THE DUKE OF, was natural son of James II. by Mrs Arabella Churchill, sister to the great duke of Marlborough. He followed the fate of his father, and came into France after the revolution with James II. Here the duke of Berwick was recommended to the court by his superior merit. He was created marshal of France, knight of the Holy Ghost, duke and peer of France, grandee of Spain, commander in chief of the French armies; in all which stations his behaviour was such, that few equalled, perhaps none surpassed, him. He lived in an age when the renowned prince of Orange and many other of the greatest men commanded against him. His courage was of the cool steady kind; always poising himself; taking all advantages; not foolishly, rashly, or wantonly throwing away the lives of his soldiers. He kept up on all occasions the most strict discipline; and did not spare punishment among among his soldiers for marauding and other crimes, when properly deserved; for which some inconsiderate people have blamed him. He has been reflected upon, by the very zealous and violent adherents of the Stuart family, for not being sufficiently attached to that party, which was his own family. But by a cool examination of his actions, it will appear, that his behaviour in this particular was, as in most parts of his life, sensible and just. When he accepted of employments, received honours, dignities, and became a naturalized Frenchman, he thought it his duty, as an honest man, to become a Frenchman, and a real subject to the monarch who gave him bread; and to be, or not to be, in the interest of the Stuart family, according to the will and commands of the sovereign whom he served, and in the interest of France according to time and circumstances; for there is no serving two masters well. But when ordered by his king to be in that family's interest, he acted with the greatest sincerity; and took the most effectual and sensible methods to serve that unhappy house, as the following anecdote, if true, and it has great appearance of probability on its side, proves. The duke of Marlborough, after the signing of the treaty of Utrecht, was censured by the British parliament for some of the army contracts in relation to bread and forage; upon which he retired into France: and it was then credibly asserted, the duke of Marlborough was brought over to the interest of the Stuart family; for it is now past a doubt, that Queen Anne had a very serious intention of having her brother upon the throne of England after her death: and several circumstances, as well as the time of that duke's landing in England, make many people believe he was gained over to the Stuart party. If the duke of Berwick was, directly or indirectly, the means of gaining his uncle over to that interest, he more effectually served it, than that rash mock army of unhappy gentlemen who were taken prisoners at Preston in 1715 had it in their power to do. In a word, the duke of Berwick was, without being a bigot, a moral and religious man; and showed by his life and actions, that morality and religion are very compatible and consitent with the life of a statesman and a great general; and if they were oftener united in these two professions, it would be much happier for the rest of mankind. He was killed by a cannon-ball at the siege of Philipburg in 1738.

a county of Scotland; bounded by the river Tweed on the south; by East Lothian on the north; by the German ocean on the east; and on the west by the counties of Roxburgh, Peebles and Mid-Lothian. Its extent in length may be stated at 34 miles, and its breadth 19. This county is nominally divided into three districts, viz. Lauderdale, Lammermuir, and Merse or March. The first is that opening or valley in the Lammermuir hills, through which the river Leader runs. Lammermuir comprehends the ridge of hills which separate this county from East-Lothian, extending from the head of Leader water to the sea, below the town of Berwick. The Merse or March includes that fertile and populous plain, stretching from the hills, along the banks of the Tweed. Berwickshire contains one royal borough, viz. Lauder, and several large towns and villages, as Dunfe, Coldstream, Coldingham, Ayton, and Eyemouth. The chief rivers are the Tweed, the Leader, the Eye, the Whittadder, and Blackadder. The two roads to London pass through the county. In the Merse the state of agriculture is excellent; and, though so late as 60 years ago, the greater part was barren and uncultivated, it is now mostly enclosed and improved. The county of Berwick exports from the ports of Berwick and Eyemouth, above 80,000 bolls of victual; and the same quantity is annually carried to the weekly markets of Edinburgh, Dalkeith, Haddington, and Dunbar. There is plenty of marl in the county; but the farmers prefer lime as the most profitable, though at the distance of 18 or 20 miles. The minerals in this district hitherto discovered, are few, and these are by no means valuable. Coal has been found only in small quantities near Eyemouth. There is plenty of freestone fit for building, and both rock and shell marl are found in different places. Copper has been wrought in the neighbourhood of Lauder; and some years ago, a mine of the same metal was discovered in the parish of Buncle. The parish of Mordington contains ironstone, but of too small value to render it an object of manufacture. The rocks which compose the Lammermuir hills, are chiefly schistus, with alternate strata of sandstone. At Eyemouth is a rock of the species called puddingstone, in the pieces of which it is not uncommon to find fragments of porphyry, granite, and even limestone. Near the Whittadder, in the parish of Chirnside, is a species of gypsum, which has been of great use as a manure. The celebrated mineral well, called Dunfe Spa, which is somewhat similar to Tunbridge, is situated about a mile from the town of Dunfe. The rivers contain trout, and salmon; of which last a great quantity is annually exported from Berwick to London. From the situation of this county, on the border of England, it was necessary that it should be strongly fortified; accordingly, there are numerous strong castles and fortified places in almost every parish in the county. The following is the population of the county of Berwick according to the parishes, taken at two periods, from the Statistical History of Scotland.

