Scolopendra trigonopoda.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Locality unknown.

British Museum.

*** Segments of the body elongate, or subelongate; irregular, now longer, then shorter.

Sp. 5. Morisitanus.

Scolopendra morisitanus of authors.

Inhabits India.

Gen. 4. Cryptops. Leach.

Antennae conic-setaceous, composed of (seventeen) globose-subconic joints. Under lip not denticulated, anterior margin scarcely emarginate. Hinder legs with the first joint toothless. Eyes obscure.

Sp. 1. Hortensis. Testaceous-ferruginous; back deeper in colour; antennae and legs hairy.

Scolopendra hortensis.

Donovan, Brit. Ins.

Cryptops hortensis.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 408.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Plate XXII.

Inhabits gardens in and near Exeter. It has likewise been found near Plymouth, in Devonshire.

Family III. GEOPHILIDAE.

Gen. 5. Geophilus. Leach.

Eyes obscure. (Lip divided by a fissure?) Mandibles strong. Antennae cylindric in some, towards the apex gradually somewhat narrower in others; composed of (fourteen) subcylindric joints, a little narrower at their base.

Antennae with short joints.

Sp. 1. Carpopagus. Head, antennae, and arms fulvescent; body violet, anteriorly yellowish; legs pale yellowish.

Var. B. Body obscurely subviolet-testaceous, anteriorly subtestaceous.

Geophilus carpophagus.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 384.

Inhabits Devonshire, in garden fruit; it is not uncommon.

Sp. 2. Subterraneus. Body yellow, head subferruginous.

Scolopendra subterranea.

Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 7.

Geophilus subterraneus.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 385.

Inhabits the earth. Is very common in England.

Sp. 3. Acuminatus. Body ferruginous, anteriorly gradually narrower; head anteriorly and the legs paler.

Geophilus acuminatus.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386.

Inhabits moss and beneath the ground. It is rare.

** Antennae with elongate joints.

Sp. 4. Longicornis. Body yellow; head ferruginous; antennae long.

Geophilus longicornis.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386.

Plate XXII.

Inhabits the earth and under stones.

Obs. Scolopendra electrica of Linné, belongs to this genus.

---

Sp. 1. Forpicatus. Head broad; under lip entirely and deeply covered with impressed dots; legs testaceous-yellowish.

Scolopendra forpicata.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 1062.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 390.

Lithobius forpicatus.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 408.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 381.

Plate XXII.

Inhabits Europe, beneath stones.

The other species are described in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.

Gen. 3. Scolopendra of authors.

Antennae conic-setaceous, composed of (seventeen) subconic joints. Mouth covered by hemispheric galeae. Exterior palpi with a double footstalk; the last joint internally compressed, and armed with two claws. Mandibles strong, corneous, without teeth. Under lip divided by a fissure, the anterior margin narrower, strait and denticulated. Body with the segments margined. Anterior pair of legs small, the last pair largest, with the inner edge of the first joint spinose. Eyes eight, four on each side of the anterior margin of the head, arranged in a rhomboidal form.

Of this genus we have no indigenous species. The genus contains several species which have been confounded together under the title of Scolopendra morisitanus, to which the generic instead of the specific character has been applied.

* Body with the segments nearly of equal size.

Sp. 1. Gigas. Segments transversely-quadrate, with rounded angles, of ferruginous brown colour, luteous behind; antennae, palpi, galeae, and legs testaceous; legs (anterior pair excepted) with the first (and rarely the second) joint spinulose.

Scolopendra gigas. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Locality unknown.

Fine specimens of this species are preserved in the cabinet of Professor Jameson of Edinburgh, and in the British Museum.

** Body with the segments transverse, alternately longer and shorter; the fifth and sixth subequal.

Sp. 2. Alternans. Hinder legs with the first joint rounded, and internally spinulose.

Scolopendra alternans.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 383.

Plate XXII.

Locality unknown.

Sp. 3. Subspinipes. Hinder legs with the first joint subrounded, flat above, at the internal apex sub-spinose.

Scolopendra subspinosa.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Locality unknown.

British Museum.

Sp. 4. Trigonopoda. Hinder legs trigonate, the first joint above and below internally spiniferous.

CLASS III.—ARACHNIDES.

From *agyn*, a spider, and *ubis*, resemblance; a class of animals formerly arranged with insects, but first shown to be distinct by the celebrated Lamarck, and established as such, by Latreille and Cuvier.

Of the history of the Arachnides little can be said; we shall therefore content ourselves with giving a general view of the ideas entertained by authors. Linné arranged all of these animals with which he was acquainted with apterous insects, under the generic titles, PHALANGIUM, ARANEA, ACARUS and SCORPIO; and in this disposition he was followed by Cuvier.

Lamarck, in his *Système des Animaux sans Vertébres*, has included amongst the Arachnides, the MYRIAPODA, and certain animals which we have considered as forming a subclass of insects, as shall be hereafter mentioned; and he has disposed what we consider as genuine ARACHNIDES, into two divisions.

I. Mouth furnished with mandibles and with maxillae.

Genus 1. SCORPIO, 2. ARANEA, 3. PHYRINUS, 4. GALEODES, 5. PHALANGIUM, 6. CHELIPE, 7. ELAIS, 8. TROMBIDIUM.

II. Mouth furnished with a rostrum or haustellum.

Genus 9. HYDRACHNA, 10. BDIELLA, 11. ACARUS, 12. PYCNOGONUM, 13. NYMPHUM.

Duméril, in his *Zoologie Analytique*, has placed the Arachnides with the apterous insects. He arranges the genus, 1. IXODES, Latr., with PEDICULUS and PULEX; the other genera he has placed in a peculiar family; 2. ARANEA, 3. MYGALE, 4. PHYRINUS, 5. SCORPIO, 6. CHELIPE, 7. GALEODES, 8. PHALANGIUM.

Lamarck, in his *Extrait du Cours*, &c., has placed the Arachnides with some genuine insects and Myriapoda, but he has formed for them a separate order, which he terms Arachnides palpata, and disposes them into the following little groups of genera.

I. PYCNOGONIDAE.

Genus 1. NYMPHUM, 2. PHOXICHILUS, 3. PYCNOGONUM.

II. ACARIDAE.

* Parasiticae.

a. Six legs.

Genus 4. ASTOMA, 5. LEPTUS, 6. CARIS.

b. Eight legs.

Genus 7. UROPODA, 8. ARGAS, 9. IXODES, 10. ACARUS.

** Vagabunda.

a. Land.

Genus 11. ORIBATA, 12. SMARIS, 13. CHEYLETUS, 14. BDIELLA, 15. ERYTHREUS, 16. TROMBIDIUM.

b. Aquatic.

Genus 17. ELAIS, 18. LIMNOCHARIS, 19. HYDRACHNA.

III. PHALANGIDAE.

Genus 20. SIRO, 21. TROGULUS, 22. PHALANGIUM, 23. GALEODES.

IV. SCORPIDAE.

Genus 24. CHELIPE, 25. SCORPIO, 26. THELEPHONUS, 27. PHYRINUS.

V. ARANEIDAE.

Genus 28. ARANEA, 29. MYGALE.

Classification.

The following classification is that lately published in the eleventh volume of the *Transactions of the Linnaean Society*. It may not be improper to observe, that, from the ARACHNIDES of Latreille, we have not only removed the TETRAECA and MYRIAPODA (the first being referable to the CRUSTACEA, the second to a new class), but also the PARASITAE and THYSANURA, which form a subclass of genuine insects, and have added to the ARACHNIDES the genus Nycteribia, which agrees with them in general structure.

Subclass I. CEPHALOSTOMATA. Mouth situated in the front of the head.

Subclass II. NOTOSTOMATA. Mouth situated on the back.

Subclass I. CEPHALOSTOMATA.

A. Legs with coxae, thighs, tibiae, and tarsi, distinct in form.

Order I. PODOSOMATA. Body four-jointed, and formed as it were of the junction of the coxae. Mouth tubular. Eyes four, placed on a common tubercle. Legs eight.

Order II. POLYMEROSOMATA. Body composed of a series of segments; abdomen not pedunculated. Mouth furnished with didactyle mandibles and with maxillae. Eyes two, four, six, or eight. Legs eight.

Order III. DUOMEROSOMATA. Body composed of two segments, the abdomen pedunculated. Mouth furnished with mandibles, and with maxillae. Eyes six or eight. Legs eight.

B. Legs, with the coxae, thighs, tibiae, and tarsi, not distinct from each other in form.

Order IV. MONOMEROSOMATA. Body formed but of one segment. Mouth rostriform, or in some furnished with maxillae and mandibles. Legs eight or six.

Order I. PODOSOMATA.

The singular animals which compose this order inhabit the sea. The females are furnished with two palpiform organs inserted at the base of the rostrum, on which parts they carry their eggs, attached in globular masses.

The legs are composed of three-jointed coxae, one-jointed thighs, two-jointed tibiae and tarsi, the latter parts furnished with claws.

Family I. PYCNOGONIDAE. Mandibles none.

Genus 1. PYCNOGONUM.

2. PHOXICHILUS.

Family II. NYMPHONIDAE. Mandibles two, biauriculate, didactyle.

Genus 3. AMMOTHEA.

4. NYMPHUM.

Family I. PYCNOGONIDAE.

Gen. 1. PYCNOGONUM of authors.

Legs rather strong; coxae with subequal joints; tibiae with the first joint largest; tarsi with the first joint very small; claws simple, strong, acute.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, the last joint very acute, ungiform, attached to the first joint of the body at the base of the rostrum.

Sp. 1. Balanarum. Plate XXIII. Inhabits the European Ocean. It is not uncommon in the Plymouth Sound, where it is taken by the trawl-fishers.

Gen. 2. Phoxichilus. Latr. Leach.

Legs very slender; coxae with the middle joint longest, subclavate; tibiae with the first joint shorter; tarsi with the first joint very small; claws double, unequal, the longer one acute.

Egg-bearing organs seven-jointed, the last joint tuberculous, inserted at the base of the rostrum, one on each side, and attached to the first segment of the body.

The specific characters of none of the species are yet ascertained. To the genus, however, belong Pycnogonum spinipes, Oth. Fabr. Fa. Gran. 232. and Phalaungum hirsutum, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5. fig. 7.

Family II. Nymphonidae.

Gen. 3. Ammotea. Leach.

Mandibles much shorter than the rostrum, with equal joints, the fingers arcuate, and meeting at their tips. Palpi nine-jointed, the third joint very long. Legs slender; coxae with the middle joint longest; tibiae with the first joint somewhat shortest; tarsi with the first joint small; claws double, unequal.

Egg-bearing organs nine-jointed, inserted under the first legs, behind the rostrum.

Sp. 1. Carolinensis. Body entirely brown, testaceous; back with three trigonate tubercles.

Ammotea Carolinensis.

Leach, Zool. Miscel. i. 34. tab. 13.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits the sea about Southern Carolina.

Gen. 4. Nymphum. Lamarck; Leach.

Nymphum. Fabricius, Latreille.

Pycnogonum. Müller.

Mandibles longer than the rostrum, with equal joints, the fingers curved, meeting along their whole length, and abruptly hooked at their extremities. Palpi six-jointed, the second joint elongate, the sixth very small. Legs very slender, coxae with the middle joint longest; tibiae with the second joint rather longest; tarsi with the first joint somewhat shortest, claws simple.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, inserted behind the rostrum, almost under the anterior pair of legs.

Sp. 1. Gracile. Cinerceous, thighs cylindric.

Nymphum gracile.

Leach, Zool. Miscel. i. 45. tab. 19. fig. 1.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits the British seas everywhere; but as it never attains the size of the phalangium, misnamed by Linne grossipes (which is figured by Ström in his history of Sondmor, 208. tab. 2. fig. 16.), we are doubtful if it be the same species; but as the Linnean name is so ridiculously inapplicable, little fault can be found with the more appropriate name for which it has been exchanged.

Sp. 2. Femoratum. Reddish, thighs dilated and compressed.

Nymphum femoratum.

Leach, Zool. Miscel. i. 45. tab. 19. fig. 2.

Inhabits the shores on the southern coast of Devon.

Order II. Polymerosomatata.

Fam. I. Sironeae. Palpi simple. Mandibles didactyle.

Genus 5. Siro.

Fam. II. Scorpionidae. Palpi arm-shaped. Mandibles didactyle. Legs alike.

Stirps 1. Tail none. Eyes two or four. Pecten none.

Genus 6. Obisium.

7. Chelifera.

Stirps 2. Tail elongate, articulated, terminated by a curved sting. Eyes six or eight. Pecten one on each side of the base of the abdomen.

Genus 8. Scorpio.

9. Ruthus.

Fam. III. Tarantulidae. Mandibles monodactyle. Palpi arm-shaped. Anterior legs shaped like antennae; six hinder ones alike, simple. Eyes eight.

Stirps 1. Tail filiform. Palpi didactyle.

Genus 10. Thelophonus.

Stirps 2. Tail none. Palpi terminated by a movable hook.

Genus 11. Tarantula.

Family I. Sironeae.

Gen. 5. Siro. Latreille, Leach.

