Appendix. Preparation a. Tinctura Angusturæ, Dub. Tincture of Angustura.

This is prepared by digesting two ounces of coarsely powdered angustura bark in two pints of proof spirit for seven days, and straining.

This preparation, now first made officinal by the Dublin college, is a good form for exhibiting the angustura in small doses. Ordinary dose about 2 drs. generally in composition.

Class II. Order 3. Diandria Trigynia.

45. Piper Nigrum.

Preparation a. Unguentum Piperis nigri, Dub. Ointment of black pepper. A stimulating ointment, made by mixing 4 oz. of finely powdered black pepper, with a pound of prepared hog's lard.

Class III. Order 1. Triandria Monogynia.

48. Valeriana Officinalis, Materia Medica, No. 354.

Preparation d. Infusum Valerianæ, Dub. Infusion of valerian.

This is made by digesting 2 drs. of valerian root, coarsely powdered in 7 oz. by measure of boiling water, for an hour, and draining off the liquor when cold.

This is a good antispasmodic, especially in hysterical cases, and the stomach is said to bear it better than the powder. Dose, a glassful twice or thrice a day.

In our Materia Medica, in the names of the preparations of valerian, the genuine case of valeriana is inadvertently printed valeriant.

Class V. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

69. Hyoscyamus Niger.

Preparation b. Tinctura Hyoscyami Nigri, Materia Medica, No. 392.

Now added by the Dublin college, and made rather stronger than the Edinburgh tincture, the proportions being 2½ ounces of the dried leaves in coarse powder, to an English pint of proof spirit.

72. Cinchona Officinalis.

Preparation a. Infusum Cinchonæ officinalis, E. Materia Medica, No. 402.

Infusum Cinchonæ sine calore, Dub.

Prepared by macerating an ounce of cinchona bark in coarse powder in 12 ounces of cold water for 24 hours; then pouring off the liquor.

Order 2. Digynia.

84. Ulmus campestris.

Preparation a. Decoctum Ulmi.

The Dublin college order this decoction to be prepared much in the same manner as that of the London pharmacopoeia.

90. Ferula Asafoetida.

Preparation f. Enema foetidum, Dub. Fetid clyster.

This is made by adding to the purging clyster to be described presently, 2 drs. of tincture of asafoetida.

Class VI. Order 2. Hexandria Trigynia.

112*. Rumex Aquaticus, Dub. Great water dock. Great water dock.

The root.

One of the new additions to the Dublin Materia Medica.

It ranks among astringents, and has been celebrated as a remedy in scurvy, diseases of the skin, and venereal complaints. It is generally given by way of infusion.

Class VII. Order 1. Heptandria Monogynia.

113. Aesculus Hippocastanum.

Now adopted by the Dublin college.

127. Cassia Senna.

Preparation h. Syrupus Sennæ, Dub. Syrup of Senna. See Syrupus Mannæ, Materia Medica, No. 795.

Class X. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

130. Swietenia Febrifuga.

Now also first adopted in the Dublin pharmacopoeia.

134. Quassia Excelsa.

Preparation a. Tinctura Quassiae, Dub. Tincture of quassia.

This is prepared by digesting an ounce of quassia shavings in 2 pints of proof spirit for 7 days, and filtering.

This forms a strong solution of the bitter principle of quassia.

137. Styrax Officinale.

Preparation b. Pilulæ e styrae, Dub. Storax Styrax pills.

Prepared by beating well together 3 drs. of purified storax, 1 dr. of soft purified opium, and the same quantity of saffron.

This may properly be considered as a preparation of opium, of which it contains a fifth part.

Class XI. Order 2. Dodecandria Digynia.

142*. Agrimonia Eupatoria, Dub. The herb. Agrimony.

A slight astringent now added by the Dublin college.

Class XII. Order 5. Icosandra Polygynia.

158. Geum urbanum, Dub. Avens. The root. Avens.

This has now obtained a place in the pharmacopoeia of Dublin, and as a useful indigenous tonic, merits particular notice. Dose of the powder from half a dram to a dram. As the account of this important remedy given in the article Botany may not be deemed sufficiently satisfactory by our medical readers, and as in the Materia Medica we were so much confined that we could only refer to the best writers that have treated on opium, we shall here supply that deficiency, by giving a comprehensive view of the effects of opium; of the discoveries that have been made by late chemical analyses reflecting the nature of its narcotic principle; shall point out the general means by which the ill effects which sometimes attend the exhibition of this medicine may be obviated, and enumerate those articles of the Materia Medica which may be most conveniently employed as substitutes for a drug now become so scarce and expensive.

Perhaps no article of the Materia Medica ranks higher in point either of antiquity or efficacy than opium. Its peculiar properties and mode of operation have, however, been long a subject of debate, both among theoretical and practical writers. The place assigned to it in systematic arrangement has been continually fluctuating; Cullen and his followers considering it as one of the most powerful sedatives which we possess, while Brown, Darwin, and the advocates for their doctrines, strenuously contend that it ought to be ranked amongst the most active and diffusible stimuli. In fact, the parties engaged in this controversy appear chiefly to differ about words, and probably they are both partly right and partly wrong.

They agree that the effects of opium are similar to those of wine and alcohol, liquors which are generally, though indeed not universally, accounted stimulants. If opium produces similar effects with these, we see no good reason why it should not be arranged in the same class. All these substances may indeed be considered as both stimulant and sedative, according as we advert to their primary or secondary effects. If by a stimulant be meant something which increases the force and frequency of action in the muscular fibres, and potentiates the power of sustaining or increasing the vital powers, which is, we believe, the generally received definition, we can surely not refuse this character to alcohol, and its modifications. Who that has ever felt the cheering influence of wine, that has experienced the exhilaration, the flow of spirits, and the energy of action, which are the usual effects of the bottle, can refuse to acknowledge the effects of the stimulating powers of this too fascinating beverage. Again, if by a sedative we are to understand something which diminishes the force and vigour of muscular action, and depresses all the vital energies, every one who has felt the effects consequent to a too free libation at the shrine of Bacchus, will readily admit that wine and alcohol are, in an eminent degree, possessed of sedative powers. Now, that opium resembles alcohol in both these circumstances, is generally admitted.

