites the sensation of warmth, partly because our sensations are merely relative, and bath partly because its temperature, though less than that of the internal parts of the body, is actually greater than that of the extremities, which are the chief organs of touch. But as water is a much better conductor of calorific than air, and especially than confined air, as much calorific is abstracted from the body by water which is a few degrees lower than the external temperature of the body, as by air of a much lower temperature. The warm bath diminishes the frequency of the pulse, especially when it has been previously greater than natural; and this effect is always in proportion to the time of immersion. It also renders the respiration slower, and lessens the temperature of the body, relaxes the muscular fibre, increases the bulk of the fluids by absorption, removes impurities from the surface, promotes the desquamation and renewal of the cuticle, and softens the nails and indurations of the skin.

"The stimulant power of the warm bath is therefore very considerable, and its employment in disease will be chiefly indicated by preternatural heat of the surface, and frequency of the pulse, rigidity of the muscular fibre, and morbid affections of the skin. It has accordingly been found serviceable in many cases of pyrexia, both febrile and exanthematous, in many spasmodic diseases, and in most of the impetigines. It is contraindicated by difficulty of breathing and internal organic affections, and should not be used when the stomach is full.

"The affusion of warm water very generally produces a considerable diminution of heat, a diminished frequency of pulse and respiration, and a tendency to repose and sleep; but its effects are not very permanent, and its stimulus is weak. It is recommended in febrile diseases, depending on the stimulus of preternatural heat, and in those attended with laborious respiration, and in the paroxysms of hectic fever.

"As the tepid bath and affusion produce effects intermediate between those and cold water, it is unnecessary to enumerate them.

"The cold bath produces the sensation of cold, which gradually ceases, and is succeeded by numbness. It excites tremor in the skin, and shivering. The skin becomes pale, contracted, and acquires the appearance termed *cutis anserina*. The fluids are diminished in volume, the solids are contracted, the caliber of the vessels is lessened, and therefore numbness and paleness are induced, and the visible cutaneous veins become smaller. There is a sense of drowsiness and inability, the joints become rigid and inflexible, and the limbs are..." The respiration is rendered quick and irregular, the pulse slow, firm, regular, and small; the internal heat is at first diminished, but gradually and irregularly returns nearly to its natural standard; the extremities, however, continue cold and numb, or swollen and livid; the perspiration is suppressed, and the discharge of urine is rendered more frequent and copious. If the cold be excessive on its application, long-continued violent shiverings are induced, the pulse ceases at the wrist, the motion of the heart becomes feeble and languid, there is a sensation of coldness and faintness at the stomach, and a rapid diminution of animal heat; and, at last, delirium, torpor, and death, are the consequences. If the application of the cold bath be not carried to an excessive length, on emerging from the water the whole body is pervaded by an agreeable sensation of warmth, and the patient feels refreshed and invigorated.

"The primary action of the cold bath is stimulant, and the degree of this action is in proportion to the lowness of its temperature. This opinion is indeed directly opposite to a theory of cold which has been advanced with the confidence of demonstration. "Heat is a stimulus, cold is the abstraction of heat; therefore cold is the abstraction of stimulus, or is a sedative." To this we might oppose another theory, equally fallacious, and nearer the truth. Free caloric is a stimulus, cold is the sensation excited by the passage of free caloric out of the body; therefore cold is a stimulus. But, in fact, the action of cold is by no means so simple. It is complicated, and varies according to its intensity, duration, and the state of the system to which it is applied. It acts at first as a stimulant, in exciting sensation; then as a tonic, in condensing the living fibre; and, lastly, however paradoxical it may appear, as a sedative, by preventing that distribution of blood in the minute and ultimate vessels, which is necessary for the existence of sensibility and irritability, and by the abstraction of the stimulus of heat.

"The cold bath may be so managed as to procure any of these effects, by regulating the length of time for which it is applied.

"Cold affusion, or the pouring of cold water over the body, is a very convenient way of applying the cold bath in many cases. In this way cold is very suddenly applied to the surface, its operation is instantaneous and momentary; but may be continued by repeated affusions for any length of time, and so as to produce its extreme effects. Where the effects of cold affusion may be thought too severe, sprinkling the body with cold water, or water and vinegar, may be substituted.

"The application of cold may be employed in fevers and febrile paroxysms, when the heat is steadily above the natural standard, and in many diseases arising from relaxation and debility. It is contraindicated when the heat of the body is below 97°; when there is any notable perspiration from the surface; and when there is general plethora. Debilitated habits should be defended from the violence of its action, by covering the body with flannel.

"In yellow fever, especially in those cases in which the heat of the skin is excessive, it is particularly useful, and ought to be long continued. In phrenitis and other local inflammations, it promises to be of advantage. In gout its effects are doubtful, being in some instances salutary, in others destructive. A criterion to enable us to determine when it ought or ought not to be resorted to, is much wanted. In inflammatory rheumatism and rheumatic gout it is decidedly useful. It is of advantage in all the hemorrhagies and exanthemata; in tetanus, colic, cholera, hysteria, mania, icterus, and in burns; and, in general, in all those local diseases in which solutions of acetate of lead, of nitrate of ammonia, &c. are usually employed; for the good effects of these depend entirely on the diminished temperature."

For more respecting the utility of the cold affusion, see Currie's "Medical Reports;" and for an excellent account of the effects and uses of baths, see Marcard's "Dictionnaire de la Nature et de l'Usage des Bains," and a Treatise on Cold and Warm Bathing, lately published at Edinburgh.

Officinal Preparation.

A. AQUA DESTILLATA, E. AQUA DISTILLATA. Distilled water.

TA, L. D. Distilled water.

From 10 gallons of spring water, the London college directs four gallons to be drawn off, throwing away the first four pints that come over. The Dublin college directs 10 pounds to be distilled from 20 pounds, throwing away the first pound; while the college of Edinburgh directs water to be distilled in very clean vessels till two-thirds have come over.

Sect. II. Inflammable Substances.

260. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM, E. L. D. FLORES SULPHURIS. Sublimed sulphur. Flowers of sub-sulphur.

For an account of the chemical nature and properties of sulphur, see Chemistry, Chap. ix.

As a medicine, sulphur is employed both internally and externally. Internally it is given as a laxative, in the dose of a dram or two, and as a diaphoretic in smaller doses. Externally it is one of the most certain remedies for the itch, and some other cutaneous affections.

Officinal Preparations.

A. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM LOTUM, E. D. FLORES SULPHURIS LOTI, L. Washed sublimed sulphur. Washed flowers of sulphur.

Sublimed sulphur is freed from the sulphurous acid, which it has imbibed in the preparation, by boiling it for a little in four times its weight of water, and after pouring off the water in which it was boiled, washing it by repeated affusions of cold water, till it no longer imparts acidity to the water.

Sublimed sulphur should always be washed before being used internally, otherwise it is very apt to disorder the stomach and bowels.

B. OLEUM SULPHURATUM, E. L. Sulphurated oil.

Prepared by boiling one part of sublimed sulphur in eight of olive oil (E.), or one part to four parts (L.), in a large iron pot, till they are thoroughly united. Formerly History of much used as an expectorant in coughs, in a dose of from ten to 40 drops, but now seldom used, except as an external application to foul ulcers.

c. PETROLEUM SULPHURATUM, L. Sulphurated petroleum.

Prepared in the same manner as the last, with oil of petroleum, and used for the same purpose.

d. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS, E. L. D. Ointment of sulphur.

Prepared by mixing half a pound (L.) or five ounces (D.) of ointment of hogs-lard, with four ounces (L.) or three ounces (D.) of flowers of sulphur; or four parts of hogs-lard, with one of sublimed sulphur, adding to each pound of the ointment, half a dram of volatile oil of lemons, or volatile oil of lavender (E.).

An excellent application in the itch. Ordinary quantity for an adult about four ounces, which should be rubbed in at once.

e. SULPHURETUM POTASSÆ, E. KALI SULPHURATUM, L. ALKALI VEGETABLE SULPHURATUM, D. HEPAR SULPHURIS. Sulphuret of potash. Sulphurated alkali. Liver of sulphur.

For the preparation and chemical properties of this substance, see Chemistry, No. 918.

Sulphuret of potash is seldom employed in medicine, except as a remedy in violent mercurial salivation, in which it is said to be very effectual*. It has lately been much recommended, dissolved in lime water, as an effectual external application in tinea capitis.

f. SULPHUR PRÆCIPITATUM, L. D. Precipitated sulphur.

Prepared by dissolving six ounces (L.) or four ounces (D.) of sulphuret of potash, in one pound and a half of distilled water, and adding diluted sulphuric acid (L.) or diluted nitrous acid (D.), as long as there is any precipitation. The precipitate is then to be separated by the filter, and washed till it has lost all acidity, and then dried.

Similar in its nature to washed sublimed sulphur, but considered as rather milder.

261. SUCCINUM, E. L. D. Amber. See Chemistry, No. 2476.

Amber in its natural state is not employed in medicine, except to make the following

Officinal Preparations.

a. ACIDUM SUCCINI, E. SAL SUCCINI, D. L. Succinic acid. Salts of amber.

b. OLEUM SUCCINI, E. L. D. Oil of amber.

For the preparation and chemical properties of these substances, see Chemistry, No. 724, et seq.

c. SAL SUCCINI PURIFICATUS, L. Purified salt of amber.

The London college directs this acid to be purified by boiling half a pound of it in a pint of distilled water, and setting aside the solution to crystallize.

Succinic acid is now scarcely employed in medicine.

d. OLEUM SUCCINI PURISSIMUM, E. OLEUM SUCCINI RECTIFICATUM, L. D. Purified oil of amber.

The Edinburgh college directs oil of amber to be purified by distilling it in a glass retort with five times its quantity of water; till two-thirds of the water have passed into the receiver; when the pure volatile oil comes over, it is to be separated from the water, and preserved in vessels closely stopped. The processes of the other colleges do not materially differ from this.

Oil of amber is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, useful in hysterical and similar disorders. Dose 10 or 12 drops. Used also externally in paralysis and rheumatism.

262. BITUMEN PETROLEUM, E. PETROLEUM BARBADENSE, D. Petroleum or rock oil. Barbadoes tar.

Officinal Preparation.

a. OLEUM PETROLEI, L. Oil of petroleum.

Prepared by distilling petroleum in a sand bath.

Employed as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose from 10 to 30 drops. Also used as an external stimulant in strains and rheumatism.

SECT. III. Acids.

263. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, E. ACIDUM VITRIOLICUM, L. D. Sulphuric acid. Vitriolic acid.

For the preparation and chemical properties of sulphuric acid, see Chemistry, Chap. x. Sect. i.