Mandibles two, two-jointed, cylindric, compressed, their points armed with a forceps. Palpi two, five-jointed, joints elongate, the second longest. Body oval. Eyes two, placed one in each side of the thorax, on an erect peduncle. Legs elongate, filiform; tibiae and tarsi two-jointed, the latter parts terminated by an arcuate claw.

Sp. 1. Rubens. Pale red, legs paler.

Siro rubens.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 143.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 416.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 390.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits moss at the roots of trees and in woods.

Family II. Scorpionidae.

The animals composing this family constitute a most natural group.

Stirps 1.

Gen. 6. Obisium. Illiger, Leach.

Body cylindric. Thorax composed of one segment. Mandibles porrect. Eyes four.

Sp. 1. Trombidioidea. Second joint of the arms elongate; fingers long and strait.

Chelifera Trombidioidea.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 133.

Obisium Trombidioidea.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 391.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits France and England, under stones.

Gen. 7. Chelifera. Geoffroy, Leach.

Thorax composed of three parts. Mandibles short. Eyes two.

Sp. 1. Fasciatus. Hands oval; segments of the abdomen bordered with whitish.

Chelifera fasciatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix.

Inhabits beneath the bark of willow and other trees. Genus 8. Scorpio of authors.

Eyes six.

Sp. 1. Europaeus. Pecten with nine teeth; hands angulated, subcordate; wrists unidentate; body obscure brown; legs and last joint of the tail brownish-yellow.

Scorpio Europaeus.

Villers, Entom. iv. 131. tab. 2. f. 11. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 131. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 429. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 391.

Inhabits the south of Europe.

Gen. 9. Buthus. Leach.

Eyes eight.

Sp. 1. Occitanus. Pecten with twenty-eight teeth; body yellowish; tail longer than the body, with elevated granulated lines; no point beneath the sting.

Scorpio occitanus.

Amoreaux, Jour. de Phys. an. 1789. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 132. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428. Buthus occitanus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 391.

Inhabits southern Europe; it occurs in France and in Portugal.

Family III. Tarantulideæ.

Stirps 1.

Gen. 10. Thelyphonus. Latreille, Leach.

Maxillæ subtriangular, large, meeting within. Palpi very thick, terminated by a didactyle hand.

Body elongate. Thorax ovate, with two eyes on its anterior margin towards the middle, and three on each side, placed in a triangle.

Sp. 1. Proscorpio.

Phalangium caudatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1029. Tarantula caudata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 433.

Thelyphonus proscorpio.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 130. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Inhabits Southern America.

Stirps 2.

Gen. 11. Tarantula. Brown, Fabricius, Leach.

Phrynus. Olivier, Lam. Fabr. Hermann.

Maxillæ obverse-conic, divergent; internal apex produced, compressed, and rounded. Palpi terminated by a moveable, horny, bent claw.

Body depressed. Thorax broad, reniform, or lunate, with two eyes about the middle of its anterior margin, and three on each side, placed in a triangle.

Sp. 1. Lunata. Palpi nearly three times the length of the body; apex of the third joint with four spines, the two upper ones strongest.

Tarantula lunata.

Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 433. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 392.

Phrynus lunatus. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 128.

Inhabits the East Indies.

Order III. Duromerosomata.

Fam. I. Solpugideæ. Eyes four. Anus simple.

Genus 12. Solpuga.

Fam. II. Phalangideæ. Eyes two. Anus simple.

Genus 13. Phalangium.

14. Opilio.

Fam. III. Araneideæ. Eyes six or eight. Anus with nipples for spinning.

Stirps 1. Legs simple. Hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and superior part of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon. The two exterior nipples of the anus longer than the others, and projecting. Lip not advancing between the maxillæ nor prominent, but as long as broad.

* Eyes eight. Mandibles projecting.

Genus 15. Mygale.

16. Atypus.

17. Eriodon.

** Mandibles perpendicular. Eyes six.

Genus 18. Segestria.

19. Dysdera.

*** Mandibles perpendicular. Eyes eight.

Genus 20. Filistata.

21. Drassus.

22. Clotho.

23. Clubiona.

24. Aranea.

25. Agelena.

26. Argyroreta.

Stirps 2. Legs simple. Hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and superior of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon. Nipples of the anus short and nearly equal, of a conic form. Lip nearly semicircular, broader than long, and projecting between the maxillæ. (Eyes eight).

* Eyes not describing the segment of a circle. Maxillæ straightened towards their extremities, but not dilated.

Genus 27. Syctodes.

28. Theridion.

29. Latrodectus.

30. Pholcus.

** Eyes not describing the segment of a circle. Maxillæ strait with their points dilated.

Genus 31. Uloborus.

32. Tetragnatha.

33. Linyphia.

34. Epeira.

35. Nephila.

*** Eyes describing the segment of a circle.

Genus 36. Episenus.

37. Micrommata.

38. Thomisus.

Stirps 3. Legs not formed for leaping. Hinder eyes placed on the anterior and superior part of the thorax, forming an irregular hexagon.

* Anterior legs longest.

Genus 39. Oxyopes.

40. Stomena.

41. Ctenus.

** Hinder pair of legs longest.

Genus 42. Lycosa.

43. Dolomedes.

Stirps 4. Legs formed for leaping. (Eyes eight. Thorax never carinated).

Genus 44. Eresus. Genus 45. Salticus.

46. Attus.

Family I. Solpugideæ.

Gen. 12. Solpugideæ.

Lichtenst. Fabr. Herbst, Leach.

Galeodes. Olivier, Lamarck, Latreille.

Rhax. Berman.

Eyes placed on a common tubercle. Mandibles very large, strait. Palpi very large, formed like legs, the last joint simple. Body elongate.

Sp. 1. Arachnoides. Pale-yellowish, mixed with cinereous.

Solpuga araneoides.

Lichtenst. Catal. Hamb. 1797, 151, 196.

Solpuga araneoides.

Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. 294.

Galeodes araneoides.

Oliv. Encycl. Méth. Hist. Nat. vi. 390.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 135.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

Family II. Phalangideæ.

Gen. 13. Phalangium of authors.

Eyes placed in a common peduncle. Mandibles corneous, subcylindric, compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint, the apex of which bears a forceps with equal fingers. Palpi formed like legs terminated by a hook. Body more or less oval. Second pair of legs almost six times the length of the body; tarsi all capillary, very slender, the first joints elongate, four times (or more) longer than broad.

Sp. 1. Opilio. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 157.

Male, Phalangium cornutum.

Linna. Syst. Nat. i. 1028.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 430.

Female, Phalangium opilio.

Linna. Syst. Nat. i. 1027.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 429.

Inhabits Europe, on walls and rocks.

Gen. 14. Opilio.

Eyes placed on a common peduncle. Mandibles corneous, subcylindric, compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint, the apex of which has a forceps with equal fingers. Palpi formed like legs, terminated by a hook. Body more or less oval. Second pair of legs three or four times the length of the body, the fourth and following joints a little elongate, twice as long as broad.

Sp. 1. Histrix.

Phalangium histrix.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 140.

Inhabits France and England.

Family III. Araneideæ.

The animals composing this most natural family, are familiarly denominated spiders, and, as we have before mentioned, were included by Linna, Fabricius, and other authors, in one genus, which they called Aranea; but as the species are very numerous, they were obliged to divide them into sections, which they distinguished by the situation of their eyes. These organs are immoveable, and consist each of a single lens, which deprives them of the faculty of seeing in every direction.

The Araneideæ are by far the most interesting animals of that class of which they form the type; and consequently their habits and structure excited the attention of naturalists at a very early period.

Aristotle and Pliny were acquainted with those species that have the power of darting out long threads. Vide Aristotelis Historia Animalium, lib. ix. cap. 89, and Plini Hist. Naturalis, lib. xii. cap. 74.

Spiders frequently change their skins, and their skins are often found in their webs, being dry and transparent, with their mandibles attached to them. When about to cast their covering, they suspend themselves in some corner, and creep out of a crack which takes place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs from the skin, as if from a glove. They have likewise the power of reproducing their legs; the mode in which this takes place, was made known to us by Sir Joseph Banks, and which we shall relate as nearly as possible in the words of that accurate observer of nature.

As he was writing one evening in his study, one of the web-spinning spiders, of more than the middle size, passed over some papers on the table, holding a fly in its mouth. Much surprised to see a spider of this description walking about with its prey, and being struck with somewhat unusual in its gait, he caught it and placed it within a glass for examination; when instead of eight, he perceived that it had but three legs, which accounted for the inability of the creature to spin its web; but the curious circumstance of its having changed its usual economy, and having become a hunting instead of a spinning spider, as well as a wish to learn whether its legs would be renewed, induced him to keep the animal in the glass, from whence it could not escape, and to observe its conduct.

On the following morning the animal ate two flies, given to it, by sucking out the juices, but left the carcasses entire. Two or three days afterwards, it devoured the body and head of a fly, leaving only the wings and legs. After this time, it sometimes sucked and sometimes ate the fly given to it. At first it consumed two flies in a day, but afterwards not more than one in two days. Its excrement, which it voided, was at first of a milky-white colour, but afterwards the white had a black spot in the centre, of a more solid appearance than the surrounding fluid.

Soon after its confinement, it attempted to form a web on the side of the vessel, but performed the business very slowly and clumsily, from the want of the proper number of legs. In about a fortnight it had completed a small web, upon which it generally sat.

A month after having been caught, it shed its skin, leaving the slough on the web. After this change five new legs appeared, not half as long as the other three legs, and of very little use to the animal in walking. These new members, however, extended themselves a little in three days, and became half as long as the old ones. The web was now increased, and the animal continued immoveably sitting on it in the daytime, unless drawn from it, or attracted by a fly thrown to it as its usual provision.

Twenty-nine days afterwards, it again lost its skin, leaving the slough hanging in the web, opposite to a hollow cell it had woven, so as to prevent it from Arachnides being completely seen when lodged in it. The legs were now larger than before the change of skin, and they grew somewhat longer still in three or four days, but did not attain the size of the old legs.

The animal now increased its web, and being put into a small bowl, as a more commodious residence, soon renewed a better web than the first. In this state it was left on the first of November. No farther observations have yet been made on the subject.

The principal use of the Araneidea; in the economy of nature, seems to be that of preventing the too great increase of insects.

The palpi of the different sexes should be carefully described, as they seem to afford some most excellent subsidiary generic characters.

**Stirps 1.**

Gen. 15. **Mygale. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach.** Labium very small and quadrate, inserted under the base of the maxillae. Palpi attached to the apex of the jaws. Eyes on each side geminated.

A. Claws of the tarsi, with a few very obscure, or with no denticulations beneath.

* Last joint of the tarsi and palpi with a brush of hair.

Sp. 1. **Avicularia.** (Bird-catching Mygale). Blackish, very hairy, the hairs elongate; palpi and legs with ferruginous tips; tarsi broad; claws not exserted. (Palpi of the male globose, produced into a very long, very slender hook).

Aranea avicularia.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1034. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 424.

Mygale avicularia.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 83. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 420.

Inhabits South America.

**Palpi and tarsi without any brush.**

Sp. 2. **Cementaria.** Ferruginous brown; mandibles blackish; carina and margin of the thorax paler.

Mygale cementaria.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 84. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 421.

Inhabits the South of France. It is described by Dorthes in the second volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, tab. 17, fig. 6.

B. Claws of the tarsi internally much dentated.

Sp. 3. **Calpeiana.**

Mygale calpeina.

Walck. Tab. des Aran. 5. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 85. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 421.

Gen. 16. **Atypus. Latreille, Leach.**

Oletera. Walckenaer.

Eyes on each side geminated. Lip very small and quadrate, inserted under the base of the maxillae. Palpi inserted at the external base of the maxillae, which are dilated at that part.

Sp. 1. **Sulzeri.** Black and shining; mandibles very long and strong; thorax nearly quadrate; plain behind, abruptly elevated before; the two middle eyes placed on an eminence; back of the abdomen coriaceous and more shining; joints of the legs whitish.

Atypus.

Latr. Nouv. Diction. d'Hist. Nat. tab. 24. p. 133.

Atypus sulzer.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 85. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 421.

Oletere dittorne. Walck. Tab. des Aran. 7.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits France and England. In the latter country it was discovered by Dr Leach near Exeter, and he has twice obtained specimens that occurred near London.

Gen. 17. **Eriodon. Latreille, Leach.**

Missulena. Walckenaer.

Lip linear, exserted between the maxillae. Palpi inserted at the external base of the maxillae, which are dilated at that part. Eyes disposed somewhat like the letter H.

This genus was first established by Latreille, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, xxiv. p. 133.

Sp. 1. **Occatorius.**

Missulene herseuse. Walck. Tab. des Aran. 8.

Eriodon occatorius.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 86. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 421.

Inhabits Notasia. Discovered by Le Sueur and Peron.

**Stirps 1.**

Gen. 18. **Segestria.**

Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal, with the base thickened, dilated externally, somewhat wedge-shaped, the middle longitudinally convex. Lip elongate-quadrate, longer than broad, the middle longitudinally convex or subcarinate. Legs, the first pair longest, rest in proportion, the second, then the fourth, the third pair being shortest. Eyes placed in a transverse line, the extremities somewhat recurved.