When a moderate quantity of opium (we mean not more than two grains), is received into the stomach, it excites there a gentle warmth, which is gradually diffused over the whole body, attended with an itching of the skin, and usually followed by an increase of perspiration. The palpitation of the heart and arteries is at first rendered fuller and more frequent, and there is commonly a heat and flushing of the face; the eyes appear enlivened, and the spirits are exhilarated. Pain is alleviated, and all care for the time forgotten. The effects of this substance on those who swallow it as a substitute for wine, as is usual in the east, are familiar to most of our readers, and sufficiently prove its stimulating effect. Similar proofs appear to have been exhibited during the present war, among Europeans. We are told that the French soldiers are plied indifferently with opium or brandy, in order to increase their courage and ferocity; and we have been credibly informed, that some of the most celebrated performers on the London stage, particularly in tragic parts, which require peculiar self-command, or energy of expression, are accustomed to take doses of opium proportioned to the circumstances of the character which they are to perform.

The excretion of urine is sometimes increased; but as an increase of absorption is a usual consequence of opium, other excretions, except, as we have laid, the perspiration, appear to be diminished. Opium also acts as a powerful stimulus to the genital organs, and excites the venereal appetite. It is said that on examining the bodies of Turks slain in battle, the penis has been often found in a state of erection, even in old men.

After these effects have continued for a time, appearances of a different nature present themselves. At first a languor and lassitude not unpleasing come on, and are soon followed by yawning and a strong propensity to sleep. If the quantity taken has been considerable (above two gr.), the previous symptoms of excitement are more remarkable, but they generally continue for a shorter time, and are followed by a proportional depression. Considerable nausea supervenes, and sometimes a severe vomiting is excited, by which great part of the opium is expelled from the stomach. But if this should fail to take place, and often when it has to a partial degree appeared, a heavy stupor comes on, attended with giddiness and headache; the breathing becomes difficult and laborious; the person falls into a profound sleep, from which he is roused with great difficulty, and into which, if left to himself, he speedily relapses; the face becomes pale, the lips livid, the extremities cold, universal torpor seizes the limbs, and is followed by convulsions and fatal apoplexy.

On examining the bodies of those animals which have fallen victims to opium, the stomach is found distended, containing frothy mucus, its internal coat in a state of inflammation, and sometimes the pylorus contracted. The vessels of the brain are exceedingly turgid, and commonly an effusion of blood is found to have taken place.

When a person awakes after having taken opium, he usually finds himself heavy and giddy, and not unfrequently complains of headache and dimness of sight; his bowels are colicive, and his appetite defective. Some people, far from being soothed and lulled to sleep by opium, are rendered exceedingly irritable and restless; others, if they are made to sleep by the influence of this medicine, are haunted with frightful dreams, and awake unrefreshed.

Effects similar to what we have described arise from opium when injected into the rectum; but they require a larger dose. When this substance is applied to the eye, the urethra, or other sensible parts, it excites pain and redness*, which, however, do not long continue. When merely applied to the surface of the body, while the... Appendix. the cuticle is entire; it produces no change; but when the tincture of opium, or opium in fine powder, mixed with an oily sublimate, is rubbed on the skin, pain is alleviated, sleep induced, delirium assuaged, and other sedative effects brought on; but the stimulating effects of the medicine are, in this way, said to be less apparent.

The ill effects which sometimes attend the exhibition of opium, may arise, either directly from its stimulating power, or from consequent exhaustion.

I. The ill effects which appear to be the immediate consequence of this stimulus are, excitement, increased absorption, and determination of the blood to the head. These effects render it an improper remedy in the early stages of inflammatory diseases, particularly in phrenitis, pneumonia, catarrh, and dysentery. By increasing excitement and determining to the head, opium is improper in phrenitis; and it is hurtful in the other diseases by increasing absorption, and hence lessening expectoration, and producing collyreus. In some cases of inflammation, however, where increased perspiration is desirable, as in rheumatism, if the medicine be so managed as to produce full sweating in a short time after exhibition, it may be employed with advantage.

II. The ill effects which arise from the secondary circumstances following the administration of opium, are chiefly headache, general debility, tremors, spasms, paralysis, and hypochondria. Of course, in cases where these symptoms and diseases are to be apprehended, it must be employed with considerable caution.

Opium has been analysed by several chemists, especially by Gren, Bucholtz, Josie, Proult, Dr. Duncan junior, and very lately by Derofine. "By evaporating a watery solution of opium to the consistence of a syrup, Derofine obtained a precipitate, which was increased by diluting it with water. He dissolved this in hot alcohol, from which it again separated on cooling. When purified by repeated solutions, it crystallised in rectangular prisms, with rhomboidal bases, had no taste or smell, was insoluble in cold water, and soluble in 400 parts of boiling water, did not affect vegetable blues, was soluble in 24 parts boiling alcohol and 110 cold; soluble in hot ether and volatile oils, and separated from them as they cooled; very soluble in all acids, and highly narcotic."

A considerable proportion of the substance of opium is insoluble, both in water and alcohol; and it is remarkable that the insoluble part is very different in Turkey opium from what it is in that which comes from the East Indies; being in the former a ductile, plastic, coherent mass, in the latter an incoherent powdery matter, diffusible in water. According to Dr. Duncan, the active constituent of opium appears to be of a volatile nature; and as this must be carried off by boiling or distillation, the usual processes for purifying opium, tend to diminish its medical effects.

The ill effects of opium are to be obviated or counteracted by regulating the dose according to the effect intended to be produced; by the mode of administration, whether internally, or by friction, or by combining with it some correcting substance which has the effect of counteracting its unpleasant properties, such as lemon-juice, ammonia, tartrate of antimony and potash, fulminic acid of mercury, or aromatics. The languor and general debility felt after having taken opium, are best relieved by wine and exercise.

