Elements ing a capsule in which the seeds are enclosed, as in the apple, &c.; \(a\), the pericarp; \(b\), the capsule, or seed-case. Fig. 26. \(a\), Drupe, or pericarp containing a nut or stone, and having no valve. \(b\), The nucleus, or stone. Fig. 27. Baccia or berry, a pericarp containing naked seeds dispersed through the pulpy part. Fig. 28. A capsule opening at the top to allow the seeds to fall out. Fig. 29. Four capsules included in a common pericarp. \(a\), The valves; \(b\), the dissepiment, or partition which separates the different seed-capsules from one another; \(c\), columella, or central column, by which the capsules are connected. Fig. 30. A capsule cut off longitudinally, to show the receptacle of the seeds. Fig. 31. Pappus, or down; \(a\), long-haired; \(b\), feathered; \(c\), seed; \(d\), stipe.

Pedunculi or Footstalks of Flowers.—Fig. 32. Corymb. 33. Raceme. 34. Spike. 35. Verticil. 36. Panicle.

Plates XCVI, XCVII, XCVIII contain delineations relative to the SPECIES of plants.

1. LEAVES as to figure. A, Simple.—Fig. 37. Orbicular, of a circular figure. Fig. 38. Subrotundum, roundish or nearly circular. Fig. 39. Ovate. Fig. 40. Oval or elliptical. Fig. 41. Oblong. Fig. 42. Lanceolate. Fig. 43. Linear. Fig. 44. Subulate, or awl-shaped. Fig. 45. Reniform, or kidney-shaped. Fig. 46. Cordate, or heart-shaped. Fig. 47. Lunulated, or crescent form. Fig. 48. Triangular. Fig. 49. Sagittate. Fig. 50. Cordato-Sagittate, heart-shaped behind, and sharp like the point of an arrow before. Fig. 51. Hastate, or halbert-shaped. Fig. 52. Cleft. Fig. 53. Three-lobed, or having three (55) lobes. Fig. 54. Premorse, fore-bitten. Fig. 55. Lobed. Fig. 56. Quinquangular, or five-angled. Fig. 57. Eroded. Fig. 58. Palmate. Fig. 59. Pinnated. Fig. 60. Laciniate. Fig. 61. Sinuate. Fig. 62. Dent-sinuate. Fig. 63. Sinuate backwards. Fig. 64. Partite or parted. Fig. 65. Repand, or scolloped. Fig. 66. Dentated, or dented. Fig. 67. Serrated or sawed. Fig. 68. Doubly serrated. Fig. 69. Doubly notched. Fig. 70. Cartilaginous. Fig. 71. Acutely notched. Fig. 72. Obtusely notched. Fig. 73. Plaited. Fig. 74. Crenate, notched. Fig. 75. Curled. Fig. 76. Blunt or obtuse. Fig. 77. Acute. Fig. 78. Acuminate, or awl-pointed. Fig. 79. Obtuse with an acumen, blunt with a sharp point superadded. Fig. 80. Acutely emarginated. Fig. 81. Cuneiform emarginate, wedgeform and notched at the end. Fig. 82. Retuse. Fig. 83. Long-haired. Fig. 84. Tomentose, or cottony. Fig. 85. Hispid, or bristle-haired. Fig. 86. Ciliated. Fig. 87. Rugose or wrinkly. Fig. 88. Veined. Fig. 89. Nerved. Fig. 90. Papillos. Fig. 91. Linguiform or tongue-shaped. Fig. 92. Scimitar-shaped. Fig. 93. Hatchet-shaped. Fig. 94. Deltoid. Fig. 95. Three-sided or trigonous. Fig. 96. Channelled. Fig. 97. Furrowed. Fig. 98. Cylindrical. B. Compound Leaves. Fig. 99. Three-lobed. Fig. 100. Binate. Fig. 101. Ternate. Fig. 102. Digitate, or fingered. Fig. 103. Pedate. Fig. 104. Pinnated with an odd leaflet. Fig. 105. Abruptly pinnated. Fig. 106. Pinnated alternately. Fig. 107. Abruptly pinnated. Fig. 108. Pinnated with a cirrus. Fig. 109. Pinnated with only two leaflets. Fig. 110. Pinnated decursively. Fig. 111. Pinnated jointedly. Fig. 112. Lyre-shaped. Fig. 113. Bitermiate, or duplico-ternate, bitermiate, (100), or doubly ternate, or having three ternate (100) leaves upon one petiole. Fig. 114. Bipinnate or doubly pinnate, i.e., having the primary pinnae pinnated again a second time. Fig. 115. Tritermiate, or triple ternate, or consisting of three bitermiate (113) leaves. Fig. 116. Triple pinnated without an odd leaflet, or having the secondary pinnae pinnated again, and these last pinnae not terminated with an odd leaflet. Fig. 117. Triple pinnated with an odd leaflet.

2. LEAVES, as to determination.—Fig. 118. Incurvated. Fig. 119. Erect. Fig. 120. Patent or spreading. Fig. 121. Horizontal. Fig. 122. Reclined or reflex. Fig. 123. Revolute or rolled back. Fig. 124. Seminal leaves, or seed-leaves. Fig. 125. Cauline or stem-leaf. Fig. 126. A branch-leaf. Fig. 127. Floral; leaf next the flower; also termed a bractea. Fig. 128. Peltate, or target-shaped. Fig. 129. On a leaf-stalk. Fig. 130. Sessile. Fig. 131. Decurrent. Fig. 132. Stem-clasping. Fig. 133. Perfoliate. Fig. 134. Connate, or united at the base. Fig. 135. Sheathing. Fig. 136. Articulated or jointed. Fig. 137. Stellate, or verticillated. Fig. 138. Quaterna, quina, sena, &c. denote different species of stellated or verticillated leaves, when there are four, five, or six, &c. leaves in one verticil or whirl. Fig. 139. Opposite. Fig. 140. Alternate. Fig. 141. Linear and persisting. Fig. 142. Imbricated, or tiled. Fig. 143. Fascicled. Fig. 144. Frond; a species of stalk or trunk, consisting of branches and leaves, and sometimes the fructification, all united together; peculiar to the Filices or Ferns, and the Palmæ. Fig. 145. (Sauv.) Spatulate, or roundish above, with a long linear base. Fig. 146. Parabolical; having its longitudinal diameter longer than the transverse, and growing narrower from the base till it terminate somewhat like an oval.

3. CAULES, or STEMS.—Fig. 147. A scaly culm or stalk. Fig. 148. Caulis repens, a repent or creeping stalk or stem; appropriated to herbaceous plants. Fig. 149. Scape. Fig. 150. A jointed culm (147) or stalk. Fig. 151. A twining stem. Fig. 152. A dichotomous or two-forked stem. Fig. 153. Brachiated.

4. FULCRA, or SUPPORTS.—Fig. 154. a, A clasper or tendril; \(b\), stipulas, the little scales at the base of the foot-stalk of the leaf, or at the base of the flower-stalk; \(c\), Small hollow glands for the secretion of some particular fluid. Fig. 155. a, Small glands. Fig. 156. a, Bractea; on footstalk, or differing from the other leaves of the plant. Fig. 157. a, A simple or one-pointed spine. \(b\), A triple or three-pointed spine. Fig. 158. A triple or three-pointed prick. Fig. 160. Opposite leaves; \(a\), the axil, or angle betwixt the leaf and the stalk.

5. ROOTS.—Fig. 161. A scaly bulb. Fig. 162. A solid bulb. Fig. 163. A tunicated or coated bulb. Fig. 164. A tuberous root. Fig. 165. Fusiform or spindle-shaped. Fig. 166. A branchy root. Fig. 167. A repent or creeping root.

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS.

- Annual. - Biennial. - Perennial. - Tree or shrub. - I, II, III, January, February, March, &c.

K CLASSIFICATION. CLASSIFICATION.

CLASSIS I. MONANDRIA.

Ordo I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. SCITAMINEAE, Fructu infero uni vel triloculari.

12. KEMPFERIA. Cal. obsoletus. Cor. 6-partita; lacinia 3 majoribus patulis, unica bipartita. Stigma bilamellatum.

3. RENALMIA. Cal. 1-phyllus rumpens. Cor. 3-fida inaequalis. Nectar. oblongum basi utrinque unidentatum. Bacc.

2. HELLENIUM. Cal. spathiformis. Cor. limbus duplex: exterior subtrifidus. Nectar. diphyllosum bifidum.

6. HEDYCHIUM. Cal. 1-phyllus rumpens. Cor. tubus longissimus; limbus duplex 3-partitus. Nectar. 2-phyllum.

11. CURCUMA. Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. 4-partita. Nectar. 3-lobum. Anth. basi bicalcarata.

5. HORNSTEDTIA. Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. tubus longus filiformis; limbus duplex, exterior tripartitus. Nectar. tubulosum.

8. ALPINIA. Cal. 3-dentatus aequalis tubulosus. Cor. 3-partita aequalis. Nectar. 2-labiatus: labio inferiore patente.

4. AMOMUM. Cal. 3-fidus inaequalis cylindricus. Cor. 3-partita inaequalis patens. Nectar. 2-labiatus erectissimum.

7. COSTUS. Cal. 3-fidus gibbus. Cor. 3-partita ringens. Nectar. 2-labiatus, labio inferiore maximo trilobo.

10. MARANTA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-fida. Nectar. 3-partitum: lacinia tercia superiori latera antherifera.

1. CANNA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-partita. Nectar. 2-partitum. Caps. 3-loculares.

14. PHRYNIUM. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala tubo nectarii adnata. Nectar. tubo filiformi, limbo 4-partito. Caps. 3-loculi. Nucis 3.

13. THALIA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala: duo interiora minora. Nectar. lanceolatum concavum. Drupa nuce unilocul.

