in the anatomy of plants, the exterior part of trees, corresponding to the skin of an animal. For its organization, texture, &c. see the article PLANTS.

As animals are furnished with a panniculus adiposus, usually replete with fat, which invests and covers all the fleshy parts, and screens them from external cold; plants are encompassed with a bark replete with fatty juices, by means whereof the cold is kept out, and in winter-time the spiculae of ice prevented from fixing and freezing the juices in the vessels: whence it is, that some sort of trees remain evergreen the year round, by reason their barks contain more oil than can be spent and exhaled by the sun, &c.

The bark has its peculiar diseases, and is infested with insects peculiar to it.—It appears from the experiments of M. Buffon, that trees stripped of their bark the whole length of their stems, die in about three or four years. But it is very remarkable, that trees thus stripped in the time of the sap, and suffered to die, afford timber heavier, more uniformly dense, stronger, and fitter for service, than if the trees had been cut down in their healthy state. Something of a like nature has been observed by Vitruvius and Evelyn.

The ancients wrote their books on bark, especially of the ash and lime tree, not on the exterior, but on the inner and finer bark called philyra.

There are a great many kinds of barks in use in the several arts. Some in agriculture, and in tanning leather, as the oak-bark; some in physic, as the quinquina or Jesuit's bark, mace, &c.; others in dyeing, as the bark of alder, and walnut-trees; others in spicery, as cinnamon, cassia lignum, &c.; and others for divers uses, as the bark of the cork tree, &c.

In the East Indies, they prepare the bark of a certain tree so as to spin like hemp. After it has been beat and steeped in water, they extract long threads from it, which are something between silk and common thread; being neither so soft nor so glossy as silk, nor so rough and hard as hemp. They mix silk with it in some stuffs; and these are called millaces, and cherque-molles.

Of the bark of a species of mulberry-tree the Japanese make their paper. See MORUS.

In the island of Otaheite, the natives make their cloth, which is of three kinds, of the bark of three different trees; the paper-mulberry above mentioned, the bread-fruit tree, and the cocoa tree. That made of the mulberry is the finest and whitest, and worn chiefly by the principal people. It is manufactured in the following manner. When the trees are of a proper size, they are drawn up, and stripped of their branches; after which, the roots and tops are cut off: the bark of these rods being then slit up longitudinally, is easily drawn off; and, when a proper quantity has been procured, it is carried down to some running water, in which it is deposited to soak, and secured from floating away by heavy stones: when it is supposed to be sufficiently softened, the women servants go down to the brook, and stripping themselves, sit down in the water, to separate the inner bark from the green part on the outside: to do this, they place the under side upon a flat smooth board, and with a kind of shell scrape it very carefully, dipping it continually in the water till nothing remains but the fine fibres of the inner coat. Being thus prepared in the afternoon, they are spread out upon plantain leaves in the evening; they are placed in lengths of about 11 or 12 yards, one by the side of another, till they are about a foot broad, and two or three layers are also laid one upon the other: care is taken that the cloth shall be in all parts of an equal thickness, so that if the bark happens to be thinner in any one particular part of one layer than the rest, a piece that is somewhat thicker is picked out to be laid over in the next. In this state it remains till the morning, when great part of the water which it contained when it was laid out is either drained off or evaporated, and the several fibres adhere together, so as that the whole may be raised from the ground in one piece. It is then taken away, and laid upon the smooth side of a long piece of wood prepared for the purpose, and beaten by the women servants. The instrument used for this purpose is a square wooden club, having each of its four sides or faces marked, lengthwise, with small grooves, or furrows, of different degrees of fineness; those on one side being of a width and depth sufficient to receive a small pack-thread, and the others finer in a regular gradation, so that the last are not more than equal to sewing silk. They beat it first with the coarsest side of this mallet, keeping time like our smiths; it spreads very fast under the strokes, chiefly however in the breadth, and the grooves in the mallet mark it with the appearance of threads; it is successively beaten with the other sides, last with the finest, and is then fit for use. Of this cloth there are several sorts, of different degrees of fineness, in proportion as it is more or less beaten. The other cloth also differs in proportion as it is beaten; but they differ from each other in consequence of the different materials of which they are made. The bark of the bread-fruit is not taken till the trees are considerably longer and thicker than those of the mulberry; the process afterwards is the same.—Of the bark, too, of a tree which they call poerou*, they manufacture excellent matting; both a coarse sort which serves them to sleep upon, and a finer to wear in wet weather. Of the same bark they also make ropes and lines, from the thickness of an inch to the size of a small pack-thread.

or Jesuit's Bark, is a name given by way of eminence to the quinquina, or cinchona. See CINCHONA.

in Navigation, a general name given to small ships; it is, however, peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without a mizen topsail. Our northern mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship which carries no ornamental figure on the stern or prow.