When a person has swallowed such a quantity of opium as there is reason to fear will prove fatal, if its effects are not prevented or counteracted, it is proper to exhibit an emetic as soon as convenient, in order to evacuate from the stomach as much of the opium as possible. With this view, a scruple or half a dram of sulphate of zinc dissolved in a little water, is to be given, and the action of vomiting promoted several times by proper diluting liquors. We should then administer lemon juice in considerable quantities; and if the fever be very great, all methods are to be employed for rousing the patient, and obliging him to exert himself in moving about. If the more alarming symptoms are made to yield, we should give wine, ether, or other stimulants, in moderate doses, still taking care to keep alive the attention of the patient. Strong coffee has been highly recommended in these cases.

As opium is now become a very expensive article, it is of consequence to consider what other remedies that are likely to produce the same good effects may be substituted for it. Several of the narcotic vegetables have been employed for this purpose, especially lactuca virosa, conium maculatum or hemlock, datura stramonium or thorn apple, atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade, humulus lupulus or hop, and hyoscyamus niger or henbane. Of these the two last seem to be best adapted to this purpose.

Preparation d. Extractum Opii Aquosum, Dub.

The Dublin College have made some alteration in Watery extract of opium. They direct the opium to be triturated with hot water for ten minutes, when the water is to be poured off, a fresh quantity added, and the trituration continued for the same period. This trituration to be repeated a third time. Then all the liquors are to be mixed together, suffered to stand in an open vessel for two days, strained through linen, and then infusitated to the consistence of an extract.

Class XIV. Order I. Didynamia Gymnospermia.

168. Mentha Viridis.

Preparation d. Infusum Compositum, Dub. Compound infusion of mint.

This is prepared by first digesting, for half an hour, in a close vessel, two drams of dried mint in as much boiling water as, when strained, may produce six ounces, and then mixing with the strained liquor, two drams of fine white sugar, and three drops of essential oil of mint, previously dissolved in half an ounce of compound tincture of cardamom.

This forms a very grateful stomachic.

174. Teucrium Chamædrys, Dub. Wall germander. The herb.

An indigenous tonic, employed in domestic medicine in cases of chlorosis, gout, and intermittent fever. Order 2. Angiospermia.

180. Digitalis purpurea.

Preparation b. Tinctura Digitalis purpureae.

This medicine is now introduced into the Dublin Pharmacopoeia, and is prepared in the same manner as directed by the Edinburgh college.

Class XIX. Order 2. Syncenesis Polygamia superflua.

216. Anthemis nobilis.

Preparation a*. Decoction Chamomæli compositum. Dub. Compound decoction of chamomile.

Made by boiling for a little half an ounce of chamomile flowers and two drams of sweet fennel seeds in a pint of water, and straining.

Used chiefly for clysters.

Class XXI. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandra.

226. Quercus cerris. Galls.

Preparation a. Tinctura gallarum, Dub. Tincture of galls.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of powdered galls in two pints of proof spirit for seven days, and straining.

A strong solution of the astringent principle of galls.

Order 10. Monadelphia.

228. Pinus abies. Burgundy pitch.

Preparation b. Emplastrum calefaciens, Dub. Calefacient plaster.

A warm stimulating plaster, made by melting together, with a moderate heat, seven parts of Burgundy pitch and one part of ointment of cantharides.

Order 12. Syncenesis.

236. Cucumis colocynthis.

Preparation b. Pilulae colocynthidis compositæ. Dub. Compound pills of colocynth.

These are prepared by beating together half an ounce of the pith of colocynth, half an ounce of hepatic aloe, and the same quantity of scammony, all in powder, with two drams of Spanish soap, a dram of cloves, and a sufficient quantity of simple syrup, to form a mass for pills. This is a strong cathartic, and may be given in a dose of 10 or 15 grains.

244. Juniperus sabina.

Preparation d. Unguentum Sabinae, Dub. Savine ointment.

Prepared by boiling half a pound of fresh savine leaves, bruised, in two pounds of prepared hog's lard till they become crisp, then pressing out the lard and melting in it half a pound of bees wax.

A stimulating ointment, used in dressing ulcers, for which it is said to be preferable to cantharides ointment.

Vol. XVII. Part I.

Class XXIV. Order 2. Cryptogamia. Fuci.

255. Fucus vesiculosus, Quercus marina, Dub. Yellow bladder wrack.

A common indigenous sea-weed, the charcoal from which is employed in the following preparation.

a. Pulvis quercus marinae, Dub. Powder of sea-wrack.

This is prepared by drying and cleaning any quantity of yellow bladder wrack, gathered while in fruit; then exposing it to the fire in an iron pot or crucible, covered with a perforated lid, till the volatile matters have evaporated, and the mass becomes of a dull red colour. This is to be reduced to a very fine powder, and kept in close vessels.

The medical virtues of this preparation, if it have any, are similar to those of burnt sponge, and it may be given in the same dose.

Order 3. Algæ.

256. Lichen islandicus, No 799.

Preparation a. Decoction Lichenis islandici, Dub. Decoction of Iceland liverwort.

This is prepared by digesting half an ounce of Iceland liverwort in a pint of hot water for two hours, in a close vessel, then boiling for 15 minutes, and straining off the liquor while hot.

Chap. III. Mineral Substances.

Sect. 2. Inflammable Substances.

260. Sulphur sublimatum.

Preparation g. Aqua sulphureti kali, Dub. Water of sulphuret of potash.

This is prepared by boiling together half an ounce of sublimed sulphur with nine ounces of measure of caustic potash for 10 minutes, and straining through paper. The liquor is to be kept in vessels well closed.

The specific gravity of this liquid is assigned by the Dublin college to be that of distilled water, 25° 1120° to 1000°.

Preparation h. Aqua sulphureti ammoniae, Dub. Water of sulphuret of ammonia.

This is prepared by flaking four ounces of fresh-burnt lime in an earthen vessel, which is to be kept covered till the lime has fallen into powder, and become cool; when there are to be added four ounces of powdered muriate of ammonia, and two ounces of sublimed sulphur mixed together, avoiding the vapours. The whole is now to be put into a retort, and distilled with a sudden and pretty strong heat, and the liquor that comes over is to be kept in a phial well closed with a glass stopper.

Sect. 4. Alkalis and Alkaline Salts.

265. Nitras potassæ.

Preparation g. Æther nitrosus, Dub. Nitrous ether.

