a province of Spain, part of the ancient kingdom of Navarre, erected soon after the invasion of the Moors; and is otherwise called Upper Navarre, to distinguish it from Lower Navarre belonging to the French. It is bounded on the south and east by Arragon, on the north by the Pyrenees, and on the west by Old Castile and Biscay; extending from south to north about 80 miles, from east to west about 75. It abounds in sheep and cattle; game of all kinds, as boars, flags, and roebucks; and in wild fowl, horses, and honey; yielding also some grain, wine, oil, and a variety of minerals, medicinal waters, and hot baths. Some of the ancient chiefs of this country were called Sobrarbores, from the custom, as it is supposed, which prevailed among some of those free nations, of choosing and swearing their Navarre, their princes under some particular tree. The name of the province is supposed to be a contraction of *Nava Errea*, signifying, in the language of the Vaforones, its ancient inhabitants, "a land of valleys."

For the particulars of its history, see the article Spain.

**Navarre, Peter**, an officer of eminence in the 16th century, and particularly celebrated for his dexterity in the directing and springing of mines. He was a native of Biscay, and of low extraction. According to Paul Jove, who affirms that he had an account of the matter from his own mouth, he was first a sailor; but being disgusted with that employment, he sought his fortune in Italy, when poverty compelled him to become footman to the cardinal of Arragon. He afterwards enlisted himself a soldier in the Hougline army; and having served there for some time, went to sea again, and distinguished himself by his courage. The reputation of his valour having reached the ears of Gonzalo de Cordova, this general employed him in the war against Naples, and raised him to the rank of a captain. Having contributed greatly to the taking of that city by very opportunely springing a mine, the emperor rewarded him for this signal service with the earldom of Alveto, situated in that kingdom, and gave him the title of Count of Navarre. Having the command of a naval expedition against the Moors in Africa, he was at first very successful, and took possession of Oran, Tripoli, and some other places; but being afterwards shipwrecked on the island of Gerbes, the great heats and the Moorish cavalry destroyed a part of his army. Our hero was equally unfortunate in Italy: He was made prisoner at the famous battle of Ravenna in 1512, and languished in France for the space of two years. When finding that the king of Spain, who had been prejudiced against him by his courtiers, would do nothing towards his ransom, he went into the service of Francis I, who gave him the command of 20 companies of infantry, consisting of Gascons, Biscayans, and the inhabitants of the Pyrenean mountains. He distinguished himself in several successful expeditions, until the year 1522, when having been sent to the relief of the Genoese, he was taken by the Imperialists. They conducted him to Naples, where he remained a prisoner for three years in the Castel del Ovo. From this confinement he was released by the treaty of Madrid, and afterwards fought at the siege of Naples under Lauric in 1528: but being again made prisoner at the unfortunate retreat from Aversa, he was conducted a second time to the Castel del Ovo. Here the prince of Orange, having by order of the emperor, caused several persons of the Angevine faction to be beheaded, our hero would undoubtedly have suffered the same fate, if the governor, seeing his distressed situation, and feeling for the misfortunes of so great a man, had not saved him the shame of this last punishment by allowing him to die a natural death. Others pretend that he was strangled in his bed, having arrived at a very advanced age. Paul Jove and Philip Thomasini have written his life. This last informs us, that he was of a tall size, had a swarthy countenance, black eyes, beard, and hair. A duke of Sessa, in the last century, being desirous to honour his memory and that of the marshal de Lautrec, caused a monument to be erected to each of them in the church of Saint-Marie-le-Noue at Naples, where they had been interred without any funeral honours.

**Navarre, Martin**, surnamed Azpilcueta, because he was born in the kingdom which bears that name, successively professor of jurisprudence at Toulouse, Salamanca, and Coimbra, was consulted from all quarters as the oracle of law. For a part of his knowledge he was indebted to the schools of Cahors and Toulouse, in which he had studied. His friend Bartholomé Carreza, a Dominican, and archbishop of Toledo, having been charged with heresy by the court of inquisition at Rome, Navarre set out at the age of 80 years to defend him. Pius V appointed him successor to Cardinal Francis Alciat, vice-penitentiary. Gregory XIII never passed his gate without sending for him, and sometimes would converse with him for an hour together on the street: he even deigned to visit him, accompanied by several cardinals. These honours did not render him more haughty. His character became so eminent, that even in his own time the greatest encomium that could be paid to a man of learning was to say that he was a Navarre: this name thus included the idea of erudition, as that of Rofius formerly marked an accomplished comedian. Azpilcueta was the oracle of the city of Rome, and of the whole Christian world. For the influence which he had acquired, he was indebted not only to his knowledge, but also to his probity and virtue. Faithful to the duties which the church preferred, his temperance and frugality preserved to him a vigorous constitution; and at a very advanced age his genius was equal to the severest study. His savings enabled him to give liberal assistance to the poor. His charities, indeed, were so great, that his mule, it is said, would stop as soon as he perceived a beggar. He died at Rome in 1586, at the age of 92. His works were collected and printed in 6 vols. folio at Lyons in 1597, and at Venice in 1602. They displayed more learning than judgement, and are now very seldom consulted. Navarre was uncle by the mother's side to St Francis of Sales. See SALES.