Undiluted sulphuric acid is seldom employed in medicine, except as an external stimulant and rubefacient, in combination with fatty substances.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM, E. ACIDUM VITRIOLICUM DILUTUM, L. D. Diluted sulphuric acid. Diluted vitriolic acid. Spirit of vitriol.

One part of sulphuric acid mixed with seven of water (L.), or one ounce with eight ounces of water (D.), or two ounces, with 14 ounces of water, (D.).

Diluted sulphuric acid is employed as a refrigerant in fevers, astringent in hemorrhages, and tonic in dyspepsia. Dose from 20 drops to a dram.

b. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, E. Aromatic sulphuric acid. Elixir of vitriol.

Prepared by first mixing two pounds of alcohol with six pounds of sulphuric acid, by gradually dropping the acid into the alcohol; digesting this mixture with a very gentle heat in a close vessel, for three days; and adding one ounce and a half of bruised cinnamon, and one ounce of bruised ginger; digesting again in a close. This preparation is supposed to be a powerful lithontriptic, and the occasional use of it certainly appears to prevent the formation of uric acid. It may be drunk in the quantity of half a pint or a pint during the day.

c. Phosphas Soda, E. Phosphate of soda.

For the preparation and nature of this salt, see Chemistry, No 1075, et seq.

An excellent laxative, preferable to most other saline cathartics, from its taste being but little unpleasant. Dose from one to two ounces, which is best taken dissolved in soup, beef tea, or gruel.

265. Nitratas Potasse, E. Nitrum, L. D. Nitrate of potash. Nitre. Saltpetre. See Chemistry, potash. No 942, et seq.

Nitrate of potash is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and refrigerant. Dose from five to twenty grains.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Nitrum purificatum, L. Purified nitre. Purified by solution in boiling water, filtration, and nitre crystallization.

b. Acidum nitrosum, E. L. D. Nitrous acid. Nitrous acid. Fuming spirit of nitre.

Prepared by decomposing nitrate of potash by sulphuric acid, in the manner mentioned under Chemistry, Chap. x. Sect. 3.

It is in this state that the acid obtained from nitrate of potash is generally employed in medicines, though for certain purposes the nitric acid is to be preferred. These acids are employed as refrigerants and diuretics, largely diluted, and in small doses, viz., from five to twenty drops, and also as tonics and general stimulants, as mentioned below. Externally they act as stimulants or escharotics, according to their strength.

c. Acidum nitrosum dilutum, E. L. D. Diluted nitrous acid. Aquafortis.

Prepared by mixing equal weights of nitrous acid and water, taking care to avoid the noxious fumes. Uses the same as of the last; but the diluted acid is better calculated for internal exhibition. Doses about double those of nitrous acid.

d. Acidum nitricum, E. Nitric acid.

Prepared by redistilling nitrous acid in a retort with an adopted receiver, with a very gentle heat, till the red portion has passed over, and the remaining acid has acquired the state of nitric acid. See Chemistry as above.

This is the acid which has been so much recommended of late as a cure for syphilis, in which it is administered, diluted with water in the proportion of a dram to a pint, which is to be taken at intervals through the day, sucking it through a quill or glass tube, to avoid injuring the teeth, and gradually augmenting the quantity as far as the stomach will bear. Though the advantages of nitric acid in syphilitic complaints appear to have been overrated, it is no doubt a valuable substitute to mercury, and has, we believe, been of service in cases where mercurial preparations were inadmissible, or unsuccessful. Nitric acid, in its nascent state, History of state, as procured by an extemporaneous decomposition of nitre by sulphuric acid, has been found of advantage as a fumigation in correcting putrid effluvia.

e. Unguentum Acidi Nitrosi, E. Ointment of nitrous acid. Oxygenated ointment.

Prepared by gradually mixing six drams of nitrous acid with one pound of melted hog's lard, and continually agitating the mixture as it cools.

A good remedy in herpes, lepra, and some other cutaneous affections, and said to have succeeded as a substitute for mercurial ointment.

f. Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, E. L. LIQUOR AETHEREUS NITROSUS, D. Spirit of nitrous ether. Ethereal nitrous liquor. Sweet spirit of nitre.

About three parts of alcohol and one of nitrous acid, gradually mixed together, distilling over the spirit from a water bath.

Diuretic, stimulant, and tonic. Dose 20 drops to a dram.

266. Muriata Sodæ, E. SAL MURIATICUS, L. SAL COMMUNIS, D. SAL MARINUS. Muriate of soda. Sea salt. Common salt. See Chemistry, No 1046.

Muriate of soda is employed as a laxative and anthelmintic. In the former way it is usually administered in clysters; in the latter it is given by the mouth, in the dose of half a dram to an ounce or more. Externally, when dried by heat, it is used as a stimulant and rubefacient.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Muriata Sodæ Exsiccatæ, E. SAL COMMUNIS EXSICCATUS, D. Dried muriate of soda.

Muriate of soda is dried by roasting it over the fire in a wide iron vessel, with occasional agitation, till it ceases to decrepitate.

b. Acidum Muriaticum, E. L. D. Muriatic acid. Marine acid. Spirit of sea salt.

Prepared by decomposing muriate of soda by sulphuric acid, in the manner described under Chemistry, Chap. x, Sect. 5.

Muriatic acid is used in medicine as a refrigerant, diuretic, and stimulant. Dose from 10 drops to 40 or 50. It is a good medicine in low fevers, largely diluted and sweetened with sugar. In its nascent state, as obtained by the extemporaneous decomposition of muriate of soda by sulphuric acid, it is an excellent fumigation, and in this respect it is perhaps to be preferred to the nitric acid.

c. Sulphas Sodæ, E. NATRON VITRIOLATUM, L. ALKALI FOSSILE VITRIOLATUM, D. SAL GLAUBERI. Sulphate of soda. Vitriolated natron. Vitriolated mineral alkali. Glauber's salt.

Usually prepared by dissolving and neutralizing the acidulous salt remaining after the preparation of muriatic acid, filtering the liquor, evaporating, and setting it aside to crystallize. See Chemistry, No 1030.

A good purgative, but not suited to all stomachs. Dose from one to two ounces.

267. Subboras Sodæ, BORAS SODÆ, E. History of BORAX, L. D. Subborate of soda. Borax. See Chemistry, No 1067.

Sometimes given internally as a diuretic; but generally employed as a detergent to aphthous crusts and ulcerations in the mouth and fauces, either by way of lotion, or made into a liniment with syrup or honey.

SECT. V. Soaps.

268. SAPO Hispanus. SAPO, E. Spanish or Cattle soap. Caftile soap.

The Edinburgh and London colleges particularize the soap that should be used in medicine, as prepared of olive oil and soda.

On the nature and properties of soap, see Chemistry.

Soap is employed both internally and externally. Internally it acts as a gentle laxative, and is supposed to possess lithontriptic powers. In this latter way it has been given in the quantity of from half an ounce to an ounce in the day. Excepting with this intention, it is seldom given alone. Externally it is used as a stimulant and detergent, under the various forms mentioned below.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura Saponis, E. LINIMENTUM SAPONIS COMPOSITUM, L. LINIMENTUM SAPONACEUM, D. Tincture of soap. Compound liniment of soap. Saponaceous liniment. Opodeldoc.

The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by digesting four ounces of soap shavings in two pounds of alcohol for three days; then adding to the filtered liquor two ounces of camphor and half an ounce of volatile oil of rosemary, agitating them diligently. The London liniment is composed of three ounces of soap, one ounce of camphor, and one pint of spirit of rosemary; that of the Dublin college of two ounces of Caftile soap, one ounce of camphor, eight ounces of alcohol, and the same of water, and two scruples of essential oil of rosemary.

b. Tinctura Saponis et Opii, E. LINIMENTUM ANODYNUM. Tincture of soap and opium. Soap and Anodyne liniment.

Prepared in the same manner as the last with the addition, from the beginning, of one ounce of opium.

These tinctures or liniments are excellent stimulant applications in cases of sprains, rheumatic pains, and similar affections; and the latter of them has been found useful when applied to the tumid belly of children that are threatened with rickets.

c. Ceratum Saponis, L. D. Soap cerate.

Prepared by boiling one pound of powdered litharge with a gallon or eight pounds (D.) of vinegar, over a slow fire, with constant agitation, till the mixture combines and thickens; then adding eight ounces of soap, 10 ounces of yellow wax, and a pint or 14 ounces (D.) of olive oil, and continuing the heat and agitation till they are united to form a cerate.

d. Emplastrum Saponis, L. EMPLASTRUM SAPONACEUM, E. D. Soap plaster.

Prepared by mixing one part of soap with six of melted Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of melted litharge plaster (L. D.), or one part of sliced soap, with four of plaster of semi-vitrifiled oxide of lead, and two parts of gum plaster melted together, (E.). These are intended as difficult applications.

Sect. VI. Earths and Earthy Salts.

269. Sulphas Barytæ, E. Terra Ponderosa Vitriolata. Barytes. Sulphate of Baryta. Vitriolated ponderous earth. Barytes. See Chemistry, No 1256, et seq.

Employed in medicine only for preparing the muriate of baryta.

270. Carbonas Barytæ, E. Terra Ponderosa. Carbonate of baryta. Heavy spar. See Chemistry, as above.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Muriatas Barytæ, E. Muriate of baryta.

Prepared by dissolving carbonate of baryta broken into small pieces in a mixture of one part of muriatic acid and three of water, filtering the liquor, evaporating and crystallizing. Where the carbonate of baryta cannot be procured, this salt is obtained from the fulfilate, by a very complex process, for which see Duncan’s Diaperatory, and Chemistry as above.

b. Solution Muriatis Barytæ, E. Solution of muriate of baryta.

Prepared by dissolving one part of crystallized muriate of baryta in three of water.

This has been recommended as a powerful stimulant and tonic, in a variety of diseases. We believe it has been of service in some cases of scrophula. Dose from five to ten drops, twice or thrice a day.

271. Calx, L. Calx Viva, E. Calx Recentis Usta, D. Lime. Quicklime. See Chemistry, Chap. xiii. Sec. I.

Lime in substance is scarcely employed in medicine, except by way of caufic, mixed with soft soap or potash.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Aqua Calcis, E. L. D. Lime water.

This is a saturated solution of fresh burnt quicklime in water. After being made, it should be kept in vessels that are not too large, and carefully stoppered, that it may not imbibe carbonic acid from the air.

Lime-water is employed as an antacid and astringent, a tonic, and an anthelmintic. Dose internally from two to four ounces. As an anthelmintic it is used in the way of clyster, to destroy aereides. It is also employed externally as a stimulant and detergent.

b. Linimentum Aquæ Calcis, Oleum Linicum Calcis, E. Liniment of lime, or Linseed oil with lime.

Prepared by mixing equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water.

A useful application to recent scalds and burns.