Sp. 1. **Senoculata.** Thorax blackish-brown; abdomen oblong, griseous, with a longitudinal band of blackish spots; legs pale brown with obscure bands.

Aranea senoculata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 426.

Segestria senoculata.

Walck. Tab. des Aran. 48. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 89. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 421.

Inhabits rocks and old buildings. It is common in France, near Paris, and in England it is not rare.

Segestria cellaria has once been found at Plymouth in a cellar, and is now in Dr Leach's collection.

Gen. 19. **Dysdera.** Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal, with the base thickened and externally dilated at the insertion of the palpi; the apex internally obliquely truncated, and thence externally acutely terminated. Palpi with the first joint short and nearly obsolete. Lip elongate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards its point. Eyes forming a horse-shoe, the open part in front. Legs with the first, then the fourth, then the second pair longest; the third shortest. Claws with a little brush beneath.

Sp. 1. **Eythrina.** Mandibles and thorax sanguineous; legs lightly coloured; abdomen soft, greyish yellow and silky. Clotho Durandii.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. vol. iv. append. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 422.

Inhabits Montpellier, building its web amongst stones.

Gen. 23. Clubiona. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxilla strait and longitudinal; the basis a little dilated externally; the apex rounded and obliquely truncated on the inside. Lip elongate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards the point. Legs, the first or the fourth pair longer than the second pair.

* The two outermost eyes on either side neither placed very close together, nor inserted on a distinct prominence. (The maxilla in all with an incrassated base; the fourth pair of feet (rarely the first) longest.)

Sp. 1. Lapidicola. Thorax and mandibles pale reddish; feet very light red; abdomen ash-grey coloured.

Clubiona lapidicola.

Walck. Tab. des Aran. 46. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 91. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 422.

Inhabits France and England, under stones, constructing a globular cell of the size of a common hazel nut, in the centre of which are deposited a vast number of pale yellowish eggs, agglutinated into a spherical mass.

The mandibles of the male are porrect, and rather more than half of the length of the thorax; those of the female rather vertical.

** The two external eyes on each side placed rather close to each other. (Maxilla not always thickened at their base; the first and then the second pair of legs longest.)

A. Maxilla somewhat thickened at their base, and transversely impressed before the middle.

Sp. 2. Nutrix. Unguile black; thorax and mandibles light red; legs very light red; abdomen yellowish green, with an obscure longitudinal band.

Clubiona nutrix.

Walck. Tab. des Aran. 45. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 92. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 422.

Inhabits the environs of Paris; it is common in a place called Sevres, building a nest amongst the leaves of the Eryngium campestre. Mandibles of the male stronger than those of the female.

It has once occurred in England, near Cheltenham.

B. Maxilla not thickened at their base; front not transversely impressed.

Sp. 3. Atrix. Brown; legs pale; tibiae with dark spots; middle of the back of the abdomen, with a somewhat quadrate black spot, margined with yellow.

Clubiona atrix.

Walck. Tab. des Aran. 44. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. 93. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 422.

Aranea atrix.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 253, pl. 14, fig. 24, 25.

Inhabits old walls and fissures of rocks. It is very common in Britain and France. A tolerable figure Anachnidiae is given in the work of Dr Lister on *British Spiders*, p. 68, fig. 21.

Gen. 24. Aranea of authors.

*Tegeneria*. Walckenaer.

Maxilla strait and longitudinal, with their internal angle distinctly truncate, diameter equal, apex rounded. Lip elongate, nearly quadrate, longer than broad, towards the superior angles a little narrower. Legs, the anterior pair about the same length with the fourth pair; third pair shortest. Eyes disposed in two transverse lines near each other, and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. *Domestica*. Livid-cinerous; thorax of the male immaculate; of the female on each side with longitudinal blackish band; abdomen blackish, middle of its back with a longitudinal maculose, dentated band, and the lateral lincole livid.

*Aranea domestica*.

*Fabr. Ent. Syst.* ii. 412. *Linn. Syst. Nat.* i. 1031. *Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 96. *Leach, Edin. Encycl.* vii. 423.

*Tegeneria domestica*.

*Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 49.

Inhabits houses in Europe; spinning its web in a place where there is a cavity, such as the corner of a room. The mode of constructing the web is curious. Having chosen a convenient situation, she fixes one end of her thread to the wall, and passes on to the other side, dragging the thread along with her till she arrive at the other side, where she fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes and repasses until she has made as many parallel threads as are necessary; she then crosses these by other threads. This net is intended for the capture of her prey, and, in addition to it, the animal prepares a cell for herself, where she remains concealed, and on the watch. Between the cell and the net, the spider builds a bridge of threads, which, by communicating with the threads of the large net, both gives her intelligence when any thing touches the web, and enables her to pass quickly in order to seize it.

Gen. 25. *Agelena*. Walckenaer.

Maxilla strait and longitudinal, their internal angle slightly truncate; diameters equal, apex rounded. Lip not longer than broad, towards the superior angle a little narrower. Legs moderately long, the anterior and fourth pairs of nearly equal length, the third pair shortest. Eyes disposed in two transverse lines near to each other, and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. *Labyrinthica*. Griseous-pale-reddish; thorax on each side with a blackish longitudinal line; abdomen black, above and on each side with white oblique lines forming obtuse angles, running together anteriorly in pairs; the weaving appendices or nipples conic, elongate.

*Aranea labyrinthica*.

*Linn. Syst. Nat.* i. 1031. *Fabr. Ent. Syst.* ii. 418. *Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 95. *Leach, Edin. Encycl.* vii. 423.

*Agelena labyrinthica*.

*Walckenaer, Tab. des Aran.* 51.

Inhabits the fields. It is very common in most parts of Europe during the summer months. In Britain it is most abundant in the autumn. It spins a horizontal web on the ground, in which it watches for its prey, consisting principally of flies and other dipterous insects. The spider itself lives in a funnel-shaped cavity, often extending below the surface of the ground.

Gen. 26. *Argyroneta*. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxilla short, strait, elongate-quadrate, the sides of nearly equal diameters; anteriorly convex; the apex rounded. Lip short, shorter than the maxilla; of a narrow elongate-triangular form; the anterior aspect convex; the apex obtuse or truncate. Legs, the first, the fourth pair longest; the second pair shortest. Eyes with the four middle ones forming a quadrangle, the two on each side set obliquely and subgenimated.

Sp. *Aquatica*. Blackish-brown; abdomen black velvety, with some impressed dots on its back.

*Aranea aquatica*.

*Linn. Syst. Nat.* i. 1036. *Fabr. Entom. Syst.* ii. 418.

*Argyroneta aquatica*.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 95. *Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 49. *Leach, Edin. Encycl.* vii. 423.

Inhabits Europe, frequenting slow running waters and ditches, in which it spins a web most beautifully constructed under the water, in which it lives, being surrounded by air, which shines through the water with a silvery lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky bag. It is extremely common in most of the ditches round London, and may be observed, especially in the beginning of the summer, building its nest beneath the water, or running along the lines by which it is suspended.

Strips 2.*

Gen. 27. *Syctodes*. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxilla oblique and longitudinal, covering the sides of the lip; their bases thickened, the apex internally obliquely truncated. Lip somewhat quadrate, the base a little contracted. Legs with the fourth, then the first pair longest; the third pair shortest.

Sp. 1. *Thoracica*. Pale reddish-white, spotted with black; thorax large and somewhat orbicular, elevated roundly behind; abdomen lighter in colour, and subglobose.

*Syctodes thoracica*.

*Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 79. *Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins.* i. 99. tab. 5. fig. 4. *Leach, Edinb. Encycl.* vii. 423.

Inhabits Paris, in houses. It has twice occurred near Dover, but both the individuals were females.

Gen. 28. *Theridium*.

*Theridion*. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach.

Maxilla with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, converging towards their points; of equal breadth; the internal apex obtuse, or obliquely truncated. Lip small, triangular or semicircular; the apex truncate or subrounded. Legs elongate, the first, then the fourth pair longest. Eyes with four in the centre, forming a quadrangle, the under Arachnides ones placed on a common elevation; two others on each side geminated, and situated on a common elevation.

Sp. 1. *Sisiphum*. Rufous; abdomen globose, with white lines.

*Theridion sisiphum.*

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 97.

*Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 74.

*Leach, Edinb. Encycl.* vii. 423.

Inhabits Europe, in the corners of buildings, walls and rocks. It is figured by Lister, t. 14. f. 14.

Gen. 29. *Latrodectus*. *Walckenaer*, *Latreille*.

*Mandible*, with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, converging towards their points; of equal breadth; the internal apex truncate or sub-rounded. *Lip* small, triangular, or semicircular; the apex truncate or rounded. *Legs* elongate, the first then the second pair largest. *Eyes* placed four and four, in two transverse, strait and parallel lines.

Sp. 1. *Trodecim-guttatus*. Black, abdomen globose, with thirteen sanguineous spots.

*Aranea*, 13-guttata.

*Rossi, Fn. Etrus.* ii. 136. tab. 9. fig. 10.

*Fabr. Ent. Syst.* ii. 409.

*Latrodecte Malmignatte*. *Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 81.

*Theridion tredecim-guttatum.*

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 98.

*Leach, Edin. Encycl.* vii. 424.

*Latrodectus*, 13-guttatus.

*Latr. Considerat.* 424.

Inhabits Italy, and is not uncommon in the plains of that country.

Gen. 30. *Pholcus*. *Walckenaer*, *Latreille*, *Leach*.

*Mandible* oblique, covering the side of the lip, converging from the base to the apex; apex internally truncated. *Lip* transversely quadrate, the lateral angles of the apex rounded and somewhat margined. *Legs* very long and very slender; the first, then the second and fourth (nearly equal) longest. *Eyes* inserted on a tubercle, two geminated, and placed transversely in the middle; three on each side amassed in a triangle, one larger than the rest.

Sp. 1. *Phalangioides*. Pale-livid; abdomen elongate, cylindric oval, very soft, obscure cinereous; tip of the tibiae and thighs with a pale ring of whitish colour.

*Pholcus phalangioides.*

*Walck. Tab. des Aran.* 80.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 99.

*Leach, Edin. Encycl.* vii. 424.

*Aranea Pluchii*.

*Scopoli, Ent. Carn.* 1120.

*Aranea opilionides*.

*Schränk, Enum. Ins. Aust.* 1103.

*Aranea phalangioides*.

*Fourri. Ent. Paris,* ii. 213.

Inhabits houses in Europe; in the western parts of England it is extremely common. Its body vibrates like that of a tipulideous insect.

*Stirps* 2.

Gen. 31. *Uloborus*. *Latreille*, *Leach*.

*Eyes* equal and very minute, disposed in two Arachnides transverse lines, the first nearly strait, or scarcely bent backwards, the two middle eyes a little closer than the others; the posterior line bent forwards. *Mandible* strait, broad and inversely trigonal, the side broader than the apex. *Lip* very broad and semicircular. *Legs* with the first pair much the largest, then the fourth and afterwards the second, the third being consequently the smallest.

Sp. 1. *Walckenaerius*. Pale reddish yellowed; thorax and abdomen silky, back white; abdomen oblong banded with fasciculi of hairs; legs banded with darker rings.

*Uloborus Walckenaerius*.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 110.

*Leach, Edinb. Encycl.* vii. 424.

Inhabits the pines of Germany and France, in which it constructs its web.

Gen. 32. *Tetragnatha*. *Latreille*, *Leach*.

*Eyes* subequal, disposed in two strait and almost parallel transverse lines, the four middle ones forming nearly a regular quadrangle. *Mandible* strait, elongate and narrow, almost equally broad; the apex externally dilated and round; *Lip* semicircular and somewhat notched. *Legs* very long and very slender, the first pair longest, then the second, afterwards the fourth.

Sp. 1. *Extensa*. Reddish, abdomen oblong, golden green, with the sides and two lines below yellowish; the middle below longitudinally black.

*Aranea extensa*.

*Linn. Syst. Nat.* i. 1034.

*Fabr. Ent. Syst.* ii. 407.

*Tetragnatha extensa*.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 101.

*Walck. Tabl. des Aran.* 68.

*Leach, Edinb. Encycl.* vii. 424.

Inhabits Europe, frequenting moist places, in which it constructs a vertical web, sitting on it with its legs extended.

Gen. 33. *Linyphia*. *Latreille*, *Walckenaer*, *Leach*.

*Eyes* with the four middle ones disposed in an irregular quadrangle; the eyes on each side geminated, and placed obliquely. *Mandible* nearly strait, inversely-suboval. *Lip* semicircular. *Legs* elongate and slender, the first pair longest, then the second, then the third.

Sp. 1. *Triangularia*. Pale reddish, inclining to yellow; thorax with a black dorsal line, bifid in front; abdomen oval, inclining to globose, with spots and angulated bands of brown and white; legs immaculate.

*Linyphia triangularis*.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect.* i. 100.

*Walck. Tabl. des Aran.* 70.

