a general sense, implies the resolution of something compounded into its original and constituent parts. The word is Greek, and derived from ἀναλύειν, to resolve.

Mathematics, is properly the method of resolving problems by means of algebraical equations; whence we often find that these two words, analysis and algebra, are used as synonymous.

Analysis, under its present improvements, must be allowed the apex or height of all human learning: it is this method which furnishes us with the most perfect examples of the art of reasoning; gives the mind an uncommon readiness at deducing and discovering, from a few data, things unknown; and, by using signs for ideas, presents things to the imagination, which otherwise seemed out of its sphere: by this, geometrical demonstrations may be greatly abridged, and a long series of argumentations, wherein the mind cannot without the utmost effort and attention discover the connection of ideas, are hereby converted into sensible signs, and the several operations required therein effected by the combination of those signs. But, what is more extraordinary, by means of this art, a number of truths are frequently expressed by a single line, which in the common way of explaining and demonstrating things would fill whole volumes. Thus, by mere contemplation of one single line, whole sciences may be sometimes learned in a few minutes time, which otherwise could scarce be attained in many years.

Analysis is divided, with regard to its object, into that of finites and infinites.

Analysis of Finite Quantities, is what we otherwise call species arithmetic or algebra. See Algebra.

Analysis of Infinites, called also the New Analysis, is particularly used for the method of fluxions, or the differential calculus. See Fluxions.

Logic, signifies the method of tracing things backward to their source, and of resolving knowledge into its original principles. This is also called the method of resolution; and stands opposed to the synthetic method, or that of composition. The art of logical analysis consists principally in combining our perceptions, clasping them together with address, and contriving proper expressions for conveying our thoughts, and representing their several divisions, classes, and relations.

Rhetoric, is that which examines the connexions, tropes, figures, and the like, inquiring into the proposition, division, passions, arguments, and other apparatus of rhetoric.

Several authors, as Freigius and others, have given analyses of Cicero's Orations, wherein they reduce them to their grammatical and logical principles; strip them of all the ornaments and additions of rhetoric which otherwise disguise their true form, and conceal the connexion between one part and another. The design of these authors is to have those admired harmonies just such as the judgment disposed them, without the help of imagination; so that here we may coolly view the force of each proof, and admire the use Cicero made of rhetorical figures to conceal the weak part of a cause.

A collection has been made of the analyses formed by the most celebrated authors of the 16th century, in 3 vols. folio.

Analysis is also used, in Chemistry, for the decomposing of a mixed body, or the separation of the principles and constituent parts of a compound substance.

To analyze bodies, or resolve them into their component parts, is indeed the chief object of the art of chemistry. Chemistry furnishes several means for the decomposition of bodies, which are all founded on the differences of the properties belonging to the different principles of which the body to be analyzed is composed. If, for example, a body be composed of several principles, some of which have a great and others a moderate degree of volatility, and, lastly, others are fixed, its most volatile parts may be first separated by a gradual heat in distilling vessels; and then the parts which are next in volatility will pass over in distillation; and lastly, those parts which are fixed, and capable of resisting the action of fire, will remain at the bottom of the vessel.

Analysis is also used for a kind of syllabus, or table of the principal heads or articles of a continued discourse, disposed in their natural order and dependency. Analyses are more scientific than alphabetical indexes; but they are less used, as being more intricate.

Analysis is likewise used for a brief, but methodical, illustration of the principles of a science; in which Analytic sense it is nearly synonymous with what we otherwise call a *synopsis*.

**Analytic**, or **Analytical**, something that belongs to, or partakes of, the nature of analysis.—Thus we say, an analytical demonstration, analytical process, analytical table or scheme, analytical method of investigation, &c.

The analytic method stands opposed to the synthetic. In natural philosophy, as in mathematics, the investigation of difficult things by the analytic method ought to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists in making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions therefrom by induction; and admitting of no objections against the conclusions, but such as are drawn from experiments, and other certain truths: and though the reasoning from experiments and observations by induction be no demonstration of general conclusions, yet it is the best method of reasoning which the nature of things admits of; and may be esteemed so much the stronger, as the induction is more general; and, if no exception occur from phenomena, the conclusion may be pronounced general. By this way of analysis, we may proceed from compounds to their ingredients; from motions to the forces producing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones, until we arrive at those which are the most general. This is the analytic method, according to the illustrious Newton.