272. Carbonas Calcis, E. Carbonate of lime. Carbonas Calcis mollior, E. Creta, L. D. Chalk. Carbonas Calcis durior, E. Marmor. Marble. See Chemistry, No 1239, et seq.

Carbonate of lime in its soft state is much employed in medicine as an antacid, and when powdered or prepared, it is applied externally to scalds and burns, and to cancerous sores.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Carbonas Calcis Præparatus, E. Creta Præparata, L. D. Prepared carbonate of lime. Prepared chalk.

This is chalk reduced to a very fine powder by trituration, levigation, diffusion in water, filtration, and drying. Ordinary dose as an antacid, from 15 grains to a dram.

b. Potio Carbonatis Calcis, E. Mistura Creteæ, L. D. Chalk potion.

Prepared, according to the Edinburgh college, by triturating an ounce of prepared carbonate of lime with two ounces of mucilage of gum arabic, and half an ounce of double-refined sugar; then adding gradually two pounds and a half of water, and two ounces of spirit of cinnamon.

The London and Dublin mixture is prepared by mixing one ounce of prepared chalk, six drams of double-refined sugar, one ounce of powdered gum arabic, with two pints or 30 ounces (D.), of distilled water.

Employed as an antacid, especially in diarrhoea, accompanied by acidity in the intestinal canal. It may be taken ad libitum.

c. Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis, E. Trochisci Creteæ, L. Troches of carbonate of lime. Troches of chalk.

Prepared of four ounces of carbonate of lime, one ounce of gum arabic, one dram of nutmeg, and six ounces of double-refined sugar, powdered together, and formed into a mass with water, (E.); or, of four ounces of prepared chalk, two ounces of prepared crab’s claws, half an ounce of cinnamon, and three ounces of double-refined sugar, powdered and made into a mass with mucilage of gum arabic (L.). Used as the preceding.

d. Pulvis Carbonatis Calcis Compositus, E. Compound Pulvis Creteæ Compositus, L. Compound powder of powder of carbonate of lime. Compound powder of lime.

Prepared of four ounces of prepared carbonate of lime, half a dram of nutmeg, and half a dram of cinnamon powdered together (E.); or, of half a pound of prepared chalk, four ounces of cinnamon, three ounces of tormentil, and the same of gum arabic, and half an ounce of long pepper powdered separately, and mixed together (L.).

Used as antacids and tonics, in debility of the intestinal canal. Dose from 15 to 30 grains.

e. Aqua Aëris Fixi, D. Water impregnated with fixed air.

Prepared air. Prepared by passing a stream of carbonic acid gas arising from the decomposition of three ounces of powdered white marble, and one half pound of diluted vitriolic acid, mixed with an equal quantity of water, through six pounds of pure spring water, in a Nooth's apparatus, with occasional agitation.

An excellent tonic, refrigerant, and anti-emetic.

F. SOLUTIO MURIATIS CALCIS, E. Solution of muriate of lime.

Prepared by dissolving nine ounces of white marble broken to pieces, in sixteen ounces of muriatic acid, mixed with eight ounces of water; digesting for half an hour, pouring off the liquor, evaporating to dryness, dissolving the residuum in 1½ times its weight of water, and filtering the solution.

An excellent tonic, useful in cases of scrophula and scirrhus. Dose from 30 to 60 drops, twice or thrice a day.

273. SULPHAS MAGNESIAE, E. MAGNESIA VITRIOLATA, L. D. SAL CATHARTICUS AMARUS. Sulphate of magnesia. Vitriolated magnesia. Epsom salt. See Chemistry, Chap. xiii. Sect. 4.

Used as a purgative, in a dose of an ounce to an ounce and a half; as a tonic and gentle stimulant, in the dose of a dram or two diluted considerably, twice a day.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CARBONAS MAGNESIAE, E. MAGNESIA ALBA, L. D. Carbonate of magnesia. White magnesia.

Prepared by decomposing sulphate of magnesia by an equal weight of carbonate of potash, each previously dissolved in twice its weight of warm water, strained, and then mixed, instantly adding eight times their weight of warm water; then boiling the liquor for a little with agitation, and when the heat is a little diminished, straining the liquor through linen, and well washing the powder that remains on the filter with warm water, and drying.

An excellent antacid, and in cases of acidity, a laxative; also a good anti-emetic, where the sickness is accompanied with acidity. Dose from half a dram to a dram.

b. MAGNESIA, E. MAGNESIA USTA, L. D. Magnesia. Burnt or calcined magnesia.

This is pure magnesia, freed from carbonic acid, by keeping it in a red heat for two hours, and putting it up in closely stoppered bottles.

Preferable to the former as an antacid, wherever the extrication of carbonic acid may be unpleasant, by producing flatulency, especially for children.

c. TROCHISCI MAGNESIAE, L. Troches of magnesia.

Prepared by triturating together four ounces of burnt magnesia, two ounces of double refined sugar, and a scruple of powdered ginger, and forming a mass for troches, with mucilage of gum arabic.

274. SUPERSULPHAS ALUMINÆ ET POTASSÆ. SUL-

PHAS ALUMINÆ, E. ALUMEN, L. D. Superfulphate of alumina and potash. Alum. See Chemistry, No 1418, et seq.

Alum is employed both externally and internally as an astringent and tonic. Internally it is given chiefly in haemorrhages; dose from ten grains to a scruple.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ALUMEN PURIFICATUM, L. Purified alum. Prepared by boiling one pound of alum with one dram of chalk, in a pint of distilled water, straining and crystallizing.

b. SULPHAS ALUMINÆ EXSICCATUS, E. ALUMEN USTUM, L. Dried fulphate of alumina. Burnt alum.

Alum is freed from its water of crystallization by melting it over the fire in an earthen or iron vessel, and keeping it there till it ceases to boil.

Employed as an eucharotic, to destroy fungous excrescences.

c. AQUA ALUMINIS COMPOSITA, L. Compound alum water.

Prepared by dissolving half a dram of alum, and the same of vitriolated zinc, in four ounces of distilled water.

Employed externally as a stimulant or astringent, especially in ophthalmia, and as an injection in leucorrhoea.

d. PULVIS SULPHATIS ALUMINÆ COMPOSITUS, E. PULVIS STYPICUS. Compound powder of fulphate of alumina. Styptic powder.

Composed of four parts of fulphate of alumina, and one part of kino, rubbed together to a fine powder.

Astringent. Dose from 15 to 30 grains.

e. CATAPLASMA ALUMINIS, L. COAGULUM ALUMINOSUM, D. Alum cataplasm. Alum curd.

Prepared by shaking any quantity of the white of egg with a piece of alum till a curd is formed.

A useful application to sore and watery eyes, spread on linen, and applied at bed-time.

275. BOLUS GALlicus, L. French bale.

A clayey earth, formerly employed as an antacid or absorbent.

Sect. VII. Metals and Metallic Preparations.

275. ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM. OXIDUM ARSENII. Arsenious acid. Oxide of arsenic. White acid arsenic. See Chemistry, No 1536, et seq.

For an excellent account of the effects of arsenic on the living body, the modes of obviating or counteracting them, and of its medical use, see Duncan's Dispensatory.

This substance is employed as a tonic in intermittent fever, but we consider it as a dangerous remedy. For the mode of preparing and exhibiting it, see Duncan's Part IV.

&c.

STIBIATUM RUFUM, D. Precipitated sulphuret of antimony.

Prepared by dissolving two pounds of prepared fulphuret of antimony in four pounds of water of potash, mixed with three pounds of water, adding more, if necessary, in a covered iron pot, over a slow fire for three hours, frequently stirring with an iron spatula, straining the liquor while hot, and precipitating the sulphuret by diluted sulphuric acid; then washing and drying the precipitate. See Chemistry, No 1683.

Employed like the last as a diaphoretic. Dose two or three grains.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PRÆPARATUM, E. ANTIMONIUM PRÆPARATUM, L. STIBIUM PRÆPARATUM, D. Prepared antimony.

Reduced to a very fine powder in the same manner as chalk, &c.

b. OXIDUM ANTIMONII CUM SULPHURE PER NITRATEM POTASSÆ, E. CROCUS ANTIMONII, L. STIBIUM NITRO CALCINATUM, D. Oxide of antimony with sulphur. Crocus of antimony.

Prepared by injecting into a red hot crucible equal weights of sulphuret of antimony and nitrate of potash, powdered separately, and well mixed; separating the reddish matter that remains after the deflagration is over, from the whitish crust above it, and reducing the former to powder, which is to be well washed with hot water till it is tasteless. Scarcely employed in medicine, except as the basis of other preparations.

c. OXIDUM ANTIMONII CUM SULPHURE VITRIFICATUM, E. ANTIMONIUM VITRIFICATUM, L. Vitrified oxide of antimony with sulphur. Vitrified antimony. Glafs of antimony.

Prepared by gradually heating powdered sulphuret of antimony till it ceases to emit sulphurous fumes, and then melting it by an intense heat into a glafs, which is to be poured out on a heated brass plate.

Employed by the London college as the basis of their antimonial wine.

d. OXIDUM ANTIMONII VITRIFICATUM CUM CERA, E. Vitrified oxide of antimony with wax.

Made by adding to one part of melted yellow wax, eight parts of vitrified oxide of antimony with sulphur, and roasting the mixture over a gentle fire with continual agitation for about a quarter of an hour, then pouring out the mixture, and, when cold, grinding it to powder.

This is similar to a medicine that was much esteemed by Sir John Pringle, as a remedy in dysentery. Dose from two or three to 20 grains, according to the age and strength of the patient.

e. SULPHUR STIBIATUM FUSCUM, D. KERMES MINERALIS. Brown antimonial sulphur. Kermes mineral.

For the preparations and nature of this substance, see Chemistry, No 1683.

f. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PRECIPITATUM, E. SULPHUR ANT. PRÆCIP. L. SULPHUR

Vol. XII. Part II. Materia Medica, &c.

Portions of the colleges vary; those of Edinburgh being 24 grains of the salt to a pound of wine; of London and Dublin, 40 grains of salt to two ounces of boiling water, and eight ounces of wine; so that the former contains two grains in every ounce by weight, the latter four grains in every ounce by measure.

Doses of the Edinburgh wine as an emetic, an ounce, or an ounce and half, or at intervals half an ounce; as an expectorant or diaphoretic, a dram or two. The London and Dublin wine may be taken in about half the above doses.

m. Vinum Antimonii, L. Antimonial wine.

Prepared by digesting an ounce of vitrified antimony in powder, in a pint and half of Spanish white wine, for 12 days, with frequent agitation and straining through paper.

This preparation might be omitted, as it is neither so easily prepared nor so certain as the last.

n. Antimonium calcinatum, L. Calcined antimony. Diaphoretic antimony. See Chemistry, No 1690.