*Leach, Edinb. Encycl.* vii. 424.

Inhabits hedges in Europe, constructing its web on genista and pines.

Gen. 34. *Epeira*. *Walckenaer*, *Latreille*, *Leach*.

*Eyes* with the four middle ones placed on an abruptly formed tubercle, in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones largest and most distant; the

---

This genus, as defined by Latreille, requires much division into other genera: That author has divided the genus into sections, most of which would form good genera. Arachnidae. lateral eyes on each side subgeminated, and placed obliquely on a tubercle. Maxilla subcircular, internally membranaceous. Lip semicircular, short with the point membranaceous. Legs moderately long, hispid, the thighs rather strong, the first pair largest, then the second, afterwards the fourth pair.

Thorax inversely elongate-subcordate, anteriorly broadly truncated. Abdomen subglobose, large, much broader than the thorax.

Sp. 1. Diadema. Reddish; abdomen globose-oval, with an elevated angle on each side of its base, dorsal band broad, triangular, dentated, darker, with a triple cross of luteous white dots or spots, and with four impressed dots disposed in a quadrangle.

Aranea Diadema.

Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. i. 1030.

Araignée à croix.

De Geer. Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 218. pl. ii. f. 3.

Epëira Diadema.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. iviii.

Latreille. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 106.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 424.

Inhabits Europe. It frequents the borders of woods, rocks and gardens, and is well known in Britain by the names Sceptre or Diadem-spider.

Gen. 35. Nephila. Leach.

Eyes with the four middle ones placed on a gradually formed elevation, in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones rather largest; the lateral ones on each side placed on a tubercle, subgeminated and set obliquely. Maxilla elongate, with their base narrow, their apex truncate. Lip elongate, rather narrower at their base, the apex abruptly subacuminate. Legs elongate, slender, somewhat hairy, the first pair longest, then the second, then the fourth.

Thorax elongate-quadrate, anteriorly abruptly narrower, notched behind. Abdomen elongate, not or scarcely broader than the thorax.

Sp. 1. Maculata. Blackish; thorax fuscous-ferruginous; coxae and base of the palpi croceous-luteous; abdomen luteous, the belly and sides infuscate; the latter with lines, the former with spots of white.

Aranea maculata. Fabr. 2. 134. t. 110.

Nephila. Leach, Zool. Miscel.

Inhabits China.

Stirps 3. ***

Gen. 36. Episenus. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach.

Eyes forming the segment of a circle; of nearly an equal size, placed on an eminence. Maxilla strait and longitudinal, the base a little dilated, the apex rounded. Lip very semicircular, much broader than long. Legs much lengthened; the anterior and then the fourth pair of legs longest; the third pair shortest.

Sp. 1. Truncatus. Thorax condiform, a little longer than broad, anteriorly acute; above obscure dark brown, beneath reddish brown; abdomen pyramidal, brown anteriorly, margined, behind truncated; third pair of legs whitish, the others brown, points of the first and fourth with white bases.

Episenus truncatus.

Latreille. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 126.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 425.

Inhabits the vicinity of Turin.

Gen. 37. Micrommata. Latreille, Leach.

Sparassus. Walckenaer.

Eyes subequal, disposed nearly in a semicircle, and surrounded by hairs. Maxilla strait, quadrato-suboval, the longitudinal angle anteriorly; the internal side with a concave base, the apex obliquely truncated. Lip short and semicircular. Legs elongate; fourth longest, then the second, which are a little shorter than the first; the tips of the tarsi beneath furnished with a little double brush.

Sp. 1. Smaragdina. Bright green; back of the abdomen with dark longitudinal band; (that of the male with three longitudinal red lines.)

Micrommate.

Latreille. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. 24. tab. p. 135.

Aranea smaragdula.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 412.

Sparassus smaragdulus.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 39.

Micrommata smaragdina.

Latreille. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 115.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 426.

Gen. 38. Thomisus. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach.

Heteropoda. Latreille.

Mismena. Latreille.

Eyes generally subequal, placed in two transverse lines in a kind of semicircle. Maxilla oblique, covering the side of the lip, and in some degree converging; the internal apex truncate. Lip somewhat oval, or nearly quadrate, generally longer than broad. Legs, the first and second pair longest; the second pair rather longest; the third and fourth pair of legs much less, sometimes one being largest, sometimes the other.

The mandibles of the animals composing this genus, are either perpendicular or somewhat inflexed, in many conical, with very short claws.

Thorax convex, cordiform, the sides, especially behind, abruptly sloping, anteriorly broadly truncate; the largest legs not double the length of the body; the first and second pair much thicker than the others, sometimes one, sometimes the other being longest. The first joint of the tarsi, with several moveable little spines, in a single or in a double series, the claws of the tarsi naked. Lip sometimes oval, the apex truncate or obtuse. Apex of the maxilla wedge-shaped.

Sp. 1. Citreus. Thorax at the insertion of the eyes transversely elevated; the sides anteriorly produced and prominent; eyes equal; abdomen roundish-triangonal, broader behind, with a red line on each side; body yellowish-citron-coloured.

Thomisus citreus.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 21.

Latreille. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 111.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 426.

Inhabits Europe, living in flowers. It is very common in Britain; the male is rare, smaller than the female, of a brown colour, banded with yellowish-green.

** Thorax convex, cordiform, the sides, especially behind, abruptly sloping, the anterior part broadly truncated; the larger legs not twice the length of the body, all of nearly an equal degree of thickness; the hinder four not much shorter; the anterior with four little spines; the claws of all the tarsi scarcely visible. Lips somewhat oval; the apex truncate or obtuse. Maxillae at their points wedge-shaped.

Sp. 2. Lynceus. Lateral eyes largest, placed on an eminence, the tubercles of the hinder ones thickest; body pale yellowish-grey, variegated with punctures and spots of a blackish colour; abdomen very large, of a triangular-oval form, broader behind.

Thomisus lynceus.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 112. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 426. Inhabits France and Scotland. Latreille considers it to be much allied to Thomisus onustus of Walckanäer.

*** Thorax depressed, somewhat oval, very obtuse before; the larger legs not twice the length of the body; all the legs of equal thickness; the tarsi hairy beneath, the first joint with a few little spines; the apex with two brushes under the claws; abdomen oblong; the maxillae beyond the insertion of the palpi, nearly of an equal breadth, distinctly and abruptly truncated; lip somewhat quadrate; hinder eyes distant.

Sp. 3. Oblongus. Pale-yellowish, with white hairs above; abdomen somewhat cylindrical, with obscure longitudinal lines.

Thomisus oblongus.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 38. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 113. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 426. Inhabits France, Denmark, and England, on plants.

**** Thorax depressed, cordiform, anteriorly truncated; the four anterior legs more than double the length of the body; the under parts of the tarsi generally hairy, always furnished with two little brushes under the claws; maxillae short, much inflected above the lip, nearly of an equal breadth beyond the insertion of the palpi; apex abruptly truncated; lip nearly quadrate, broad; the second pair of legs longest.

A. Tarsi hairy beneath. Eyes disposed in two nearly parallel lines; the third pair of legs shorter than the fourth.

Sp. 4. Regia. The four lateral eyes largest; body pale-dirty yellow, inclining to red; thorax, with the anterior margin, and a posterior band yellowish-grey, the hinder band margined with black above.

Aranea regia. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 408. Thomisus leucosia.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 36. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 113. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 426. Inhabits the Isle of France.

B. Tarsi scarcely hairy beneath. Eyes disposed in a semicircle; third pair of legs longer than the fourth.

Sp. 5. Venatorius. Yellowish-red; abdomen yellow-grey, clouded with ash-grey; legs spotted with black.

Aranea venatoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1035.

Thomisus venatorius.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 114. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427. Inhabits the American Islands.

Obs. Aranea venatoria of Fabricius, is the same with the Mygale nidulans of Walckanäer.

C. Tarsi scarcely hairy beneath. Eyes placed in a semicircle. Third pair of legs longer than the fourth.

Sp. 6. Levipes. Body grey, spotted with black; abdomen plain, rhomboidal.

Aranea levipes.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1037. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 413. Thomisus tigrinus.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 114. Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 34. Thomisus levipes.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427. Inhabits Europe; it resides on the branches of trees, and runs with great celerity.

Stirps 3.

Gen. 39. OXYOPES. Latreille, Leach.

Walckanäer.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal and elongate, of an equal breadth from the base to the apex, which is externally gradually arcuated, internally obliquely truncated. Lip oblong-quadrate. Legs long and slender; the first pair longest, then the fourth and second, which are nearly of equal length; tarsi short; claws exserted, with no brush beneath. Eyes disposed in four transverse lines, forming an elongate hexagon.

Sp. 1. Variegatus. Body hairy and grey, variegated with red and white; legs pale, reddish, spotted with brown; the tibial spines elongate.

Oxyope.

Latr. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. tom. xxiv. tabl. p. 135. Spasus heteropthalmus.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. xix. Oxyopes variegatus.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 116. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427. Inhabits France.

Gen. 40. STORENA. Walckanäer, Latreille, Leach. Maxillae much longer than the lip, which they cover. Lip oval and lengthened. Eyes disposed in three transverse lines, forming a nearly equal sided hexagon.

Sp. 1. Cerulea.

Storène bleue. Walckanäer.

Latreille, Considerat. 424. Gen. 41. CTENUS. Walckanäer, Latreille, Leach. Maxillae strait. Lip very much shorter than the maxillae. Eyes disposed in three transverse lines, forming an angulated curved line.

Sp. 1. Ambiguus.

Ctène douteux.

Walckanäer.

Latreille, Consider. 424.

Stirps 3. **

Gen. 42. LYCOSA. Latreille, Walckanäer, Leach. Maxillae strait, anteriorly convex; externally Araneidae, towards the side, somewhat arcuated, internally slightly margined, gradually narrowing towards the base; the apex obliquely truncated, forming almost an inverted triangle. Lip elongate, quadrate. Legs strong, the fourth pair longest, then the second; the third shortest.

Sp. 1. Tarentula. Body above cinereous-fuscous; mandibles and palpi towards their middles ferruginous, their tips black; thorax with a radiated dorsal line and margins grisaceous; abdomen anteriorly above with trigonal spots, behind with arcuate, transverse streaks of black, bordered with white; beneath bright saffron colour, with a transverse black band; thighs and tibiae beneath rufous-white, with two black spots.

Aranea tarentula.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1035. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 425.

Lycosa tarentula.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. xi. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 119. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427.

Inhabits the south of Europe. This species is the celebrated Tarentula spider, of which such marvellous accounts have been given by travellers, who have described its bite as generally fatal, and to be curable only by music, the effects of which were to cause the patient to dance until a profuse perspiration was produced, by which a certain cure was effected.

The name tarentula is derived from Tarentum (now Taranto), in the kingdom of Naples, near which place they were supposed to be found in the greatest plenty. It is figured in Albin's spiders, tab. 39.

Sp. 2. Saccata. Above smoky-black, clouded with cinereous villosity; carina of the thorax obscure, reddish, with a cinereous villous line; base of the abdomen with a little bundle of grisous hairs; legs livid-red, with blackish spots.

Lycosa saccata.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 13. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 120. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common in Britain; the female may be observed in gardens, carrying her bag of eggs, of a green colour. Palpi, mandibles and anterior margin of the thorax livid red in the female, black in the male.

Gen. 43. DOLOMEDES.

Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxillae strait, oval-quadrate, the apex externally rounded, internally obliquely truncated. Lip somewhat square, the diameters nearly equal, the points of the angles rounded. Legs elongate, the fourth pair longest, then the second, the third shortest:

Claws exserted without brushes below.

Sp. 1. Mirabilis. Pale reddish, covered with greyish down; thorax heart-shaped, anteriorly; abruptly sloping; the anterior angles and dorsal line whitish; abdomen conical, suboval, back darker.

Aranea saccata.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1036. Dolomedes mirabilis.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 16. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 117. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 427.

Aranea Listeri.

Scopol. Ent. Carn. 1093?

Aranea obscura.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 419.

Inhabits the woods of Europe. The female carries about her eggs inclosed in a dirty orange-coloured or whitish bag; this economy is common to the whole genus.

Stirps 4.

Gen. 44. ERESUS. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal, subcuneiform, the apex broader, externally rounded, internally obliquely truncated. Legs strong, short, formed for leaping; the fourth pair longest, then the first; the third pair shortest, a little shorter than the second. Eyes disposed in two quadrangles, one quadrangle inclosed by another.

Sp. 1. Moniligerus. Black; abdomen above cinnamon-coloured, with four or six black dots, arranged in two longitudinal lines; joints of the legs whitish; hinder sides of the thorax, the thighs, and the first joint of the four hinder legs pale-cinnamon.

Eresus cinnabarinus.

Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 21. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 122. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428.

Aranea moniligera.

Villers, Ent. iv. 128. tab. 11. f. 8.

Aranea quadriguttata.

Rossi, Fn. Etrusc. ii. 135. pl. 1. f. 8, 9.

Inhabits France, Germany, and England.

Gen. 45. SALTICUS. Latreille, Leach.