Prepared by pouring gradually, and in different portions, upon a pound and a half of nitre, dried and coarsely powdered, in a tubulated retort, placed in a bath of cold water, water, a pound of sulphuric acid previously mixed with 19 ounces by measure of rectified spirit of wine, the mixture having been allowed to cool. With a very slight degree of heat, such as that of tepid water, an etherial liquor will pass over from the retort, and the heat which soon spontaneously arises in the retort must be moderated by cooling with cold water. The receiver should also be cooled with ice or snow, and furnished with a proper apparatus, to carry off and condense the superabundant vapours. The etherial liquor that spontaneously comes over, is to be put into a phial with a ground glass stopper, and as much dry subcarbonate of potash added as may be sufficient to saturate the superabundant acid, which is commonly done after the addition of about a dram of the salt. The ether which now floats on the upper part of the phial, is to be separated by means of a funnel, and kept for use.

Nitrous ether is a powerful stimulus, but is seldom employed in medicine.

266. Muriatic Soda. Preparation d. Aqua Alkalina Oxymuriatica, Dub. Oxymuriatic alkaline water.

This is prepared by putting into a matras two pounds of dried muriate of soda, and a pound of powdered manganese mixed, then pouring on two pounds of water, and gradually adding at different times two pounds of sulphuric acid, adapting a proper apparatus of tubes and recipients, that the gas which comes over may pass through a solution of four ounces of carbonate of potash, in 29 ounces by measure of water.

This preparation is a solution of oxymuriate of potash, a salt which was lately in great esteem as a remedy in several diseases, especially typhus, scurvy, and syphilis, from an idea that it imparted to the system the oxygen defective in these diseases. The remedy is already out of fashion in this country.

Preparation e. Aqua Oxymuriatica, Dub. Oxymuriatic water.

Made by passing the gas extricated from the mixture of muriate of soda, manganese, and sulphuric acid, in the preceding preparation, through a pound of distilled water, by which this is impregnated with oxymuriatic acid gas.

Forms a good bleaching liquor, but is scarcely employed in medicine.

Sect. 6. Earths and Earthy Salts.

272. Carbonas Calcis. Preparation f. Solutio Muriatica Calcis, E. Materia Medica, No 876. Aqua Muriatis Calcis, Dub. Water of muriate of lime.

The Dublin college direct this to be prepared by dissolving an ounce of chalk in coarse powder in two ounces of diluted muriatic acid, and straining.

Preparation g. Creta Praecipitata, Dub. Precipitated chalk.

Prepared by precipitating the chalk from the above solution, by adding carbonate of soda, filtering and washing the precipitate.

The carbonate of lime is thus procured very pure and in a very fine powder.

273. Sulphas Magnesiae. Preparation d. Enema Catharticum, Dub. Purging clyster.

Made by dissolving an ounce of manna in 10 ounces by measure of compound decoction of chamomile, (see No 125), and adding an ounce of olive oil, and half an ounce of sulphate of magnesia.

Sect. 7. Metals and Metallic Preparations.

275. Acidum Arseniosum. Preparation a. Arsenias Kali, Dub. Arseniate of potash.

The Dublin college direct this salt to be prepared by mixing together an ounce of white oxide of arsenic, and the same quantity of nitrate of potash, separately reduced to powder, putting them into a glass retort placed in a sand bath, and applying a gradual heat, till the bottom of the retort assumes an obscure red; then dissolving the residuum in four pounds of boiling distilled water, evaporating, and setting it aside to crystallize.

The use of arsenic, in the cure of many diseases of debility, has of late been much extended. It is now employed, not only in intermittents, but in protracted rheumatism, and many other cases where the vital powers are much diminished.

276. Sulphuretum Antimonii. Preparation h. Oxidum Antimonii Nitro-muriati, Nitro-muriatic oxide of antimony.

This precipitate is now directed to be prepared by mixing together 11 ounces by measure of muriatic acid, and 1 ounce by measure of nitrous acid, taking care to avoid the fumes, and gradually adding to the mixture 2 ounces of prepared sulphuret of antimony; then digesting with a gradually increased heat, till the effervescence ceases, and boiling for an hour; filtering the liquor when cold, so that it may drop into a gallon of water. The powder which falls to the bottom is to be repeatedly washed till the water poured from it is perfectly free from acid, and is then to be dried on blotting paper.

Preparation k. Tartras Antimonii et Potassae. Antimonial tartar.

Tartarum Antimoniatum, sive Emeticum, Dub. Antimonial or emetic tartar.

In the Dublin pharmacopoeia we are directed to prepare this medicine by boiling 18 ounces by measure of distilled water in a glass vessel, and gradually throwing into it 2 ounces of nitro-muriatic oxide of antimony, and 2½ ounces of powdered crystals of tartar, previously mixed, continuing the boiling for half an hour, then filtering the liquor, and cooling it gradually, that crystals may be formed.

277. Hydrargyrum. Preparation a. Hydrargyrum cum Magnesia, Dub. Mercury with magnesia.

This is a new preparation, formed by first rubbing together an ounce of quicksilver with the same quantity of manna, adding now and then a few drops of water, EXTEMPORANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS.

Appendix. so as to reduce the mixture to the consistence of syrup, till the whole of the mercury disappears; then fill continuing the trituration, adding first a dram of magnesia, and when all are well mixed, a pint of hot water, and shaking the mixture. When the sediment has completely subsided, the liquor is to be poured off, and the washing twice repeated, so as to dissolve the whole of the manna. To the sediment, still moist, are to be added three drams more of magnesia, and the compound is to be dried on blotting paper.

This preparation is similar in its medical effects to the hydrargyri cum creta, described in Materia Medica, No 914.

Preparation b. Submuriatis Hydrargyri ammoniatus. Dub. Ammoniated sub-muriate of mercury.

Prepared by adding to the liquor from which precipitated submuriate of mercury has been obtained, a quantity of caustic water of ammonia, washing the precipitate with cold distilled water, and drying on blotting paper. The same with the calcis hydrargyri alba, London.

278. ZINCUM.

Preparation g. Tinctura Acetatis Zinci. Dub. Tincture of acetate of zinc.

