s bounded on the north and east by Germany, on the south by Italy, and on the west by the departments of the Higher and Lower Alps, and the mouths of the Rhone. Its extent from east to west is computed at about 200 British miles, and its breadth from north to south at about 130 British miles. Its contents in square miles are estimated at 14,960.

Before it was reduced to the condition of a French province, Switzerland contained 13 independant cantons, and a number of small districts, which were dependent on the cantons. The independent cantons were, 1. Berne, including the Pays de Vaud; 2. Friburg; 3. Basil; 4. Soleure; 5. Schaffhausen; 6. Zurich; 7. Appenzell; 8. Lucerne; 9. Zug; 10. Schweitz; 11. Unterwalden; 12. Uri; 13. Glaris. The districts dependent on these cantons were, the principality of Neuchatel; the bishopric of Bâle; county of Baden; the free Bailiages; Turgovia; Tokenburg; the Rheintal; lands of the Abbey of St Gal; country of the Grisons; Vateline; Italian Bailiages; the Vallais. Since its subjection to France, the country has been divided into the following 19 cantons; viz. Appenzell, Argovia, Basil, Friburg, Glaris, Grisons, Lucerne, St Gal, Schaffhausen, Schweitz, Soleure, Tessin, Thurgovia, Unterwald, Uri, Vaud, Zug, and Zurich. An account of the most important of these cantons, and of their capitals, will be found under their proper heads in this work.

With respect to the air, soil, and produce, that part of the canton of Berne to the east of the lake of Geneva, together with the cantons of Uri, Schweitz, Unterwalden, Glaris, and Appenzel, and part of the canton of Lucerne, consist of stupendous mountains, whose summits are said to be from 9000 to 12000 feet above the level of the sea, consisting of inaccessible rocks, of which some are quite bare, while others are always covered with ice and snow. Among the mountains are many excellent medicinal and other springs, cold and warm baths, water-falls, precipices, deep narrow valleys, and caverns. The highest are those in the canton of Uri. Many of the valleys are covered with lakes, or watered by brooks and rivers.

In some of them are towns, villages, woods, vineyards, and corn-lands. Both on the mountains and in the valleys the air is extremely cold in winter; but in summer it is very pleasant, cool, and refreshing in the former, but excessively hot in the latter. Sometimes it is winter on the north side of a mountain when it is summer on the other; nay, flowers may be gathered sometimes with one hand and snow with the other. Prodigious masses of ice and snow often fall from them in winter, and do a great deal of damage; and most of the streams and rivers take their rise from the thawing of the ice and snow on their sides and tops. From the rising or descending of the clouds, with which they are commonly enveloped, the inhabitants can, for the most part, pretty exactly foretell the changes of the weather; so that they serve them instead of weather gauges.

The other and lower parts of Switzerland are very pleasant and fertile, being diversified with vineyards, corn-fields, meadows, and pasture-grounds. The mountains in these are but mole-hills in comparison of the others; there is neither snow nor ice on them in summer; and they frequently afford not only good pasturage, but arable ground. Many petrifications are found both among these and the others, with a variety of fossils. The lands of the rivers yield gold dust, particularly those of the Rhine, the Emmet, and the Aar, the Reufs, the Arve, and the Inn.

The metals of this country being generally found to be brittle, the only mines that are worked are a few of iron. In the lower parts of Switzerland they sow rye, oats, barley, spelt, flax, hemp. Wines of various sorts are also produced by some of them, with a variety of fruits. Of wood for fuel and other uses there is generally plenty; in some places, however, they are obliged to burn sheep's dung, and in others a kind of heath and small shrubs. In the valleys they cultivate saffron with success. The Swiss derive their principal subsistence from their flocks and herds of cattle, which in summer graze on the mountains. Their cheese is much esteemed, especially that of Berne and Griers in the canton of Friburg. Great numbers of horses are also bred here, and bought up for the French cavalry. Besides the above-mentioned rivers, the Rhone and the Tefin have their sources in this country. The lakes are very numerous; but the chief are those of Geneva, Neufchatel, Biel, Zurich, Thun, Brien, Constance, and Lucerne. Both rivers and lakes abound with fish, and afford a cheap water-carriage. Switzerland is not so populous as many other countries in Europe; and the Popish cantons less so than the Protestant. The total number of the inhabitants is computed at 2,000,000.