ATTUS. Walckenaer.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal, subrhomboidal, or inverse-cuneate-ovate. Lip elongate suboval, the apex obtuse. Palpi clavate. Thorax truncate-ovate or parallelogrammic. Eyes disposed in the form of a horse-shoe, the two middle ones largest. Legs thick and short; the first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second and the third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the two other pairs.

Sp. 1. Scenicus. Black; margin of the thorax covered with white down; abdomen short ovate, above with a reddish-gray pubescence, with three transverse arcuate lines, and the anus white; the first band basal and entire, the others acutely bent anteriorly, and interrupted in their middle.

Aranea scenica.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1035. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 422. Atte paré. Walck. Tabl. des Aran. 24.

Salticus scenicus.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 123. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 428.

Inhabits walls and palings. It is found in most parts of Europe, and is called in Britain the Hunting-spider.

Palpi of the female whitish; legs of the same sex reddish-gray, with darker spots. Male with very large mandibles.

Gen. 46. ATTUS. Walckenaer.

Salticus. Latreille, Leach.

Maxillae strait, longitudinal, subrhomboidal or Arachnides inversely cuneate-ovate. Lip elongate, suboval, with the apex obtuse. Palpi filiform. Thorax elongate, narrow, subconic. Eyes disposed in the form of a horse-shoe; the two middle eyes largest. Legs slender, elongate, the first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second and third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the two other pairs.

This genus we have separated from Salticus, with which it was placed by Latreille; and we have given it the name applied by Walckenaer to both these genera, which he did not think distinct from one another.

Sp. 1. Formicarius. Thorax anteriorly black, behind red; abdomen fuscous, with a white spot on each side; legs red.

Attus formicarius.

Walck, Tabl. des Aran. 26.

Salticus formicarius.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 124.

Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 428.

Araignée fourmi.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 293, tab. 18.

fig. 1, 2.

Inhabits Europe, residing on plants and walls. It is very rare in Scotland, and has not been observed in England.

Order IV. Monomerosomata.

Section I.

Legs formed for walking.

A. Mouth with mandibles.

Fam. I. Trombididae. Palpi porrect, and furnished at their extremities with a moveable appendage.

Stirps 1. Eyes two placed on a pillar. Body apparently divided into two parts by a transverse line; the anterior division bearing the eyes, mouth and four anterior legs.

Genus 47. Trombidium.

48. Ocyptete.

Stirps 2. Body not divided by a transverse line. Palpi with the under part of their last joint furnished with a moveable appendage. Eyes sessile.

Genus 49. Erythreus.

Fam. II. Gammasideae. Palpi porrect, simple.

Genus 50. Gammasus.

Fam. III. Acarideae. Mouth furnished with mandibles. Palpi simple, very short, not porrected.

Genus 51. Orbita.

52. Notaspis.

53. Acarus.

B. Mouth furnished with a rostrum.

Fam. IV. Ixodidae. Eyes obscure or concealed.

Stirps 1. Palpi and Rostrum exserted.

Genus 54. Argas.

55. Ixodes.

Stirps 2. Palpi and Rostrum hidden.

Genus 56. Uropoda.

Fam. V. Cheyletideae. Eyes distinct.

Stirps 1. Palpi distinct.

Genus 57. Cheyletus.

58. Smaris.

59. Bdella.

Stirps 2. Palpi concealed.

Genus 60. Sarcoptes.

Section II.

Legs formed for swimming.

Fam. I. Eylaidae. Mouth furnished with mandibles.

Genus 61. Eylais.

Fam. II. Hydrachnidae. Mouth without mandibles.

Genus 62. Hydrachna.

Genus 63. Linnochares.

Section I. A.

Family I. Trombididae. Stirps 1.

Gen. 47. Trombidium of authors. Legs eight.

Sp. 1. Tinctorium. Body subquadrate, coccineous, immaculate, very tomentose and hairy; the hairs setaceous, elongate, bearded.

Acarus tinctorius. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1025.

Trombidium tinctorium.

Fabr. Est. Syst. ii. 398.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 145.

Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 416.

Inhabits Guinea: It is often preserved in collections, and is probably a common animal. Its colour is destroyed by alcohol.

Gen. 48. Ocyptete. Leach.

Legs six.

Sp. 1. Rubra. Red; back with a few long hairs, the legs with many short hairs of a rufous-cinerescent colour; eyes black-brown.

Ocyptete rubra. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Edinb. Encycl. vii. 434.

This curious little animal, which is not larger than a grain of small sand, is parasitic, and is frequently to be found on the largest tipulardious insects, adhering to their legs. We have obtained no less than sixteen specimens from one insect.

Family I. Stirps 2.

Gen. 49. Erythreus. Latreille, Leach.

Palpi with their moveable appendage subcheliferous. Hinder legs longest, then the first.

Sp. 1. Phalangoides. Legs very long, the last joint broad, compressed; body obscure-red, with a dorsal band of orange-yellow.

Erythreus phalangoides.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 146.

Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 416.

Inhabits Europe, running on the ground with great rapidity.

Family II. Gammasideae.

Gen. 50. Gammasus. Latreille, Leach.

Body depressed, the skin of the back partly or entirely coriaceous.

Anterior portion of the back, and a triangular part behind, coriaceous.

Sp. 1. Coleopterorum. Coriaceous parts of the back fuscous; anterior pair of legs a little longer than the hinder ones.

Gammasus coleopterorum.

Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Insect. vii. 399.

Gammasus coleopterorum.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 147.

Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 415. Acarus coleoptratorum.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 1026. Fabre, Ent. Syst. iv. 432.

Inhabits the excrements of horses and oxen, often attaching itself to Scarabaei, Histeres, &c., in great numbers; we have counted nearly one hundred on Scarabaeus stercorarius (the common Dorbeetle).

**Back entirely coriaceous.**

Sp. 2. Marginatus. Ovate, brown; belly coriaceous, the sides alone membranaceous and whitish; anterior legs nearly twice the length of the body.

Gammasus marginatus.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 148. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 415.

Inhabits dung and dead animals.

Family III. ACARIDAE.

Gen. 51. ORBITA. Latreille, Leach.

Body covered by a coriaceous skin; anterior part rostrated; the produced part inclosing the organs of mastication. Abdomen subglobose. Tarsi with claws.

Sp. 1. Geniculata. Fuscous-castaneous, shining, hairy; legs pale-fuscous; thighs subclavate.

Acarus geniculatus. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 1025.

Oribita geniculata.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 149. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 415.

Inhabits trees and beneath stones. It is common in Sweden, Germany, and England.

Gen. 52. NOTASEPS. Hermann.

Body covered by a coriaceous skin, the anterior part rostrated, the produced part inclosing the organs of mastication. Abdomen subglobose, the sides anteriorly with a wing-like process. Tarsi with claws.

Sp. 1. Humeralis. Abdomen blackish-chesnut; the produced parts membranaceous.

Mitte à rebord.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 133? pl. 8. fig. 6.

Oribita humeralis.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 150. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 415.

Inhabits moss, and beneath stones. It is not uncommon in the southern parts of Devonshire.

Gen. 53. ACARUS OF AUTHORS.

Body soft. Mouth naked. Tarsi with a pedunculated vesicle at their extremities.

Sp. 1. Domesticus. White, with two brown spots; body ovate, the middle coarctate, with very long hairs; legs equal.

Ciron du fromage. Geoff. Hist. des Insect. ii. 622.

Mitte domestique.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 88. pl. 5. fig. 1—4.

Acarus siro.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 1024. Fabre, Ent. Syst. iv. 430. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 415.

Acarus domesticus.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 150.

Tyroglyphus.

Latreille, Préc. des Caract. Génér. des Insect. 185.

Inhabits houses, living in cheese and flower that have been kept too long.

SECTION I. B.

Family IV. IXODIDAE. Stirps 1.

Gen. 54. ARGAS. Latreille, Leach.

Rhynchopteron. Hermann.

Palpi short, conic, four-jointed.

Sp. 1. Marginatus. Pale-yellowish, or fleshy violet, margined; with very short squamulae, with branch-ved blood-vessels.

Acarus marginatus. Fabre, Ent. Syst. iv. 427.

Argas reflexus.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 155. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 414.

Plate XXIII.

Inhabits houses in France, sucking the blood of doves.

Gen. 55. IXODES. Latreille, Leach.

Cyornithes. Hermann.

Palpi equally broad, longer than broad.

Dr. Leach has written a paper on the British species of this genus, in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society.

Sp. 1. Ricinus. Scutus rounded, smaller; with the vagina of the rostrum, and the legs fuscous; abdomen varying in colour.

Acarus ricinus.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 1023. Fabre, Ent. Syst. iv. 425.

Idodes ricinus.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 414.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

Inhabits Europe, attaching itself to dogs. In Britain it is called the Dog tick.

Family IV. STIRPS 2.

Gen. 56. UROPODA. Latreille, Leach.

Body oval, orbiculate; back corneous, clypeiform, the disc being gradually convex; beneath flat. Anus produced into a long filiform peduncle (by which it adheres to coleopterous insects). Legs very short, pressed close to the body, the first pair shortest, the second rather longer, the third distinctly longer, the fourth pair longest.

Sp. 1. Vegetans. Brown, very smooth, shining.

Mitte vegetative.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. vii. 123. pl. 7. fig. 15.

Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Insect. vii. 381, et viii. pl. 67. f. 8.

Uropoda vegetans.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 158. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 414.

Inhabits France and England, attaching itself to the legs, abdomen, and elytra of histeres, aphodii, &c., by its pedunculated anus.

Family V. CHEYLETIDAE. Stirps 1.

Gen. 57. CHEYLETUS. Latreille, Leach.

Palpi brachiiform, very thick, their points falcate.

Sp. 1. Eruditus. Body brownish.

Acarus eruditus.

Schreiber, Enum. Insect. Aust. 1058. tab. 2. fig. 1.

Cheyletus eruditus.

Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 153. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 414.

Inhabits books and Musca.

Gen. 58. SMARIS. Latreille, Leach.

Palpi small, filiform, strait, simple. Eyes two.

Anterior legs longest. Sp. 1. Sambuci. Acarus sambuci. Schr. Enum. Ins. Austr. 1085. Smaris sambuci.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 153. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 414.

Inhabits the trunks of trees, especially those of the Elder.

Gen. 59. Bdella. Latreille, Lamarck.

Scirus. Hermann.

Palpi small, filiform, long, geniculated, the apex setigerous. Eyes four. Hinder legs longest.

Sp. 1. Rubra. Body coccineous, legs paler, rostrum longer than the thorax.

Bdelle rouge.

Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Insect. viii. 53. pl. 67. fig. 7.

Bdella rubra.

Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vertéb. 179.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 154. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 414.

Inhabits Europe, under stones. It is the Pince rouge of Geoffrey, and is probably the Acarus longicornis of Linné.

Family V. Stirps 2.

Gen. 60. Sarcoptes. Latreille, Leach.

Sp. 1. Scabiei. Subrotundate; legs short, reddish; four hinder ones, with a very long seta, the plantae of the four anterior ones terminated by a swelling.

Mitte de la Gale.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. ii. 622.

Le Ciron de la Gale.

Geoff. Hist. des Insect. ii. 622.

Acarus Scabiei. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 430.

Sarcopte de la Gale.

Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Insect. viii. 55. et vii. pl. 60.

Sarcoptes scabiei.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 152. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 413.

Inhabits the ulcers of the itch. Acarus exulcerans of Linné is probably this animal, or is at least referable to the same genus.

Section II.

Family I. Elyaidæ.

Gen. 61. Elyais. Latreille, Lamarck, Leach.

Mandibles depressed, armed at their joints with a claw. Palpi elongate-conic, arcuate. Eyes four.

Sp. 1. Extends. Body rounded, shining, smooth, red, immaculate; hinder legs strait.

Elias extends.

Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vertéb. 177.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et des Insect. i. 158. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 413.

Hydrachna extends.

Müll. Hydr. 62. tab. 9. f. 4.

Trombidium extends.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 406.

Inhabits stagnant waters.

Family II. Hydrachnideæ.

Gen. 62. Hydrachna. Müll. Oliv. Latr. Leach.

Palpi subcylindric, porrect, arcuate-inflected, four-jointed, the last acute, ungiform. Mouth produced into a conic rostrum. Body globose. Legs firmated with hairs, and situated at equal distances from one another.

Sp. 1. Geographica. Black, with coccineous spots and dots.

Hydrachna geographica:

Müll. Hydr. 59. tab. 8. fig. 3—5.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 159. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 413.

Inhabits waters that flow gently. It is a most beautiful animal, and is very common in some parts of Britain.

Gen. 63. Limnocharès. Latreille, Leach.

Palpi incurved, the apex acute simple. Mouth with a very short rostrum. Body depressed. Legs short, the four hinder ones remote. Eyes two.

Sp. 1. Holosericea. Body ovate, red, rugose, soft; eyes black.

Acarus aquaticus.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1025.

La tique rouge satinée aquatique.

Geoff. Hist. des Insect. ii. 625.

Mitte satinée aquatique.

De Geer, Mém. sur les Insect. i. 149. pl. 9. 15—17.

