an ancient town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia. It is seated at the foot of Mount Tmolus, by the river Cogamus, from whence there is an exceeding fine view over an extensive plain. This place was founded by Attalus Philadelphus, brother of Eumenes.

It was very liable to earthquakes, which, perhaps, arose from its vicinity to the region called Catakeleurome*. So severe were those earthquakes, that even the city walls were not secure; and so frequent were they, *Signifying the Burned. the inhabitants, therefore, who were not numerous, lived in perpetual apprehension, and their constant employment was in repairs. In fact, so great were their fears, that their chief residence was in the country, the soil of which was very fertile. Such is Strabo's account of this place. In the year 1097, it was taken by assault by John Ducas the Greek general. It was without difficulty reduced also in the year 1106, under the same emperor. The Turks marched from the East with a design to plunder it and the maritime towns. The emperor Manuel, in 1175, retired for protection from the Turks to this place. In 1300 it fell by lot to Karahan. In 1306 it was besieged by Alifaras, and considerably harassed; but was not taken. In 1391, this place alone refused to admit Bajazet; but it was at length forced to capitulate for want of provisions. It has been matter of surprize that this town was not totally abandoned; and yet it has survived many cities less liable to inconveniences, and is still an extensive place, though in its appearance it is poor and mean. Some remnants of its walls are still standing, but with large gaps. The materials of the wall are small stones strongly cemented. It is thick, lofty, and has round towers. Near this place, between the mountains, there is a spring of a purgative quality; it is much esteemed, and many people resort to it in the hot months. It tastes like ink, is clear, but tinged the earth with the colour of ochre. The famous well which credulity has asserted to be made of human bones, stands beyond this and beyond the town. See the next article.

When Dr Chandler was there, he tells us, "The bishop of Philadelphia was absent; but the proto-papas in Greece, or chief-priest, his substitute, whom we went to visit, received us at his palace, a title given to a very indifferent house or rather a cottage of clay. We found him ignorant." ignorant of the Greek tongue, and were forced to discourse with him by an interpreter in the Turkish language. He had no idea that Philadelphiain existed before Christianity, but told us it had become a city in consequence of the many religious foundations. The number of churches he reckoned at 23, mostly in ruins, and mere masses of wall decorated with painted saints. Only six are in a better condition, and have their priests. The episcopal church is large, and ornamented with gilding, carving, and holy portraits. The Greeks are about 300 families, and live in a friendly intercourse with the Turks, of whom they speak well. We were assured that the clergy and laity in general knew as little of Greek as the proto-papas; and yet the liturgies and offices of the church are read as elsewhere, and have undergone no alteration on that account.

"The Philadelphians are a civil people. One of the Greeks sent us a small earthen vessel full of choice wine. Some families beneath the trees, by a rill of water, invited us to slight, and partake of their refreshments. They saluted us when we met; and the aga or governor, on hearing that we were Franks, bade us welcome by a messenger."

"Philadelphia possessing waters excellent in dyeing, and being situated on one of the most capital roads to Smyrna, is much frequented, especially by Armenian merchants. The Greeks still call this place by its ancient name, but the Turks call it Allahijur. The number of inhabitants is about 7000 or 8000; of whom 2000 are supposed to be Christians. It is about 40 miles E. S. E. of Smyrna. E. Long. 28. 15. N. Lat. 38. 28.

PHILADELPHIA-Stones, a name which some authors have given to what is otherwise called Christian bones, found in the walls of that city. It is a vulgar error that these walls are built of bones; and the tradition of the country is, that when the Turks took the place, they fortified it for themselves, and built their walls of the bones of the Christians whom they had killed there. Dr Smyth in one of his epitles, mentions this wall as an instance of Turkish barbarity. This idle opinion has gained credit merely from a loose and porous stone of the sparly kind, found in an old aqueduct, which is still in the wall. Sir Paul Rycaut brought home pieces of these stones, which even he supposed to have been bones, but they proved on examination to be various bodies, chiefly vegetable, incrusted over and preserved in a state of the nature of that which forms incrustations in Knaresborough spring, and other places with us. These bodies are often cemented together in considerable numbers by this matter, and their true shape lost in the congeries, till a diligent and judicious eye traces them regularly.