9. MYROSM. Cal. duplex: exterior 3-phyllus: interior 3-partitus. Cor. 5-partita irregulares.

Sect. II. Fructu infero quadriloculari.

18. LOPEZIA. Cal. 4-phyll. Cor. 5-petala inaequalis. Caps. 4-loculi. 4-valvis, polysperma.

Sect. III. Fructu supero.

15. PHYLIDRUM. Spatha 1-flora. Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala irregulares. Caps. 3-loculi. polysperma.

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. SCITAMINEAE or Spicy Plants. The German Inferior, and 1 or 3-celled.

12. K. Cal. indistinct. Cor. 6-parted, the three greater segments open in two-parted stigmas, bilamellated.

3. R. Cal. 1-leaved, bursting. Cor. 3-cleft, unequal. Nectar. oblong, one tooth on each side of the base. A berry.

2. H. Cal. spathiform. Cor. limb double, exterior one subtrifid. Nectar. two-leaved, or bifid.

6. H. Cal. 1-leaved, bursting. Cor. tube long, limb double, 3-parted. Nectar. diphyllosum.

11. C. Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 4-parted. Anth. two horns at the base. Nectar. 3-lobed.

5. H. Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. long, filiform; limb double, the exterior one 3-parted. Nectar. tubulous.

8. A. Cal. 3-dented, equal. Cor. 3-parted, equal. Nectar. 2-lipped, inferior lip spreading.

4. A. Cal. 3-cleft, unequal. Cor. 3-parted, unequal. Nectar. 2-lipped, somewhat erect.

7. C. Cal. 3-cleft, gibbosus. Cor. 3-parted, ringent. Nectar. 2-lipped, inferior lip greatest, and 3-lobed.

10. M. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-cleft. Nectar. 3-parted, third segment on the higher side anther-bearing.

1. C. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-parted. Nectar. 2-parted. Caps. 3-celled.

14. P. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Nectar. tube filiform. Limb 4-parted. Caps. 3-celled. Nuts 3.

13. T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, two interior pet. less. Nectar. lanceolate, concave. Drupe 1 cell.

9. M. Cal. double; exterior one 3-leaved, interior 3-parted. Cor. 5-parted, irregular.

Sect. II. German inferior, and four-celled.

18. L. Cal. 4-leaved; Cor. 5-petals, unequal. Caps. 4 cells, 4 valves, many seeds.

Sect. III. German superior.

15. P. Spatha one flower. Cal. none. Cor. 4-petals irregular. Caps. 3 cells, many seeds.

16. CUCULLARIA. Monandria.

16. Cucullaria. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala unequalis calcarata. Fil. petaliforme. Anth. loculis discretis.

17. Qualea. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. dipetala. Baccæ.

19. Usteria. Cal. 4-dentatus, lacinia unica reliquis multo majore. Cor. infundibuliformis 4-dentata. Caps. 1 locul. 2-sperma.

† Mangifera Indica. Tradescantia monandra.

Sect. IV. Monospermæ.

20. Boerhaavia. Cal. superus margo integerimus. Cor. 1-petala campanulata.

23. Hippuris. Cal. superus margo bilobus. Cor. o.

22. Salicornia. Cal. 1-phyllus ventricosus. Cor. o.

21. Pollichia. Cal. 1-phyllus 5-dentatus. Cor. o.

Sem. r, receptaculi squamis 2 baccatis tectum.

24. Mithridatea. Recep. multiflorum 4-fidum. Cal. o. Cor. o. Sem. solitaria recept. carnosum immersum.

* Chara. Cal. o. Cor. o. Anth. sessilis. Styl. o. Stigma 5-fidum. Sem. plura.

* Zosteria. Spadix linearis, altera latere fructifer. Cal. o. Cor. o. Stam. alterna. Sem. solitar. alterna.

† Valeriana rubra, angustifolia. Calcitropa. Scirpi et Cyperi nonnullæ species. Alchemilla Aphanes, monandra. Polygonemum monandrum.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

Sect. I. PLANTÆ.

25. Lacistema. Cal. amenti squama. Cor. 4-partita. Fil. 2-fid. Bac. pedicellata monosperma.

26. Corispermum. Cal. o. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. r.

* 27. Callitriche. Cal. o. Cor. 2-petala. Cap. 2-locularis.

28. Blitum. Cal. 3-fidus baccatus. Cor. o. Sem. r.

29. Mniarum. Cal. 4-partitus superus. Cor. o. Sem. r.

Sect. II. GRAMINEÆ.

30. Cinna. Cal. gluma 1-flora. Cor. gluma, 2-valvis.

† Leersia Monandra.

1. Cannæ, Flowering Reed.

Cor. 6-parted, erect. Nect. 2-parted, rolled back. Style lanceolate, adhering to the corolla. Cal. 3-leaved.

1. C. leaves ovate, acuminate ribbed.

= C. whole flower reddish, leaves ellipse-ovate.

3. C. interior petals erect and yellow, the segments of the nectary rolled back and sprinkled with reddish lines; leaves ovate elliptical.

γ C. interior petals erect, scarlet, the segments of the nectary rolled back, yellow sprinkled with red lines, leaves ovate elliptical.

3. C. interior petals reflected, scarlet leaves lanceolate oblong. Between the tropics.

2. C. leaves lanceolate on footstalks, ribbed. Small angustiflora. Flowering reed. America.

3. C. leaves lanceol. petiol. glaucous beneath, with glauca out ribs. Carolina.

4. C. leaves linear, ribbed. Rushy flowering reed. juncea. China.

2. Helenia.

Limb of the cor. double, the outer one commonly 3-cleft. Nect. 2-leaved or 2-cleft. Caps. 3-celled, coriaceous, inflated, subglobose. Cal. spatiform, campanulated, 2-cleft.

1. H. Nect. 2-leaved. Caps. subspongious, leaves alughas, entire. Ceylon.

K 2

2. H. 2. H. Nect. diphyllous. Caps. striated, leaves entire. China.

3. H. Nect. 2-leaved, leaves ciliated. China.

4. H. Nect. 1-leaved, 2-cleft, leaves denticulated. India.

3. Renealmia.

Cor. trifid. Nect. oblong. Cal. 1-leaved, having two or three irregular dents. Anth. sessile, opposite to the nectary. Berry fleshy.

1. R. High or tall renealmia. It is a tree which grows 20 feet high; the leaves are lanceolated, and 5 or 6 feet long. Surinam.

4. Amomum, Ginger.

Cal. 3-cleft, unequal, cylindrical. Cor. 5-parted, unequal, spreading. Nect. bilabiata, almost erect.

1. A. Scape naked, spike and scales ovate, leaves lanceolate, ciliated on the margin near the apex. 2. East Indies, and Jamaica.—This plant grows to the height only of two or three feet. It is valued chiefly on account of its root, which is tuberous, of the thickness of a finger, white or reddish within, and pale or yellow without. Ginger is reckoned a good stomachic. It is much used by the Indians by way of seasoning. It grows in Malabar, Ceylon, Ambona, and China, and is cultivated in the West Indies. As it is very plentiful on the mountains of Gingi, some suppose that from this circumstance the name Gingiber or Zingiber was derived.

2. A. Scape naked; spike oblong, obtuse; scales roundish; leaves ovate, smooth on the margin. 2. East Indies.

3. A. scape naked; spike loose, cylindrical, truncated; leaves ovate acuminate. 2. India.

4. A. scape naked, spike elongated, bracteas oblong ventricose, leaves broad lanceolate. 2. Jamaica.

5. A. scape very short, capsule ovate, leaves sword-form and acute. 2. Japan.

6. A. scape naked, very short, spike-headed; leaves linear lanceolate. 2. Madagascar.

7. A. spike radical sessile obovate, leaves obovate-elliptical and cuspidate. 2. India.

8. A. scape sheathed very short, spike roundish; bracteas lanceolate, longer than the flower. 2. India.

9. A. spike radical, somewhat globular, capsules furrowed, echinate and globular. 2. India.

10. A. scape branchy, decumbent; leaves lanceolate. 2. Malabar.

11. A. scape branched loose, leaves ovate. 2. Madagascar, Guinea, and Ceylon.—The fresh leaves of this plant, which grows to the height of 10 or 12 feet, have a strong aromatic taste, but somewhat bitter. Its grains have the same qualities in a higher degree. The Indians mix them with betel, in order to promote digestion. Their taste is very agreeable; when squeezed in the mouth, they produce a pleasant coolness. They are an object of commerce on the Malabar coast.

5. Hornstedtia.

Cal. bifid. Tube of the corolla long, filiform; border double, outer one three-parted. Nect. tubular; capsule three-celled, oblong.

1. H. leaves tomentose beneath. 2. Malacca.

2. H. leaves smooth ciliated. 2. Malacca.

6. Hedychium.

Cal. 1-leaved, bursting. Cor. with a very long tube; border double, three-parted. Nect. 2-leaved.

1. H. 2. India.

7. Costus.

Cal. trifid, gibbous. Cor. 3-parted, ringent. Nect. 2-lipped, the inferior lip largest, 3-lobed.

1. C. leaves smooth on both sides, spike with few arabicus flowers, scales leaf-like at the apex, the highest ones fastigiate. 2. America.

2. C. leaves smooth on both sides; spike many-spicatus, flowered, somewhat ovate, closely imbricated; scales ovate simple. 2. Brasil and the Caribbee islands.

3. C. leaves covered beneath with a silky velvet species down. 2. East Indies.

8. Alpinia.

Cal. 3-dented, equal, tubular. Cor. 3-parted, equal. Nect. bilabiata, lower lip spreading.

1. A. the raceme or cluster terminating spiked, racemes flowers alternate, lip of the nectary 3-cleft; leaves oblong acuminate. 2. America.

2. A. the cluster terminating loose with flowers al-galanga alternate, lip of the nectary emarginated, leaves lanceolate. 2. East Indies.