Trombidium aquaticum.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 399.

Limnocharès holosericea.

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 160. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 413.

Inhabits the waters of Europe. It is very common in most of our ponds during the summer months. It varies much in colour, but is generally found of a bright red or greyish-red colour, and of all the intermediate varieties of shade.

Fabricius says that it deposits its eggs on Nepæ (water-scorpions), and that they are of a red colour.

Arachnidæ Genera of uncertain situation.

Gen. 64. Trogulus. Latreille.

Body ovate-elliptic, depressed. Eyes two, placed on the back, but not on a common tubercle. Legs eight, elongate, filiform, the second pair longest; then the fourth, which is scarcely shorter; the third and fourth afterwards: tarsi with a horny claw. Mandibles cylindric, compressed, elongate, biarticulate, geniculated, the last joint didactyle, the fingers equal, towards their points unidentate. Palpi filiform, a little longer than the mandibles, geniculated, five-jointed, the last furnished at its point with a very minute corneous claw.

For a more detailed character of this genus, see Latreille's Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, Vol. I. p. 141, where it is placed next to Phalangium. In his last work, Latreille has grouped it with Siro, and has put it in the second division of his family Phalangita.

Sp. 1. Nepiformis. Obscure-cinerous or earth-coloured; middle of the back of the abdomen and the sides obsoletely subcarinated; external apex of the first joint of the tarsi produced.

Phalangium tricarinatum.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1029.

Acarus nepiformis.

Scopol. Ent. Carniol. 1070. Gen. 65. **CELLULARIA.** Montagu.

The singular animal, that forms the type of the genus *Cellularia*, was discovered by Montagu, and described by him in the first volume of the *Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History of Edinburgh*, page 191, and, as we have never seen it, we must extract the description given by that ingenious zoologist.

"Ovate-oblong, smooth, glossy white, with eight short legs, furnished with several joints and terminated by bristles, two on each side approximating and near to the anterior end, the others similarly disposed, about one third of its length from the posterior end; of the posterior legs, the hindermost pair is furnished with a very long bristle, the other pair usually with two; the anterior legs possess several bristles each. No other appendages were discernible under the best constructed microscope, not even the mouth or eyes could be clearly ascertained; but beneath, at the anterior end, and from whence the forelegs arise, there are four light depressions, surrounded by dark lines, in the two hindermost of which is a dark spot, but had not the appearance of the eyes; behind this part is usually a fold in the skin, in which there is an independent motion; the feet were also observed to be in continual alternate motion, whilst under the microscope.

"Size of the cheese mite.

"As far as I have hitherto observed, this animal is peculiar to the gnat, and does not appear to inhabit any other part than the cellular membrane. In some subjects it is found in considerable numbers, together with its ova; and no instance has occurred in which it has not appeared more or less in every specimen dissected.

"To class this animal with any of the Linnean genera, is impossible; nor am I acquainted with any genus in the arrangement of any more modern systematic writers, in which it could with propriety be placed. Under these circumstances, I propose giving it a distinct place in the system of nature, under the title of *Cellularia Bassani*, with the following generic characters: head thorax and abdomen united; no eyes, antennae, palpi nor proboscis; legs eight, the four posterior remote from the four anterior; feet unarmed, but furnished with bristles."

Gen. 66. **CARIS.** Latreille, Leach.

"Legs six. Palpi subconic, correct, four-jointed, of the length of the rostrum. Rostrum conic, correct. Body coriaceous, depressed, suborbicularate." Latreille.

Sp. 1. *Vespertilionis.* Body fuscous.

La tique de la chauve-souris?

Geoff. Hist. des Insect. ii. 627.

Caris vespertilionis.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 161.*

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 413.

Inhabits bats (vespertilionidea).

Gen. 67. **LEPTUS.** Latreille.

"Legs six. Palpi short, subconic. Mouth with a prorected rostrum. Body soft, generally oval." Latreille.

Can this be synonymous with our genus *Ocypete*?

Sp. 1. *Phalangii.* Body oval, coccineous, anteriorly subcapitate, with two black eyes and a subconic rostrum; first joint of the palpi very much incrassated; legs subequal.

Pediculus coccineus. Scopol. Ent. Carn. 1055.

Mitte des Fauchers.

De Geer, Mem. sur les Insect. vii. 117, pl. 7, f. 5.

Acarus Phalangii. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 433.

Leptus Phalangii.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 162.*

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 413.

Inhabits Phalangium opilio.

Gen. 68. **ASTOMA.** Latreille.

"Legs six. Mouth beneath, nearly obsolete; parts of the mouth not visible. Body soft, oval. Legs very short." Latreille.

Sp. 1. *Parasiticum.* Body coccineous, the middle slightly contracted.

Mitte parasite.

De Geer, Mem. sur les Insect. vii. 118, pl. 7, fig. 7.

Astoma parasiticum.

*Latr. Gen. Crust. et Insect. i. 162.*

Inhabits flies and other insects.

Latreille placed the three last mentioned genera in a family which he named *Microphira*; and, in the *Edinburgh Encyclopedia*, Dr Leach put them in a particular tribe, named *Hexapoda*, under which he arranged all the Arachnides that have six legs.

**Subclass II. NOTOSTOMATA.**

This subclass contains the genera *Nycteribia* of Fabricius and Latreille, *Phthiridium* of Hermann.

We shall simply give references to one species, and a definition of the genus containing it.

Genus 69. **PHTHIRIDIUM.** Hermann.

*Nycteribia.* Latreille.

Abdomen of one sex two-jointed, terminated by two cylindric processes, bearing setæ; of the other sex six-jointed.

Sp. 1. *Hermannii.*

Plate XXIII. represents the sexes of this species, with a leg highly magnified.

Phthiridium biarticulatum.

Hermann, Mem. Apteroi. 124, pl. 6, fig. 1.

Celeripes vespertilionis.

Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 166, note.

Nycteribia vespertilionis.

Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 11, tab. 5, fig. 5.

Inhabits the lesser and greater horse-shoe bats of England.

Obs. *Nycteribia vespertilionis* of Latreille most probably is referable to a distinct genus. CLASS IV.—INSECTA.

Insecta, so named from in into, and seco to cut. This term was applied to these animals by the Latins; by the Greeks they were named Entoma (insecta), from in, into; and ἐρυγμα, to cut. Insects were so named, because their bodies are composed of many joints or segments, on which account several of the ancient and older naturalists placed them with the classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnides, and Vermes.

Insects constitute the most considerable portion of animated nature, on which account they become interesting; and very worthy of philosophic investigation; and consequently, from the earliest period, of which any authentic records remain, the study of them has obtained a very great portion of attention.

The oldest records on this subject are to be found in the sacred writings, where mention is made of locusts, flies, and caterpillars; and it is probable that Moses had acquired some knowledge of insects from the Egyptian sages, as his writings abound with passages relating to insects.

Hippocrates, as we are told by Pliny, wrote on insects, and the writings of the earlier Greek and Latin philosophers quoted by Pliny, afford extracts of his labours.

Aristotle, in his History of Animals, has devoted a very considerable portion of his attention to insects, which he called ἐρυγμα, and has described their general external structure with great accuracy; but we cannot enter into a detail of what was done by this great man, who has laid the foundation of the modern systems; and we must also pass over in silence, the little that has been observed by Ælian, Democritus, Aristarchus, and others of less note, and state generally that Pliny, in the eleventh book of his Historia Naturalis, treats of insects; but his observations are copies chiefly from the works of Aristotle. From the time of this author, until the overthrow of the Roman empire, the study seems to have been totally disregarded.

Sorry as we feel at being under the necessity of omitting to trace the rise of this interesting science, yet we shall give a sketch of the systems of every writer, that the rise of the systematic part may be rendered clear to everyone interested with that branch of the science, which is the foundation on which the natural history is built.

Aldrovandus in 1602, published a very voluminous work, De Animalibus Insectis, in which he divides insects into Terrestrial and Aquatic.

In 1612, Wolfgang Frenzius published Historia Animalium Sacra, which contains some new observations, and a distribution of insects into Aerial, Aquatic, and Terrestrial.

Swammerdam, who published his Historia Insectorum Generalis in 1669, divided genuine insects into, 1st, Those which, after leaving the egg, appear under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings, which parts are afterwards produced; 2dly, Those insects which appear, when hatched from the egg, under the form of a larva (caterpillar), which, when full grown, changes into a chrysalis, where it remains until its parts are fit to be developed; 3dly, Those who, having attained the pupa (chrysalis or nympha) state, do not divest themselves of their skin. His other division refers to animals of the classes Arachnides, Crustacea, and Myriapoda, and the whole of his work contains much valuable observation on the structure and economy of these animals.

In 1735, Linne published the first edition of his Systema Naturae, sive Regna tria Naturae Systematice disposita per classes, ordines, genera, et species, in which work insects are distributed into four orders, according to the number and form of their wings.

1. Coleoptera. 2. Angioptera. 3. Hemiptera. 4. Aptera.

With the last order he included Crustacea, Arachnides, Myriapoda, Vermes, and certain Zoophytes; but in subsequent editions of this work, he separated the Vermes, as Aristotle had done before him, and established them as a class distinct from insects.

Schaeffer in 1741 published a valuable work, under the title Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam Indigenorum. The classification proposed by this author differs entirely from that of Linne, and approaches in some respects that proposed by Geoffroy; yet it is so far distinct, that, being a system of considerable repute, it may not be amiss to give an outline of it in this place. He divides insects into seven Orders, which he terms Classes.

I. Coleoptero-macroptera. Insects with long crustaceous elytra. II. Coleoptero-microptera. Insects with short crustaceous elytra. III. Coleoptero-hymenoptera. Insects with half crustaceous elytra. IV. Hymeno-lepidoptera. Insects with transparent wings. V. Hymeno-gymnoptera. Insects with naked membranaceous wings. VI. Diptera. Insects with two wings. VII. Aptera. Insects without wings, amongst which spiders, &c., were comprehended.

In 1764, Geoffroy published his most valuable system of insects, under the title, Histoire Abrégée des Insectes, &c., in which these animals are arranged into six sections:

I. Coleoptera. Wings covered with elytra; mouth with jaws. II. Hemiptera. Upper wings resembling elytra; mouth bent under the thorax. III. Tetraptera alis farinaceis. Wings four, covered by little scales. IV. Tetraptera alis nudis. Wings four, naked, membranaceous. V. Diptera. Wings two. Haltares or balancers, under the origin of the wings. VI. Aptera. Wings none.

Like his predecessors, Geoffroy included Crustacea, &c., under the title Aptera.

In 1789, Linné produced the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae; and, as this was the last systematic work of that illustrious naturalist, we shall state his entomological arrangement. He divides insects into seven orders, deducing the characters from the wings, but he still retained the Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Arachnides, amongst the apterous insects.

Order I. Coleoptera (from κολεός, a sheath, and ἀπέραντος, a wing), including those insects having crustaceous shells or elytra, which shut together and form a longitudinal suture down the back. In many, the abdomen is wholly covered by these elytra; in others partially.

Order II. Hemiptera (from ἡμίς, half, and πτερόν). These animals have their elytra half crustaceous, and half membranaceous, or of a matter intermediate between leather and membrane.

Order III. Lepidoptera (from λεπίς, a scale, and πτερόν). Insects with four wings imbricated with scales.

Order IV. Neuroptera (from νεῦρον, a nerve, and πτερόν). Insects with four transparent wings, reticulated with nerves.

Order V. Hymenoptera (from ὑμένος, a membrane, and πτερόν). Insects with four naked membranaceous wings.

Order VI. Diptera (from δύο, two, and πτερόν). Insects with two wings.

Order VII. Aptera (from ἀ, without, and πτερόν). Insects destitute of wings.

In 1776, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linné, published a new system of entomology, under the title Systema Entomologiae, in which the principles of a new mode of classification, founded on the organs of deglutition and mastication, is for the first time developed. This system, which has undergone several modifications, is named the Cibarian System, of which we shall say more, when speaking of the most improved form in which it has been given to the world.

Scopoli, in 1777, published his Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem, in which work he divides insects into five tribes, under the singular appellations of:

1. Swammerdamia-lucifuga, 2. Geoffroy-gymnoptera, 3. Roeselii-lepidoptera, 4. Reaumurii-probosidea, 5. Frischii-Coleoptera; identifying each tribe by the name of that author who has, in his opinion, been most successful in the explanation of that to which his name is attached.

The Lucifuga includes the lice; Gymnoptera, his halterata, aculeata and caudata; Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies; Proboscidea, he has divided into terrestrial and aquatic, and the Coleoptera he divides into those inhabiting water, and those the land.

In 1793, P. A. Latreille published his Precis du Caractères des Genres, in which he divided insects into, 1. Coleoptera, 2. Orthoptera, 3. Hemiptera, 4. Neuroptera, 5. Lepidoptera, 6. Suctoria, 7. Thysanura, 8. Parasita; and under the further terms, Acephala, Entomostraca, Crustacea, and Myriapoda, he has comprehended the Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Insects, Arachnides.