The synthetic method consists in affixing the causes discovered and received as principles: and by them explaining the phenomena proceeding from them, and proving the explanation. See **Synthesis**.

**Analytics**, *Analytica*, the science and use of analysis. The great advantage of the modern mathematics above the ancient is in point of analytics.

Pappus, in the preface to his seventh book of Mathematical Collections, enumerates the authors on the ancient analytics; being Euclid, in his *Data* and *Parallelograms*; Apollonius, *de Sectione Rationis*, and in his *Conics*; Aristaes, *de Locis Solidis*; and Eratothenes, *de Medis Proportionalibus*. But the ancient analytics were very different from the modern.

To the modern analytics principally belongs algebra; an historical account of which, with the several authors thereon, see under the article **Algebra**.

**Anamaboa**, a populous town in the kingdom of Fantin, in Guinea. The natives are generally great cheats, and must be carefully looked after in dealing with them, and their gold well examined, for it is commonly adulterated. It lies under the cannon of the English castle. The landing is pretty difficult on account of the rocks: and therefore those that come here to trade are forced to go ashore in canoes. The earth here is very proper to make bricks; the oysters, when burnt, afford good lime; and there is timber in great abundance; so that here are all the materials for building. The country at Anamaboa is full of hills, beginning at a good distance from the town, and affording a very pleasant prospect. Indian corn and palm-wine are in great plenty. They have a green fruit called *papaya*, as big as a small melon, and which has a taste like cauliflower. Anamaboa is much frequented by the English ships and others for corn and slaves, which last are sometimes to be had in great numbers. The English fort is built on the foundation of a large old house, which subsided entire in 1679. It is a large edifice, flanked by two towers, and fortified towards the sea with two bastions: the whole of brick and stone cemented with lime. It stands upon a rock at the distance of 30 paces from the sea. It is mounted with 12 pieces of cannon and 12 patercocks; and defended by a garrison of 12 whites and 18 blacks, under the command of the chief factor.

The natives treat the garrison of this fort with great insolence, inasmuch as often to block them up, and frequently, if they dislike the governor, send him off in a canoe to Cape Coast with marks of the utmost contempt. Far from being able to oppose them, the English are glad to obtain their favour with presents. In 1701, they declared war against the English; and having assembled in a tumultuous manner before the fort, they let fire to the exterior buildings, and went on with their outrages, till they were dispersed by a discharge of the cannon from the batteries. The night following the English took their revenge, by setting fire to the town of Anamaboa: and thus hostilities continued for 20 days, till at last the natives were obliged to sue for peace. This fort was abandoned in 1733; but has been resumed by the English, who have continued in it ever since.

**Anamelech**, an idol of the Sepharvaites, who are said in Scripture to have burned their children in honour of Adrammelech and Anamelech.—These idols probably signified the sun and moon. Some of the rabbins represent Anamelech under the figure of a mule, others under that of a quail or pheasant.

**Ananim**, the second son of Mizraim (Gen. x. 13.) Ananim, if we may credit the paraphraff Jona- than the son of Uzziel, peopled the Mareotic; or the Pentapolis of Cyrene, according to the paraphraff of Jerusalem. Bochart is of opinion, that these Ananimims were the people that dwelt in the parts adjacent to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and in the Nafamositis. Calmet thinks the Amanians and Garamantes to be descended from Ananim.

**Anamorphosis**, in *Perspective Drawings*, is a deformed or distorted portrait or figure, generally confused and unintelligible to the common unassisted view; but when seen at a certain distance and height, or as reflected from a plain or curved mirror, will appear regular and in right proportion. See **Optics** (the Index) and **Perspective**.

**Ananas**, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of bromelia. See **Bromelia**, Botany Index.

**Anancitis**, in Antiquity, a kind of figured stone, otherwise called *synochitis*, celebrated for its magical virtue of nulling the shadows of the infernal gods.

**Ananias**, a Sadducee, high-priest of the Jews, who put to death St James the brother of our Lord, and was deposed by Agrippa.

**Ananisabta**, or **Ananisapta**, a magical word frequently found inscribed on coins and other amulets, supposed to have a virtue of preserving the wearer from the plague.

**Anapæst**, in Ancient Poetry, a foot consisting of two short syllables and one long: Such is the word *foçpúlos*. It is just the reverse of the dactyl.

**Anapæstic Verses**, those consisting wholly or chiefly of anapaests.