3. A. spike terminating hairy, bracteas longer than coma, the flower, coloured leaves, oblong-obovate pubescent. 2. America.

4. A. cluster radical, compound, erect; nectary occident emarginate at the apex, capsule 3-celled, leaves lanatisceolate-ovate and very smooth. Swartz prod. 11. 2. Jamaica and St Domingo.

9. Myrosma.

Cor. 5-parted, irregular. Cal. double, the outer part 3-leaved, the inner 3-parted. Caps. 3-angled, 3-celled with many seeds.

1. M. h. Surinam.

10. Maranta.

Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-cleft. Nect. 3-parted, the third being a segment, the superior side anther-bearing.

1. M. culm branched and herbaceous, leaves ovate-arundinaceous, somewhat hairy beneath. 2. America. cca.

2. M. culm branched, shrub-like, leaves ovate tomentose smooth. 2. Cochin China.

3. M. culm simple, leaves oblong, on footstalks, silky, malacc pubescent beneath. 2. Malacca. This species has not yet been accurately examined.

4. M. stemless scape; naked, spiked, hairy, the common leaflets of the hair reflected. 2. Surinam. It is uncertain whether this plant may not belong to an unformed genus; at any rate, it is very different from the other species of maranta already mentioned.

11. Curcuma.

Cal. bifid. Cor. quadrupartite. Nect. 3-lobed. Anth. with two spurs at the base.

1. C. leaves lanceolate-ovate, ribs or nerves lateral, retuse very few. 2. India. 2. C. leaves lanceolate, ribs lateral and very numerous. India.

12. KEMPFERIA. Cal. indistinct. Cor. 6-parted, the three greater segments a little expanded, one two-parted. Stigma bilamellated.

1. K. leaves ovate sessile. Galangale. India. 2. K. leaves lanceolate on footstalks. India.

13. THALIA. Cor. 5-petaled; the two inner petals less. Nect. lanceolate concave. Nect. one cell. Cal. 3-leaved.

1. T. cor. 5-petaled. Nect. lanceolate. South America. 2. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Nect. 2-cleft, erect. New Hebrides.

14. PHRYNIUM. Cal. 3-leaved. Petal three, equal, adhering to the tube of the nectary. Nect. 1-leaved, tube filiform, border four-parted. Caps. three-celled. Nuts 3.

1. P. Malabar, Cochinchina, and China.

15. PHYLIDRUM. Spathe one flower. Cal. none. Cor. 4-petaled, irregular. Caps. 3-celled, with many seeds.

1. P. Cochinchina, and China.

16. CUCULLARIA. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petaled unequal, with a spur. Fil. petaliform.

1. C. Guiana. A lofty tree, with leaves opposite, obovate acute veined; racemes terminating, flowers yellow.

17. QUALEA. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 2-petaled.

1. Q. Guiana. 2. Q. petals emarginate, leaves acute. Guiana.

18. LOPEZIA. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled unequal. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, many seeds.

1. L. Mexico. The Lopezia hirsuta of Jacquin is only a variety.

19. USTERIA. Cal. 5-dented, one dent much larger than the rest. Cor. funnel-shaped, 4-dented. Caps. one cell, 2 seeds. Seeds arillled.

1. U. Guinea. With opposite branches; leaves opposite, roundish, ovate, entire. Flowers panicled terminating.

20. BOERHAAVIA. Cal. margin quite entire. Cor. 1 petal, campanulate plaited. Seed 1, naked, inferior.

1. B. stem 4-angled smooth, the internodes viscous, flowers corymbose-panicled. Vera Cruz, and Jamaica. The stamens are two in number.

2. B. leaves oblong-ovate, a little fleshy, flowers ascendent, panicled, fruitstalks with two flowers, stem ascending or rising like an arch. Guinea.

3. B. stem tapering pubescent, flowers capitate diffusa, corymbose. South America. The leaves are whitish beneath. Flowers purple, with one stamen.

4. B. stem a little tapering, hirsute flowers capi-airstata. Jamaica. The stem is a foot long, the flowers blood-coloured, the stamens two.

5. B. leaves nearly heart-shaped, orbicular-acute, phimba-pubescent beneath, flowers umbellated. Spain-guinea. The corolla is of a pale rose hue, the stamens three, the fruit top-shaped and striated.

6. B. stem erect, flowers umbellated bistaminal, scandens. Leaves heart-shaped. West Indies. Six feet high, erect, smooth. The branches alternate, the umbels green, bearing six flowers, the involucre 5-leaved.

B. stem erect, leaves inferior heart-shaped ovate, excelsa. The highest leaves ovate, flowers umbellated, 3-staminated. The corolla is purple, the stamens three.

8. B. stem erect, leaves heart-shaped repando-sinu-repanda. Ated, flowers umbellated, 3-staminated. China.

9. B. leaves bipinnatifid, dented; flowers umbel-charolated and 3-staminated. Valeriana Cherophylloides of phyllodii. Dr Smith. Chancay in Peru.

10. B. stem creeping. Nubia.

11. B. leaves linear and acute. augustinfol.

12. B. stem creeping, flowers 4-staminated. Society tetrandra. islands.

Several species of Boerhaavia resemble the Valeriana.

21. POLICHIA. Cal. 1-leaved, 5-dented. Cor. none. Seed 1. Recept. including the fruit within its scales.

1. P. Cape of Good Hope.

22. SALICORNIA, Samphire. Cal. ventricose, entire. No petals. Stam. 1 or 2. Seed 1, covered with the calyx.

* 1. S. Knees compressed, emarginate, internodes ob-herbacea, conical, spikes on footstalks tapering towards the apex. Europe.

a S. Europaea; small jointed glasswort. b S. erecta, leaves short; woody-jointed. c S. mysuroides, procumbent shoots very long. d More branched, procumbent, leaves short, purplish. Marsh samphire, jointed glasswort, or saltwort.

Frequent on the sea shore in muddy or sandy places. Flowers VIII. and IX.

The root is fibrous, small. Stem commonly erect, subdivided at the base, branched above. Branches opposite, simple erect, very succulent, without leaves; kned, knees compressed, dilated at the summit, emarginated. Spikes opposite terminating with a large odd one, on footstalks, tapering gradually towards the summit, somewhat pointed, jointed. Flowers opposite, three commonly on each side.

Has a more branched stem, spikes longer and thicker.

Note. The genera and species of plants found in Britain are marked with an asterisk. thicker. A diffuse stem, spikes very long. A stem very much branched, spikes small, purplish. A stem very much branched, firmer, spikes shorter, green.

fruticosa. 2. S. knees cylindrical, entire, internodes equal, spikes subsessile cylindrical obtuse. Shrubby samphire or jointed glasswort. Is found in sea marshes. Flowers in VIII. and IX. The root is woody and perennial; the stem somewhat shrubby, ascending, very much branched, the branches and branchlets opposite. All the internodes commonly cylindrical. The spikes generally sessile, cylindrical obtuse, many-flowered, joints very short.

perennans. 3. S. knees compressed emarginate, spikes axillary, three together on fruitstalks, scales acute, root perennial. Siberia.

strobilacea. 4. S. stem prostrate shrubby, genicles truncated alternately bearing spikes; spikes naked, very short opposite. Near the Caspian sea.

virginica. 5. S. erect, branches very simple. Virginia.

arabica. 6. S. leaves alternate, sheathing, obtuse dehiscent. Arabia.

foliata. 7. S. leaves linear, alternate, stem-clasping, decurrent. Siberia.

amplexicaulis. 8. S. leaves heart-shaped, stem-clasping. Tunis.

caspica. 9. S. genicles cylindrical, spikes filiform. Shores of the Caspian and Mediterranean.

23. Hippuris.

Cal. indistinct, entire. Cor. none. Stigma simple. Seed 1, inferior.

vulgaris. 1. H. with leaves verticillated and linear. In ditches and muddy stagnant pools, but not common. Near Hornsey and Lynn: also in the King's park at Edinburgh. Flowers in V. The root is composed of long verticillated fibres; the stem very simple, erect, often kned, immersed and leafless to the middle, leafy above. The leaves verticillated, from 8 to 12, spreading, linear, acute, very entire, smooth. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile.

tetraphyllus. 2. H. leaves inferior in fours, higher leaves six together obtuse. Sweden.

24. Mithridatea.

Recep. has many flowers, and is 4-cleft. Cal. none. Cor. none. Seeds solitary, immersed in a fleshy receptacle.

quadrisida. 1. M. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Bourbon. It has opposite branches, leaves on footstalks opposite, elliptical obtuse, entire, venous; flowers solitary on footstalks, four-cleft, lateral on the older branches. The fruit is fleshy, and of the size of an apple.

Chara.

Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. sessile. Style none. Berry many seeds.

vulgaris. 1. C. without prickles striated, leaves awl-shaped, jointed. Common Chara.

a C. minor, with stems and leaves very slender. Frequent in muddy waters. In water more pure. Flowers in VII. The whole plant immersed, fetid, brittle, and commonly incrusted with a whitish calcareous gritty substance. The stem is a foot long, filiform, branchy, leafy, striated, twisted. The leaves verticillated, about 8-subulate, acute, jointed, striated, channeled above, flower-bearing. The anther naked, sessile, depressed, fleshy, rimose. The germen surrounded with four leaflets, near the anther, ovate, striated spirally, 5-dented at the summit. The berry coriaceous, and many seeds. No stigma is visible.

* 2. C. furrowed, the leaves subulate and jointed, the hispid leaflets verticillated, the prickles on the stem bristly and deflected.

b C. major, brittle, and somewhat ash-coloured. Prickly Chara. Grows in pools and ditches. North of England; in Guillen Loch, East Lothian. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The habit of this species the same as the former, but larger, the stem being five times thicker, furrowed rather than striated, very prickly above, the higher prickles all deflected, the lower ones varying in direction. The leaflets verticillated. The flowers resemble those of the vulgaris.