<table> <tr> <th>Parishes.</th> <th>Population in 1755.</th> <th>Population in 1790—1793.</th> </tr> <tr><td>Abbey</td><td>80</td><td>164</td></tr> <tr><td>Ayton</td><td>797</td><td>1245</td></tr> <tr><td>Buncle</td><td>691</td><td>622</td></tr> <tr><td>Channelkirk</td><td>531</td><td>600</td></tr> <tr><td>Chirnside</td><td>383</td><td>961</td></tr> <tr><td>Cockburnspath</td><td>919</td><td>883</td></tr> <tr><td>Coldingham</td><td>2313</td><td>2391</td></tr> <tr><td>Cranflaws</td><td>214</td><td>164</td></tr> <tr><td>Dunfe</td><td>2593</td><td>3324</td></tr> <tr><td>Earliston</td><td>1197</td><td>1351</td></tr> <tr><td>Eccles</td><td>1480</td><td>1780</td></tr> <tr><td>Edrom</td><td>808</td><td>1336</td></tr> <tr><td>Eyemouth</td><td>792</td><td>1000</td></tr> <tr><td>Fogo</td><td>566</td><td>450</td></tr> <tr><td>Fouldean</td><td>405</td><td>344</td></tr> <tr><td>Gordon</td><td>737</td><td>912</td></tr> <tr><td>Greenlaw</td><td>805</td><td>1210</td></tr> <tr><td>Home</td><td>959</td><td>1000</td></tr> <tr><td>Hutton</td><td>751</td><td>920</td></tr> <tr><td>Ladykirk</td><td>386</td><td>590</td></tr> <tr><td>Langton</td><td>290</td><td>435</td></tr> <tr><td>Lauder</td><td>1795</td><td>2000</td></tr> </table> Berwick Parishes. Population in 1755. Lennel 1493 Litgertwood 398 25 Longformacus 399 Mertoun 502 Mordington 181 Nenthorn 497 Polwarth 251 30 Swinton 494 Welfruther 591 32 Whitfome 399

Population in 1790—1793. 2521 422 452 557 335 400 288 898 730 590

24946 30875 24946

Increase, 5929

North, a royal borough, and sea-port in the county of East Lothian in Scotland. W. Long. 2. 29. N. Lat. 55. 56.

BERWICK-upon-Tweed, is a town on the border of England, and Scotland, and a county of itself. It stands on the north or the Scottish side of the river Tweed; and is pleasantly situated on an easy declivity, almost close to the sea. It has a ditch on the north and east; but on the south and west it has high walls, regularly fortified, and planted with cannon, and to which the river serves as a moat. The houses are generally well built; and the town-house is a handsome structure, with a lofty turret, in which are eight bells, and a fine clock which tells the quarters, with four dials, one on each side the square. The church is a neat building, but has no bells. The bridge is 947 feet long, and is supported by fifteen arches. The barracks form a large regular square, and will hold two regiments of foot very conveniently. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, town-clerk, and four bailiffs; and has a coroner, a treasurer, four sergeants at mace, and a water bailiff. It had a strong castle, which now lies quite in ruins. It has a market on Saturdays, extremely well supplied; and a fair on Friday in Trinity-week for black cattle and horses. Corn and eggs are shipped from hence for London and other ports; but the principal trade is the salmon which are caught in the Tweed, and reckoned to be as good as any in the kingdom. Some are sent alive, and some pickled in kits by persons who sub-fish on that employment, and are called salmon coopers. The living is a rectory, rated at 20l. a-year in the king's books. Though this town is not admitted to be either in England or Scotland, the English judges hold assizes here; and it is subject to the bishop of Durham. It sends two members to parliament. W. Long. 1. 35. N. Lat. 55. 58.