MARTIN DE,** commonly called the Doctor of Navarre, or Doctor Navarrus, was descended of a noble family, and born the 13th of December 1491, at Varasayn, a small city of Navarre, not far from Pamplona. He entered very young into the monastery of regular canons at Roncevaux, where he took the habit, which he continued to wear after he left the convent. He studied classical learning, natural and moral philosophy, and divinity, at Alcala, in New Castile, adopting chiefly the system of Petrus Lombardus, commonly called the Master of the Sentences. He applied to the study of the law at Ferrara, and taught it with applause at Toulouse and Cahors. After being first professor of canon law at Salamanca for 14 years, he quitted that place to be professor of law at Coimbra, with a larger salary. The duties of this office he discharged for the space of 20 years, and then resigned it to retire into his own country, where he took care of his nieces, the daughters of his deceased brothers. Having made a journey to Rome to plead the cause of Bartholomeo de Caranza archbishop of Toledo, who had been accused of heresy before the tribunal of the inquisition in Spain, and whose cause was, by the Pope's order, to be tried in that city, Aspicueta's writings, which were well known, procured him a most honourable reception. Pope Pius V. made him assistant to Cardinal Francis Aciai, his vice penitentiary; and Gregory XIII. never passed by his door without calling for him, and stopped sometimes a whole hour to talk with him in the street. His name became so famous, that even in his lifetime the highest encomium on a learned man was to call him a Navarrus. He was consulted as an oracle. By temperance he prolonged his life to a great length. His economy enabled him to give substantial proofs of his charity. Being very old, he used to ride on a mule through the city, and relieved all the poor he met; to which his mule was so well accustomed, that it stopped of its own accord at the sight of every poor man, till his master had relieved him. He refused several honourable posts in church and state, that he might have leisure to correct and improve the works he had already written, and compose others. He died at the age of 94, on the 21st of June 1586. He wrote a vast number of treatises, all which are either on morality or common law.

**ASPIRATE,** in Grammar, denotes words marked with the spiritus asper. See ASPER.

**ASPIRATION,** among grammarians, is used to denote the pronouncing a syllable with some vehemence.

**ASPLENIUM,** Ceterach. See Botany Index.

**ASS,** in Zoology, is ranged as a species of equus, or horse. See Mammalia Index.

Coronation of the Ass, in antiquity, was a part of the ceremony of the feast of Vesta, wherein the bakers put bread crowns on the heads of these quadrupeds; *Ecce coronatis panis dependet asellis*. Hence, in an ancient calendar, the idea of June are thus denoted; *Festum est Vesta. Asinus coronatur!—This honour, it seems, was done the beast, because, by its braying, it had saved Vesta from being ravished by the Lampsacan god. Hence the formula, *Vestae delicium est asinus*.

**ASSAI,** in Music, signifies quick; and, according to others, that the motion of the piece be kept in a middle degree of quickness or slowness. As, assai allegro, assai presto. See ALLEGRO and PRESTO.

**ASSAM,** a kingdom of eastern Asia. See SUPPLEMENT.

**ASSANCALA,** a strong town in Armenia, near the river Arras, in the road between Erzerum and Erivan, and noted for its hot baths. It stands on a high hill, and has walls round it, strengthened with towers. E. Long. 41. 30. N. Lat. 39. 46.

**ASSANCHIF,** a town of Asia, in Diarbekir, seated on the river Tigris. E. Long. 42. 30. N. Lat. 37. 20.

**ASSANS.** See ASSENS.

**ASSARIUM,** in antiquity, denotes a small copper coin, being a part or diminutive of the as. The word *assarius* is used by Suidas indifferently with *assarion* and *assarion*, to denote a small piece of money; in which he is followed by Cujacius, who defines *assarion* by *Minimus aris nummus*. We find mention of the assarian in the gospel of St Matthew, chap. x. ver. 29.

**ASSARON,** or **OMER,** a measure of capacity, in use among the Hebrews, containing five pints. It was the measure of manna which God appointed for every Israelite.

**ASSASIN,** or **ASSASSIN,** a person who kills another Assassin, ther with the advantage either of an inequality in the weapons, or by means of the situation of the place, or by attacking him at unawares.

The word assassin is said by some to have been brought from the Levant, where it took its rise from a certain prince of the family of the Arsacidæ, popularly called Assassins, living in a castle between Antioch and Damascus, and bringing up a number of young men, ready to pay a blind obedience to his commands; whom he employed in murdering the princes with whom he was at enmity. But according to Mr Volney, the word Hazassia (from the root hass, "to kill, to assassinate, to listen, to surprise.") in the vulgar Arabic signifies "Robbers of the night," persons who lie in ambush to kill; and is very universally understood in this sense at Cairo and in Syria. Hence it was applied to the Batenians, who slew by surprise. See the next article.

There was a certain law of nations, an opinion, received in all the republics of Greece and Italy, whereby he that assassinated an usurper of the supreme power was declared a virtuous man. At Rome especially, after the expulsion of the kings, the law was formal and solemn, and instances of it admitted. The commonwealth armed the hand of any citizen, and created him a magistrate for that moment.

Assassins, a tribe or clan in Syria, called also Ismaelians and Batenians or Batenians. These people probably owed their origin to the Karmatians, a famous heretical sect among the Mahometans, who settled in Persia about the year 1290; whence, in process of time, they sent a colony into Syria, where they became possessed of a considerable tract of land among the mountains of Lebanon, extending itself from the neighbourhood of Antioch to Damascus.