Variety b is chiefly distinguished by its stem being prickly only under the higher verticils.

c. C. without prickles, smooth, diaphanous, leaves flexilly cylindrical obtuse, a little dagger-pointed. English Smooth Chara. Grows in ditches and lakes. Flowers in VII. and VIII. Green, pellucid, smooth, not striated. Stem round, branched, equal. Leaves verticillated, cylindrical, filiform, obtuse, mucronolate, often jointed and branched; hence might be called branchlets: the flower-bearing ones are aggregate, terminating shorter.

ZOSTERA, Grass-wrack.

Spadix linear-sheathed by the leaves, flower-bearing. Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. sessile opposite to the germen. Stigmas two, linear. Caps. 1 seed.

1. Z. with sessile pericarps. English Grass-wrack. On the sea-shore in salt marshes and ditches. Flowers in VIII. and IX. The root is fibrous. Stems tapering, smooth geniculated, decumbent at their base, striking root; partly floating, leafy, somewhat branched and a little compressed. The leaves alternate, on leafstalks, linear, a little obtuse, entire, smooth, opening a little above the same into a longitudinal chink, and exhibiting a spadix plane and linear, flower-bearing on one side. The anther oblong, sessile at the side of the germen. The germen sessile, oblong. Stigmas 2, linear, acute, somewhat spreading. Capsule elliptical, pendulous, 1-seeded.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

25. LACISTEMA.

Cal. scale of an ament. Cor. 4-parted. Fil. 2-cleft. Berry on a fruitstalklet, 1 seed.

1. L. Jamaica and Surinam.

26. CORISPERMUM, Tickseed.

Cal. none. Petals 2. Seed 1, oval, naked.

1. Cor. spikes terminal, leaves linear, ribless, awnless. Russia, Tartary, and south of France.

2. Cor. spikes axillary, squarrose, leaves lanceolate-squarrose acuminate, pungent, nervied, or ribbed. Banks of the Volga and the deserts of the Cossacs.

27. CALLITRICHES.

Cal. none. Petals two. Stigmas acute. Seeds 4, compressed, compressed, naked, with a membranous margin on one side. Some flowers are monococious.

1. C. commonly called *verna*. 2. *Stellaria minor*, creeping. 3. *C. autumnalis*.

**English Water Starwort.** Flowers from IV. to X.

The whole plant floats in spring, and after the season of flowering sinks a little. Roots fibrous simple. Stems filiform, branched, leafy, smooth. Leaves opposite, spatulate, obtuse, entire, triple, nerved, pellucid, smooth. Lower leaves linear, with one nerve, emarginate. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, small, white, hermaphrodite or anther-stigmate, the pistils and stamens sometimes intermingled. Fruit small, sessile, with four keels.

The variety γ, which has been called *Cal. Autumnalis*, and considered as a distinct species, is entirely immersed, all the leaves uniform, linear, emarginate; all the flowers anther-stigmate. It flowers in the beginning of summer.

28. **Blitum.**

Cal. 3-cleft. Petals none. Seed 1, in a berried calyx.

---

**CLASSIS II.**

**DIANDRIA.**

**ORDO I. MONOGYNIA.**

Sect. I. *Flores inferi, monopetali, regularis.*

36. **OLEA.** Cor. 4-fida : laciniis subovatis. Drupa monosperma.

37. **CHIONANTHUS.** Cor. 4-fida : laciniis longissimis. Drupa monosperma, noce striata.

35. **PHILLYREA.** Cor. 4-fida. Bacca monosperma.

34. **LIGUSTRUM.** Cor. 4-fida. Bacca tetrasperma.

40. **PIMELEA.** Cor. 4-fida. Cal. nullus. Stam. faucis inserta. Nux corticata unilocularis.

38. **SYRINGA.** Cor. 4-fida. Caps. bilocularis.

41. **FRANTHEMUM.** Cor. 4-fida : laciniis obovatis planis. Capsula.

31. **NYCTANTHES.** Cor. 4-fida : laciniis truncatis. Caps. 2-locularis marginita. Sem. solitaria.

32. **JASMINUM.** Cor. 5-8-fida. Bacca dicocca. Sem. solitaria arillata.

33. **GALIPEA.** Cor. 4-5-fida. Stam. 4, duo sterilia. Capsula?

Sect. II. *Flores inferi, monopetali, irregulares. Fructus capsularis.*

45. **PAEDEROTA.** Cor. 4-fida, faucis glabra. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 2-locul.

46. **WULFENIA.** Cor. 4-fida, faucis barbata. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 2-locul.

44. **VERONICA.** Cor. 4-fida, limbo planiusculo : laciniis inferiore angustiore. Caps. 2-locul.

---

**CLASS II.**

**DIANDRIA.**

**ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.**

Sect. I. *Flowers inferior.*

36. O. Cor. 4-cleft, segments subovate. Drupe 1 seed.

37. C. Cor. 4-cleft, segments very long. Drupe 1 seed. Nut striated.

35. P. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 1 seed.

34. L. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry with 4 seeds.

40. P. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. o. Stam. inserted into the throat. Nut.

38. S. Cor. 4-cleft. Capsule corticated, 2-celled.

41. F. Cor. 5-cleft, segments obovate, plane.

31. N. Cor. 4-cleft, segments truncated. Caps. 2-celled, marginate. Seeds solitary.

32. J. Cor. 5-8-cleft. Berry 2-grained. Seeds solitary, arilate.

33. G. Cor. 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 barren.

Sect. II. *Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Fruit capsular.*

45. P. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bare. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. 2-celled.

46. W. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. 2-celled.

44. V. Cor. limb 4-parted, lower segment narrowest.

49. **GRATIOLA.** 49. Gratiola. Cor. 4-fida bilabiata resupinata. Stamina 4; duo sterilia. Caps. 2-locul.

50. Schwenkia. Cor. subaequalis; ore plicato-stellato glandulosum. Stam. 5; 3 sterilia. Caps. 2-locul.

48. Justicia. Cor. irregularis. Caps. 2-locul, unguis elasticus dissiliens: Dissepmimentum contrarium adnatum.

47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregularis. Stam. 4; 2 sterilia. Bacca 2-locularis.

53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringens, calcarata. Cal. 5-fidus. Caps. 1-locul.

51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringens, inflata. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 2-locula. 4-valvis.

52. Baea. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 2-locul. 4-valvis.

54. Utricularia. Cor. ringens, calcarata. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis.

55. Ghinia. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-aristatus. Nux carnosae 4-locula.

66. Scuiris. Cor. ringens. Stam. 5; 3 sterilia. Caps. 5 coalitae.

† Hemimeris sabulosa, diffusa, montana. Bignonia catalpa, longissima.

Sect. III. Flores inferi monopetalis, irregularis. Fructus gymnopteris.

56. Verbena. Cor. subaequalis. Cal. lacinia suprema breviore.

57. Lycopus. Cor. 4-fida subaequalis; lacinia unica emarginata. Stam. distantia.

58. Amethystea. Cor. 5-fida subaequalis; lacinia infima concava. Stam. approximata.

60. Ziziphora. Cor. ringens: galea reflexa. Cal. filiformis.

61. Monarda. Cor. ringens: galea lineari obvolvente genitalia.

62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringens: galea fornicata bifida. Stam. curva cum dente.

63. Salvia. Cor. ringens. Fil. transversè pedicellata.

59. Cunila. Cor. ringens, galea plana. Stam. 4; 2 sterilia.

64. Collinsonia. Cor. subringens: labio capillari multifido.

Sect. IV. Flores inferi polypetali.

42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 2-locul. non dehiscens.

68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus. Peric. 2-locul.

69. Linociera. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2-locul.

39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. nullus.

† Polycnemum sclerospermum.

Sect. V. Flores superi.

65. Morina. Cal. fructus dentato-aristatus, floris bifidus.

49. G. Cor. 4-cleft, bilabiate, resupinate. Stam. 4; 2 barren. Caps. 2-celled.

50. S. Cor. subaequal, mouth plaited-stellate glandular. Stam. 5; 3 barren. Caps. 2-celled.

48. J. Cor. irregular. Caps. 2-celled, bursting, with an elastic claw.

47. C. Cor. irregular, 4 stamens, 2 barren. Berry.

53. P. Cor. ringent, spurred. Cal. 5-cleft, 1-celled.

51. C. Cor. ringent, inflated. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved.

52. B. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved.

54. U. Cor. ringent, spurred. Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.

55. G. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-awned. Nut fleshy, 4-celled.

66. S. Cor. ringent. Stam. 3 barren. Caps. 5 united.

Plants apt to be confounded with those are,

Hemimeris sabulosa, diffusa, montana. Bignonia catalpa, longissima.

Sect. III. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Seeds naked.

56. V. Cor. subaequal. Cal. highest segment shorter.

57. L. Cor. subaequal. Stamens distant.

58. A. Cor. 5-cleft subaequal, longest segment concave cleft. Stamens near.

60. Z. Cor. ringent, helmet reflected. Cal. filiform.

61. M. Cor. ringent, helmet linear, covering the pistils and stamens.

62. R. Cor. ringent, helmet arched, 2-cleft. Stamens crooked.

63. S. Cor. ringent. Fil. on a transverse foot-stalk, with a dent.

59. C. Cor. ringent, helmet plane. Stam. 2 barren.

64. C. Cor. subringent, lip capillary many-cleft.

Sect. IV. Flowers inferior, many-petaled.

42. F. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted. Caps. 2-celled, not dehiscent.

68. L. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Peric. 2 cells.

69. L. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-dented. Berry 2 cells.

39. D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. none.

Flowers sometimes Diandrous.

Polycnemum sclerospermum.

Sect. V. Flowers superior.

65. M. Cal. double, that of the fruit dented, that of the flower 2-cleft.

43. Circaea. Flowers sometimes Diandrous, resembling those of Sect. V.

+ Valeriana Cornucopiae. Boerhaavia erecta, hirsuta, scandens.