Made by rubbing together an ounce of sulphate of zinc, and the same quantity of acetate of potash, then adding a pint of rectified spirit of wine, macerating for a week with frequent agitation, and filtering the tincture.

Chiefly used as an external astringent.

280*. Oxidum Mangani nigrum. Magnesium, Dub. Black oxide of manganese.

Employed chiefly in preparing the oxymuriatic alkaline water.

287. Sulphas Ferri nativus.

Preparation e*. Acetas Ferri. Dub. Acetate of iron.

Made by digesting half an ounce of carbonate of iron in 3 ounces by measure of acetic acid, and filtering.

Preparation f. Tinctura Muriatis Ferri cum oxidu rubro, Dub. Tincture of muriate of iron with red oxide.

Prepared by digesting an ounce of red oxide of iron with four ounces by measure of muriatic acid for 24 hours, then boiling for half an hour, evaporating the filtered liquor to the consistence of syrup, and when cold, adding rectified spirit of wine, with frequent agitation, till the tincture acquires the specific gravity of 1050.

A modification of the tincture of muriated iron described under Materia Medica, No 965, and is employed in similar cases.

The above appear to be the most material changes made in the new edition of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. A few articles of less consequence are omitted, and the new names of others will be seen in the following Table. In this Table we have followed the alphabetical order of the last Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, and in the third column we have caused the London names to be printed in Italics, leaving a space above each for the insertion of such new names as may occur in the new edition of their Pharmacopoeia which the London College is expected soon to publish.

Table of Synonimous Names of the Officinal Compounds.

| EDINBURGH NAMES | DUBLIN NAMES | LONDON NAMES IN 1791 | |-----------------|--------------|---------------------| | Acetis hydrargyri. | Acetas hydrargyrii. | Hydrargyrus acetatus. | | Hydrargyrii acetatus. | Hydrargyrii acetatum. | Cerussa acetata. | | Acetis plumbi. | Acetas plumbi. | Kali acetatum. | | Saccharum saturni. | Cerussa acetata. | Acetum distillatum. | | Acetis potassae. | Acetas kali. | Acidum acetosum. | | Lixiva acetata. | Alkali vegetabile acetatum. | Acidum acetosum camphoratum. | | Acidum acetosum destillatum. | Acetum distillatum. | Acidum benzoicum. | | Acetum vini distillatum. | Acidum aceticum. | Sal bensoini. | | Acidum acetosum forte. | Acidum aceticum camphoratum. | Acidum sulphuricum. | | Acidum acetosum camphoratum. | Acidum benzoicum. | Acidum vitriolicum. | | Acidum benzoicum. | Acidum sulphuricum. | Æther vitriolicus. | | Flores benzoini. | Acidum vitriolicum. | Alcohol. | | Acidum sulphuricum. | Æther sulphuricus. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | | Acidum vitriolicum. | Æther vitriolicus. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | | Æther sulphuricus. | Alcohol. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | | Alcohol. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | Spiritus ammoniacus compositus. | | Spiritus vinifus rectificatus. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | Spiritus ammoniacus foetidus. | | Alcohol ammoniatum. | Spiritus ammoniacus. | Ammoniaretum. | | Spiritus ammoniacus. | Alcohol. | Alcohol. | | Alcohol ammoniatum aromaticum. | Spiritus ammoniacus aromaticus. | Spiritus ammoniacus aromaticus. | | Spiritus ammoniacus aromaticus. | Spiritus ammoniacus foetidus. | Spiritus ammoniacus foetidus. | | Alcohol ammoniatum foetidum. | Spiritus ammoniacus foetidus. | Spiritus ammoniacus foetidus. |

V u 2 | Edinburgh Names | Dublin Names | London Names in 1791 | |-----------------|--------------|----------------------| | Ammoniacum cupri | Cuprum ammoniacum | Aqua acetatis ammoniae | | Aquae aceticis ammoniae | Liquor alkali acetatis volatilis | Aqua ammoniae acetate | | Aquae ammoniae | Aqua ammoniae cauliæ | Aqua ammoniae puræ | | Aquae ammoniae cauliæ | Aqua alkali volatilis cauliæ | Aqua ammoniae | | Aquae carbonatis ammoniae | Aqua carbonatis ammoniae | Aqua ammoniae | | Aquae ammoniae | Liquor alkali volatilis mitis | Aqua ammoniae | | Aquae cupri ammoniati | Liquor cupri ammoniati | Aqua cupri ammoniati | | Aquae kali cauliæ | Lixivium cauliæ | Aqua kali puri | | Carbonas ammoniae | Aqua subcarbonatis kali | Aqua kali preparata | | Sal ammoniacus volatilis | Lixivium mite | Ammonia preparata | | Carbonas calcis preparatus | Carbonas ammoniae | Creta preparata | | Creta alba | Alkali volatile mite | Rubigo ferri | | Carbonas ferri preparatus | Carbonas ferri | Magnesia alba | | Rubigo ferri | Magnesia | Kali preparatum | | Carbonas ferri precipitatus | Carbonas potash | Natron preparatum | | Carbonas magnesiae | Carbonas potash | Decoction pro enemate | | Magnesia alba | Alkali vegetabile mite | Decoction saraparillæ compositum | | Carbonas potash | Carbonas soda | Decoction corticis cinchonæ | | Lixivium purificata | Alkali fulfle mite | Decoction corticis peruviani | | Carbonas soda | Decoction chamæmeli | Confectio aromatica | | Soda | Decoction saraparillæ compositum | Eleocharium senna | | Decoction anthemidis nobilis | Decoction saraparillæ compositum | Confectio opiiata | | Decoction commune | Decoction corticis cinchonæ | Emplastrum lithargyri compositum | | Decoction guaiaci compositum | Decoction corticis peruviani | Emplastrum ladani compositum | | Decoction lignorum | Eleocharium aromaticum | Emplastrum cantharidis | | Decoction cinchonæ officinalis | Eleocharium senna | Emplastrum lithargyri | | Eleocharium aromaticum | Eleocharium catechu compositum | Emplastrum thuris | | Confectio cardicae | Eleocharium catechu compositum | Emplastrum lithargyri cum resina | | Eleocharium caffæ lenneæ | Eleocharium lenivorum | Emplastrum saponis | | Eleocharium mimofæ catechu | Confectio Japonica | Emplastrum saponaceum | | Eleocharium opiatum | Eleocharium thebaicum | Emplastrum lithargyri cum resina | | Eleocharium gummosum | Emplastrum galbani | Emplastrum saponis | | Emplastrum meloes vesicatorii | Emplastrum aromaticum | Lac amygdala | | Emplastrum vesicatorium | Emplastrum cantharidis | Mixture camphorata | | Emplastrum oxidii plumbi semivitrei | Emplastrum lithargyri | Extractum florum chamæmeli | | Emplastrum commune | Emplastrum thuris | Extractum cinchonæ rubrae resina | | Emplastrum oxidii ferri rubri | Emplastrum lithargyri cum resina | Extractum corticis peruviani | | Emplastrum roboranum | Emplastrum saponis | Extractum | | Emplastrum resinofum | Emplastrum adhesivum | Extractum chamæmeli | | Emplastrum faponaceum | Emplastrum saponaceum | Extractum corticis peruviani cum resina | | Emulgio amygdali communis | Emulgio communis | Extractum | | Emulgio mimofæ niloticæ | Emulgio Arabica | Extractum | | Emulgio camphorata | Miftura camphorata | Extractum |