Formerly much employed as a diaphoretic in a dose of from five to 30 grains; but since the introduction of James's powder and the analogous preparations, nearly disused.

o. Pilulae Stirii composite, D. Pilulae plummeri. Compound antimonial pills. Plummer's pills.

Prepared by triturating together three ounces of precipitated sulphur of antimony, and the same of mild muriate of mercury; then adding a dram of extract of gentian, and the same of hard Spanish soap, and forming a mass with soap jelly.

Formerly in great repute as an alternative.

277. Hydrargyrum, D. Hydrargyri, E. L. Argentum vivum. Mercury. Quicksilver.

For an account of the chemical nature and properties of mercury, and the modes of ascertaining its purity, see Chemistry, p. 642.

We shall first notice the several officinal preparations of mercury, and then subjoin a sketch of its uses and the cases to which it is best adapted.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Hydrargyrum purificatum, D. Hydrargyri purificatus, E. L.

The Edinburgh process is to rub together four parts of quicksilver, and one part of iron filings, and distil from an iron vessel.

b. Acetas Hydrargyri, Acetis hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum acetatum, D. Hydrargyri acetatus, L. Acetate of mercury. Acetated mercury. See Chemistry, No 1749.

Scarcely employed at present, except as an external stimulant or discutient.

c. Muriatas Hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum muriatum corrosivum, D. Hy-

DRARGYRUS MURIATUS, L. Muriate of mercury. Corrosive muriated mercury. Corrosive sublimate. See Chemistry, No 1736.

Prepared by boiling two pounds of purified quicksilver in two pounds and a half of sulphuric acid, in a glass vessel, over a sand bath, to dryness, triturating the dried mass when cold with four pounds of dried muriate of soda, then subliming in a glass cucurbit with a heat gradually increased, and separating the sublimed matter from the scoriae.

Used as a salagogue; dose one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain; as an external stimulus or eucharotic to venereal ulcers, chancres, and herpetic eruptions, in the proportion of about a grain or more to the ounce of liquid.

d. Submuriatas Hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum muriatum mite sublimatum, D. Calomelas, L. Submuriate of mercury. Sublimed mild muriate of mercury. Calomel. See Chemistry, No 1742, where the process is much the same as that of the Edinburgh college.

Given in most cases where mercury is indicated. Dose, as a diaphoretic or alternative, about a grain; as a cathartic or anthelmintic, three to 10 grains; as a salagogue, one or two grains twice a day.

e. Submuriatas Hydrargyri precipitatum, E. Precipitated hydrargyrum muriatum mite præcipitatum, D. Hydrargyri muriatus mite, L. Precipitated submuriate of mercury. Precipitated mild muriate of mercury.

Procured by adding to a solution of half a pound of purified quicksilver in the same weight of diluted nitrous acid, a solution of four pounds and a half of muriate of soda in eight pounds of boiling water; washing and drying the precipitate.

Much the same in its effects and doses as the foregoing.

f. Calx Hydrargyri alba, L. White calx of white calx of mercury. White precipitate.

Prepared by dissolving first half a pound of sal ammoniac, and then half a pound of muriated mercury, in distilled water, adding to the mixed solution half a pound of water of prepared kall, filtering and washing and drying the precipitate. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

g. Unguentum calcis hydrargyri albae, L. Ointment of ointment of white calx of mercury.

Prepared by mixing a dram of the foregoing with an ounce and a half of ointment of hog's lard.

Used to destroy vermin, and in some cutaneous eruptions.

h. Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum, E. Pulvis hydrargyri cinereus, D. Cinereous oxide of mercury.

Prepared by dissolving four parts of purified quicksilver in five parts of diluted nitrous acid; then gradually adding 15 parts of distilled water, and pouring in a sufficient quantity of water of carbonate of ammonia to precipitate the whole of the oxide, which is to be washed and dried. A mild salagogue and alterative. Dose from one to five grains. Used also as a fumigation in syphilitic eruptions, &c.

i. Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri Cinerei, E. Ointment of cinerous oxide of mercury.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and three parts of hog's lard. Used for mercurial inunction.

k. Hydrargyrum cum Creta, L. Quicksilver with chalk.

Prepared by triturating together three parts of purified quicksilver and five parts of prepared chalk, till the globules disappear.

A mild alterative. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

l. Hydrargyrum Calcinatum, D. Hydrargyrum Calcinatus, L. Calcined mercury. See Chemistry, No 1709.

A violent salagogue. Dose half a grain to a grain.

m. Oxidum Hydrargyri Rubrum per Acidum Nitricum, E. Hydrargyrum Nitratus Ruber, L. Hydrargyrum Subnitratum, D. Red oxide of mercury by nitric acid. Red nitrated mercury. Red precipitate. See Chemistry, No 1709.

Used as a stimulant or an efaractive in fungous ulcers, &c.

n. Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri Rubri, E. Ointment of red oxide of mercury.

Composed of one part of the foregoing reduced to fine powder, and eight parts of hog's lard.

o. Subsulphas Hydrargyri Flavus, E. Hydrargyrum Subvitriolatum, D. Hydrargyrum Vitriolatus, L. Yellow subfulphate of mercury. Subvitriolated mercury. Turpeth mineral. See Chemistry, No 1720.

Employed chiefly as an erthine, mixed with liquorice powder or cephalic snuff.

p. Sulphuretum Hydrargyri Nigrum, E. Hydrargyrum Sulphuratum Nigrum, D. Hydrargyrum Cum Sulphure, L. Black sulphuret of mercury. Mercury with sulphur. Ethiops mineral.

Prepared by triturating together in a glass mortar with a glass pestle, equal weights of purified quicksilver, and sublimed sulphur, till the globules of the former disappear. See Chemistry, No 1712.

Employed chiefly as an alternative in cutaneous diseases and glandular affections. Dose from five or 10 grains to a dram or more.

q. Hydrargyrum Sulphuratum Rubrum, D. Hydrargyrum Sulphuratius Ruber, L. Red sulphuret of mercury. Facitios cinnabar. Vermilion. See Chemistry, No 1713.

Used principally as a fumigation for venereal ulcers in the nose, mouth, and throat, and as an ingredient in an ointment for the itch.

r. Pilulae Hydrargyri, E. L. D. Mercury pills.

Prepared by triturating an ounce of purified quicksilver with the same weight of conserve of red roses in a glass mortar, till the globules completely disappear, adding occasionally a little mucilage of gum arabic, then adding two ounces of starch, and beating the whole with a little water into a mass, to be immediately divided into 480 equal pills (E.). The London pills are composed of two drams of purified quicksilver, three drams of conserve of roses, and one dram of powdered liquorice; and the Dublin pills of three drams of quicksilver, the same of extract of liquorice, and a dram and a half of purified liquorice root.

Four grains of the Edinburgh mass, three of the London, and two and a half of the Dublin, contain about one grain of mercury, so that the last are nearly twice as strong as the first. Dose of the Edinburgh pills as a salagogue, from three to six, once or twice a day.

s. Unguentum Hydrargyri, E. Mercurial ointment. Blue ointment.

Prepared by triturating together one part of quicksilver with a little hog's lard, till the globules disappear; then adding one part of mutton fat, and as much hog's lard as, with the first quantity, is equal to three parts. Also formed with double or treble the quantity of mercury. Used for mercurial inunction. Quantity to be used at once about four scruples or drams every other night, or every night.

t. Unguentum Hydrargyri Fortius, L. D. Stronger mercurial ointment.

Composed of two pounds of purified quicksilver, 23 ounces of prepared hog's lard, and an ounce of prepared mutton fat.

Quantity used at once, about two scruples or a dram.

u. Unguentum Hydrargyri Mitius, L. D. Mild mercurial ointment. Trooper's ointment.

Formed of one part of the foregoing, and two of prepared hog's lard. Used chiefly to destroy vermin, or for some cutaneous affections.

v. Emplastrum Hydrargyri, E. Mercurial plaster.

Formed by melting one part of olive oil, and the same of white rosin together; and when the mixture is cold, rubbing with it three parts of quicksilver till the globules disappear, afterwards adding by degrees six parts of melted plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead, and mixing the whole carefully together.

w. Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro, L. Plaster of gum ammoniac with mercury.

Prepared by triturating together three ounces of purified quicksilver, with about a dram of sulphurated oil, till the globules disappear, and then adding gradually one pound of strained gum ammoniac melted. **Materia Medica, &c.**

**Part IV.**

**a. Emplastrum Lithargyri cum Hydrargyro, L. Litharge plaster with mercury.**

Composed of three ounces of purified quicksilver, about a dram of sulphurated oil, and a pound of melted litharge plaster.

These three last are employed as resolvents and diuretics, in cases of venereal nodes and beginning inductions.

**b. Unguentum nitratis hydrargyri, E. Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati, L.D. Unguentum citrinum.** Ointment of nitrate of mercury. Citrine ointment.

Prepared by first dissolving one part of quicksilver in two of nitrous acid, and beating up the solution in a glass mortar, with nine parts of olive oil, and three of hog's lard, previously melted together (or with 12 parts of hog's lard, L.D.) till the whole is formed into an ointment.

A powerful stimulant and detergent ointment, useful in inflammation and ulceration of the eyelids, and in cutaneous affections.

**c. Sulfas Zinci, E. Zincum vitriola.** Sulphate of zinc, L.D. Sulphate of zinc. Vitriolated zinc. White vitriol. See Chemistry, No 1764.

Employed internally as an emetic, in the dose of from 10 to 30 grains, and as an astringent and tonic in a dose of from two to five grains, several times a day. Externally as a stimulant and astringent, in the form of lotion, collyrium, or injection.

**d. Solutio sulphatis zinci, E. Solution of sulphate of zinc.**

Prepared by dissolving 16 grains of sulphate of zinc in eight ounces of water; then adding 16 drops of diluted sulphuric acid, and filtering through paper.

Used in most cases where the sulphate of zinc is employed externally.

**e. Aqua zinci vitriolati cum camphora, L. Water of vitriolated zinc with camphor.**

Composed of half an ounce of vitriolated zinc, half an ounce by measure of camphorated spirit, and two pints of boiling water, mixed together, and filtered through paper.

Used for an astringent lotion and collyrium.

**f. Solutio acetitis zinci, E. Solution of acetic acid of zinc.**

Prepared by mixing together a solution of one dram of sulphate of zinc, in 10 ounces of distilled water, and a solution of four scruples of acetate of lead in 10 ounces of distilled water, allowing them to stand for some time at rest, and filtering.

An excellent astringent collyrium.

**279. Oxidum Zinci impurum, E. Tutia, L. Impure oxide of zinc. Tutty. See Mineralogy.**

**Officinal Preparations.**

**a. Oxidum Zinci impurum praeparatum, E. Prepared Tutia praeparata, L.D. Prepared impure oxide of zinc. Prepared tutty.**

Prepared in the same way as chalk, and other hard substances.