Sect. VI. Flores apetali.

70. Ancistrum. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa exsucce, hispida, 1-locul.

71. Aruna. Cal. 5-partitus. Baccce 1-locularis.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

* 72. Anthoxanthum. Cal. gluma 2-valvis, 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis, acuminate aristata.

73. Crypsis. Cal. gluma 2-valvis, 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis, mutica.

Flower resembling these.

Saccharum Cylindricum Thunbergii.

Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.

74. Piper. Cal. o. Cor. o. Baccce 1-sperma.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

72. A. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, acuminate awned.

73. C. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, awnless.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

74. P. Cal. none. Cor. none. Berry 1 seed.

31. Nyctanthes.

Cor. salver-shaped, the segments truncated. Caps. 2-celled, marginate. Seeds solitary.

1. N. with a stem four-cornered, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, seed-vessels membranaceous and flattened. Java and Malabar. Has a great affinity to the preceding.

6. J. with leaves opposite, ovate, heart-shaped, pubescent on both sides. Calcutta.

7. J. with leaves opposite, simple, ovate-oblong, scandens, pinnate; panicles right-angled; segments of the calyx bristle-shaped, bent back. Bengal.

8. J. with leaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, acute, and elongatum long; branches columnar. Nyctanthes elongata of Linn. Suppl. E. Indies.

9. J. with leaves opposite, simple, lanceolate, glossy, glaucum. the segments of the calyx awl-shaped. Nyctanthes glauca of Linn. Suppl. Cape of Good Hope.

10. J. with leaves opposite, simple, ovate, tapering, trinerve. three-nerved; footstalks axillary and commonly one-flowered. Java.

11. J. with leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, simple. simplicifolium. Friendly islands.

Subdiv. II. Leaves ternate.

12. J. with leaves ternate opposite, leaflets ovate, angular, blunt; branches angular and leafstalks villous, fruit-stalks axillary, three-flowered. Jasminum capense of Thumberg. Cape of Good Hope.

13. J. with leaves opposite ternate, leaves of auricula-the flower-bearing branchlets simple; the calyxes an-tum-pled, the branches columnar and pubescent. Malabar.

14. J. smooth, with leaves ternate and opposite, stem flexile, climbing, branches columnar. E. Indies.

15. J. didymum. 15. J. smooth with leaves ternate, opposite, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, branches axillary. Society islands.

azoricum. 16. J. with leaves ternate, opposite; leaflets ovate and a little heart-shaped waved; branches smooth, columnar, the segments of the calyx equal to the tube. Azores.

fruticans. 17. J. with leaves ternate and alternate, leaflets obovate, wedge-shaped and blunt, branches angled, segments of the calyx awl-shaped. South of Europe, and the Levant.

humile. 18. J. with leaves ternate, alternate acute pinnated, branches angled, the segments of the calyx very short. Obs. Pinnated leaves are seldom found in this species.

odoratissimum. 19. J. with leaves ternate, alternate blunish and pinnated, branches columnar, segments of the calyx very short. Madeira.

Subdiv. III. Leaves pinnated.

officinale. 20. J. with leaves opposite and pinnated, leaflets sharp-pointed, the buds a little erect. India and Switzerland.

grandiflorum. 21. J. with leaves opposite and pinnated, leaflets bluntish, buds horizontal. East Indies.

33. GALIPEA.

Cal. four or five-cornered, four or five-toothed. Cor. salver-shaped, four or five parted. Stamens four, two barren.

trifoliata. 1. G. Guiana. h 6 feet high, with leaves alternate on footstalks ternate; leaflets sessile, lanceolate, sharp-pointed, entire. The flowers small, grow in a cyme.

34. LIGUSTRUM, Privet.

Cor. 4-cleft; berry superior, 2-celled, with four seeds.

vulgaris. * 1. L. leaves ellipse-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronulated. Privet, Print or Prin print. Grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, especially in a gravelly moist soil. Europe. h. Flowers in V. and VI. The branches are wand-like. The leaves opposite, subsessile, dark green, smooth, lanceolate, sometimes elliptical, entire, pointed like a dagger, but not very sharp, sometimes continuing through the winter; panicles terminating and crowded with flowers. Flowers milky, strong smelled. Berries black, very bitter, as are also the leaves and bark. This plant is not injured by the smoke of towns.

japonicum. 2. L. with leaves ovate, sharp-pointed; panicle obtuse-angled. Japan.

35. PHILLYREA.

Cor. 4-cleft. Berry one seed.

media. 1. P. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrated.

a P. ligustrifolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate.

b P. virgata, with leaves lanceolate, branches erect and wand-like.

c P. pendula, with leaves lanceolate, branches obtuse-angled, hanging.

d P. oleifolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches nearly erect.

e P. busjfolia, with leaves oval-oblong and bluntish. South of Europe.

angustifolia. 2. P. with leaves linear-lanceolate and very entire.

36. OLEA, Olive.

Cor. 4-cleft, segments nearly ovate. Drupe one seed.

1. O. with leaves lanceolate, very entire, racemes europae axillary and condensed.

a O. communis, with leaves lanceolate, plane, hoary beneath.

b O. verrucosa, with leaves lanceolate, plane, whitish beneath, branches warted.

c O. longifolia, with leaves linear-lanceolate, plane, silvery beneath.

d O. latifolia, leaves oblong plane, hoary beneath.

e O. ferruginea, leaves lanceolate, rusty beneath.

f O. obliqua, leaves oblong, bending obliquely, pale beneath.

g O. buxifolia, leaves oblong-oval. Common olive.

h. South of Europe, and north of Africa. b Cape of Good Hope.

2. O. with leaves ovate very entire, branches pani-caped, obtuse-angled.

a O. coriacea, leaves ovate-oblong, stiff, plane, with red leafstalks.

b O. undulata, leaves elliptical waved, leafstalks green. Cape olive. h. Cape of Good Hope.

3. O. with leaves lanceolate-elliptical, very entire, amar racemes narrow, all the bracteas permanent, connate and small. Carolina and Florida.

4. O. with leaves oblong lanceolate, very blunt; ra-cremes axillary, simple; flowers drooping. Madagascar.

5. O. with leaves elliptical, flowers racemous with apetalous petals. New Zealand.

6. O. with leaves elliptical, acute, bracteas perfoliate; the lowest cup-shaped, permanent; the higher leafy, large, deciduous. Madeira.

7. O. with leaves lanceolate and serrated, leafstalks fragrant, aggregate, bearing one flower. Cochin-china, China and Japan.

37. CHIONANTHUS, Fringe-tree.

Cor. 4-cleft, segments very long. The kernel of the drupe striated.

1. C. with a panicle terminating 3-cleft, fruit-stalks bearing three flowers, the leaves acute. North America.

a C. latifolia, with leaves ovate-elliptical.

b C. angustifolia, with leaves lanceolate. Obs. The corolla varies with 4, 5, or 6 segments, and 4 stamens.

2. C. with a panicle terminating trichotomous, foot-stalks bearing three flowers, leaves blunt. Ceylon.

3. C. 38. SYRINGA, Lilac.

Cor. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled.

1. S. with leaves ovate heart-shaped. Common lilac. Persia. a. S. carulca, with blue flowers. Blue lilac. b. S. violacea, with violet flowers. Violet lilac. c. S. alba, with white flowers. White lilac.

2. S. with leaves ovate lanceolate. China. a. S. laciniata, leaves pinnatifid. b. S. carulca; leaves simple, flowers blue. c. S. alba; leaves simple, flowers white.

39. DIALIUM.

Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. o. Stam. on the higher side.

1. D. with a panicle simple and nodding. India.

2. D. with a panicle, more than doubly compound, and erect. Guinea.

40. PIMELEA.

Cal. none. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. inserted into the throat, The nut corticated and 1-celled.

1. P. with leaves linear lanceolate, heads terminating involucrated; corolla villous on the outside. New Holland.

2. P. with leaves oblong lanceolate-acute, very smooth; corolla villous on the outside. New Zealand. Banksia gnidia of Forster. Passerina gnidia of Lin. Suppl.

3. P. hairy, with leaves linear, blunt. New Zealand. Banksia tomentosa of Forster. Banksia pilosa, Passerina pilosa of Lin. Suppl.

4. P. hairy, leaves ovate, sessile, fleshy. New Zealand. Banksia prostrata of Forster. Passerina prostrata of Lin. Suppl.

41. ERANTHEMUM.

Cor. 5-cleft, tube thread-shaped. Anth. without the tube. Stigma simple.

1. E. with leaves lanceolate-ovate on footstalks. Ethiopia.

2. E. with leaves linear, remote, acute-angled to the stem. Ethiopia.

3. E. with leaves ovate-linear, imbricated. Cape of Good Hope.

4. E. shrubby, leaves fleshy, somewhat tapering, linear, very smooth; racemes axillary and the calyxes pubescent, tube bowed downwards.

42. FONTANESIA.

Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted inferior. Caps. membranaceous, not opening, 2-celled; cells contain one seed.

43. FRAXINUS, the Ash.

Cal. none or 4-parted. Cor. none or 4-parted. Caps. superior, 2-celled, leafy above, compressed. Seeds solitary, pendulous. Some of the flowers have pistils only.

F. with leaflets serrated, flowers destitute of a calyx excelsior and corolla. Common Ash Tree. There is a variety with pendulous branches, called weeping ash. Flowers in IV. and V. and thrives best in calcareous soils on mountains. It is a very lofty and beautiful tree, its bark is of the colour of wood ashes, its buds are large and black. The flowers grow in loose panicles, pistostaminal, intermixed with pistils sometimes very numerous. The anthers are large, dark-purple. When these fall off, the leaves unfold themselves. This is the latest of all our native trees of coming into leaf. The leaves are pinnate, terminated by an odd one, serrated, sometimes simple, very easily injured by frost in autumn. The capsules soon fall. The seeds are flat.