Extractum | Edinburgh Names | Dublin Names | London Names in 1791 | |-----------------|--------------|----------------------| | Extractum convolvuli jalapae. | Extractum jalapae. | Extractum jalapii. | | Extractum jalapae. | Extractum glycyrrhizae glabrae. | Extractum glycyrrhizae. | | Extractum glycyrrhizae glabrae. | Extractum ficis haematoxylis. | Extractum ligni campechenis. | | Extractum haematoxylis campechianis. | Extractum foliorum rutae. | Extractum rutea. | | Extractum ligni campechenis. | Hydargyrum cum creta. | Hydargyrum cum creta. | | Extractum foliorum rutae. | Infusum cinchonae officinalis. | Infusum rosea. | | Infusum cinchonae officinalis. | Infusum rosea fine calore. | Magnesia usta. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Infusum rosea cum tamarindis. | Magnesia usta. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Magnesia usta. | Mucilago tragacanthae. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Mucilago gummi tragacanthae. | Mucilago Arabici gummi. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Mucilago gummi Arabici. | Ferrum ammoniacale. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Murias ammoniae et ferri. | Murias ammoniacum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Murias hydrargyri corrosivum. | Hydargyrum muriatum corrosivum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Nitratas argentii. | Antimonium muriatum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Argentum nitratum. | Argentum nitratum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Linimentum ammoniae. | Linimentum ammoniae. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum cornu cervi rectificatum. | Oleum animale. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum baccarum juniperi. | Oleum effontiale baccae juniperi. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum corticis et ligni sassafras. | Radicis sassafras. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum florum lavandulae. | Oleum lavandulae. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum herbe florefcentis menthae piperitidis. | Oleum menthae piperitidis. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum baccarum pimento. | Oleum effontiale anisi. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum feminum anisi. | Oleum terebinthinae rectificatum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum terebinthinae rectificatum. | Oleum roris marini. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oleum roris marini. | Oleum sulphuraturn. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Pulvis antimonialis. | Pulvis antimonialis. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Crocus antimonii. | Crocus antimonii. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Antimonium vitrificatum. | Antimonium vitrificatum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oxydum ferris nigri. | Oxydum ferris nigri. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oxydum ferris rubri. | Oxydum ferris rubri. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oxydum hydrargyri. | Hydargyrum calcinatum. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Oxydum hydrargyri nitricum. | Hydargyrum nitratum ruber. | | Infusum rosea gallica. | Hydargyrum nitratum ruber. | Oxidum. | EXTemporaneous Prescriptions.

Appendix.

Edinburgh Names.

Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum. Pulvis mercurii cinereus. Oxidum zinci. Calx zinci. Phosphas fodiæ. Soda phosphorata. Pilulae aloetice. Pilulae aloes cum colocynthiside. Pilulae ex colocynthiside cum aloe. Pilulae afetoeidae compositæ. Pilulae gummosa. Pilulae ficlitice. Potassa. Cauficum commune acerrimum. Potassa cum calce. Cauficum commune mitius. Potio carbonatis calcis. Potio cretacea. Pulvis carbonatis calcis compositus. Pulvis cretaceus. Pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii. Pulvis doveri. Solutio sulphatis cupri composita. Aqua fluitica. Spiritus ætheris nitrosi. Spiritus nitri dulcis. Spiritus ammonici aromaticus. Spiritus volatilis aromaticus. Spiritus lauri cinnamomi. Aqua cinnamomi spirituosa. Spiritus myristicæ moschatæ. Subacetis cupri praeparatus. Ærugo aeris. Submuras hydrargyri. Hydrargyrum muriatis mitis. Submuras hydrargyri precipitatus. Subsulphas hydrargyri flavus. Mercurius flavus, vel turpeth. min. Succeus spissatus conii maculati. Extralatum semenium cicute. Succeus spissatus momordicæ elaterii. Elaterium. Sulphas aluminae exsiccatus. Alumen uftum. Sulphas ferri. Sal martis. Sulphas potaffæ. Lixiva vitriolata. Sulphas potaffæ cum sulphure. Sal polyehrefus. Sulphas fodiæ. Soda vitriolata. Sulphas zinci. Vitriolum album. Sulphuretum antimonii precipitatum. Sulphur antimonii precipitatum.

Dublin Names.

Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum. Oxidum zinci. Zincum uftum. Phosphas fodiæ. Pilulae aloes cum zingibere. Pilulae aloetice. Pilulae colocynthiside compositæ. Pilulae myrrhæ compositæ. Pilulae scillæ cum zingibere. Pilulae feilliæ. Kali cauficum. Alkali vegetabile cauficum. Kali cum calce. Cauficum mitius. Miftura cretæ. Miftura cretacea. Pulvis ipecacuanhae compositus.

London Names in 1791.

