wearing a hair-shirt, and giving one's self a certain number of stripes. In Italy and Spain it is usual to see Christians almost naked, loaded with chains and a cross, and laughing themselves at every step.

in Roman antiquity, a kind of tutelar deities, either of countries or particular houses; in which last sense they differed in nothing from the lares. See LARES.

The penates were properly the tutelar gods of the Trojans, and were only adopted by the Romans, who gave them the title of penates.