a duchy of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, has the county of Lippe on the north and west; Hesse-Cassel and Waldeck, on the south; and Munster, with the duchy of Westphalia on the west. Its greatest length from east to west is about 40 miles, and its breadth where widest 30. Some parts of it yield good pasture, and breed abundance of cattle; but it is not very fruitful in corn. There is a heath called the Senne or Sende, of great extent, but very barren and desolate. There are, however, good iron mines in the country, with salt and medicinal springs, plenty of deer and other game; and it is watered with several rivers abounding with fish, as the Weser, the Dimer, the Biver, the Nette, the great Emmer, the Lippe, the Alme, and the Pader. It contains 54 parishes, in which are 25 market towns and 16 monasteries. The Roman Catholic is the predominant religion of the country, yet there are also many Protestants in it. The bishopric was erected by Charlemagne, towards the close of the eighth century, and the cathedral was consecrated by Pope Leo in person, anno 796. The bishop is sovereign of the country, a prince of the empire, and suffragan of the archbishop of Mentz. His revenue is about 30,000 pounds a-year, and he is able to raise 3000 men. In the matricula his afferment is 18 horse and 34 foot, or 352 florins monthly in lieu of them. Towards the charges of the sovereign courts of the empire, he pays for each term 162 rix-dollars and 29 krutitzers. The chapter consists of 24 capitular canons, who must prove their noble extraction by four descents. The arms of the bishopric are a cross or, in a field gules. For the government of it, and the administration of justice, there are several councils and colleges under the bishop. Here are also a hereditary marshal, fever, cup-bearer, chamberlain, steward, and purveyor. It was in this bishopric that Quintilius Varus, with the Roman army under his command, was routed by the Germans under Arminius.

the capital of the above bishopric. It stands 40 miles north-west of Cassel, 50 south-east of Munster, and 60 south-west of Hanover; being a large, populous, well built, and well fortified city. Its name is compounded of pader, a rivulet, which rises just under the high altar of the cathedral, and born, i.e. a spring. It was one of the Hanse-towns; and, till 1624, an imperial city. The cathedral is a grand fabric, inferior to few in the empire. There is a gold crucifix in it of 60 pounds weight, presented by Otho II. The university, of which the Jesuits have the direction, was founded in 1592, and the walls were built in the beginning of the 11th century. In 1530 an attempt was made to introduce Lutheranism; but 16 of the principal citizens who had embraced it were executed, and the rest obliged to abjure it. Duke Christian of Brunswick carried off from hence, in 1692, the silver images of the twelve apostles, and the silver coffin of St Lotharius; and had them coined into money, with this inscription, God's Friend, the Priest's Enemy. The trade of this town, though formerly great, is now inconsiderable; and the inhabitants subsist mostly by agriculture and breeding of cattle. Though the bishop has a palace in the city, he resides (when he vouchsafes to visit this country, which is seldom, having other and more valuable benefices) at Neuhaus, seven miles off, where he has a magnificent castle. Charlemagne and other emperors sometimes resided here, and held diets of the empire.