Zincum calcinatum. Pilulae aloes compositæ. Pilulae è gummi. Pilulae scilla. Kali purum. Calx cum kali puro. Miftura cretacea. Pulvis cretæ compositus. Pulvis ipecacuanhae compositus.

Spiritus ætheris nitrosi. Liquor ætheræ nitrosus. Spiritus ammonici aromaticus. Spiritus alkali volatilis aromaticus. Spiritus cinnamomi. Spiritus nucis moschatæ. Ærugo praeparata. Submuras hydrargyri sublimatum. Hydrargyrum muriatum mitæ sublimatum. Submuras hydrargyri precipitatum. Hydrargyrum muriatum mitæ præcipitatum. Submuras hydrargyri ammoniatum. Oxydum hydrargyri sulphuricum. Succeus spissatus cicute. Elaterium. Alumen uftum. Sulphas ferri. Ferrum vitriolatum. Sulphas kali. Alkali vegetabile vitriolatum. Sulphas fodiæ. Alkali fujile vitriolatum. Sulphas zinci. Zincum vitriolatum. Sulphuretum antimonii fuscum.

Natron vitriolatum. Zincum vitriolatum.

Sulphuretum ## Extemporaneous Prescriptions

### Edinburgh Names

- Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum. - Æthiops mineralis. - Sulphuretum hydrargyri rubrum. - Cinnabaris facilitia. - Sulphuretum potassii. - Hepar sulphuris. - Syrupus citri aurantii. - Syrupus e cortice aurantiorum. - Syrupus citri medici. - Syrupus e fuco malorum limon. - Syrupus dianthi caryophylli. - Syrupus caryophyllorum. - Syrupus toluiferi balsami. - Syrupus balsamicus. - Tartarum antimonii. - Tartarus antimonialis sive emer. - Tartaris potassii. - Tartarum solubile. - Tartaris potassii et sodae. - Sal rupellenfis.

### Dublin Names

- Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum. - Hydrargyrum sulphuraturn nigrum. - Sulphuretum hydrargyri rubrum. - Hydrargyrum sulphuraturn rubrum. - Sulphuretum kali. - Alkali vegetabile sulphuraturn. - Syrupus aurantii. - Syrupus limonis. - Syrupus caryophylli rubri.

### London Names in 1791

- Hydrargyrum cum sulphure. - Hydrargyrum sulphuraturn ruber. - Kali sulphuraturn. - Syrupus corticis aurantii. - Syrupus limonis. - Syrupus caryophylli rubris. - Syrupus tolatanus. - Antimonium tartarifatum. - Kali tartarifatum. - Natron tartarifatum. - Tinctura aloes composita. - Tinctura serpentinæ. - Tinctura benzoæ composita. - Spiritus camphoratus. - Tinctura jalapæ. - Tinctura affecætidæ. - Tinctura cinnamomi. - Tinctura cantharidis. - Tinctura catechu. - Tinctura muriatis ferri. - Tinctura opii camphorata. - Tinctura rhei. - Linimentum saponis. - Tinctura balæmi tolatani. - Unguentum acetatis plumbi. - Unguentum cereæ. - Unguentum supernitratis hydrargyri. - Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati. - Unguentum cerufæ. - Unguentum cantharidis. - Unguentum resini albi. - Unguentum æruginis.

### Additional Names

- Elixir paregoricum. - Unguentum acetatis plumbi. - Unguentum saturninum. - Unguentum album. - Unguentum nitratis hydrargyri. - Unguentum citrinum. - Unguentum oxidii plumbi albi. - Unguentum e cerufæ. - Unguentum melos vesicatorii. - Unguentum epilpsii e pulv. canth. - Unguentum refinum. - Unguentum baflicum. - Unguentum subacetis cupri. - Vinum tartritis antimonii. - Vinum e tartaro antimoniali.

### Index

- Tinctura aloes et myrrhae. - Tinctura aristolochiae serpentariae. - Tinctura benzoin composita. - Balsamum traumaticum. - Tinctura camphoræ. - Spiritus vinofus camphoratus. - Tinctura convolvuli jalapæ. - Tinctura serpentinæ. - Tinctura benzoæ composita. - Spiritus camphoratus. - Tinctura jalapæ. - Tinctura affecætidæ. - Tinctura cinnamomi. - Tinctura cantharidis. - Tinctura catechu. - Tinctura muriatis ferri. - Tinctura opii camphorata. - Tinctura rhei. - Linimentum saponis. - Tinctura balæmi tolatani. - Unguentum acetatis plumbi. - Unguentum cereæ. - Unguentum supernitratis hydrargyri. - Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati. - Unguentum cerufæ. - Unguentum cantharidis. - Unguentum resini albi. - Unguentum æruginis. - Unguentum cerufæ acetate. - Unguentum cereæ. - Unguentum hydrargyri nitrati. - Unguentum cantharidis. - Unguentum resini flavæ. - Vinum antimonii tartarifati. INDEX.

A.

Acetate of potash, composition of, p. 313 substances decomposing, 317 lead, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 317 mercury, substances decomposing, ib. iron, substances decomposing, ib. Dublin preparation of, No. 147 Acetic acid, preparation of, 96 camphorated, 97 Adjuvant of a formula, what, 4 rule for, 42 Agrimony, 112 Alchemists, improvements in pharmacy, introduced by, 73 Alcohol, Dublin preparation of, 95 Albert's new essay on the art of prescribing noticed, 87 arrangement of compound medicines, ib. Antidotaria, account of, 77 Antidotes, frequency of, in the middle ages, 69 Arrangement of formulae in a prescription, 39 ingredients in a formula, 40 Artemisia of potash, 141 Aurelius Marcus, stupified himself by the habitual use of theriaca, 71 Avens, 113

B.

Basis of a formula, what, 4 rules for, 41

C.