**b. Unguentum oxidii zinci impuri, E. Unguentum tutiae, L.D. Ointment of impure oxide of zinc. Tutty ointment.**

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and five parts of simple liniment (E.), or of any quantity of the foregoing, and as much ointment of spermaceti, or of hog's Part IV.

&c.

History of hog's lard as is sufficient to form a soft ointment Simple and Officinal Medicines.

Used in similar cases with No 932.

282. Carbonas Zinci impurus, E. Lapis Calaminaris, L. D. Impure carbonate of zinc. Calamine. See Mineralogy Index.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Carbonas Zinci impurus praeparatus, E. Lapis Calaminaris praeparatus, L. D. Prepared carbonate of zinc. Prepared calamine. Prepared as chalk, &c.

b. Ceratum carbonatis Zinci impuri, E. Ceratum lapidis calaminaris, L. D. Ceratum epuloticum. Cerate of impure carbonate of zinc. Calamine cerate. Epulotic cerate. Brown cerate. Turner's cerate.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and five parts of simple cerate (E.), or of half a pound (L.), or one part (D.) of the foregoing, the fame of yellow wax, and a pint (L.) or two parts (D.) of olive oil.

Employed chiefly as a dressing to sores and ulcers.

281. Stannum, E. L. D. Tin. See Chemistry, p. 653.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Stanni pulvis, L. D. Powder of tin.

Prepared by granulating melted tin by agitation in a covered wooden box rubbed with chalk; or by stirring while melted over the fire till it be reduced to a powder.

Employed as a mechanical anthelmintic, especially in cases of tenia and lumbricus. Dose from two drams to half an ounce.

282. Plumbum, E. L. D. Lead. See Chemistry, p. 657.

Oxidum Plumbi albi, E. Cerussa, L. D. White oxide of lead. Ceruse. White lead. See Chemistry, No 1836.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Pulvis Cerussae compositus, L. Compound powder of ceruse.

Composed of five ounces of ceruse, half an ounce of sarcocel, and half an ounce of gum tragacanth, powdered together.

Intended as an external diuretic, but inferior for that purpose to the solutions of the salts of lead.

b. Unguentum oxidii Plumbi albi, E. Unguentum album. Ointment of white oxide of lead. White ointment.

Composed of five parts of simple ointment, and one of white oxide of lead.

A cooling defecative ointment, forming a useful application in cases of excoriation.

c. Superacetas Plumbi, Acetis plumbi, E. Cerussa acetata, L. D. Saccharum saturni. Superacetate of lead. Acetated ceruse. Sugar of lead. See Chemistry, No 1838.

Chiefly employed in solution as an external refrigerant or astringent, by way of lotion, collyrium, or injection. Its external use being highly dangerous, ought to be entirely abandoned.

d. Unguentum acetitis plumbi, E. Unguentum cerussae acetatae, L. D. Unguentum saturninum. Ointment of acetate of lead. Ointment of acetated ceruse. Saturnine ointment.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and 20 parts of simple ointment (E.), or two drams of the foregoing, two ounces of white wax, and half a pint or half a pound of olive oil (L. D.)

A useful refrigerant ointment.

283. Oxidum plumbi rubrum, E. Minium, L. D. Red oxide of lead. Red lead. See Chemistry, No 1832.

This is now scarcely employed in medicine.

284. Oxidum plumbi semivitreum, E. Lithargyrum, L. D. Semivitrified oxide of lead. Litharge. See Chemistry, No 1834.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Lithargyrum praeparatus, L. D. Prepared litharge.

Reduced to an impalpable powder by levigation, &c., in the usual manner.

b. Aqua lithargyri acetati, L. Liquor water of lithargyri acetati, D. Extractum acetatis saturni. Water of acetated litharge. Extract of litharge.

Prepared by mixing two pounds four ounces of litharge with a gallon of distilled vinegar, boiling to fix pints with constant agitation, then setting it aside till the feces have subsided, and then straining.

c. Liquor lithargyri acetati compositus, D. Compound aqua lithargyri acetati composita, L. Compound water of acetated litharge.

Prepared by mixing a dram of the foregoing with a dram of proof spirit, and adding 14 ounces or a pint of distilled water.

This is intended as a refrigerant application, and is attended with effects similar to those of the superacetate of lead, from which it however differs in its chemical nature.

d. Ceratum lithargyri acetati compositum, L. Ceratum lithargyri acetati, D. Compound cerate of acetated litharge.

Prepared by rubbing half a dram of camphor with a little olive oil, and in the mean time adding gradually two ounces and a half of acetated litharge to a mixed mixture of four ounces of yellow wax, and nine ounces of olive oil, stirring it till cold; and lastly adding the camphorated oil. Formerly much employed as a refrigerant application, but differing in little, except in consistency, History of constience, from the other combinations of lead with fatty matters.

e. EMPLASTRUM OXIDI PLUMBI SEMIVITREI, E. EMPLASTRUM LITHARGYRI, L. D. EMPLASTRUM COMMUNE. Plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead. Litharge plaster. Common plaster. Diaculum plaster.

Prepared by boiling together over a slow fire, one part of semivitrified oxide of lead in powder, and about two parts of olive oil, adding a little hot water from time to time, and constantly agitating till the litharge and oil are uniformly mixed.

This plaster has been long employed to cover excoriated surfaces, and to form plasters for supporting the teguments in the neighbourhood of sores and ulcers.

For the ill effects of lead as a poison, see Fothergill's "Cautions concerning Poisons of Lead and Copper."

285. FERRUM, E. L. D. Iron. See Chemistry, p. 664.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Ferri Limature purificatae, E. Purified filings of iron.

Filings of iron are purified by placing a sieve over them, and attracting the purer particles through the sieve by means of a good magnet.

Sometimes employed internally as a tonic and anthelmintic, but their use is attended with an unpleasant extraction of hydrogenous gas.

b. Ferri oxidum nigrum purificatum, E. Ferri squamae purificatae. Purified black oxide of iron. Purified scales of iron.

This is a preparation of the scales of iron that collect about a smith's anvil, by the magnet.

A better medicine than the former, as it is not attended with the extraction of hydrogen gas. Dose from five grains to a scruple.

c. Carbonas ferri, E. Ferri rubigo, L. D. Carbonate of iron. Rust of iron. See Chemistry, No. 1886, and 1929.

A good tonic, useful in general debility, and in uterine obstructions dependent on debility. Dose about a scruple, several times a day.

d. Aqua ferri aerati, D. Water of aerated iron.

This is an artificial chalybeate water, prepared in the same manner as, No. 875, with the addition of a coil of fine iron wire suspended in the water.

An excellent tonic, forming a good substitute for the natural chalybeate waters. Dose a glass or two, twice or thrice a day.

e. Vinum ferri, L. Vinum ferratum, D. Wine of iron. Chalybeate wine.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of iron filings in four pints of Spanish white wine, for a month, with frequent agitation, and then straining the liquor.

A tonic formerly much used in chlorotic cases. Dose from a dram to half an ounce.

f. Sulphas ferri, E. Ferrum vitriola tum, L. D. Sal martis. Sulphate of iron. Vitriolated iron. Salt of steel. See Chemistry, No. 1903.

A good tonic, but apt to disagree with the stomach and bowels. Dose from half a grain to one grain several times a day.

g. Tinctura muriatis ferri, E. Tinctura ferri muriati, L. D. Tincture of muriate of iron.

The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by digesting three ounces of purified black oxide of iron in powder, and ten ounces of muriatic acid, with a gentle heat; then adding, after the powder is dissolved, as much alcohol as will make the whole liquor amount to two pounds and a half. The preparations of the other colleges do not materially differ from this. Dose from 10 to 20 drops, twice or thrice a day.

h. Ferrum tartaratum, L. Tartarized iron.

Prepared by mixing one pound of iron filings, and two pounds of powdered crystals of tartar, into a thick mass with distilled water, exposing them to the air for eight days in a wide glass vessel, and then drying the matter in a sand bath, and grinding to a very fine powder. See Chemistry, p. 671. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

286. Sulphas ferri nativus. Native sulphate of iron. Green vitriol. Green copperas.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Sulphas ferri exsiccatus, E. Dried sulphate of iron.

Prepared by exposing any quantity of sulphate of iron to the action of a moderate heat, in an unglazed earthen vessel, till it becomes white and perfectly dry.

b. Oxidum ferri rubrum, E. Red oxide of iron. Red oxide of iron.

Prepared by exposing the foregoing preparation to an intense heat till it is converted into a very red matter.

c. Emplastrum oxidum ferri rubri, E. Emplastrum roboran. Plaster of red oxide of iron. Strengthening plaster.

Prepared by grinding eight parts of red oxide of iron with three of olive oil; and then adding them to a melted mixture of 24 parts of plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead, six parts of white rosin, and three of yellow wax.

Used as an external application, spread on linen or leather, in weaknesses of the back and loins.

d. Muriatis ammoniae et ferri, E. Ferrum ammoniacale, L. Muriate of ammonia and iron.

Prepared by mixing equal weights of red oxide of iron, washed and dried, and muriate of ammonia, and subliming, E. Dose from three to ten grains.

e. Tinctura ferri ammoniacalis, L. Tincture of ammoniacal iron.

Prepared... Part IV.

&c.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of the preceding, with a pint of proof spirit, and straining. Used in similar cases with the tincture of muriate of iron, which is, however, to be preferred to it.

f. TINCTURA TERRI ACETATI, D. Tincture of acetated iron.

Prepared by rubbing together in a glass mortar, acetated vegetable alkali, and vitriolated iron, of each an ounce, till the mass deliquesces, and then adding during the trituration two pounds of alcohol, and straining the solution.

A powerful astringent and tonic. Dose 20 or 30 drops.

The preparations of iron, given in a moderate dose, gradually raise the pulse, improve the colour of the face, and increase the alvine, urinary, and cuticular excretions. Their taking proper effect is denoted by fetid eructations and black stools.

These tonics are indicated chiefly in cases of premature discharges, or suppression of natural secretions or excretions, proceeding from a languor and flaccidity of the fluids, and general weakness of the solids. They are therefore useful in passive haemorrhages, in dyspepsia, hysteria, and chlorosis; in most of the cachexies, and in cancerous affections, and in the general debility that often remains after acute diseases or excessive haemorrhages.

The preparations of iron, when given too largely, or improperly, produce headache, anxiety, heat of skin, and not unfrequently haemorrhages or vomiting, pains in the stomach, and spasms and pains in the bowels. They are improper wherever the circulation is already too quick, the solids too tense and rigid; and where there is any stricture and spasmodic contractions of the vessels.

287. CUPRUM, E. L. D. Copper. See Chemistry, p. 674.

SUBACETAS CUPRI. SUBACETIS CUPRI, E. AERUGO. Subacetate of copper. Verdigris. See Chemistry, No 1995.