Water-BARKS, are little vessels used in Holland for the carriage of fresh water to places where it is wanting, ing, as well as for the fetching sea-water to make salt of. They have a deck, and are filled with water up to the deck.

**Bark-Binding**, a distemper incident to trees; cured by slitting the bark, or cutting along the grain.

**Bark-Galling**, is when the trees are galled with thorns, &c. It is cured by binding clay on the galled places.

**Bark-Longue**, or Barca Longa, a small, low, sharp-built, but very long vessel, without a deck. It goes with sails and oars, and is very common in Spain.

**Barkhamstead**, or Berkhamstead, a town of Hertfordshire in England, seems to have been the site of a Roman town. It had formerly a strong castle, which has long since been demolished. Population 1963 in 1811. W. Long. 0° 35'. N. Lat. 45° 49'.

**Barking**, a town of Essex, in England, with 2421 inhabitants, seated on the river Roding, not far from the Thames, in a very unwholesome air. It has been chiefly noted for a large monastery, now in ruins; there being nothing left standing but a small part of the walls and a gate-house. E. Long. 0° 13'. N. Lat. 51° 30'.

**Barking of Trees**, the peeling off the rind or bark. This must be done, in our climate, in the month of May, because at that time the sap of the tree separates the bark from the wood. It would be very difficult to perform it at any other time of the year, unless the season was extremely wet and rainy; for heat and dryness are a very great hindrance to it.

By the French laws, all dealers are forbid to bark their wood while growing, on the penalty of 500 livres. This law was the result of ignorance; it being now found that barking of trees, and letting them die, increases the strength of timber.

**Barkley**, a town of Gloucestershire in England, seated on a branch of the river Severn, with 616 inhabitants in 1811. It had formerly a nunnery, and has still the title of a barony. W. Long. 2° 30'. N. Lat. 51° 40'.

**Barkway**, a town of Hertfordshire in England, on the great road from London to York. W. Long. 0° 5'. N. Lat. 52'.

**Barlaeus, Gaspar**, professor of philosophy at Amsterdam, and one of the best Latin poets of the 17th century. There was scarce anything great that happened in the world, while he lived, but he made a pompous elegy upon it, when reasons of state were no obstacle to it. He was a great defender of Arminius; and showed his abilities in history by his relation of what passed in Brasil during the government of Count Maurice of Nassau, published in 1647. He died the year after.

**Barleria, Snap-Dragon**. See Botany Index.

**Barletta**, a handsome and strong town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in the Terra di Bari, with a bishop's see. It is situated on the gulf of Venice, in E. Long. 16° 32'. N. Lat. 41° 30'.

**Barley**, in Botany. See Hordeum, Botany and Agriculture Index.

The principal use of barley among us is for making beer; in order to which it is first malted. See the article Beer.

The Spaniards, among whom malt liquors are little known, feed their horses with barley as we do with oats. In Scotland, barley is a common ingredient in broths; and the consumpt of it for that purpose is very considerable, barley-broth being a dish as frequent there as that of soup in France.

**Pearl Barley**, and **French Barley**; barley freed of the husk by a mill; the distinction between the two being, that the pearl barley is reduced to the size of small shot, all but the very heart of the grain being ground away.

**Barley-Water**, is a decoction of either of these, reputed soft and lubricating, of frequent use in physic. This well known decoction is a very useful drink in many disorders; and is recommended, with nitre, by some authors of reputation, in slow fevers.

**Barley-Corn** is used to denote a long measure, containing in length the third part of an inch, and in breadth the eighth. The French carpenters also use barley-corn, grain d'orge, as equivalent to a line, or the twelfth part of an inch.

**Barley-Corn (grain d'orge)**, is also used in building for a little cavity between the mouldings of joiners work, served to separate or keep them asunder; thus called because made of a kind of plane of the same name.

