Peter, the author of a book entitled *Of Wisdom*, which gained him great reputation, was born at Paris in the year 1541. After being advocate in the parliament of Paris for five or six years, he applied himself to divinity; and became so great a preacher, that the bishops of several dioceses offered him the highest dignities in their gift. He died at Paris, suddenly in the street, November 16, 1632.

**Chart**, or **Sea Chart**, an hydrographical map, or a projection of some part of the earth's superficies in *plano*, for the use of navigators.

Charts differ very considerably from geographical or land maps, which are of no use in navigation. Nor are sea charts all of the same kind, some being what we call plane charts, others Mercator charts, and others globular charts.

**Plane Chart**, is a representation of some part of the superficies of the terraqueous globe, in which the meridians are supposed parallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and consequently the degrees of latitude and longitude everywhere equal to each other. See **Plane Chart**.

**Mercator's Chart**, is that where the meridians are straight lines, parallel to each other, and equidistant; the parallels are also straight lines, and parallel to each other; but the distance between them increases from the equinoctial towards either pole, in the ratio of the secant of the latitude to the radius. See **Navigation**.

**Globular Chart**, a meridional projection, wherein the distance of the eye from the plane of the meridian, upon which the projection is made, is supposed to be equal to the sine of the angle $45^\circ$. This projection comes the nearest of all to the nature of the globe, because the meridians therein are placed at equal distances; the parallels also are nearly equidistant, and consequently the several parts of the earth have their proper proportion of magnitude, distance, and situation, nearly the same as on the globe itself. See **Globular Projection**.

**Hydrographic Charts**, sheets of large paper, wherein several parts of the land and sea are described, with their respective coasts, harbours, sounds, flats, rocks, shelves, sands, &c., together with the longitude and latitude of each place, and the points of the compass. See **Mercator's Chart**.

**Selenographic Charts**, particular descriptions of the spots, appearances, and maculae of the moon. See **Astronomy Index**.

**Topographic Charts**, draughts of some small parts of the earth only, or of some particular place, without regard to its relative situation, as London, York, &c.

**Charta**, or **Carta**, primarily signifies a sort of paper made of the plant *papyrus* or *biblius*. See **Paper** and **Charter**.

**Charta Emporetica**, in **Pharmacy**, &c., a kind of paper made very soft and porous, used to filter withal. See **Filtration**, &c.

**Charta** is also used in our ancient customs for a charter, or deed in writing. See **Charter**.

**Magna Charta**, the great charter of the liberties of Britain, and the basis of our laws and privileges.

This charter may be said to derive its origin from King Edward the Confessor, who granted several privileges to the church and state by charter: these liberties and privileges were also granted and confirmed by King Henry I., by a celebrated great charter now lost; but which was confirmed or re-enacted by King Henry II. and King John. Henry III., the successor of this last prince, after having caused 12 men make inquiry into the liberties of England in the reign of Henry I., granted a new charter; which was the same as the present magna charta. This he several times confirmed, and as often broke; till, in the 37th year of his reign, he went to Westminster Hall, and there, in presence of the nobility and bishops, who held lighted candles in their hands, magna charta was read, the king all the time holding his hand to his breast, and at last solemnly swearing faithfully and inviolably to observe all the things therein contained, &c. Then the bishops extinguishing the candles, and throwing them on the ground, they all cried out, "Thus let him be extinguished, and sink in hell who violates this charter." It is observed that, notwithstanding the solemnity of this confirmation, King Henry, the very next year, again invaded the rights of his people, till the barons entered into a war against him; when, after various sucessefs, he confirmed this charter, and the charter of the forest, in the 52d year of his reign.

This charter confirmed many liberties of the church, and redressed many grievances incident to feudal tenures, of no small moment at the time; though now, unless considered attentively and with this retrospect, they seem but of trifling concern. But, besides these feudal provisions, care was also taken therein to protect the subject against other oppressions, then frequently arising from unreasonable amercements, from illegal distresses or other proceedings for debts or services due to the crown, and from the tyrannical abuse of the prerogative of purveyance and pre-emption. It fixed the forfeiture of lands for felony in the same manner as it still remains; prohibited for the future the grants of exclusive fisheries; and the erection of new bridges to as to oppress the neighbourhood. With respect to private rights, it established the testamentary power of the subject over part of his personal estate, the rest being distributed among his wife and children; it laid down the law of dower, as it hath continued ever since; and prohibited the appeals of women, unless after the death of their husbands. In matters of public police and national concern, it enjoined an uniformity of weights and measures; gave new encouragements to commerce, by the protection of merchant strangers; and forbade the alienation of lands in mortmain. With regard to the administration of justice, besides prohibiting all denials or delays of it, it fixed the court of common pleas at Westminster, that the suitors might no longer be harassed with following the king's person in all his progresses; and at the same time brought the trial of issues home to the very doors of the freeholders, by directing affizes to be taken in the proper counties, and establishing annual circuits: it also corrected some abuses then incident to the trials by wager of law and of battle; directed the regular awarding ing of inquests for life or member; prohibited the king's inferior ministers from holding places of the crown, or trying any criminal charge, whereby many forfeitures might otherwise have unjustly accrued to the exchequer; and regulated the time and place of holding the inferior tribunals of justice, the county-court, sheriff's torn, and court-leet. It confirmed and established the liberties of the city of London, and all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports of the kingdom. And lastly (which alone would have merited the title that it bears, of the great charter), it protected every individual of the nation in the free enjoyment of his life, his liberty, and his property, unless declared to be forfeited by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.

This excellent charter, so equitable, and beneficial to the subject, is the most ancient written law in the kingdom. By the 25th Edward I. it is ordained, that it shall be taken as the common law; and by the 43d Edward III. all statutes made against it are declared to be void.