Gaspar, chief surgeon to the great duke of Tuscany, was born at Bononia in Italy in 1553. He wrote a Latin treatise intitled Chirurgia Nota de Curtis Membris, in which he teaches the art of engraving noses, ears, lips, &c. giving representations of the instruments and proper bandages; many, however, are of opinion that he never put his art in practice. But his doctrine is not singular; for Alexander Benedictus, a famous chirurgical writer, has described a similar operation.

TALLIO (lex talionis), a species of punishment in the Mosaic law, whereby an evil is returned similar to that committed against us by another; hence that expression, "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth." This law was at first inserted in the 12 tables amongst the Romans; but afterwards fell aside, and a power given to the praetor to fix upon a sum of money for the damage done.