The language generally spoken here is the German, in which all public affairs are transacted; but in those parts of the country that border on Italy or France, a corrupt French or Italian prevails. The two predominant religions are Calvinism and Popery. Of the former are the cantons of Zurich and Berne, the towns of St Gal, Geneva, Muhlhausen, and Biel, the principality of Neufchatel, the greater part of Bafle, Schaffhausen, the country of the Grisons, the Thurgau, Toggenburg, Glaris, and the Rhine valley; the frontiers of Appenzel, with a small part of Solothurn, and some places in the mountains of Baden and Sargans. The rest of the Swiss cantons, allies, and dependents, are Popish. For the education of youth there is an university at Bafle, and academies at Zurich, Berne, Lausanne, and Geneva; besides gymnasiums and schools illustres, both in the Popish and Protestant cantons. There are also societies among them for the improvement of the German language, and the sciences.

The principal manufactures are snuff and tobacco, linen of several sorts, lace, thread, silk, and worsted stockings, neckcloths, cotton stuffs, gloves, handkerchiefs, silks of several sorts, gold and silver brocades, a variety of woollen manufactures, hats, paper, leather of all sorts, earthen wares, porcelain, toys, watches, clocks, and other hardwares, &c. The trade of Switzerland is generally promoted by many navigable lakes and rivers. In some of the above manufactures, and in cheese, butter, sheep, horses, black cattle, hides, and skins, the exports are considerable; and as the imports are chiefly grain and salt, with some American and Asiatic goods, there is probably a large balance in their favour. In some parts of Switzerland dress is restrained by sumptuary laws.

The Swiss are a brave, honest, hospitable, hardy people; very true to their engagements, friendly and humane. In short, there is not a people in Europe whose national character is better. In their persons they are generally tall, robust, and well-made; but their complexions are none of the best, and those that live in the neighbourhood of the mountains are subject to wen. The women are said to be generally handsome and well-shaped, sensible and modest, yet frank, easy, and agreeable in conversation. Few of the peasants are miserably poor; many of them are rich, especially in the Protestant cantons, and that of Berne in particular.

In the very confined limits to which we are now reduced, we cannot give more than a faint outline of the history of Switzerland. In the first century before the Christian era, we find the natives involved in frequent wars with the Romans, by whom the Helvetii and the Rhaeti, two of the most powerful tribes, were entirely subjugated. In the beginning of the 4th century of the Christian era, the Allemanni, a German tribe, made an irruption into Switzerland, occupied the country, and, as is supposed, extirpated the Helvetii. Soon after we find the western part of Switzerland, as far as the Reufs, occupied by the Franks, by whom it was annexed to Burgundy, while the eastern part, or the Grisons, was subject to Theodoric the Goth, and other Italian princes. In the beginning of the 7th century, Christianity was introduced, chiefly by two Irish monks, Columbanus and Gallus. In the beginning of the 11th century, that part of Switzerland which was occupied by the Allemanni, was invaded by the Huns or Ugurs, who in particular ravaged the abbey of St Gal, at that time famous for its power and its literature. The Huns were defeated by Conrad king of Burgundy, about the year 928. Soon after the commencement of the 11th century, the districts of Switzerland began to be regarded as a part of the German empire, and in the two following centuries they gradually became subject to the house of Hapburgh. In 1307 commenced the struggles of the Swiss with the house of Austria, those glorious struggles which finally terminated in the complete emancipation of that brave people, and in the formation of a confederacy which continued to be the admiration of Europe for nearly five centuries. The transactions which mark this contest between the inhabitants of a small district and a mighty monarch, and in particular the heroism of their great champion William Tell, are familiar to most of our readers. We shall therefore only give a short account of the government and institutions of the Swiss cantons, as they existed previous to the late revolution, and shall conclude this article with a brief narrative of the proceedings of the French, when they entered Switzerland in 1797.