In 1798, J. C. Fabricius produced his last general systematic work, his Supplementum Entomologiae Systematice, which presents an outline of his system in its latest state; and which, being the result of much knowledge, demands a considerable portion of attention. In this work he divides genuine insects into the following Orders, which he named Classes. The omitted classes are referable to Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Insecta, as already shown.

Class I. Eleuterata. Maxillae naked, free, bearing palpi.

Class II. Ulonata. Maxillae covered by an obtuse galea, or mouth-piece.

Class III. Synistata. Maxillae elbowed at their base, and connected with the labium.

Class IV. Piezata. Maxillae corneous, compressed, often elongate.

Class V. Odonata. Maxillae corneous, dentated. Palpi two.

Class XI. Glossata. Mouth with a spiral tongue reflexed between the palpi.

Class XII. Ryngota. Mouth with a rostrum and articulated sheath.

Class XIII. Antliata. Mouth with an inarticulate haustellum.

In the "Entomologie Helvetique," a work published in 1798, Clairville, its author, has arranged insects in the following manner:

* PTEROPHORA; MANDIBULATA. With wings and jaws.

Section 1. Elytroptera. Wings crustaceous.

2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous.

3. Dictyoptera. Wings reticulated.

4. Phlebotoptera. Wings veined.

** PTEROPHORA; HAUSTELLATA. With wings and an haustellum.

5. Halteriptera. Wings with poisers.

6. Lepidoptera. Wings with powder.

7. Hemimeroptera. Wings partly obscure, partly diaphanous.

*** APTERA; HAUSTELLATA. Without wings; with a sucker.

8. Rophoptera. Sucker sharp.

**** APTERA; MANDIBULATA. Without wings; with jaws.

9. Pododunera. Legs formed for running.

In 1800, Cuvier, with the assistance of Duméril, published his Anatomie Comparée, in which the organization of insects is treated of at great length.

In 1801, J. B. Lamarck produced his Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres, in which work he has separated the Crustacea from Insects, and proposed the Arachnides as a separate and distinct class. Some of the animals which we conceive to be genuine insects, he has placed with the Arachnides, the rest he distributes into the following Orders:

* With mandibles and jaws.

Order I. Coleoptera. Two wings, folded transversely, and covered by coriaceous elytra.

Order II. Orthoptera. Two strait wings, folded longitudinally, and covered by submembranaceous cases, or elytra. Order III. Neuroptera. Four naked, reticulated, membranaceous wings.

** With mandibles and with a kind of proboscis.

Order IV. Hymenoptera.

*** No mandibles. A trunk or sucker.

Order V. Lepidoptera. Four membranaceous wings covered with fine powder-like scales; tongue spiral.

Order VI. Hemiptera. Two wings, covered by semimembranaceous elytra.

Order VII. Diptera. Two naked wings, with balancers at their base.

Order VIII. Aptera. No wings. Mouth with an articulated trunk.

In the same year, in 1806, P. A. Latreille published his Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, in which he has denominated the true insects Insecta Pterodicea; and has arranged them in the following manner:

Century I. Elythroptera.

Elytra two, covering the wings entirely.

Cohors I. Odontota.

Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. Wings folded.

Order I. Coleoptera. Wings transversely folded. Elytra crustaceous.

Order II. Orthoptera. Wings longitudinally folded. Elytra coriaceous.

Cohors II. Siphonostoma.

Order III. Hemiptera. Mouth with an articulated beak, sheathing the haustellum, formed of three setae. Wings extended; elytra generally semicoraceous or semimembranaceous, one decussating the other.

Century II. Gymnoptera.

Wings naked.

Cohors I. Odontota.

Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. Wings four.

Order IV. Neuroptera. Wings reticulated, most generally equal. Maxillae not sheathing the sides of the lip.

Order V. Hymenoptera. Wings veined, hinder ones smallest. Maxillae sheathing the sides of the lip.

Cohors II. Siphonostoma.

Mouth tubular, formed for sucking.

Order VI. Lepidoptera. Wings four, imbricated with scales. Mouth with a spiral tongue, formed of two laciniæ; haustellum none.

Order VII. Diptera. Wings two, with haltares or balancers at their base. Mouth with a proboscis, including an haustellum that is composed of one part, or at least only geniculated at its base.

Order VIII. Suctoria. Wings and balancers none. Body formed of a series of rings. Thorax not distinct from the base of the abdomen. Mouth with a rostrum articulated from its origin, with two external valves at the base.

Latreille has retained the same general arrangement in his last work, Considerations Générales sur l'Ordre Naturelle, &c. but he has rejected the divisions into legions, centuries, and cohortes.

Duméril, in his Zoologie Analytique, arranges insects into eight orders, the last of which also comprehends the classes Arachnides and Myriapoda.

In 1812, De Lamarck published a little work, entitled Extrait de Cours de Zoologie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, in which he has continued the general arrangement published by him in 1801.

In 1815, Vol. IX. of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia was published, in which Dr Leach has given the following arrangement of insects into orders, and has added to them the Parasita and Thysanura, which Latreille placed with the Arachnides.

INSECTA.

Subclass I. AMETABOLIA.

Insects undergoing no metamorphosis.

Order I. Thysanura. Tail armed with setæ.

Order II. Anophura. Tail without setæ.

Subclass II. METABOLIA.

Insects undergoing metamorphosis.

Century I. Elythroptera.

Insects with elytra.

Cohors I. Odontostomata.

Mouth with mandibles.

* Metamorphosis incomplete.

Order III. Coleoptera. Wings transversely folded. Elytra crustaceous, covering the wings, their suture strait.

** Metamorphosis nearly complete.

Order IV. Strepsiptera. Wings longitudinally folded. Elytra coriaceous, not covering the wings.

*** Metamorphosis semi-complete.

Order V. Dermaptera. Wings longitudinally and transversely folded. Elytra somewhat crustaceous, abbreviated, with the suture strait.

Order VI. Orthoptera. Wings longitudinally folded. Elytra coriaceous, the internal margin of one elytron covering the same part of the other.

Order VII. Dictyoptera. Wings longitudinally folded twice or more. Elytra coriaceous, nervose, one decussating the other obliquely.

Cohors II. Siphonostomata.

Mouth with an articulated rostrum.

Order VIII. Hemiptera. Elytra somewhat crustaceous, or very coriaceous; towards the apex generally membranaceous, horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. (Metamorphosis semi-complete.)

Order IX. Omoptera. Elytra entirely coriaceous, or membranaceous, and meeting obliquely, with a strait suture. (Metamorphosis semi-complete, or incomplete.)

Century II. Medamoptera.

Insects without wings or elytra.

Order X. Aptera. Mouth with a tubular sucking rostrum. (Metamorphosis incomplete.)

Century III. Gymnoptera.

Insects with wings, but with no elytra.

Cohors I. Glossostomata.

Mouth with a spiral tongue.

Order XI. Lepidoptera. Wings four, imbricated with scales.

Cohors II. Gnathostomata.

Mouth with maxillae and lip. Order XII. Trichoptera. Wings four, membranaceous, the pterygostia hairy.

Cohors III. Odontostomata.

Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip.

Order XIII. Neuroptera. Four highly-reticulated wings, generally of an equal size. (Anus of the female without a sting, or compound oviduct.)

Order XIV. Hymenoptera. Four venose wings, hinder ones smallest. (Anus of the female with a sting, or compound oviduct.)

Cohors IV. Siphonostomata.

Mouth tubular, formed for sucking.

Order XV. Diptera. Wings two, with balancers at their base.

The above arrangement is liable to various objections. We shall endeavour to define the orders in a more intelligible and simple manner.

Classification.

All genuine insects have six legs; a head distinct from their body, and furnished with two antennae: they all are produced from eggs. Some undergo no metamorphosis, others but a partial change, whilst the remainder pass through three stages of existence, after having been hatched from the egg.

The peculiarities of every order will be mentioned under its proper head, in the article Insecta; but we shall here proceed with the systematic arrangement into orders.

Subclass I. AMETABOLIA.

Insects undergoing no metamorphosis.

Order I. Thysanoura. Tail armed with setæ.

Order II. Anoplura. Tail without setæ.

Subclass II. METABOLIA.

Insects undergoing metamorphosis.

Order III. Coleoptera. Wings two, transversely folded, covered by two crustaceous or hard coriaceous elytra, meeting (generally) with a strait suture. Mouth with mandibles. (Metamorphosis incomplete.) Plate XXIV.

Order IV. Dermaptera. Wings two, longitudinally and transversely folded. Elytra subcrustaceous, abbreviated, with the suture strait. Mouth with mandibles. (Metamorphosis semi-complete.) Plate XXIV.

Order V. Orthoptera. Wings two, longitudinally folded, covered by two coriaceous elytra, the margin of one elytron covering the same part of the other. Mouth with mandibles. (Metamorphosis semi-complete.) Plate XXIV.

Order VI. Dictyoptera. Wings two, longitudinally folded, twice or more, covered by two coriaceous elytra, one elytron decussating the other obliquely. Mouth with mandibles. (Metamorphosis semi-complete.) Plate XXIV.

Order VII. Hemiptera. Wings two, covered by two crustaceous or coriaceous elytra (the tips of which are generally membranaceous), horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. Mouth with an articulated rostrum. (Metamorphosis semi-complete.) Plate XXIV.

Order VIII. Omoptera. Wings two, covered by two elytra, which are entirely coriaceous or membranaceous; meeting obliquely with a strait suture. Mouth with an articulated rostrum. (Metamorphosis semi-complete, or incomplete.) Plate XXIV.

Order IX. Aptera. No wings, or elytra. Mouth with a tubular, jointed, sucking rostrum. (Metamorphosis incomplete.)

Order X. Lepidoptera. Wings four, membranaceous, covered with meal-like scales. Mouth with a spiral tongue. (Metamorphosis incomplete.) Plate XXV.

Order XI. Trichoptera. Wings four, membranaceous; the pterygostia or wing-bones hairy. Mouth with maxillae and lip. (Metamorphosis incomplete.) Plate XXV.

Order XII. Neuroptera. Wings four, membranaceous, generally of equal size; with numerous decussating pterygostia, resembling a net-work. Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. (Metamorphosis incomplete or semi-complete.) Plate XXV.

Order XIII. Hymenoptera. Wings four, membranaceous, the hinder ones always smallest; the pterygostia not decussating each other, so as to resemble a net-work. Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. (Metamorphosis incomplete.) Plate XXV.

Order XIV. Strepsiptera. Wings two, longitudinally folded. Mouth with mandibles. (Metamorphosis subcoarctate.) Plate XXIV.

Order XV. Diptera. Wings two, with halteres or balancers at their base. Mouth tubular, formed for sucking. (Metamorphosis incomplete or subcoarctate.) Plate XXV.

The generic characters of insects, and their distribution into families and stipes, will be given under the article Insecta, which see.

CLASS V.—VERMES.

The Vermes comprehend all those annulose animals which have no distinct head, no antennæ, and no legs. Many of them inhabit the sea, others fresh water, and some few damp places, or even under the earth. Their classification is not understood; an extensive field is therefore open to any naturalist, who may hereafter have time, inclination, and opportunity to study them.

Lamarck and others have arranged them, from the position of their respiratory organs, into two orders, which we have adopted; but the arrangement of the Vermes genera appears to be very artificial, although well calculated to assist the views of the student.

Order I. Cryptobranchia. Organs of respiration concealed, or internal.

Order II. Gymnibranchia. Organs of respiration naked, or external.

Order I. Cryptobranchia.

A. Body rounded, furnished with little spines.

Genus 1. Lumbricus, 2. Thalessemia. B. Body rounded or flattened; each extremity furnished with a sucker.

Genus 3. Pontobedella, 4. Hirudo.

C. Body flattened, naked, smooth; extremities without suckers.

Genus 5. Planaria.

D. Body flattened; sides with setæ.

Genus 6. Naïs.

A.

Gen. 1. Lumericus of authors.

Body naked, long, cylindric, articulated; rings fleshy, contractile; with short fasciculae of spines; anterior extremity conic; posterior extremity somewhat flattened, obtuse.

One species only has been accurately determined by naturalists. This species is hermaphrodite, and deposits its eggs. There is an excellent paper on its structure, by De Montegue, published in the first volume of the Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle.

Sp. 1. Terrestris of authors. Plate XXVI.

This is the common earth-worm, whose use, in the economy of nature, seems to be, that of rendering the earth more porous, by its innumerable holes, and thus facilitating the growth of vegetables, which it manures by the leaves, &c. that it draws into its haunts.

Gen. 2. Thalessema. Cuvier, &c.

Body with its hinder extremity much thicker than the anterior, which resembles a conic funnel; neck with two hooks below.

The Thalessema inhabit the shores of the sea.

Sp. 1. Aquatica.

B.

The animals of this section are denominated Leeches or Blood-suckers. One of the genera inhabits the sea, the other fresh-water.

Gen. 3. Pontobedella. Leach. (Sea-leech.)

Body oblong, round, slightly contractile; both extremities (especially the anterior extremity) attenuated; skin subcoriaceous.

Sp. 1. Spinulosa. Body Spinulose.

Plate XXVI.