Employed chiefly as an ephorotic, to destroy callos edges or fungous flesh, or as a stimulant to foul ulcers.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AERUGO PREPARATA, L. D. Prepared verdigris.

Prepared like other substances not soluble in water.

b. OXYMEL AERUGINIS, L. Oxymel of verdigris.

Prepared by dissolving one ounce of prepared verdigris in seven ounces of vinegar, straining through linen, and boiling with 14 ounces of clarified honey to a proper consistence.

Sometimes used as a detergent gargle to venereal ulcerations of the mouth and tonsils, but with much precaution. More generally employed, mixed with some stimulant ointment, as an external stimulant and ephorotic.

c. UNGUENTUM SUBACETITIS CUPRI, E. Ointment of subacetite of copper.

Prepared by mixing 15 parts of resinous ointment, and one part of subacetite of copper.

d. LIQUOR CUPRI AMMONIATI, D. AQUA CU. PRI AMMONIATI, L. AQUA SAPPHARINA. Water of ammoniated copper. Sapphire water.

Prepared by the Dublin college, by mixing four grains of prepared verdigris, and two scruples of salted copper ammonia, with eight ounces of fresh made lime water, digesting for 24 hours, and pouring off the clear liquor.

Used as a stimulant and detergent lotion.

288. SULPHAS CUPRI, E. CUPRUM VITRIO LATUM, D. VITRIOLUM CERULEUM. Sulphate of copper. Vitriolated copper. Blue or Roman vitriol. Blue stone. See Chemistry, No 1972.

Sometimes given internally as an emetic, in the dose of from two to five grains, and as a tonic, a grain or two, several times a day; but its internal use is dangerous. More frequently employed as an ephorotic.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SOLUTIO SULPHATIS CUPRI COMPOSITA, E. A Compound QUA STYPTICA. Compound solution of sulphate solution of copper. Styptic water.

Prepared by boiling three ounces of sulphate of copper, and the same of sulphate of alumina, in two pounds of water, till they are dissolved; then adding one ounce and a half of diluted sulphuric acid to the liquor previously filtered.

Employed chiefly as a styptic for stopping superficial haemorrhages, or bleedings at the nose.

b. AMONNIARETUM CUPRI, F. CUPRUM AMONNIATUM, D. Ammoniare of copper. Ammoniated copper.

Prepared by the Edinburgh college, by rubbing two parts of the purest sulphate of copper with three parts of carbonate of ammonia carefully together, in a glass mortar, till the effervescence has entirely ceased, and they unite into a violet-coloured mass, which is to be wrapped up in blotting paper, and dried, first upon a chalk stone, and afterwards by a gentle heat, and put into a phial that is to be closely stoppered.

Employed as a tonic and antispasmodic, chiefly in cases of epilepsy. Dose about half a grain or a grain, gradually increased to four or five grains, three or four times a day.

c. PILULÆ AMONNIARETI CUPRI, E. Pills of ammoniare of copper.

Composed of 16 grains of ammoniare of copper in fine powder, and four scruples of crumb of bread, beaten into a mass with a sufficient quantity of water or carbonate of ammonia, and immediately divided into 32 equal pills.

One or two of these pills is a moderate dose.

For an account of the ill effects arising from copper Materia Medica, &c.

289. Argentum, E. L. D. Silver. See Chemistry, p. 681.

Officinal Preparation.

Nitrate of silver.

a. Nitras Argenti, E. Argentum Nitratum, L. D. Causticum Lunare. Nitrate of silver. Nitrated silver. Lunar caustic.

Prepared by dissolving in a phial, with a gentle heat, four ounces of the purest silver flattened into plates, and cut into pieces, in eight ounces of diluted nitrous acid, mixed with four ounces of distilled water, and evaporating to a dry mass, which is to be put into a large crucible, and placed on a gentle fire, increased gradually till the mass flows like oil; then pouring it into iron pipes previously heated and anointed with tallow, and when cool, putting it into a glass vessel to be well stoppered.

Employed chiefly as an expectorant, to destroy the calloused edges of ulcers, warts, and other excrescences; but lately much recommended, and employed with some success, as a tonic in cases of epilepsy. It should be begun in very small doses, about one-eighth or one-fourth of a grain, dissolved in distilled water, or made into a pill with crumb of bread, gradually increasing the dose to a grain or more, twice or three times a day.

Chap. IV. Gaseous Substances.

290. Gas Oxygenium. Oxygenous gas. Vital air.

On the nature and properties of this gas, see Chemistry, No 341.

When air, with an increased proportion of oxygen, is respired, it acts as a powerful stimulus, increasing the circulation and animal heat, raising the spirits, and producing a temporary increase of vigour and activity, followed, however, in a short time, by corresponding languor and weariness. From its stimulant effects, the respiration of superoxygenated air has been much recommended in various cases of debility, as chlorosis, epilepsy, asthmatic and dropsical affections; but it seems now falling into disuse, from a conviction that practitioners were too sanguine in their expectations.

See Aljon Essai sur les Propriétés Médicinales de l'Oxygène, 8vo. Ward Differt. Inaug. de Medicina Pneumatica, Edin. 1800. Hodges's Differt. Inaug. de Oxygentia, Edin. 1801; and the Practical Synopsis.

291. Gas Azotii Oxidum. Oxidum Nitrosum. Gaseous oxide of azote. Nitrous oxide. See Chemistry, p. 493, 494; where the nature and effects of this gas are detailed at sufficient length.

As the respiration of this gas is not followed by the depression and debility consequent on the application of most other stimuli, it promises fair to become a useful remedy in some cases of debility and atony of the vital powers; but it is not yet much employed except by way of philosophical experiment. See Davy's Researches on Nitrous Oxide.

292. Gas Hydrogeneum. Hydrogen gas. Inflammable air. See Chemistry, No 373, et seq.

Hydrogen gas diluted with about ten times its quantity of atmospheric air, has been recommended in asthmatic complaints; but its success has not equalled the expectations of physicians.

293. Gas Hydrogenium Carbonatum. Car-bonated hydrogen gas. See Chemistry, No 412.

This gas, which is so deleterious when respired in its pure state, has been strongly recommended when diluted with about 20 parts of atmospheric air, as a remedy in phthisis, in some cases of which it has evidently been of service, relieving the symptoms, and at least arresting the progress of the disease. It should, however, be employed with great caution, and at first largely diluted.

294. Gas Acidum Carbonicum. Carbonic acid gas. Fixed air. See Chemistry, No 595.

Besides the solution of this gas in water (see No 875), used internally as a tonic and refrigerant, the gas itself, as evolved from fermenting substances, is a good stimulant or antiseptic application to foul ulcers and cancerous sores. The modification of this substance, which is contained in yeast or barm, has been much employed of late in typhus, but we believe with no material benefit.

295. Caloricum. Caloric. Heat. See Chemistry, Chap. iii.

It would be in vain for us here to attempt any account of the effects of heat on the human body, and these have been amply detailed, both by chemical and physiological writers. It acts as a powerful stimulus, and as such is often employed, especially in the form of warm and vapour baths, in various cases of debility and atony of the system. The effects and uses of the warm and vapour baths have been already mentioned under Water, as have the effects and uses of the cold bath.

296. Lumen. Light. See Chemistry, Chap. ii.

Besides its effect on the eye, in producing vision, light evidently acts as a general and powerful stimulus, raising the spirits, and increasing the vigour and activity of the body. See Ruth's lectures on animal life.

297. Electricitas. Electricity.

Common electricity acts as a powerful stimulus on the system, in proportion to the degree of concentration in which it is applied. When applied under the form of a stream, or continued discharge of electric fluid, its effects are the most gentle; but in general, when applied in the form of sparks, it is more active, but its effects are more confined; and when applied by way of a shock, it acts very powerfully, producing an agitation of the muscles of the part through which the shock is discharged; and if the shock is violent, the whole body partakes of the agitation. Part IV.

&c.

History of electricity has been found of service, chiefly in cases of paralysis, and of uterine obstruction dependent on debility.

For the mode of applying electricity to the body, under its various states, we must refer to Cavallo's Medical Electricity, and Cuthbertson's Practical Electricity and Galvanism.

298. GALVANISMUS. Galvanism.

This modification of electricity is found to have produced still greater effects on the human body, when applied under particular circumstances, into which we have not now room to enter. Much has of late been written on the efficacy of this powerful agent in the cure of various diseases, but like most other new remedies, its powers have been greatly overrated. It appears to have been most successful in cases of local paralysis, or nervous atony. In particular, it has in several instances relieved deafness, especially that species which seems to arise from torpor of the auditory nerve.

For the effects of galvanism on the body, and its application in medicine, see Wilkinson's Elements of Galvanism, vol. ii. p. 441.; Cuthbertson's Electricity and Galvanism; the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, &c.

ERRATA.—No 620; for The London and Dublin tinctures, read The Edinburgh and Dublin tinctures; and for ten grains, read ten drams.

INDEX.

A.

Acetate of potash, No 311 of mercury, 956 Acid, acetic, impure, 305 distilled, 306 strong, 307 camphorated, 309 acetic, 307 benzoic, 570 fuccinic, 829 fulphuric, 835 aromatic, 837 vitriolic, 835 nitrous, 847 nitric, 848 muriatic, 853 marine, 888 arsenious, 888 Aconitum neomontanum, 628 Aesculus hippocastanum, 504 Affusion of warm water, 817 cold water, 819 Alcohol, common, 294 pure, 295 ammoniated, 237 aromatic, 243 fetid, 246 Alkali, volatile, mild, 238 vegetable, fixed, 312 mineral, fixed, 840 Allium sativum, 473 cepa, 475

N° 476 Aloes, Althea officinalis, Alum, Amber, Ammonia, prepared, Ammoniacum, Ammoniarete of copper, Anomum, zingiber, cardamomum, repens, zedoaria, Amygdalus communis, Amyris elemifera, gileadensis, Anthem graveolens, ib., Angelica archangelica, Anguillura, Antacids, Anthelmintics, Anthemis nobilis, pyrethrum, Antimony, vitrified, tartarized, calcined, diaphoretic, Antipapaverides, Apium petroelinum, Apple, bitter, Apples, efculent, list of,

N° 847 Aquafortis, Arbutus uva urfi, Aristolochia serpentaria, Arnica montana, Arfonic, white, Artemisia abrotanum, maritima, fantonica, vulgaris, Artichoke, Arum maculatum, Asarabacca, Asarum europaeum, Asafetida, Alf's milk, character of, Alfragalus tragacantha, Alfringents, Atropa belladonna, Avens,

B.

Balm, of Gilead, Balfam of Peru, of Tolu, of Copaiwa, of Canada, Barberry, Barilla, Bark, Peruvian or Jesuit's, Barytes, Bath, hot,

ADDENDUM.

