Christian,** a learned astronomer, born in a village of Denmark in 1562. He was the son of a ploughman; and was obliged to suffer during his studies all the hardships to which he could be exposed, dividing his time, like the philosopher Cænætes, between the cultivation of the earth and the lessons he received from the minister of the place. At last, when he was 15, he stole away from his family, and went to Wiburg, where there was a college, in which he spent 11 years; and though he was obliged to earn a livelihood, he applied himself to study with such ardour, that among other sciences he learned the mathematics in great perfection. He afterwards went to Copenhagen; where the professors of that university in a short time conceived so high an opinion of him, that they recommended him to the celebrated Tycho Brahe. Longomontanus lived eight years with that famous astronomer, and was of great service to him in his observations and calculations. At length, being extremely desirous of obtaining a professor's chair in Denmark, Tycho Brahe consented, though with some difficulty, to deprive himself of his service; gave him a discharge, filled with the highest testimonies of his esteem; and furnished him with money for the expense of his long journey. He obtained a professorship of mathematics in the university of Copenhagen in 1605; and discharged the duty of it worthily till his death, which happened in 1647. He wrote many learned works; amused himself with endeavouring to square the circle, and pretended that he had made that discovery; but Dr John Pell, an English mathematician, attacked him warmly on that subject, and proved that he was mistaken.

**LONGTOWN,** a town of Cumberland, on the Scots borders, near the confluence of the Esk and Kirkhope, 10 miles from Carlisle, and 313 miles from London; it has a market on Thursday, and a charity school for 60 children, with two fairs in the year.

**LONGUEVILLE,** a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, and in the territory of Caen, situated on the small river Lee, 17 miles north of Rouen.

It has the title of a duchy. E. Long. 1° 10'. N. Lat. Longwy 49° 46'.

**LONGWY,** a town of France, in the department of Moselle, with a castle, divided into the old and new towns. This last was built and fortified by Louis XIV. It is seated on an eminence. It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1792, but retaken two months after. E. Long. 5° 58'. N. Lat. 49° 32'.

**LONGUS,** a Greek sophist, author of a book entitled *Παράνυξ*, or *Pastorals*, or a romance containing the loves of Daphnis and Chloe. Huetius, bishop of Avranches, speaks very advantageously of this work; but he censures the obscene touches with which it is interspersed. None of the ancient authors mention him, so that the time when he lived cannot be certainly fixed. There is an English translation of this author, which is ascribed to Mr J. Craggs, once secretary of state.