in Ichthyology, a species of Clupea. The name herring is derived from the German heer, an army, which expresses their number, when they migrate into our seas. Herrings are found in great plenty from the highest northern latitudes as low as the northern coasts of France. They are also met with in vast shoals on the coast of America, as low as Carolina; they are found also in the sea of Kamtschatka, and possibly reach Japan; but their winter rendezvous is within the arctic circle, whither they retire after spawning, and where they are provided with plenty of insect food. For an account of the remarkable migration of herrings, and the history of the fishery, &c. see Clupea and Herring-FISHERY.

They are in full roe at the end of June, and continue in perfection till the beginning of winter, when they begin to deposit their spawn.

There are different names given to preserved herrings, according to the different manners wherein they are ordered: as, 1. Sea-flicks; which are such as are caught all the fishing season, and are but once packed. A barrel of these holds fix or eight hundred; eight barrels go to the ton by law; a hundred of herrings is to be a hundred and twenty; a last is ten thousand, and they commonly reckon fourteen barrels to the last. 2. There are others, repacked on shore, called repacked herrings; seventeen barrels of sea-flicks commonly make from twelve to fourteen of repacked herrings. The manner of repacking them is, to take out the herrings, wash them out in their own pickle, and lay them orderly in a fresh barrel; these have no salt put to them, but are close packed, and headed up by a fowrn cooper, with pickle, when the barrel is half full. The pickle is brine; so strong as that the herring will swim in it. 3. Summers, are such as the Dutch chasers or divers catch from June to the 15th of July. These are fold away in sea-flicks, to be spent presently, in regard of their fatness; because they will not endure repacking. They go one with another, full and shotten; but the repacked herrings are sorted, the full herrings by themselves. 4. The shotten and sick herrings by themselves; the barrel whereof is to be marked distinctly. 5. Crux herrings; which are such as are caught after the 14th of September. These are cured with that kind of salt called salt upon salt, and are carefully sorted out, all full herrings, and used in the repacking. 6. Corved herrings. These serve to make red herrings, being such as are taken in the Yarmouth seas, from the end of August to the middle of October; provided they can be carried ashore within a week, more or less, after they are taken. These are never gipped but rowed in salt, for the better preserving of them, till they can be brought on shore; and such as are kept to make red herrings are washed in great vats in fresh water, before they are hung up in the herring-hangs or red-herring houses.

As for the manner of salting herrings. The nets being haled on board, the fishes are taken out, and put into the warbacks, which stand on one side of the vessels. When all the nets are thus unloaded, one fills the gippers baskets. The gippers cut their throats, take out their guts, and fling out the full herrings into one basket, and the shotten into another. One man takes the full basket when they are gipped, and carries them to the rover-back, wherein there is salt. One boy rows and stirs them about in the salt, and another takes them, thus rowed, and carries them in baskets to the packers. Four men pack the herrings into one barrel, and lay them, one by one, straight and even; and another man, when the barrel is full, takes it from the packers. It is left to stand a day, or more, open to settle, that the salt may melt and diffuse to pickle; after which it is filled up, and the barrel headed. The pickle is to be strong enough to sustain a herring; otherwise the fish decay in it.

Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, memorable for his attachment to civil and religious liberty, was the son of a clergyman, and born in the year 1693. He received his grammar-school education at Witsbech Herring. Witsbech in the isle of Ely; and at the age of 17 was sent to Jesus college in the university of Cambridge, at which place he was made B. A. in 1714, and the title or degree of A. M. was conferred upon him about three years afterwards. In the year 1722, he was appointed chaplain to Dr Fleetwood, bishop of Ely, who gave him two rectories; and in 1726 he was nominated preacher to the honourable society of Lincoln's Inn. He was chosen chaplain in ordinary to his majesty about the same period, and obtained from Cambridge the degree of D. D. in the year 1728. Bishop Fleetwood, his worthy patron, declared to his friends, that he never heard a sermon from Dr Herring which he would not have been proud to be the author of himself. In 1731, he was chosen rector of Blechingley in Surrey; the same year appointed dean of Rochester, and the king promoted him to the see of Bangor in the year 1737. He was appointed archbishop of York in 1743; and it was peculiarly fortunate for the country at that critical juncture, that a man of his principles and public spirit was raised to such an exalted rank. The rebellion in Scotland was so artfully concealed by its friends in England, that it was scarcely believed the Highlanders were in arms, till the royalists were defeated at the battle of Prestonpans. Amidst the universal consternation which this event occasioned, Archbishop Herring roused the people to a sense of their danger, contributed to remove the panic, and encouraged them to unite with firmness and vigour in the defence of their country.

A meeting of the nobility, gentry, and clergy, was held at York, where the archbishop addressed them in a very able and animated speech, requesting them to unite as one man in averting the present danger, to preserve their happy constitution, and contribute to a subscription for raising troops in defence of the country. The whole assembly entered warmly into his views, and immediately subscribed about 40,000l. for the important purpose recommended by his grace. On the death of Archbishop Potter, which happened in 1747, Dr Herring was translated to the see of Canterbury. In 1753 he was seized with a violent fever, which brought him to the verge of the grave; and although he far recovered that he languished for a few years, yet his strength and spirits were very much exhausted, and he expired in 1756, in the 63d year of his age. He was buried, according to his own desire, without any pomp or parade, and no monument was erected to his memory.

We are informed by Mr Duncombe, that the archbishop's person was tall and comely; his constitution, from his tenderest youth, weak and delicate; his address easy, engaging, and polite. He was generous without prodigality, magnificent without profusion, and humble without meanness. In his life-time he could never be prevailed upon to publish any of his sermons; but after his death Mr Duncombe published seven sermons on public occasions, in one volume octavo, giving in the preface some account of the author's life. In the Monthly Review he was termed "a prelate of uncommon virtues, a man of extraordinary accomplishments, a candid divine, a polite scholar, a warm lover of his country, a true friend to liberty, religious as well as civil, and of course, a most sincere hater of persecution."