The following was omitted among the preparations of iron.

g. Carbonas Ferri præcipitatus, E. Precipitated carbonate of iron.

Prepared by decomposing a solution of sulphate of iron by a solution of carbonate of soda; washing and drying the precipitate.

Similar in its virtues to 961. Dose five to 30 grains.

The space allotted to this article was so small, and the time for preparing it so short, that it is, of necessity, much less full and complete than it might otherwise have been. As it was impossible, under such circumstances, to produce any thing like an original and complete treatise, the compiler has endeavoured to render as useful as possible the selection that he found it necessary to make, and to supply the unavoidable deficiencies by a reference to the most respectable works on the subject. | **Materia Medica, &c.** | **Index** | |------------------------|-----------| | Bath, warm, cold, | | | Bay's, | | | Balsam-wax, | | | Benzoin or benjamin, | | | Berberis vulgaris, | | | Berries, eculent, list of, | | | Bifort, great, | | | Bitter-sweet, | | | Borax, | | | Broom, | | | Bryonia alba, | | | Buton galbanum, | | | Buckthorn, | | | Butter-milk, nature of,| | | C. | | | Cabbage tree bark, | | | Calamine, | | | Calamus aromaticus, | | | Calomel, | | | Caloric, | | | Cals of mercury, white,| | | Camphor, | | | Cannella alba, | | | Cantharides, | | | Capsicum annum, | | | Carbonate of ammonia, | | | of potash, | | | of soda, | | | impure, | | | of baryta, | | | of lime, | | | prepared, | | | of magnesia, | | | of zinc, impure, | | | prepared, | | | of iron, | | | precipitated, | | | Cariamine pratensis, | | | Cardamon seeds, lesser,| | | Cardinal flower, blue, | | | Carum carvi, | | | Cassarilla, | | | Caffia bark, fistula, | | | senna, | | | Cassia, | | | Cassia fistula, | | | of cummin, | | | mustard, alum, | | | Catechu, | | | Centaurea benedicta, | | | Centaury, lesser, | | | Cephaelis ipecacuanha, | | | Cerate of ipermaeti, | | | white or simple, | | | of cantharides, | | | resinous, | | | soap, | | | of impure carbonate of zinc, | | | of calamine, | | | epulotic brown, or Turner's, | | | compound of acetated litharge, | 956 | | N° 816 Cerulea, | N° 946 Decoction of elm bark; | | Chalk, | of mezereon, | | Chamomile flowers, | compound, of guaiacum, | | Charcoal, | for clysters, | | Chemical remedies, | of marthmallow, | | Chefust, horse, | of feneka, | | Chronia centaureum, | of cabbage-tree bark, | | Cinchona officinalis, | for fomentations, | | caribaea, | of chamomile, | | Cinnamon, | of saraparilla, | | Cistus creticus, | compound, | | Citrus aurantium, | of white heliobore, | | medica, | Dianthus caryophyllus, | | Clove julyflower, | Diaphoretics, | | Cloves, | Diet, writers on, | | Cochineal, | of the sick, remarks on, | | Cochlearia officinalis,| Digitalis purpurea, | | armoracia, | Distillation, | | Colocynthis autunnale, | Diuretics, | | Colts foot, | Dolichos pruriens, | | Columbo root, | Dorfienia contrajerva, | | Condiments, nature of, | Dragon's blood, | | Confection, aromatic, | Duncan's New Dispensatory | | opiate, | E. | | japonic, | Earth, japan, | | Confections, general remarks on, | Elaterium, | | Conium maculatum, | Elder, | | Conerves, general remarks on, | Electricity, | | Conserve of iquill, | Electuaries, general remarks on, | | wood forrel, | Electuary of scammony, | | of floes, | aromatic, | | of roes, | of caflia, | | of hips, | of fenna, | | of orange peel, | opiate, | | of lea wormwood, | of catechu, | | of arum, | Elemi, | | Contrayervas, | Elm bark, | | Convolutulus scammonia,| Elutriation, | | jalapa, | Emetics, | | Cookery, general remarks on, | Emollients, | | Copaifera officinalis, | Emulsion of gum ammoniac, | | Copper, vitriolated, | of allactetida, | | Cowhage, or cowitch, | camphorated, | | Cresses, water, | almond, | | Crocus sativus, | arabic, | | of antimony, | Errhines, | | Croton eleutheria, | Eryngium maritimum, | | Cubebs, | Eucharotics, | | Cucumber, wild, | Ether, sulphuric, | | Cucumis colocynthis, | with alcohol, | | Cullen's materia medica,| aromatice, | | arrangement, | Vitriolic, | | Cuminum cyminum, | Evaporation, in pharmacy, | | Curcuma longa, | Eucalyptus refiniera, | | Curd, alum, | Eugenia caryophyllata, | | ib. | Expectorants, | | Cynara scolymus, | Extract of valerian, resinous, | | D. | of jalap, | | Daphne mezereum, | of cinchona, | | Darwin's arrangement of remedies, | of gentian, | | Datura stramonium, | of aloes, | | Decoction of barley, | of fenna, | | compound, | of logwood, | | of cinchona; | of rue, |

Extract ## Index

**Extracts of opium,** N° 616 *Hart's horn,* of broom, 681 *Heliotrope,* white, of liquorice, 687 *Helleborus niger,* of chamomile, 720 *Helleborus foetidus,* of oak bark, 735 *Hemlock,* of calcarilla, 759 *Henbane,* compound, of colocynth, 763 *Hirudo medicinalis,* of fayne, 778 *Honey,* acetated, of squill, of roses,

**F.** *Fennel,* sweet, 458 *Hop,* Fern root, 798 *Horehound,* white, Filings of iron, purified, 959 *Horseradish,* Filtration, 202 *Humulus lupulus,* Flax considered in general, 76 *Hydrophilurel of ammonia,* Flax purging, 471 *Hygrocyamus niger,* Flowers, eculent, list of, 87 *Hyssop,* of benzin, 579 hedge, of sulphur, 821 of zinc, 931 *Food,* considered in general, 17 proper quantity of, 21 should be sufficient to nourish the body, 22 manner of taking, 23 derived from quadrupeds, 24 birds, 61 reptiles, 68 serpents, 69 fishes, 70 insects, 77 worms, 78 vegetable, considered generally, 82 *Foxglove,* 657 *Frankincense,* 741 *Fraxinus ormus,* 794 *Funguses,* eculent, list of, 94

**G.** *Galbanum,* 446 *Gall nuts,* 736 *Gavoanum,* 994 *Ganoboe,* 781 *Garlic,* 473 *Gas,* oxygenous, 986 hydrogen, carbonated, 988 carbonic acid, 990 *Gentiana lutea,* 425 *Gephyrea inermis,* 688 *Geum urbanum,* 609 *Ginger,* 336 *Glycyrrhiza glabra,* 686 *Gmelin's continuation of Murray,* 8 *Gorgonia nobilis,* 288 *Grains and seeds,* eculent, list of, 92 *Granulation,* 199 *Gratiola officinalis,* 345 *Guaiacum officinale,* 555 *Gum ammoniac,* 224 *Tragacanth,* arabic, 683 *H.* *Haematocytum campeachianum,* 551 *Harp,* 253 *Leopard's bane,* 752 *Lettuce,* wild, 631 *Levigation,* 633 *Lewis's materia medica,* 434 *Ley,* mild, 390 caustic, 285 *Lichen illandicus,* 276 *Light,* 278 *Lime,* 496 with pure kali, 598 *Liniments,* ointments, and cerates, 768 *Liniments of ammonia,* 652 volatile, 662 simple, 768 camphorated, 241 *Soap,* 399 anodyne, 634 of lime water, 345 *Linum usitatissimum,* 385 catharticum, 137 *Liquor of mild volatile alkali,* 402 acetated volatile alkali, 426 volatile, of hartshorn, 530 vitriolic, ethereal, 544 oily, ethereal, 545 Hoffman's anodyne, ib. *Liquorice,* 596 *Litharge,* 658 *Lithontriptic,* 787 *Liniment,* Iceland, 140 *Lobelia siphilitica,* 408 *Logwood,* 360 *Lydia vesicatoria,* 361 *Madder,* 964 *Magnesia,* 966 vitriolated, 391 calcined, 737 white, 334 *Mahogany bark,* 894 *Malt liquors,* character of, 794 *Manna,* 672 *Marshmallow,* 652 *Maritrium vulgare,* 767 *Matsch,* Materia medica, definition of, writers on, late foreign writers on, Measures and weights, 206 *Malacca leucodendron,* 700 *Melissa officinalis,* 636 *Mentha viridis,* 635 *Piperita,* 638 *Pulegium,* 642 *Mercury,* 904 purified, 905 acetated, 906 muriated, corrosive, 907 mild, 909 calcined, 915 nitrated, red, 916 sub-vitriolated, 918 with fulphur, 919 Materia Medica, &c.

Mezereum or mezereon, Mimosa catechu, Mimosa nilotica, Mixture, mufk, camphorated, chalk, Mixtures and emulsions, Momordica elaterium, Monro's medical chemistry, Molchus molchiferus, Mucilage of starch, of quince seeds, of gum tragacanth, of gum arabic, Mucilages, general remarks on, Muriate of ammonia, and iron, of baryta, of antimony, of mercury, mild, sublimed, precipitated, Murray's (Dr) apparatus medicaminum, (Mr) elements of materia medica, observations on the action of medicines, arrangement, Myth, Myfard, white, common, Myrrhica molchata, Myroxylon peruiferum, Myrrh, Myrtus pimento,

N. Nicotiana tabacum, Nightshade, deadly, Nitrate of potash, of silver, Nitre, Nuts, eculent, list of, Nutrientia, catalogue of, Nutmeg, Nux vomica,

O. Oak bark, Oil, use of, as a condiment, ammoniated, of hartthorn, animal, or Dippel's, of wine, olive, lintfeed, camphorated, of almonds, of mace, castor, sulphurated, of amber, of petroleum, of vitriol, volatile, of rosemary,

Oil, volatile, of caraway, of fennel, of aniseed, of sassafras, of rue, of pimento, of mint, of peppermint, of pennyroyal, of lavender, of origanum, of cajeput, of turpentine, purified, of juniper, of savine, Ointment of pepperceti, cantharides, powder, infusion, simple, wax, elder, of elei, tar, refinous, of white hellebore, of sulphur, of nitrous acid, oxygenated, of white calx of mercury, of cinereous oxide of mercury, of red oxide of mercury, mercurial, of nitrated mercury, milder, of oxide of zinc, of impure oxide of zinc, tutty, of white oxide of lead, white, of acetite of lead, of subacetite of copper, Olibanum, Opium, Opodeldoc, Opoponax, Orange, Seville, Origanum vulgare, majoreana, Orris root, florentine, Oxalis acetofella, Oxidation, Oxide of arsenic, of antimony with sulphur, vitrified, with wax, with phosphate of lime, of mercury, cinereous, red, of zinc, impure,