With respect to the government and constitution of the Swiss cantons, it must be remarked that some of them were aristocracies and some democracies. In the former, both the legislative and executive power were lodged in the burghers or citizens of the capital of each canton; and of those there were seven, viz. Zurich, Berne, Bafle, Friburg, Soleure, and Schaffhausen; an account of the most important of which may be seen under their respective names. In the others, the legislative power was lodged in the whole body of the people, and every male above 16, whether master or servant, had a vote in making laws and in the choice of magistrates. For what concerned the whole Helvetic body, there were diets ordinary and extraordinary; the former were held held annually, and the others on particular emergencies; and both were summoned by the city of Zurich, which appointed the time and place of their meetings. Besides the general diets, since the Reformation there were particular diets of the two religions, at which all public affairs of consequence that regarded the two parties were treated separately; for though a sense of their common interest obliged them to study the maintaining the league and union, yet it is certain that the mutual confidence between the cantons was in some measure lost through the zeal of each party for their particular opinions, especially of the Roman Catholics. The annual general diets were held always at Frauenfeld or Baden, principally to regulate the affairs of the common bailiages. Lucerne took the lead of the Roman Catholic cantons, being the most powerful of that denomination; but Zurich, though less powerful than that of Berne, took the precedence of all the other cantons, both Protestant and Popish. These cantons did not make one commonwealth, but were so many independent states, united together by strict alliances for their mutual defence. The extraordinary diets or congresses were held at Aldorf. Each canton usually deputed two envoys, both to the ordinary and extraordinary, to which also the abbot and the town of St Gal, and the town of Biel, sent representatives. To the 13 cantons belonged in common 21 bailiages, 2 towns, and 2 lordships. The allies, as they were called, were the abbot and town of St Gal, the three Grifon leagues, the republic of the Valais, the towns of Muhlhausen and Biel, the principality of Neuenburg, Geneva, and the bishop of Bâle. Of these, the abbot and town of St Gal, and the town of Biel, were regarded as members of the Helvetic body, but the rest only as allies.

The public revenues were in general very inconsiderable, though they have been computed at about 1,000,000l. sterling, arising chiefly from the usual regalia, appropriated every where to the sovereign, the demesnes, and public granaries, voluntary contributions, the sale of salt, and a land-tax; in the Protestant cantons, from the church lands also that were seized at the reformation. Except in Zurich, Bern, Bâle, and Schaffhausen, where the people are more industrious, have a greater trade, and are richer than in the others, they defrayed only the ordinary charges.

The cantons never kept any standing troops except for a few garrisons; but their militia was reckoned to be the best regulated of any in Europe. Every male from 16 to 60 was enrolled, and about one-third of them formed into regiments. They were all obliged to provide themselves with arms, clothing, accoutrements, and to appear on the stated days for exercise; and the several cantons and districts were obliged to furnish themselves with a sufficient train of artillery, and all the other implements of war. The Swiss of the several cantons were allowed to engage in the service of such foreign princes and states as were in alliance with those cantons, or with whom they had made a previous agreement. Such states paying an annual subsidy to the respective cantons, were allowed to make levies. Every man enlisted voluntarily, for what number of years he pleased, at the expiration of which he was at liberty to return home. Many thus always returning from foreign service, Switzerland was never unprovided with able and experienced officers and soldiers.

It was scarcely to be expected that a country so long and so intimately connected with France, by its position, by perpetual alliance, by commerce, and partly by language, should escape the influence of the principles Origin of its revolution, when states far more remote and di- the dif- ficult were strongly imbued with their spirit. But be- previous to the epoch of the French revolution, various parts of the Swiss confederation had been the seat of civil discord, and popular murmurs. In some cantons public, the indignant spirit of the subject had led him to revolt against what he deemed the oppressive administration of the ruler; in others, the distinctions which exist in society, and which form the different classes of privileged and unprivileged individuals, were strangely and inversely distributed. The French revolution, declaring the principle of equality, found a wide predisposition among the subjects of the Swiss confederacy to embrace the cause, and as strong a resistance on the part of the governors, who were deeply interested in opposing the progress of opinions so immediately sub- versive of authority. Conscious that with such a system no brotherhood could be cherished, many of the leading cantons kept themselves in a state of watchfulness, bordering on hostility, against the principles established by the French national assembly. But with so power- ful a faction, the frowns of power were ineffectual to calm the murmurs of discontent; and claims, which fear or policy had hitherto shut up in silence, were now produced, with confidence that they would be admitted from the sentiment of fear, if not of justice.

Among those who were most active in demanding a review of their grievances were the inhabitants of the French part of the canton of Berne, known by the name of the Pays-de-Vaud. The nobles and the higher classes of this province had long transmitted to their children a hereditary hatred of the government of Berne. This disaffection was not concealed; nor is it singular that the desire of change should operate on the titled and the rich, while they saw their political existence depending on the will of a self-elected sovereign, and their provinces subjected to the administra- tion of an eminently of those whom they considered as usurpers of their rights.