This species is common in the North British seas, adhering to skates, whence it is commonly called skate-sucker. When bruised it emits a dark liquor, which stains of a beautiful purple colour.

Gen. 4. Hirudo of authors. (Leech.)

Body oblong, more or less flattened, very contractile; anterior extremity very gradually attenuated; skin tough.

Sp. 1. Medicinalis. (Common leech.)

Plate XXVI.

This species inhabits rivers and lakes. It is the common leech used by medical people.

C.

Gen. 5. Planaria. Mull., &c.

Body horizontally depressed, subgelatinous; mouth terminal; belly with two openings beneath; one for generation; the other for the passage of the excrement.

The species are numerous, and of various shapes: They inhabit fresh waters; some have one, two, three, four, or even no eyes; some have tentacles, others none. On this account, as Cuvier observes, they should be distributed under several generic heads.

D.

Gen. 6. Naïs. Muller, &c.

Body naked, long, slender, somewhat depressed, articulated; sides with long setæ, disposed in bundles.

Sp. 1. Proboscidea. Reddish, mouth produced, filiform.

Inhabits fresh waters. Its mode of generation is curious. The last joint of the body by degrees separates and forms an entire animal.

Obs. The other Naïdes of authors (at least those whose economy is known) deposit eggs. This genus may therefore be divided hereafter, when the exact structure of each species shall have been accurately determined.

Order II. Gymnobranchia.

A. Body free.

a. Mouth with jaws.

Genus 7. Nereis.

b. Mouth without jaws; labial palpi distinct.

Genus 8. Amphionome, 9. Aphrodita, 10. Lepidotus.

c. Mouth without jaws; labial palpi none.

Genus 11. Arenicola.

B. Body inclosed within a tube.

a. Tube composed of fragments of shell or sand; head with tentacles.

Genus 12. Teredella, 13. Amphitrite.

b. Tube composed of fragments of shell or sand; head without tentacles.

Genus 14. Cistena.

c. Tube testaceous, open at each end.

Genus 15. Dentalium.

d. Tube testaceous, open at its anterior end only.

Genus 16. Serpula, 17. Spirorbis.

A. a.

Gen. 7. Nereis of authors.

Body composed of rings; rings on each side with processes of various forms in the different species. Mouth with tentacles.

The Nereides are often called Sea-centipedes, from their general resemblance to the Scolopendridæ. They require to be investigated. Their tentacles vary in number, in proportion, and in situation. The characters for division are therefore very obvious. Their mouth varies very much in the structure of its parts, in the size of its jaws, in the form of the lateral processes, &c.

Sp. 1. Margaritacea. Body pearly; terminated by two long setæ; tentacles eight; head trilobate; exterior lobes, with their points attenuated and very slightly knobbed; middle lobe with two little incurved processes.

Plate XXVI.

This species is common at the Bell-Rock, and is subject to great variation in colour; being sometimes greenish-bronze, at other times with a purple line running down the middle of its back.

A. b.

The three genera of this division form a natural group. Gen. 8. **Amphinoe**, Bruguière, &c.

Organs of respiration long, plumose.

Sp. 1. Tetraclada.

Aphrodita rostrata. Pallas.

Gen. 9. **Aphroditae** of authors.

Organs of respiration short, covered. Back membranaceous, naked; sides very bristly; bristles intermingled with silky down.

Sp. 1. Aculeata of authors.

Inhabits the European Ocean. It is often named the sea-mouse by our fishermen.

Gen. 10. **Lepidonotus**, new genus.

Organs of respiration short, covered. Back covered by a double series of scales.

This genus contains many species: We possess about eleven kinds found on our coasts.

Sp. 1. Clavatus.

Aphrodita clava.

Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 7.

Inhabits the British Seas.

A. c.

Gen. 11. **Arenicola**, Lamarck, &c.

Body round, each extremity rounded, obtuse; posterior extremity narrowest; anterior extremity with tubercles on each side terminated by setæ; organs of respiration placed externally behind the tubercles of the middle of the body.

Sp. 1. Carbonaria. Body coal-black.

Inhabits the Firth of Forth at the Black Rocks, near Leith, under stones. Plate XXVI.

Sp. 2. Tinctoria. Body yellowish inclining to cinereous, beautifully banded with blue; organs of respiration blood-red; tail greenish.

Inhabits the sand of the sea, in which it burrows, and is extracted by the fishermen, who use it as a bait for fish. When living the tail secretes a fluid which stains the fingers of a fine yellow colour.

Lumbricus marinus of Linnaeus belongs to this genus, of which we possess two other indigenous species.

B. a.

Gen. 12. **Terrebellia**, Linné, &c.

Body cylindric. Tentacles capillary, numerous.

This genus has been confused with Amphitrite, by several authors. The Linnean character "tentacula capillaria" will however apply to this alone.

Sp. 1. Lapidaria. Linné.

Inhabits the Mediterranean.

Gen. 13. **Amphitrite**, Müller, &c.

Body annulated. Tentacles acuminate, plumose, versus, numerous.

Sp. 1. Volutacornis. Tentacles convoluted; stem with long ciliated fibres on one side, spirally turned two or three times.

Amphitrite volutacornis.

Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 81. tab. 7. fig. 10.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devon, where it was first discovered by Montagu. Plate XXVI.

B. b.

Gen. 14. **Cistena**, new genus.

Mouth with two pectinated scales, of a brilliant golden colour. Plate XXVI.

Sp. 1. Pallaxtii.

Nereis cylindrica.

Pall. Miscel. Zool. 181. tab. ix. fig. 3.

Sabella tubiformis.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 148. tab. 92. fig. 163.

Nereis conchilega.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 47.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Britain.

B. c.

Gen. 15. **Dentalium** of authors.

Head with tentacles. Tubes slightly bent.

The species of this genus are distinguished by the sculpture of their shelly tubes.

Sp. 1. Entaliz of authors.

Inhabits the European Ocean.

B. d.

Gen. 16. **Serpula** of authors.

Tentacles forming two bundles.

The species of this genus are very numerous, and are but little known; they are to be distinguished by their shelly tubes.

Gen. 17. **Spirorbis**, Daudin, &c.

Tentacles six in number, resembling palpes.

The Spirorbis form an extensive genus, the species of which are distinguished by their shells.

The classification of the Vermes, as we have before observed, is so very imperfectly understood, that the above enumeration of the genera can be of use only to the student.

The other genera formed by Montagu and Fleming, will be given in the article Zoology, their situation in the system not having been determined by an examination of the animals.

(v.)

### INDEX OF GENERA

| Page | Page | Page | Page | |------|------|------|------| | Acarus | 444 | Anthura | 427 | | Ega | 427 | Aphrodita | 452 | | Agelena | 438 | Apeudes | 428 | | Albunea | 422 | Apus | 404 | | Alpheus | 421 | ib. | ib. | | Ammoea | 433 | Aranea | 438 | | Amphinoe | 452 | Arenicola | 452 | | Amphitrite | ib. | Argas | 444 | | Amphitrite | ib. | Argulus | 404 | | Anthosoma | 406 | Argyroncia | 438 | | Armadillo | 429 | Azius | 420 | | Asellus | 428 | Bdella | 445 | | Astacus | 420 | Burgus | 418 | | Astoma | 446 | Blattus | 415 | | Atelecyclus | 410 | Binoculuss | 405 | | Athanas | 421 | Bopyrus | 499 | | Attus | 442 | Branchiopoda | 408 | | Atylus | 424 | Buthus | 434 | | Atya | 421 | Calappa | 412 | | Atypus | 436 | Calanus | 407 | | Index | Page | |-------|------| | Caligus | 405 | | Callianassa | 419 | | Campepecopea | 427 | | Cancer | 412 | | Caprella | 426 | | Carcinus | 411 | | Caris | 446 | | Cecrops | 405 | | Celerepes | 446 | | Cellaria | ib. | | Cephaloculus | 407 | | Ceramia | 431 | | Chelifer | 434 | | Chelecytus | 444 | | Chydorus | 406 | | Clotho | 437 | | Clubiona | ib. | | Corophium | 426 | | Corystes | 410 | | Craugon | 490 | | Craspedosoma | 430 | | Cryptops | 431 | | Cyamus | 426 | | Cyclops | 407 | | Cymodoce | 427 | | Cymothoa | 428 | | Cynorhastes | 444 | | Cyrus | 406 | | Cythere | 407 | | Daphnia | 406 | | Dentallum | 452 | | Dexamine | 425 | | Doclea | 416 | | Dolomedes | 442 | | Dorippe | 414 | | Drassus | 437 | | Dromia | 414 | | Dynamene | 427 | | Dydera | 437 | | Egeria | 415 | | Elais | 445 | | Emerita | 492 | | Entomon | 428 | | Epeira | 440 | | Epitenus | ib. | | Eresus | 442 | | Eriodon | 436 | | Erythræus | 443 | | Eurydice | 427 | | Eurinome | 414 | | Fillistata | 437 | | Galatea | 419 | | Galathea | ib. | | Galeodes | 432 |

| Index | Page | |-------|------| | Gammarus | 443 | | Gammarus | 425 | | Gebia | 419 | | Gecarcinus | 418 | | Geophilus | 431 | | Glomeris | 430 | | Gnaphosa | 437 | | Gonoplax | 413 | | Grapsus | 414 | | Hepatus | 417 | | Heteropoda | 440 | | Hippa | 422 | | Hippolyte | 421 | | Hirudo | 451 | | Homola | 414 | | Hyatis | 416 | | Hydrachna | 443 | | Jervi | 428 | | Janira | ib. | | Jassa | 426 | | Idotea | ib. | | Inachus | 416 | | Julus | 430 | | Ixa | 417 | | Ixodes | 444 | | Lambrus | 409 | | Latrodectus | 439 | | Larunda | 426 | | Leptodonotus | 452 | | Leptopodia | 416 | | Lepus | 446 | | Leucothoe | 425 | | Ligia | 428 | | Limnachares | 445 | | Limnoria | 428 | | Limulus | 404 | | Liniphia | 440 | | Lissa | 415 | | Lithobius | 491 | | Lithodes | 416 | | Lumbricus | 445 | | Lupa | 411 | | Lycosa | 441 | | Lynceus | 406 | | Macropodia | 416 | | Macropus | ib. | | Maera | 425 | | Maja | 415 | | Mutula | 412 | | Megalops | 417 | | Melita | 425 | | Micrommata | 440 | | Mictyris | 417 |

| Index | Page | |-------|------| | Missulena | 436 | | Minimena | 440 | | Mygale | 436 | | Nais | 451 | | Nebotia | 422 | | Nasa | 427 | | Nephila | 440 | | Nephrops | 420 | | Neretis | 451 | | Notaspis | 444 | | Nycteribis | 446 | | Nympheum | 433 | | Ocydete | 443 | | Ocydora | 413 | | Oletra | 436 | | Oniscus | 429 | | Opilio | 432 | | Orchestia | 424 | | Orbita | 444 | | Orithya | 417 | | Oxyopes | 441 | | Pactolus | 417 | | Pogonius | 418 | | Paleoem | 421 | | Palinurus | 419 | | Pandarus | 405 | | Panope | 420 | | Parthenope | 415 | | Penaeus | 421 | | Phalangium | 432 | | Philoscia | 425 | | Phocellus | 439 | | Phoxichilus | 438 | | Phronima | 494 | | Phrygus | 434 | | Phthiridium | 446 | | Pilumnus | 412 | | Pinnotheres | 413 | | Pisus | 415 | | Plagusia | 417 | | Planaria | 451 | | Podocerus | 463 | | Pollycenes | 429 | | Polydesmus | 480 | | Polyphemus | 409 | | Pontobdella | 451 |

| Index | Page | |-------|------| | Porcellana | 419 | | Porcellio | 429 | | Portunus | 410 | | Portunus | 411 | | Praanus | 422 | | Processa | 421 | | Proto | 426 | | Pycnocentrum | 433 | | Ranina | 417 | | Remipes | 422 | | Rhax | 432 | | Rhyacophila | 444 | | Salticus | 442 | | Sarcoptes | 445 | | Seirus | ib. | | Scolopendra | 431 | | Scorpio | 434 | | Scutigera | 431 | | Scyllarus | 418 | | Segestria | 497 | | Serpula | 452 | | Siro | 434 | | Smaris | 444 | | Solpuga | 432 | | Sparassus | 440 | | Spanus | 441 | | Sphaeroma | 427 | | Spirorbis | 452 | | Squilla | 493 | | Stenosaoma | 426 | | Storena | 441 | | Syctodes | 439 | | Talitrus | 424 | | Tarantula | 434 | | Tegenaria | 438 | | Tetragonatha | 439 | | Terebella | 452 | | Thalassina | 434 | | Thalessema | 451 | | Themas | 419 | | Theridion | 438 | | Theridium | ib. | | Thia | 410 | | Thomisus | 440 | | Trogulus | 445 | | Trombidium | 443 | | Tyroglyphus | 444 | | Uca | 413 | | Ufaborus | 489 | | Uropoda | 444 | | Xantho | 412 | | Xiphosura | 404 | | Zoea | 423 |

| Index | Page | |-------|------| | Zoa | ib. |