Oxide of lead, white, red, semivitrified, of iron, black, purified, red, of azote, gaseous, Oxymel, simple, of lquill, of colchicum, of verdigris,

Papaver rhoeas, foeniferum, Parfley, Palinaca opoponax, Pearl-ashes, Penea farcocola, Pepper, black, long, Cayenne, Jamaica, Percival's propositions on the action of medicines, Petroleum, sulphurated, Pharmacy, definition of, Phosphate of lime, of soda, Phosphorus, Physeter macrocephalus, Pills, general remarks on, compound of ailafoetida, of galbanum, aloetic, of aloes and ailafoetida, colocynth, myrrh, Rufus's, squill, opiate, compound antimonial, Plummer's, mercurial, of ammoniacet of copper, Pimento, Pimpinella anisum, Pink, Carolina, Pinus abies, ballamea, larix, fylvestris, Piper nigrum, cubeba, longum, Pityacia terebinthus, lenticus, Plaster of cantharides, compound, Plaster, | Index | MATERIA MEDICA, &c. | |-------|---------------------| | Plaster, compound, of Burgundy pitch, | Quercus cerris, | | resinosus, | Quicksilver, | | soap, | with chalk, | | mercurial, | Quince seeds, | | gum ammoniac with mercury, | R. | | litharge with mercury, | Rhubarb, | | of semivitrified oxide of lead, | Refrigerants, | | common or diachlon, | Remedies, action of, considered, 122—126 | | of red oxide of iron, | Reverentia, catalogue of, | | strengthening, | Rhamnus catharticus, | | Plasters, | Rhododendron chrysanthum, | | Poison oak, | Rhus toxicodendron, | | Polygala lenega, | Ricinum communis, | | Polygonum bitoria, | Roots, esculent, catalogue of, | | Polypodium filix mas, | Rosa gallica, | | Pomegranate, | centifolia, | | Poppy, red, | canina, | | white, | Rosmarinus officinalis, | | Potash, | Rutl of iron, | | with lime, | Ruta graveolens, | | Potion, chalk, | S. | | Pot-herbs, list of, | Saffron, | | Powder, compound, of crabs claws, | Sagapenum, | | of myrrh, | Sage, | | of contrayerva, | Sal ammoniac, | | of scammony, | polychreft, | | compound, of scammony with aloes, | Salix fragilis, | | of scammony with calomel, | Sal, common, | | compound, of jalap, | of hawthorn, | | of ipecacuan and opium, | Rochelle, | | Dover's, | of tartar, | | of aloes with canella, | of benzoin, | | aloetic with guaiacum, | of amber, | | iron, | purified, | | aromatic, | petre, | | compound of senna, | Sea or common, | | compound of alarabaca, | Glauber's, | | opiate, | Epion, | | compound of gum tragacanth, | of steel, | | of carbonate of lime, | Sambucus nigra, | | of chalk, | Saraparilla, | | of fulphate of alumina, | Sarcoo, | | flyptic, | Saffras, | | of algaroth, | Savine, | | antimonial, or James's, | Scammony, | | of tin, | Scilla maritima, | | compound, of ceruse, | Scurvy-grass, garden, | | Powders, general remarks on, | Secernentia, catalogue of, | | Precipitate, white, | Seneka root, | | red, | Semen, | | Prunus domestica, | Shoots and stalks, esculent, list of, | | spinosa, | Salagogues, | | Pterocarpus santalinus, | Silver, nitrated, | | draco, | Simarouba, | | Punica granatum, | Simples, collection and preservation of, | | Pyrus cydonia, | Sinapis alba, | | Q. | nigra, | | Quaffia, | Silybumium nasturtium, | | | Sinum nodiflorum, | | | Skirret, creeping, | | | Sloes, | | | Smilax saraparilla, | | | Snakeroot, Virginian, | | | Soap, Caflife, | | | Solanum dulcamara, | | | Solution of volatile alkali, caustic, | | | of mildest vegetable alkali, | | | of muriate of baryta, | | | of lime, | | | of sulphate of zinc, | | | of acetite of zinc, | | | compound, of sulphate of copper, | | | Serbentia, catalogue of, | | | Southernwood, | | | Spartium lcoparium, | | | Spermaceti, | | | Spices, uses of, | | | Spigelia marilandica, | | | Spirit, ardent, uses of, | | | of sal ammoniac, strong, | | | of volatile alkali, | | | of ammonia, | | | succinated, | | | Mindererus's, | | | of ammonia, compound, | | | of hartshorn, | | | of wine, rectified, | | | of vitriolic ether, | | | compound, | | | proof, | | | of rolemary, | | | of caraway, | | | compound of aniseed, | | | of cinnamon, | | | camphorated, | | | of pimento, | | | of mint, | | | of peppermint, | | | of pennyroyal, | | | of lavender, | | | compound, | | | compound of horse-radish, | | | of nutmeg, | | | of juniper, | | | of vitriol, | | | of nitre, fuming, | | | sweet, | | | of nitrous ether, | | | of sea salt, | | | Sponge, | | | Squill, | | | St John's wort, | | | Stalagmitis cambogioides, | | | Stave-facre, | | | Stimulants, | | | Stone-fruit, esculent, list of, | | | Storax, | | | Strychnos nux-vomica, | | | Styrae officinale, | | | benzoin, | | | Subacetate of copper, | | | Subborate of soda, | | | Subcarbonate of potash, | | | impure, | | | purest, | | | Submuriate | Materia Medica, &c.

Submuriate of mercury, precipitated, 929 Subsulphate of mercury, yellow, 918 Sugar, uses of, 106, 362 of lead, 949 Sulphate of potash, 838 with sulphur, 839 of soda, 854 of baryta, 861 of magnesia, 877 of alumina, dried, 883 of zinc, 933 of iron, 964 dried, 968 of copper, 980 Sulphur, sublimed, 821 precipitated, 827 antimonial brown, 894 Sulphuret of potash, 826 of antimony, 889 precipitated, 895 of mercury, black, 919 red, 920 Superacetate of lead, 949 Superfulphate of alumina and potash, 881 Supertrirate of potash, 415 Swietenia mahagoni, 553 febrifuga, 554 Synopsis of materia medica, 10 of materia medica, arrangement of, 133 Syrup of acetous acid, 310 ginger, 338 saffron, 358 buckthorn, 412 violets, 420 black currants, 424 garlic, 474 squill, 492 colchicum, 501 Tolu, 540 clove julyflower, 573 red roses, 597 damalk roses, 602 raspberry, 606 red poppy, 611 opium, 623 white poppy, 624 marshmallow, 664 orange peel, 692 lemon juice, 698 mulberries, 732 manna, 795 Syrups, general remarks on, 229

T. Tamarindus indica, 669 Tonacatum vulgare, 713 Tar, 748 Tartar, crystals or cream of, 415 soluble, 416 emetic, 889 Tartrate of potash, 416 and soda, 417 of antimony and potash, 889

Thesaurus medicaminum, Thistle, blest, 722 Thorn apple, 389 Tin, 943 Tincture of castor, 248 compound, 249 of mulk, 251 cantharides, 268 myrrh, 328 columbo, 333 ginger, 337 cardamom seeds, 341 compound, 342 valerian, 355 ammoniated, 356 saffron, 359 jalap, 388 henbane, 332 cinchona, 403 compound, 403, d. ammoniated, 404 of bark, Huxham's, 423, d. compound of gentian, 427 bitter, ib. of asafoetida, 443 galbanum, 448 aloes, 485 and myrrh, 486 compound, 487 etherial, 487 of squill, 495 cinnamon, 514 compound, 515 aromatic, 523 camphor, 523 rhubarb, 532 compound, 533 and aloes, 534 and gentian, 535 of balsam of Peru, 537 of Tolu, 539 compound, of fenna, 547 of guaiacum, 557 ammoniated, 558 compound of benzoin, 569 of kino, 586 opium, 620 camphorated, 621 ammoniated, 622 thebaic, 620 of black hellebore, 632 lavender, compound, 649 foxglove, 659 orange peel, 694 snakeroot, 724 calcarilla, 758 compound of savine, 779 of white hellebore, 784 catechu, 788 soap, 857 and opium, 858 of muriate of iron, 965 ammoniacal iron, 972 acetated iron, 973 Tinctures, general remarks on, 230

Index.

Tobacco, 393 Toluiferda balsamum, 538 Tonics, 174 Tormentilla creda, 607 Torrentia, catalogue of, 142 Tritionum, 197 Troches, general remarks on, 222 of starch, 369 of liquorice with opium, 617 gum, 792 of carbonate of lime, 873 chalk, ib. magnesia, 889 Turmeric root, 335 Turpentine, Venice, common, 745 Chio, 759 Tutty, 766 937

U. Valeriana officinalis, 354 Veratrum album, 782 Verdigris, 975 Vinegar, 105 radical, 307 aromatic, 308 of squill, 491 Viola odorata, 419 Vitis vinifera, 413 Vitriol, white, 933 green, 967 blue, 980 Ulmus campestris, 430 Urtica dioica, 733

W. Wakerobin, 725 Walnut, 737 Water, 802 of ammonia, pure ammonia, 236 carbonate of ammonia, 239 acetate of ammonia, 240 prepared kali, 314 carbonate of potash, 315 potash, 316 pure kali, ib. Hungary, 348 barley, 371 dill, 457 sweet fennel, 459 cinnamon, 512 cassia, 519 pimento, 581 rose, 601 mint, 636 peppermint, 639 pennyroyal, 643 orange peel, 693 lemon peel, 697 snow or rain purest, 823 varieties of, 824 medical use of, 813 external use of, 814 diffilled, 820 Water Index.

Water of supercarbonate of soda, No 842 lime, impregnated with fixed air, 875 compound alum, 884 of vitriolated zinc with camphor, 935 of acetated litharge, compound, 953 of aerated iron, 962 of ammoniated copper, sapphire, Waters, mineral,

Whortle berry, Willow bark, Wine, uses of, tobacco, ipecacuan, compound of gentian, bitter, of aloes, rhubarb, of tartrate of antimony, antimonial, of iron,

Wintera aromatica, Wormseed, Wormwood, sea, common, Zedoary, round, long, Zinc, calcined, vitriolated,

END OF THE TWELFTH VOLUME. DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES OF VOL. XII.

PART I.

Plate CCXCVI. to face page 60 CCXCVII. - - - 62 CCXCVIII. - - - 264 CCXCVIII. 2d, - - - 396 CCXCIX. - - - CCC. - - -

PART II.

CCC I—CCCXIV, - - - 536 CCCXV. - - - 680