44. CIRCEA, Enchanter's Nightshade.

Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved, superior. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds single.

1. C. with stem upright, leaves egg-shaped, edged lutetiana, with small teeth, opaque, pubescent. Common enchanter's nightshade. Grows in shady moist places. Europe and North America. Flowers in VI. and VII. The root creeps, and can scarcely be eradicated. The stem is erect, not much branched, having commonly but one raceme, which is terminal. The leaves when full grown are egg-shaped, faintly green, pubescent, opaque, somewhat repand, edged with small teeth not serrated. The calyx not membranaceous.

2. C. with a stem ascending, leaves heart-shaped, alpina, serrated, and glossy; the calyx membranaceous. Mountain enchanter's nightshade. Grows in shady moist places on mountains and rocks; in Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, at the foot of the mountains; about Loch Broom, Ross-shire, and in Hamilton Wood, Scotland; and in the cold countries of Europe. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The root creeps, and the whole plant is less pubescent than the former. The stalk is short, spreading at the base; the knee-joints red, the leaves tender, pale-green, glossy, heart-shaped, tooth-serrated, the leaf-stalks edged with a membrane.

45. VERONICA, Speedwell.

Cor. 4-cleft, wheel-shaped, the lowest segment least. Caps. superior, 2-celled.

Subdiv. 1. Spiked.

V. with a terminating spike; the leaves oppo-spicata, site; bluntish, notched-serrulated, very entire at the extremity; the stalk ascending, very simple. Spiked Speedwell. Grows in meadows and calcareous soils. On Newmarket heath and Gogmagog hills; on Cavenham heath near Bury; and near Penny-bridge, Lancashire. Flowers in VII. and often continues in flower till IX. The stalk are seven inches high, ascending, simple, somewhat somewhat round, leafy, somewhat woody, pubescent. The leaves opposite, commonly blunt, sometimes a little sharp-pointed, crenate-serrulated, entire at the extremity, hairy. Spike erect, many-flowered. The flowers are of a deep blue, the throat of the corolla bearded. This species varies, with leaves linear and almost entire.

hybrida. *2. V. with spikes terminating, leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, unequally crenate-serrated, the stalk somewhat erect. Welsh speedwell. Grows on the sides of mountains, but is very rare. It is found on Craig Wreidhain, Montgomeryshire, and at Cartmell Fells, Lancashire. *2. Flowers in VII. Nearly allied to the preceding, but twice as large in every part: the spikes generally numerous; the stalk and leaves more rugged above, and more deeply serrated: the leaf-stalk in the former is often found winged.

officinalis. *3. V. with lateral spikes on footstalks, leaves opposite, scabrous, stalk procumbent. Europe. Male or common speedwell. Grows commonly in barren sandy pastures. Flowers in V. and VI. The stalk has widespread branches; the leaves pale, a little stiff and roughish; the spikes axillary, solitary, on footstalks, many-flowered, hairy, longer than the stalk; the flowers of a faint blue, with deeper veins.

Subdiv. 2. Corymb racemous.

saxatilis. *4. V. with a corymb terminating and bearing few flowers, the leaves elliptical, stalks spreading, capsule egg-shaped, 4-valved. Blue rock speedwell. Grows on Ben Lawers, Perthshire; and on the Alps. *2. Flowers in VII. The stalks decumbent at the base, somewhat shrubby, branched; the branches ascending, simple, leafy; the leaves opposite, small, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, blunt, very entire, sometimes but seldom serrated on the middle, light-green, somewhat fleshy, smooth, crowded at the base of the branches, more distant above; the flowers three or five in a terminating corymb, on footstalks which are three or four times longer than the floral leaf or bractea, large, beautiful, of a blue-violet hue, the throat red. The calyx 4-cleft, almost equal, blunt, pubescent; the capsule pubescent, egg-shaped, 4-valved. It differs from the fruticulosa in having generally broader leaves, stalks more spreading, in having a larger corolla, which is blue and not flesh-coloured; and is still more distinguished by having longer footstalks, fewer, and in being corymbose, not spiked.

fruticulosa *5. V. with a corymb terminating many-flowered, spiked, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, stalks erect, capsule egg-shaped, 4-valved. Flesh-coloured shrubby speedwell. Grows in Cruachan, Argyleshire, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Also on the Alps and Pyrenees. *2. Flowers in VII. The stalks are branched at the base, twisted, lying upon the ground, a little shrubby, afterwards becoming erect, stiff, and straight, seven inches long, simple, leafy, round, a little pubescent. The leaves are opposite, elliptico-lanceolate, most commonly entire, sometimes serrated, pale green, hollowish, and a little shaggy on the edge. The corymb is terminating, pubescent, a little spiked, and afterwards extended into a long leafy raceme. The flower-bearing footstalks are of the same length with the bracteas, and those which bear the fruit half as long again. The calyx is four-cleft, almost equal, blunt, shaggy. The corolla of a pale flesh colour, with purple lines less than the preceding. The capsule egg-shaped, shaggy, four-valved.

*6. V. with a corymb terminating, a little spiked; alpine. Leaves oval, smooth, slightly serrated, the calyx ciliate, stem ascending and simple. Alpine speedwell. Grows on wet spongy places, on mountains about Garway-moor, on Ben Nevis, and on the mountains of Badenoch, and on the Alps. *2. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The stalks are a finger long, ascending simple, leafy, rooting at the base. The leaves opposite, elliptic-oval, thin, slightly shaggy, often entire, sometimes notched, commonly three-nerved, pale green, shining. The flowers are small, blue, on a small corymb, which afterwards extends into a short raceme. The fruitstalks are of the same proportion as in the preceding. The calyx is nearly equal, bluntish, ciliate, and often shaggy. The hairs jointed like the pubescence of the leaves. The capsule elliptical, emarginate, two-valved, pubescent, terminated with a short persisting style.

*7. V. with a raceme terminating, approaching to a serrily spike; the leaves oval, a little notched, three-nerved, smooth; the capsule obcordate, shorter than the style. Europe and N. America.

β V. Humifusa. Smooth Speedwell, or Paul's Betony.

The first variety grows in meadows and pastures; the second on the highest mountains in Scotland, under wet shady rocks. *2. Flowers in V. and VI. The plant is shining, somewhat fleshy; in moist places smooth, in mountains rough-haired. The stalks decumbent and taking root, leafy; the branches commonly erect. The leaves on footstalks oval or roundish, more or less crenated, three-nerved. The raceme terminating, long, loose, many-flowered, often pubescent. The bracteas elliptical. The segments of the calyx are obovate-elliptical, smoothish, equal. The corolla of a blue or flesh-coloured whitish colour, with violet streaks. The capsule obcordate, double, of the length of the style or a little shorter.

The variety called humifusa, has a procumbent stem with a shorter raceme.

*8. V. with racemes lateral, leaves elliptical and decussate, plane, and stalk creeping. Brooklime. Europe. Grows frequently in rivulets and ditches containing clear water. *2. Flowers in VI. and VII. The plant is very smooth and glossy. The stalks decumbent or swimming, columnate. The leaves on short footstalks, elliptical, broad pointed, indistinctly serrated, of a beautiful green, somewhat fleshy. The racemes axillary, opposite, on footstalks, many-flowered. The bracteas linear, lanceolate, shorter than the fruitstalks. The segments of the calyx sharp-pointed. The corolla blue. The capsule almost double.

*9. V. with racemes lateral and opposite, leaves narrowly lanceolate and serrated, stalk erect. Water speedwell, or long-leaved brooklime. Europe and the Levant. Grows in ditches and marshes. *2. Flowers in VII. It is distinguished from the former by leaves lanceolate, longer, a little ovate or elliptical, and by an erect stalk. The racemes are longer and more pointed.

*10. V. with racemes lateral and alternate, fruit-scutelet stalklets divaricate, leaves linear and denticulate. Narrow-leaved marsh speedwell. Europe. Grows in marshes and places that have been overflowed with water. water in a sandy soil. 21. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The stalks are feeble, and have spreading branches. The leaves are linear lanceolate, seldom very entire, often dentelled, sometimes serrated. The racemes are axillary, solitary, alternate, never opposite, loose, divaricate, varying in length. The flowers are small, of a blue flesh colour, streaked. The capsule approaching to double. Sometimes its stalk and leaves are pubescent.

Montana. * 11. V. with racemes lateral, long, thread-shaped, few-flowered; leaves ovate, serrated, on footstalks, the stalk hairy on all sides. Mountain speedwell, or mountain chickweed. Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Grows in woods, in moist shady places, and beside hedges in a calcareous soil. It is found in Charlton wood, Kent; in the Devil's ditch, Newmarket heath; at Linton, in Gamlingay park and Kingston wood, near Worcester, near Virginia water, about Kirkstall abbey near Leeds, at Shortwood, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire; and is very common in Yorkshire. Also in the woods at Dunglass, near the river, Berwickshire, and on the banks of the Esk near Roslin, Mid-Lothian. 21. Flowers in V. and VI. The root is fibrous. The stalks decumbent, feebly hairy on all sides, leafy. The leaves grow on footstalks, ovate, serrated with teeth of unequal size, slender, glossy, somewhat hairy. The racemes axillary, alternate, flaccid, few-flowered. The flowers light blue, diversified with purple. The capsule circular, double, flat, acutely edged, ciliated.

* 12. V. with lateral racemes, leaves ovate, sessile, wrinkled, incised, serrated; the stalk hairy on two sides. Europe. Germander speedwell, or wild germander. Grows in meadows and pastures, and under hedges, and is very common. 21. Flowers in V. The stalks form an acute angle with the branches, are decumbent, and have a longitudinal line of hair on each side. The leaves are sessile, ovate, serrated with unequal teeth, the edge very hairy. The racemes are axillary, opposite, many-flowered, longer than the stalk. The flowers are large, beautiful, of a fine blue colour in the inside, and flesh-coloured on the outside. The capsule is obcordate and small.