**Barlow, William**, bishop of Chichester, descended of an ancient family in Wales, was born in the county of Essex. In his youth he favoured the Reformation; and travelled to Germany to be instructed by Luther, and other preachers of the new doctrine. How long he continued a Protestant is uncertain; but from his letter to King Henry VIII. quoted below, it appears that he wrote several books against the church of Rome. However, he was a regular canon in the Augustine monastery of St Osith in the county of Essex, and studied some time at Oxford with the brothers of that order, where he took the degree of doctor in divinity. He was then made prior of the convent at Bisham in Berkshire; and afterwards succeeded to the several priories of Blackmore, Tytree, Lega, Bromhole, and Haveford-west. On the dissolution of abbeys, he resigned not only with a good grace, but persuaded several other abbots to follow his example. King Henry was so pleased with his ready obedience on this occasion, that he sent him, in 1535, on an embassy to Scotland; in the same year made him bishop of St Asaph; in two months after, translated him to the see of St David's, and in 1547 to that of Bath and Wells. During this time, our good bishop, as appears from the following epistle to the king, was, or pretended to be, a staunch Papist: it was written in 1533. "Prayse be to God, who of his infynyte goodness and mercy inestymable hath brought me out of darkness into light, and from deadly ignorance into the quick knowledge of the truth. From which, through the fiend's instigation and false persuasion, I have greatly swerved. In so much that I have made certayne hokes, and have suffered them to be emprinted, as the tretise of the Burgall of the Mass, &c. In these tretises I perceive and acknowledge myself grievously to have erred, namely against the blessed sacrament of the altare; disallowing the masse and denying purgatory, with slanderous inflamy of the pope and my lord cardinal, and outrageous rayling against the clergy; which I have forsaken and utterly renounced—Asks pardon William Barlow." However, when Edward VI. came to the crown, he was again a Protestant; and for Barlow, William, a mathematician and divine, the son of the bishop of Chichester, was born in Pembrokeshire whilst his father was bishop of St David's. In 1563, he was entered commoner of Balliol college in Oxford; and in 1564, took a degree in arts, which having completed by determination, he left the university and went to sea; but in what capacity is uncertain: however, he acquired considerable knowledge in the art of navigation. About the year 1573, he entered into orders, and became prebendary of Winchester and rector of Easton near that city. In 1588 he was made prebendary of Litchfield, which he exchanged for the place of treasurer of that church. Some years after, he was made chaplain to Prince Henry, the son of King James I.; and in 1614, archdeacon of Salisbury. He was the first writer on the nature and properties of the magnet. Barlow died in the year 1625, and was buried in the church at Easton. His works are, 1. "The Navigator's Supply, containing many things of principal importance belonging to navigation, and use of diverse instruments framed chiefly for that purpose," London, 1597, 4to. Dedicated to Robert earl of Essex. 2. "Magnetical Advertisements, or diverse pertinent Observations and approved Experiments concerning the Nature and Properties of the Loadstone," London, 1616, 4to. 3. "A brief Discovery of the idle Animadversions of Mark Ridley, M.D. upon a Treatise entitled Magnetical Advertisements," London, 1618, 4to.

Barlow, Thomas, born in 1637, was appointed fellow of Queen's college in Oxford in 1633; and two years after was chosen reader of metaphysics to the university. He was keeper of the Bodleian library, and in 1657 was chosen provost of Queen's college. After the restoration of King Charles II., he was nominated one of the commissioners for restoring the members unjustly expelled in 1648. He wrote at that time The Case of Toleration in Matters of Religion, to Mr R. Boyle. In 1675, he was made bishop of Lincoln. After the popish plot, he published several tracts against the Roman catholic religion; in which he shows an uncommon extent of learning, and skill in polemical divinity. Nevertheless, when the duke of York was proclaimed king, he took all opportunities of expressing his affection toward him; but after the revolution he as readily voted that the king had abdicated his kingdom; and was very vigorous in excluding those of the clergy who refused the oaths, from their benefices.

Mr Granger observes, that "this learned prelate, whom nature designed for a scholar, and who acted in conformity with the bent of nature, was perhaps as great a master of the learned languages, and of the works of the celebrated authors who have written in those languages, as any man in his age. The greatest part of his writings, of which Mr Wood has given us a catalogue, are against Popery; and his conduct for some time, like that of other Calvinists, appeared to be in direct opposition to the church of Rome. But after James ascended the throne, he seemed to approach much nearer to Popery than he ever did before. He sent the king an address of thanks for his declaration for liberty of conscience, and is said to have written reasons for reading that declaration. His compliances were much the same after the revolution. His moderation, to call it by the softest name, was very great; indeed so great as to bring the firmness of his character in question. But casuistry reconciles seeming contradictions. He was, abstracted from this laxity of principles, a very great and worthy man." He died at Buckden, in Huntingdonshire, on the 8th of October 1691, in the 83rd year of his age.

Barlow, Francis, an English painter, was born in Lincolnshire. On his coming to London, he was placed with one Sheppard, a limner; but his genius led him chiefly to drawing of birds, fish, and other animals. There are six books of animals from his drawings, and he painted some ceilings with birds for noblemen and gentlemen in the country. His etchings are numerous; his illustration of Esop is his greatest work. He died in 1702. There is something pleasing in the composition and manner of this master, though neither is excellent. His drawing too is very indifferent; nor does he characterize any animal justly. His birds in general are better than his beasts.

Barlow, Joel, an American literary and political character. See Supplement.