Carbonate of barytes, composition of, p. 312 substances decomposing, 316 lime, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 316 magnesia, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 316 potash, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 316 soda, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 316 ammonia, composition of, 313 Dublin preparation of, No. 89 substances decomposing, p. 316

Carbonate of iron, composition of, p. 313 substances decomposing, 317 zinc, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 317 Chalk, precipitated, No. 139 Chemical affinity, attention to, in prescription necessary, 24 common errors from ignorance of, 25 Chemistry, knowledge of, necessary to a prescriber, 22 et seq. Chylury, febrile, purging, 130 Composition of medicines, advantages of, 7 Compound medicines, when not official, to be specifically described, 61 Confluence of medicines, errors respecting, 34 Constituent in a formula, what, 4 rules for, 34, 35, 48 Corrector in a formula, what, 4 rules for, 43 Decoction of hawthorn, 94 elm bark, 104 compound of chamomile, 125 Iceland liverwort, 132 Diseases, knowledge of, necessary, 16 Dissipatories, private foreign, enumerated, 80 British, enumerated, 81 Dock, great water, 106 Doses of medicines examined, 32 regulated by circumstances, 52 by the nature and intention of the medicines, 53 by the age, &c. of the patient, 54 by climate, 57 by idiosyncracy and habit, 58 table of, for different ages, 55 explained, 56 algebraical formula for, p. 223, note (B) Dover's powder examined, No. 32 Dropping of liquid medicines inaccurate, p. 324, note (C) Dropfly, complex remedy for, how simplified, No. 63 Dublin Pharmacopoeia, account of, 79 new improvements in. See Appendix.

E.

Eberhard's work on extemporaneous prescription, account of, 88 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, editions of, 79 Ether, nitrous, 135

Expectorants, table of, p. 309 Extract, watery, of opium, No. 121

F.

Formulae, how differing from prescription, 1 parts of, 4 division of, 5 arrangement of, in a prescription, 39 complex, disadvantages of, 64 not always to be condemned, 72 parts of, origin of the, 82 collection of, noticed, 130

G.

Gaulius's work on extemporaneous prescription, account of, 84 Germander, wall, 123 Gum arabum, 113 Griffith's myrrh mixture examined, simplified, ib. Grüner's work on extemporaneous prescription noticed, 86

H.

Hints to a young practitioner, 37, 68

I.

Infusion of valerian, 101 cinchona, 103 compound, of mint, 122

L.

Lybion diet-drink, complex formula for, 63 London Pharmacopoeia, editions of, 79

M.

Materia medica, knowledge of, necessary to a prescriber, 17 tables of, utility of, 18, 20 exemplified, p. 309 explained, No. 19

Mejue, a pharmaceutical writer in the middle ages, 76 Mithridate, account of, 70 Muricate of barytes, composition of, p. 312 substances decomposing, 315 lime, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 315 soda, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 315 ammonia, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 315 mercury mild, composition of, 312 corrosive, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 315 antimony, composition of, 312

N. EXTemporaneous Prescriptions.

N. Names of ingredients in a formula need not be written at length, No 49 Nauseous medicines, how corrected, 45 Neatness to be observed in writing prescriptions, 67 Nicholaus, a pharmaceutical writer of the middle ages, 77 Nitrate of potash, composition of, p. 312 substances decomposing, 315 silver, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 315 O. Obsolete medicines to be avoided, No 60 Odour of medicines, when unpleasant, how corrected, 46 Ointment of black pepper 100 of savine, 129 Opium, account of, 114 general effects of, 115 appearances on dissecting animals killed by, 116 ill effects of, 117 how obviated, 118 analysis of, 119 substitutes for, 120 Oxide of antimony, nitro muriatic, P. Pecuniary circumstances of the patient to be regarded in prescription, 66 Perspicuity, a principal consideration in prescription, 59 Pharmacopoeias, public foreign, enumerated, 78 British, enumerated, 75 Pharmacy, modern, origin of, 69 progress of, 75 Phosphate of lime, composition of, p. 313 foda, composition of, ib. substances decomposing, 316 Pills, florax, compound of colocynth, No 111 Plaster, caesefacient, 127 Powder of many virtues, formula for, from De Gorter, p. 326 of sea wrack, No 131 Prescriptions, medical, nature of, 1 examples of, 2 parts of, 3 necessity of acquiring a habit of writing, 18

Prescriptions, medical, previous requisites for, No 15 art of writing, importance of, 8 general courses of medicine insufficient for, 9 necessity of, 10 illustrated, 11, 38 not to be learned by attending a shop, 11 nor in an hospital, 13 the finishing part of a physician's education, 14 works on, noticed, 83 Quantity of a remedy to be regulated rather than its quality corrected, 47 Quicksilver with magnesia, 144 Recapitulation of the principal rules to be observed in prescription, 68 Rumex aquaticus, 106 Salts, secondary, tables of, p. 312, 313 explained, No 29, 30 rules of, 31 Simplicity to be studied in prescription, 62 errors in point of, 63 Sponge, burnt, examined, 33 Subborate of soda, composition of, p. 313 substances decomposing, 317 Subcarbonate of potash, composition of, 313 Submuriate of mercury, ammoniaed, No 145 Subfulphate of mercury, composition of, p. 312 Sulphate of magnesia, composition of, ib. substances decomposing, 314 potash, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 314 soda, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 314 copper, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 314 green, of iron, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 314 zinc, composition of, 312 Sulphate of zinc, substances decomposing, 314 Superfulphate of alumina and potash, composition of, 312 substances decomposing, 314 Supertartrate of potash, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 314 Symbolical characters to be avoided in prescriptions, No 50 Syrup of senna, 108 Table of expectorants, p. 309 secondary salts, 312 doses, 323 French weights and measures, 332 synonymous, of officinal compounds, 339 Tartar, antimoniated, No 143 Tartrate of potash, composition of, p. 313 substances decomposing, 317 and soda, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 318 antimony and potash, composition of, 313 substances decomposing, 318 Teucrium chamaedrys, No 123 Therapeutics, knowledge of, necessary to a prescriber, 21 Theriaca, account of, 71 Tincture of anguilaria, 99 henbane, Dublin, 102 quaffa, 110 galls, 126 acetate of zinc, 146 muriate of iron with red oxide, 148 Tinctures, abuses of, deprecated, 44 Uncommon remedies to be prescribed with caution, 60 Water, cautions respecting the prescription of, 35 of sulphuret of potash, 133 ammonia, 134 oxymuriatic, 137 alkaline, 136 of muriate of lime, 138 Wax, purified, 98 Wrack, bladder, 130