Natural History, is applied to earths, the characters of which are these: They are firmly coherent, weighty, and compact; stiff, viscid, and ductile to a great degree, whilst moist; smooth to the touch; not easily breaking between the fingers, nor readily diffusible in water; and, when mixed, not readily subsiding from it. See Chemistry and Mineralogy Index.

town of Norfolk in England, seated on an arm of the sea between two rivers, in E. Long. 0° 30'. N. Lat. 47° 28'.

Clay-lands, those abounding with clay, whether black, blue, yellow, white, &c., of which the black and the yellow are the best for corn.

All clay soils are apt to chill the plants growing on them in moist seasons, as they retain too much water; in dry seasons, on the contrary, they turn hard and choke the plants. The natural produce of clay soils is goose-grass, large daisies, thistles, docks, poppies, &c. Some bear clover, and rye-grass; and, if well manured, produce the best grain; they hold manure the best of all lands; and the most proper for them are horse-dung, pigeons-dung, some kinds of marl, folding of sheep, malt-dust, ashes, chalk, lime, foot, &c.

Clayton, Dr Robert, a prelate of great learning, of distinguished worth and probity, and a respectable member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies at London, was advanced to the bishopric of Kilala, Jan. 23, 1729; translated to the see of Cork, Dec. 19, 1735; to that of Clogher, Aug. 26, 1745; and died much lamented, Feb. 25, 1758. His publications are, 1. A Letter in the Philosophical Transactions, No. 461, p. 813, giving an account of a Frenchman 70 years old (at Inishannon, in his diocese of Cork), who said he gave suck to a child.—2. The Chronology of the Hebrew Bible vindicated, &c. 1751, 4to.—3. An impartial Inquiry into the time of the Coming of the Messiah, 1751, 8vo.—4. An Essay on Spirit, 1751, 8vo.—5. A Vindication of the Histories of the Old and New Testament, in answer to the Objections of the late Lord Bolingbroke; in Two Letters to a young Nobleman, 1752, 8vo, reprinted in 1753.—6. A Defence of the Essay on Spirit, with Remarks on the several pretended Answers; and which may serve as an antidote against all that shall ever appear against it, 1753, 8vo.—7. A Journey from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, and back again, translated from a manuscript, written by the Prefetto of Egypt, in Company with some Missionaries de propaganda fide at Grand Cairo; to which are added, Remarks on the Origin of Hieroglyphics, and the Mythology of the ancient Heathens, 1753, 8vo, two editions, 4to and 8vo. It was soon after this publication that his Lordship became (in March 1754) a fellow of the Society of Antiquarians.—8. Some Thoughts on Self-love, Innate Ideas, Free-will, Taste, Sentiments, Liberty, and Necesity, &c. occasioned by reading Mr Hume's Works, and the short Treatise written in French by Lord Bolingbroke on Compassion, 1754, 8vo.—9. A Vindication of the Histories of the Old and New Testament, Part II. Adorned with several Explanatory Cats, 1754, 8vo.—10. Letters between the bishop of Clogher and Mr William Penn, concerning Baptism, 1755, 8vo.—11. A Speech made in the House of Lords in Ireland, on Monday, February 2, 1756, for omitting the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds out of the Liturgy, &c. 1756, 8vo.—12. A Vindication, Part III. 1758, 8vo. The three parts of the Essay on Spirit were reprinted by Mr Bowyer, in one vol. 8vo, 1759; with some additional notes, and an index of texts of Scripture illustrated or explained.

Claytonia. See Botany Index.

Clazomenæ, -arum, (Herodotus, Strabo, Velius, Pliny); Clazomena, -æ, (Mela); one of the twelve ancient cities of Ionia. The country of Anaxagoras; situated in the neighbourhood of Colophon. The city was small, its port on the N. W. side of the island. Dr Chandler informs us, that traces of the walls are found by the sea; and in a hill are vestiges of a theatre. Three or four trees grew on it; and by one is a cave hewn in the rock, and affording water. A vaulted room with a chimney at one end, and a hovel or two made with stones piled, are all the present structures; and these are chiefly frequented by fishermen and by persons employed to watch and to drive away birds when the grain ripens. Referring to this confined situation of Clazomenes, a famous sophist, when importuned to adorn his native city by residing in it rather than at Smyrna, replied, *The nightingale refuses to sing in a cage.*