But however strongly the sensibility of the subject inhabi- tants of the Pays-de-Vaud was excited by this politi- cal degradation, they were compelled to submit, or brood over their grievances in silence. They were incapable of procuring redress by force; and the sovereign burghers of Berne were too firmly seated to regard the remonstrances of impotent claimants, or to listen to the murmurs of discontent. Partial insurrections against the governments of certain cantons had often taken place in Switzerland. These disorders had sometimes been sup- pressed and punished with the interposition of the neigh- bouring cantons, where the danger was not excessive; but when these insurrections wore the ferious characters of rebellion or revolt, the whole confederation marched against the conspirators. France before the revolution had even lent its aid to the suppression of those domestic quarrels, and had become the instrument of vengeance to the insulted sovereign; so that, whatever was the degree of oppression, or whatever the desire of resistance, redress was become hopeless, and change impossible.

It was chiefly among the classes of burghers and arti- zans who inhabited the towns, that discontent against the ruling power prevailed. The peasants, less oppressed, because more ignorant of their rights and privileges, not only did not themselves oppose the aggressions of the chief men in power, but even assisted them in quelling insurrections which arose among their rival classes.

All writers agree in the existence of vexatious and oppressive abuses among all the governments of the Swiss cantons, at the time of which we are now writing. The despotism of their institutions; the abuses of election to sovereign councils; the daily and encroaching spirit of authority; the overgrown influence of patrician families; the striking inequality which prevailed, even on this basis, of aristocratical power; the monopoly of places of profit to the exclusion of worth and talent; the undefined limits of proconsular administration; the want of encouragement to the arts and sciences; the neglect of education among those who were destined to rule, the void of which was filled up by idleness, arrogance, ignorance, and dissipation,—are so many features presented by writers of different characters and discordant sentiments, to fill up the picture of this vaunted region of happiness and liberty.

The severity exercised by the government of Berne over those inhabitants of the Pays-de-Vaud who had assembled on the 14th of July 1791, to commemorate the taking of the Bastille at Paris, and express their approbation of the French revolution, had created in the minds of the French people sensations of jealousy towards their Swiss neighbours; while the disbanding and dilapidation of the Swiss regiments in the service of France, had contributed to exasperate the government of the cantons against the new republic.

All the cantons, except that of Berne, appeared for a long time disposed to preserve a neutrality towards revolutionary France; but that canton, under pretence of supporting the people of Geneva against the aggressions of the French, first displayed an avowed hostility, and marched a body of 15,000 troops towards the frontiers of the French republic. The true cause of this movement in the canton of Berne, has been by others stated to be the hopes entertained by some individuals of that government, of sharing in the plans of emolument and preferment which were expected to arise on the re-establishment of monarchy in France. The mutual jealousy subsisting between the Swiss cantons and the ruling power in France, was heightened by the protection given by some of the cantons to the French emigrants, and by the correspondence which others of the cantons had held with the bloody tribunal of Robespierre. After the retreat of the allied armies from the frontiers of France, the Swiss found it politic to make at least a show of amity towards the victorious republic; and accordingly recognized the existing government of the republic, and openly received M. Barthelemy as its charge d'affaires. Still, however, the sincerity of the cantons was justly doubted by the French directory, who appear to have long formed designs against the independence of Switzerland.