Subdiv. 3. Flowers solitary.

* 13. V. with flowers solitary, leaves ovate, incised, serrated, shorter than the flower-stalk, stalk procumbent, seeds pitcher-shaped. Procumbent speedwell, or germander chickweed. Grows in cultivated grounds, and among rubbish. 21. Flowers from IV. to IX. The stalks are several, procumbent, simple towards the top. The leaves scattered, almost sessile, heart-shaped-ovate, widely serrated. Footstalks axillary, solitary, one-flowered, of the length of the leaves or longer; the fruitstalks curved downwards. The segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, broad at the points, ciliated. The corolla small, and of a bright blue colour. The capsule double, swelling in the middle, rough-haired. The seeds sixfold on each side, dimpled and wrinkled.

* 14. V. with flowers solitary, leaves ovate, incised, serrated; flowers lanceolate, longer than the leafstalk, stalk erect. Europe. Wall speedwell, or speedwell chickweed. Grows frequently in dry cultivated grounds, on walls, and among rubbish. 21. Flowers in V.

The stalk is often branchy at the base, erect, seven inches high. The flowers are sessile, issuing from the axils of lanceolate bracteas, which are quite dissimilar to the leaves. For which reason, this species might have been arranged among the Spiked Veronicas, were it not for its affinity to the preceding and following species. The segments of the calyx are lanceolate, unequal and acute. The corolla is pale blue. The capsule is sessile, erect, obcordate, flattened. The seeds are elliptical, plane and furrowed in the middle.

* 15. V. with flowers solitary, leaves heart-shaped, heart-shaped, five-lobed, the segments of the calyx heart-shaped, the seeds pitcher-shaped. Europe. Ivy-leaved speedwell, or small herbbit. Grows in cultivated grounds and among rubbish. 21. Flowers from IV. to IX. The stalks are procumbent and unbranched. The leaves alternate on longer footstalks, kidney-heart-shaped, five-lobed, the central lobe being largest. The fruitstalks are longer than the leaves. The segments of the calyx are widely heart-shaped, acute, ciliate. The corolla is pale blue. The capsule is double, and swelling in the middle. The seeds are large, two on each side, dimpled, wrinkled.

* 16. V. with solitary flowers, superior leaves divided triphyllous, to the base, fruitstalks longer than the calyx, seeds flattened. Europe. Fingered speedwell, or upright chickweed. Grows in sandy cultivated grounds, but rare. It is found on the borders of Norfolk and Suffolk, near Bury, and near Rossington, Yorkshire. 21. Flowers in IV. The stalk commonly branchy, flexuous. The lowest leaves entire, seldom lobed, the higher almost sessile, three-parted, the central lobe largest, obovate, the lateral lobes commonly two-parted. The flowers on long footstalks and erect, as well as the fruit. The segments of the calyx are obovate-oblong, blunt, ciliate, unequal. The corolla a deep blue. The capsule circular emarginate, flattened. The seeds numerous, obovate-flattened. The plant becomes blackish when dried.

* 17. V. with flowers solitary, leaves deeply divided, vernia, the fruitstalks shorter than the calyx; the stalk stiff and straight. Germany, Sweden, and Spain. Vernal speedwell. Grows in dry sandy cultivated fields. Is found near Bury, and at Foulden, Norfolk. 21. Flowers in IV. It resembles the arvensis in its habit, in the figure of its seeds and situation of its flowers; but is of a pale colour, and never grows blackish when dried. It is sufficiently distinguished by leaves deeply divided, by the central lobe being obovate; the floral leaves are three-parted. The stalk is scarcely a finger length, stiff and straight, often branchy. The segments of the calyx are lanceolate, acute, nearly equal. The capsule obcordate flattened.

Subdiv. 1. Spiked.

* 18. V. with spikes terminating, leaves in sevens ver-sibirica, tinctilled, stem a little shaggy. Dauria. 21.

* 19. V. with spikes terminating, leaves in fours or virginica, fives. Virginia and Japan.

* 20. V. with spikes terminating, leaves in fours, spuria, equally serrated. South of Europe, of Siberia, and Thuringia. 21.

* 21. V. with spikes terminating, leaves nearly heart-maritima, lanceolate, unequally serrated. Var. with broader leaves. European sea-coasts.

* 22. V. longifolia. 22. V. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceolate, sharp-pointed, serrated. Tartary, Austria, and Sweden.

incana. 23. V. with spikes terminating, leaves opposite, crenated blunt, stem erect, downy. Native of the Ukraine, Samara. Obs. It varies with a white flower.

pinnata. 24. V. with spike terminating, leaves linear, pinnatifid, bunched; segments thread-shaped, forming an obtuse angle. Siberia.

laciniate. 25. V. with a raceme approaching to a spike, and terminating, leaves pinnatifid, jagged. Siberia.

incisa. 26. V. with spikes terminating, leaves lanceolate, cut into irregular segments, pinnatifid, smooth. Siberia.

catarracta. 27. V. with racemes terminating flexuose, stem somewhat shrubby, leaves lanceolate, serrated. New Zealand.

elliptica. 28. V. with racemes lateral, stem shrubby, leaves elliptical, very entire. New Zealand.

macrocarpa. 29. V. with racemes almost terminating erect; leaves lanceolate, very entire, smooth, plain; stem shrubby. New Zealand.

salicifolia. 30. V. with racemes lateral, nodding; leaves lanceolate, very entire; stem shrubby. New Zealand.

parviflora. 31. V. with racemes almost terminating; leaves linear-lanceolate, very entire, smooth, dagger-pointed; stem shrubby. New Zealand.

allionii. 32. V. with spikes lateral, on footstalks; leaves opposite, roundish, glossy, rigid; stalk smooth, creeping. The Alps.

decussata. 33. V. with racemes axillary, few-flowered; leaves elliptical, perennial, very entire; stem shrubby. Falkland islands.

Subdiv. 2. Corymb racemous.

aphylla. 34. V. with a corymb terminating, and naked stem. Kamchatka, rough-haired; raceme three-flowered, long, lateral, and without leaves; leaves ovate, oblong, serrated, rough-haired, hairs jointed. The Alps and north of Asia.

bellidoides. 35. V. with a corymb terminating, stem ascending, two-leaved; leaves obtuse, crenated; calyx shaggy. Pyrenees and Alps of Switzerland.

gentianoides. 36. V. with a corymb terminating, stem ascending; leaves lanceolate, cartilaginous on the edge, the lower leaves connate, sheathing. Cappadocia and Armenia.

ponce. 37. V. with a raceme terminating, stem very little branched, leaves heart-ovate, dented, sessile. Var. Pumila, with unbranched stem, terminating with a bunch of flowers; leaves ovate, acute, dented. Native of the Pyrenees, the var. pumila on the top of the Piedmontese Alps.

integrifolia. 38. V. with a corymb terminating; leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, very entire; calyxes hairy. The Alps.

tenella. 39. V. with leaves oblong, crenated, stems creeping, calyxes villous. Pyrenees and Piedmontese Alps.

teucrium. 40. V. with racemes lateral, and very long; leaves ovate, wrinkly, dented, bluish stalks, procumbent. Obs. This is a doubtful species.

pilosa. 41. V. with racemes axillary, leaves ovate, blunt, plaited, deeply dented; stalk procumbent, hairy on both sides. Austria. Obs. Dr Smith suspects that this is only a variety of the latifolia.

42. V. with racemes lateral, leaves oblong, ovate, prostrate, and serrated, stalks procumbent. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland.

43. V. with racemes lateral, leafy; leaves oblong, pectinate, comblike-serrated; stems procumbent. Constantinople.

44. V. with racemes lateral; leaves pinnatifid, orientalis smooth, acute, tapering at the base; the calyxes unequal, the footstalks capillary, and longer than the bractea. Armenia.

45. V. with racemes lateral, leaves many-parted, multifida segments pinnatifid, lobes decurrent, footstalk short, calyx very smooth, stalk villous. Siberia.

46. V. with racemes lateral; leaves a little hairy, li-austriaca near, pinnatifid, lowest segments longer; the calyxes a little hairy, the footstalks shorter than the bractea. Austria, Silesia, and Carniola.

47. V. with racemes lateral; leaves a little hairy, taurica, linear, undivided, and pinnatifid, denticulate; footstalks longer than the bractea, the calyx four-cleft, smooth. Tauria.

48. V. with racemes lateral; leaves heart-shaped, verticiflorae, sessile, sharply serrated, sharp-pointed; stem stiff and straight; the leaflets of the calyx in fours. Switzerland, Bithynia, Austria, and Bavaria.

49. V. with racemes lateral; leaves heart-shaped, latifolia, sessile, wrinkled, bluntly serrated, stem stiff and straight, leaflets of the calyx in fives. Austria and Switzerland.

50. V. with racemes lateral and very long; leaves panicula lanceolate, in threes; serrated; stem ascending. Tartary and Bohemia. Veronica dentata of Schmidt.

Subdiv. 3. Fruitstalks bearing one flower.

51. V. with flowers solitary; leaves heart-lanceolate, biloba, dented; the segments of the calyx equal, ovate, sharp-pointed, three-nerved. Cappadocia.

52. V. with flowers solitary; leaves heart-shaped, filiform, crenated, shorter than the fruitstalk, segments of the calyx lanceolate. Levant.

53. V. with flowers solitary, sessile; all the leaves digitate-finger-parted, stem stiff and straight. Bohemia, Montpelier, and Spain.

54. V. with flowers on footstalks solitary; leaves asimifoliate, smooth, crenated; stem erect, a little hairy. Romana of Allionius and Schmidt. Warm climates of Europe.