The first chief and legislator of this remarkable tribe appears to have been Hassan Sabah, a subtle impostor, who by his artifices made fanatical and implicit slaves of his subjects. Their religion was compounded of that of the Magi, the Jews, the Christians, and the Mahometans; but the capital article of their creed was to believe that the Holy Ghost resided in their chief; that his orders proceeded from God himself, and were real declarations of his divine pleasure. To this monarch the orientals gave the name of Scheik; but he is better known in Europe by the name of the Old Man of the Mountain. His dignity, instead of being hereditary, was conferred by election, where merit, that is, a superior multiplicity and enormity of crimes, was the most effectual recommendation to a majority of suffrages.

This chief, from his exalted residence on the summit of Mount Lebanon, like a vindictive deity, with the thunderbolt in his hand, sent inevitable death to all quarters of the world; so that from one end of the earth to the other, caliphs, emperors, sultans, kings, princes, Christians, Mahometans, and Jews, every nation and people, execrated and dreaded his sanguinary power, from the strokes of which there was no security. At the least suggestion or whisper that he had threatened the death of any potentate, all immediately doubled their guards, and took every other precaution in their power. It is known that Philip Augustus, king of France, on a premature advice that the scheik intended to have him assassinated, instituted a new body-guard of men distinguished for their activity and courage, called sergents d'armes, with brass clubs, bows and arrows: and he himself never appeared without a club, fortified either with iron or gold. Most sovereigns paid secretly a pension to the scheik, however scandalous and derogatory it might be to the lustre of majesty, for the safety of their persons. The Knights Templars alone dared to defy his secret machinations and open force. Indeed they were a permanent dispersed body, not to be cut off by massacres or assassinations.

This barbarous prince was furnished with resources unknown to all other monarchs, even to the most absolute despotic tyrant. His subjects would prostrate themselves at the foot of his throne, requesting to die by his hand or order, as a favour by which they were sure of passing into paradise. On them if danger made any impression, it was an emulation to press forward; and if taken in any enterprise, they went to the place of execution with a magnanimity unknown to others. Henry count of Champagne, who married Isabella daughter of Amaury king of Jerusalem, passing over part of the territory of the Assassins in his way to Syria, and talking highly of his power, their chief came to meet him. "Are your subjects (said the old man of the mountain) as ready in their submission as mine?" and without staying for an answer, made a sign with his hand, when ten young men in white, who were standing on an adjacent tower, instantly threw themselves down. On another occasion, Sultan Malek-Shah summoning the scheik to submit himself to his government, and threatening him with the power of his arms, should he hesitate to comply; the latter very composedly turning himself towards his guards, said to one of them, "Draw your dagger, and plunge it into your breast;" and to another, "Throw yourself headlong from yonder rock." His orders were no sooner uttered than they were joyfully obeyed: and all the answer he deigned to give the sultan's envoy was, "Away to thy master, and let him know I have many thousand subjects of the same disposition." Men so ready to destroy themselves were equally alert and resolute in being the ministers of death to others. At the command of their sovereign, they made no difficulty of stabbing any prince, even on his throne; and being well versed in the different dialects, they conformed to the dress and even the external religion of the country, that they might with less difficulty strike the fatal blow required by their chief. With the Saracens they were Mahometans; with the Franks, Christians: in one place they joined with the Mamelukes; in another, with the ecclesiastics or religious; and under this disguise seized the first opportunity of executing their sanguinary commission. Of this we meet with an instance, in the history of Saladin, while he was besieging Manbedge, the celebrated Hieropolis of antiquity. Being one day, with a few attendants, and they at some distance, reconnoitring the place for the better disposition of the attack, a man rushed on him with a dagger in his hand, and wounded him on the head; but the sultan, as he was endeavouring to repeat his stroke, wrested the dagger from him, and, after receiving several wounds, laid him dead at his feet. Before the sultan had well recovered himself, a second encountered him to finish the treachery of the former. but he met with the same fate; he was succeeded with equal fury by a third, who also fell by the hand of that magnanimous prince whom he was sent to assassinate.

And it was observed that these wretches dealt about their fruitless blows as they lay in the agonies of death.

With such rapidity was this transacted, that it was over before Saladin's guards could come to his assistance. He retired to his tent, and in great perturbation throwing himself on his sofa, ordered his servants to take a strict view of his household, and to cashier all suspected persons; at the same time asking with great earnestness, "Of whom have I deserved such treacherous usage?"

But it afterwards appeared, that these villains had been sent by the old man of the mountain; of whom the vizir Kamscheglin had purchased the murder of Saladin, to free himself from so great a warrior, whom he could not meet in the field. To animate them in their frantic obedience, the scheik, before their departure on such attempts, used to give them a small foretaste of some of the delights which he assured them would be their recompense in paradise. Delicious soporific drinks were given them; and while they lay asleep, they were carried into beautiful gardens, where every allurement invited their senses to the most exquisite gratifications. From these seats of voluptuousness, inflamed with liquor and enthusiastic views of perpetual enjoyments, they sallied forth to perform assassinations of the blackest dye.

This people once had, or at least they feigned to have, an intention of embracing the Christian religion. They reigned a long time in Persia and on Mount Lebanon. Hulaku, a khan of the Mogul Tartars, in the year 655 of the Hegira, or 1254 of the Christian era, entered their country and dispossessed them of several places; but it was not till the year 1272 that they were totally conquered. This achievement was owing to the conduct and intrepidity of the Egyptian forces sent against them by the sultan Bibaria. It has, however, been thought, that the Druses, who still reside among the eminences of Mount Lebanon, and whose religion and customs are so little known, are a remnant of those barbarians.