The directory, confirmed in power, and relieved from the control of a popular legislature, hastened; towards the close of the year 1797, to put in force their project of subjugating the Swiss republics. The first hostile movement on the part of the French, was to take possession of the Helvetic part of the bishopric of Basle, under some frivolous pretence, and contrary to an express treaty concluded with the Swis in the year 1792. Either too weak or too prudent to resent this infraction of their rights, the Helvetic body still flattered themselves with an amicable termination of their difference with France; when an insurrection, which broke out in the Pays-de-Vaud, probably through French instigation, or at least through the influence of French principles, afforded a fuller pretext for the overthrow of the government. In the month of December, the French directory thought proper to interfere in this domestic dispute, and demanded from the government of Berne, what they termed the restoration of the rights of that people, and the assembling of the states of the Pays-de-Vaud in their ancient form. This demand they immediately prepared to enforce by arms; and General Menard was ordered to march, with a body of 15,000 men, to support the claims of the petitioning party in the Pays-de-Vaud. The designs of the French were for the moment frustrated by the timidity or generosity of the supreme council of Berne. On the 5th of January, 1798, they issued a proclamation, enjoining the citizens of the Pays-de-Vaud to assemble in arms, to renew the oath of allegiance, to proceed immediately to the reform of every abuse in the government, and to assert and re-establish all their ancient rights. A commission had been previously appointed at Lausanne, for determining on the claims of the petitioners, and for reinstating the country in its former tranquillity. From what causes it happened, we have not as yet been correctly informed, but the proceedings of the commission seemed involved altogether in embarrassment and delay. The people became impatient, and the insurrection at once broke out into actual hostility. The castle of Chillon was seized by the insurgents; and the commotions which took place in the southern districts of the province appeared no less formidable. The government of Berne now determined to reduce the insurgents by force; and a body of 20,000 troops, under the command of Colonel Weis, was dispatched to disperse them. Whether the lenient measures pursued by this general, were consistent with sound policy or not, it is impossible, from the materials which have hitherto fallen under our inspection, to determine. Suffice it to say, that though it is not certain that more precipitate movements would have saved the country, yet his inactivity undoubtedly served to increase at once the power and the audacity of the insurgents. Thus situated, the approach of the French decided the contest. On passing the boundary, Menard dispatched an aide-de-camp, attended by two hussars, to General Weis, at Yverdon; on their return, a fatal affray took place at the village of Thierens, in which one of the hussars was killed. Who were the aggressors in this unfortunate business is not correctly ascertained, but it was regarded by Menard as a declaration of war. His troops immediately advanced, while those of Weis retreated, and the whole of the Pays-de-Vaud was, by the beginning of February, in the possession of the French.

The government of Berne still hoped, it appears, to avert the destruction which now seemed to await them; the centinels who had killed the hussar at Thierens were delivered up, and fresh negotiations were entered on. In the mean time, however, new insurrections were planned in different parts, and the revolutionary mania appeared to increase. In the seditious assemblages on these occasions, the French envoy, Mengaud, was observed to take a decided part; and, on the 2d of January, he formally reclaimed some persons who had been arrested for treasonable practices by the government of Berne, as the friends and allies of the French republic. To this reclamation the government of Berne paid little attention; and the standard of revolt having been erected at Arau, they determined on effective measures for its suppression and their own defence. The Argovian militia marched to Arau; the town and province were immediately reduced, and the leaders of the insurrection were taken into custody.

War now appeared inevitable. To conciliate the minds of the people, and induce them more freely to lend their assistance, the government of Berne decreed, that 52 deputies from the principal towns and communes should be added to the supreme council; and, on the 2d of February, these new deputies took their seats. A general reform of all the abuses of the government was the first resolution agreed on in their deliberations; and the example of Berne was followed by the cantons of Lucerne, Fribourg, Soleure, Schaffhausen, and Zurich.

While, in this state of things, fresh negotiations were commenced with the French directory, a defensive force of about 20,000 men was collected. The other Swiss cantons dispatched their quotas to the defence of Berne, which amounted to about 5500 men. A truce had been concluded with the French general in the Pays-de-Vaud, where an officer of the name of Brune had succeeded Menard in the command. The truce was to have expired on the 1st of March; but General d'Erlach, fearful lest the spirit of his troops should slacken, demanded, on the 26th of February, positive orders to put his army in motion, and the council immediately made a decree to that effect. The plan of the campaign was now arranged by M. d'Erlach, and notice had been given to the posts that hostilities were to commence on the evening of the 1st of March; when the movements of the Swiss general were frustrated by the repeal of the decree which had been so hastily passed, and the negotiation was renewed with the French commander.

M. Mallet du Pan asserts, that the French general Brune, had agreed to prolong the truce for 30 hours; but, on the 2d March, the castle of Dornach, at the northern extremity of the canton of Soleure, was attacked and carried by the French; and at the same time, 13,000 men were marched under the walls of Soleure, which capitulated to General Schwabenbourg on the first summons. Fribourg was immediately after reduced by General Brune, and the Swiss army was forced to retreat.

While disaffection prevailed in the army of General d'Erlach, the inhabitants of Berne saw the rapid approach of the victorious army. On the 2d of March, the levy of the Landflhurm, or the rising of the people in a mass, was proclaimed. The expedient did not succeed in favour of the magistrates; the people were no sooner assembled in arms, than they of themselves dissolved the government; a provisional regency was elected for the occasion; the event was notified to General Brune; and to facilitate a pacification, an order was issued to dismiss the army, on condition that the French would keep the posts they at present occupied.

Unsatisfied with this concession, the French general insisted on the town receiving a French garrison. In the mean time all was confusion, both in Berne and in the army; the left division of which had mutinied, deserted their posts, and put to death some of their officers. By defection, the Swiss army was now reduced to 14,000, to which might be added the undisciplined rabble which the Landflhurm had called forth. About 8000 of the regular forces were stationed at Newenag, and 6400 held the position of Frauenbrun, against which General Schwabenbourg advanced from Soleure, at the head of 18,000 men. On the morning of the 5th March, both posts were attacked by the French, and a momentary success seemed to crown the valorous efforts of the division at Newenag; but those stationed at Frauenbrun were, after a vigorous resistance, obliged to retreat; M. d'Erlach rallied his men at Uteren, where a second engagement took place, but with no better success on the part of the Swiss. At Grouholz, however, they again made a stand, whence they were driven to the gates of the capital, where they were completely routed. The Swiss, in this engagement, lost 2000 killed and wounded; while the loss of the French was about 1800.

On the evening of the 5th, General Brune entered the city of Berne by capitulation. The divisions of the tired Swiss army stationed at Newenag and Gumenin retreated; the soldiers of this last column, in despair, put their officers to death; and the unfortunate d'Erlach, in flying from the field of battle, was murdered by his countrymen and soldiers.

The submission of nearly the whole of Switzerland followed the defeat of the Bernese. The democratic republics, however, still made a glorious stand, defeated General Schwabenbourg, and forced him to retire with the loss of 3000 men.

The Swiss confederacy, after this revolution, changed its constitution, and even its name. Provisional governments, under the direction of the French generals, were established in the different districts, and the whole assumed the name of the Helvetic republic. Contributions were levied as usual, by the French commissioners; and some shocking enormities are reported to have been committed, chiefly by the army of the Rhine; for the divisions which belonged to the army of Italy are said to have conducted themselves with superior humanity and justice.

In the beginning of 1802, a new constitution was framed for the Helvetic republic, under the direction of Bonaparte. Its leading features are as follows.

The Helvetic republic is one. Every citizen has a right of settling in any canton of the republic, and of exercising all the civil and political rights in the same manner as the citizens of the canton.

Berne is the capital of Helvetia. The Helvetic territory is divided into 21 cantons. The ecclesiastical property, in general, can be employed only for establishments of religious instruction, or of charity.

There is a central administration of the republic for the exercise of the national sovereignty, and an administration of the cantons. The administration of the cantons is composed of a diet and a senate. The diet is formed by the union of representatives from all the cantons, in the following proportions.—Berne, five; Zurich, two; Lucerne, five; Uri, one; Schweitz, three; Underwalden, Underwalden, one; Zug, one; Glaris, one; Soloure, two; Fribourg, three; Basle, two; Schaffhausen, one; Appenzel, one; St Gal, four; Turgovia, two; Argovia, two; Baden, two; Vaud, four; Grisons, one; Tessin, three; Valais, two. The members of the diet remain five years in office. The diet is to assemble regularly every year on the 1st of March. It shall be extraordinarily convoked by the senate when the majority of the cantons require it, or when itself shall judge that measure necessary. The president of the diet shall be the landamtmann who is not in office. He has a casting vote, in case the votes shall be equally divided. A deputation of four members from the senate shall assist at the diet, and shall take part in its deliberations, but without having a right to vote.

The senate is composed of two landamtmans, two stadtholders or lieutenants, and 26 counsellors. Each canton must have at least one member in it. The senate forms the projects of laws and regulations, and submits them to the sanction of the cantons. The two landamtmans and their lieutenants have the direction of foreign affairs. The senate names and recalls diplomatic agents, on a proposition from the landamtmans. The landamtmann in office is to receive a salary of 16,000 livres, Swiss currency; the second landamtmann, his two lieutenants, and the members of the petty council, 6000 livres; those of the senate 4000. The senate may adjourn for three months. During this interval, the petty council exercises the executive power.