55. V. with flowers sessile and solitary; leaves lan-peregrine, lanceolate-linear, smooth, blunt, very entire; stem erect. North of Europe.

56. V. with flowers solitary, on footstalks; leaves bellardii, linear, very entire, rough-haired, longer than the flower; stalk very little branched, erect. Piedmont.

57. V. with flowers solitary, sessile, leaves linear, mariki stems with spreading branches. Virginia.

45. Pæderota.

Cor. ringent, four-cleft, the throat naked. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. 2-celled.

1. P. with leaves sharply pointed, helmet of the corolla two-cleft. Pæderota lutea of Lin. Suppl. Carniola and Italy.

2. P. with leaves roundish-ovate, the helmet of the corona corollas entire. Alps. Pæderota cerulea of Lin. Suppl.

3. P. 46. WULFENIA.

Cor. ringent, upper lip short, entire; the inferior three-parted; throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. 2-celled.

1. W. Paderota Wulfenii of Lamarck. Carinthian Wulfenia. Highest mountains of Carinthia. h.

47. CYRTANDRA.

Cor. five-cleft, irregular. Cal. five-dented, almost 2-lipped. Stamens four, two of them barren. Berry 2-celled.

1. C. with fruitstalks somewhat branched; leaves elliptical, almost quite entire, smooth. Otaheite.

2. C. with fruitstalks nearly cymous; leaves ovate, crenated, oblique at the base, pubescent beneath. Tanna.

48. JUSTICIA.

Cal. simple, sometimes double. Cor. of one petal, irregular. Caps. bursting by means of an elastic claw, the partition opposite, and adhering to the valves.

Subdiv. 1. Calyx double, one anther.

1. J. with thyrses terminating, pointing one way, leaves lance-elliptical. Tranquebar. h.

2. J. with thyrses axillary, terminating, leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Arabia Felix and India. h. Justicia paniculata of Forskael.

3. J. with spikes axillary, and terminating; bracteas lanceolate, smooth, branches pubescent. China.

4. J. villous, with flowers axillary, verticilled; exterior calyxes awnless, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope.

5. J. villous, with flowers axillary and verticilled, exterior calyxes awned, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope.

6. J. with fruitstalks axillary, verticilled, three-cleft; bracteas ovate, dagger pointed, coloured at the base. China and Arabia Felix.

7. J. with fruitstalks axillary, long, three-flowered; bracteas linear-lanceolate. Arabia Felix.

Subdiv. 2. Calyx double, anthers two.

8. J. with spikes terminating, flowers verticilled, leaves ovate, heart-shaped. Arabia Felix.

9. J. with panicles axillary and dichotomous. J. ligulata of Lamarck. Dianthera Malabarica of Lin. Suppl. Dianthera bicalycylata of Retz. Dianthera paniculata of Forskael. Justicia Malabarica of Aiton. Malabar and Arabia Felix.

10. J. with fruitstalks axillary, three-cleft; fruitstalklets lateral, two-flowered; bracteas ovate, awned, nerved. Arabia and India. h.

11. J. with flowers axillary, nearly sessile, leaves ovate-lanceolate. Mauritius. h.

Subdiv. 3. Calyx single; corollas 2 lipped, lips undivided.

13. J. with fruitstalks bearing three flowers, bracteas wedge-shaped, leaves ovate, branches six-angled. Vera Cruz, and Jamaica. o.

14. J. with spikes axillary, arched downwards; scorpioides leaves lanceolate-ovate, shaggy, sessile. Vera Cruz. h.

15. J. with racemes terminating, axillary and simpliciflora; flowers alternate, pointing one way; bracteas indistinct. India.

16. J. with spikes axillary, terminating, branched; assurgens, flowers alternate, bracteas linear. Jamaica and Santa Cruz.

Subdiv. 4. Calyx single, corollas 2 lipped, lips divided.

One anther.

17. J. stemless, leaves crenated, veins villous beneath. acutis. Tranquebar. h.

Var. 1. with leaves lyre-pinnatifid, veins smooth.

Obs. It is doubtful whether the var. 1. be not a distinct species.

18. J. with fruitstalks terminating, many-flowered, hispida, segments of the calyx and bracteas linear awl-shaped, ciliated, leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches hispid-pubescent. Sierra Leona. h.

19. J. with spikes terminating, four-cornered; bracteas ovate, imbricated, ciliated, dagger-pointed; the helmet of the corollas linear, and bent back. Arabia, Malabar, and Ceylon. h. Justicia viridis of Forskael.

20. J. with spikes terminating, four-cornered; bracteas ovate, imbricated, keel-shaped, ciliated; leaves crenate and smooth. Cayenne. h.

21. J. with spikes terminating; leaves and bracteas coccinea, elliptical, bare on the edge; the helmet of the corollas lanceolate, bent back at the apex. Cayenne. h.

22. J. with spikes terminating and axillary; bracteas palcherri-ovate, imbricated, ciliated, and awnless; helmet of the corollas lanceolate, erect. South America. h.

23. J. with spikes axillary, terminating four-corner-carthagi-ved; bracteas oblong, imbricated, ciliated. Carthagenaensis, and Martinico.

24. J. with spikes axillary, terminating four-corner-hirsuta-ved; bracteas ovate, imbricated, hirsute; leaves dented. Java.

25. J. with spikes axillary, opposite, double on each sphaer- side; bracteas linear, lengthened; seeds globular and sperma-shining. Caribbees.

26. J. with spikes terminating, leafy, flowers verti-gendarus-celled, leaves lanceolate, lengthened. Ceylon, Java, so. and Malabar. h.

27. J. with spikes axillary, terminating; calyxes of procumbent four segments, ciliated; bracteas of the length of the bens. calyx, leaves lanceolate. Ceylon. h.

28. J. with spikes axillary and terminating; calyxes diffusa, of four segments, smooth; bracteas shorter than the calyx, leaves elliptical. India. h.

29. J. with spikes axillary, opposite, pointing one echinodes-way, ascending, linear, rough with hair. Malabar and Ceylon. h.

30. J. with spikes axillary, double, opposite, pointing longifolia-one way; leaves lanceolate, long. Malabar.

31. J. with spikes terminating, a little branched; latifolia-inferior leaves verticilled; leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. East Indies. h.

32. J. with racemes axillary and terminating, flowers picta-verticilled, leaves ovate and coloured. Asia. h.

33. J. with racemes terminating, a little branch-nitida-ed, flowers commonly verticilled, leaves lance-elliptical, cal, tapering. Martinico, Santa Cruz, and Guadeloupe.

variegata. 34. J. with spikes terminating, axillary simple, flowers opposite, calyxes hispid, leaves ovate and sessile.

stricta. 35. J. with racemes axillary, two-parted; flowers pointing one way, leaves lance-elliptical, filaments smooth. Malabar.

paniculata 36. J. with panicles axillary, terminating, dichotomous; flowers pointing one way, filaments hirsute, capsules flattened, leaves lanceolate. East Indies.

nutans. 37. J. with racemes terminating, nodding at the apex, flowers reversed, leaves dented. Java.

nasuta. 38. J. with fruitstalks axillary and dichotomous, leaves elliptical and very entire. India.

scandens. 39. J. with fruitstalks axillary, trichotomous, obtuse-angled; leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, somewhat repand, the branches villous. Malabar.

ciliaris. 40. J. with flowers axillary, opposite; leaves lanceolate.

Subdiv. 5. Calyx single; corollas two-lipped, the lips divided. Anthers two.

secunda. 41. J. with racemes terminating, compound racemelets pointing one way; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Trinity island.

debilis. 42. J. with spikes axillary and terminating; bracteas ovate, imbricated, and ciliated. Arabia Felix.

violacea. 43. J. with spikes terminating; bracteas lanceolate, imbricated, ciliated; leaves lanceolate. Arabia Felix. Dianthera violacea of Vahl.

bracteolata 44. J. with a raceme terminating, fruitstalks three-flowered, leaves tapering oblong, stem four-cornered, edge scabrous. Caracas.

rohrii. 45. J. with spikes terminating, compound, imbricated, pubescent; bracteas ovate, leaves elliptical, very entire.

polystachia. 46. J. with spikes axillary, opposite, pointing one way; bracteas ovate, hirsute, leaves lanceol-ovate. Cayenne.

retusa. 47. J. with spikes terminating; bracteas obovate, commonly retuse, imbricated; leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Santa Cruz.

flava. 48. J. with spikes terminating, flowers in pairs, bracteas lanceolated, blunt, leaves lanceol-oblong. Arabia Felix. D. flava of Vahl. D. Americana flava of Forskael.

americana 49. J. with spikes axillary, flowers crowded, fruitstalks long, alternate, leaves lanceolate. Virginia and Florida.

punctata. 50. J. with spikes terminating, flowers distant, commonly verticillate, bracteas lanceolate, sharp-pointed, leaves lanceol-ovate. Arabia Felix. Dianthera punctata of Vahl. D. Americana alba of Forskael.

custachiana. 51. J. with spikes axillary and terminating; flowers in pairs below, above solitary; bracteas wedge-shaped. St Eustatius.

caracasan. 52. J. with spikes axillary and terminating; bracteas sharp-pointed, shorter than the calyx; leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, waved, pubescent. Caracas.

pectoralis. 53. J. with a panicle terminating, dichotomous. St Domingo and Martinico.

comata. 54. J. with spikes terminating, thread-shaped; spikelet verticillate. Jamaica. D. comata.

undulata. 55. J. with fruitstalks terminating, umbelled, simple, three-cleft; leaves lanceolate, undulated. Java and Malabar.

56. J. with umbels axillary, compound, on long foot-fronds; stalks; bracteas obovate, rhomboid, blunt, smooth. Otaheite.

57. J. with fruitstalks axillary, opposite, four-flower-pubescent, on fruitstalklets; bracteas ovate, roundish, dagger-pointed, pubescent. Botany island. Dianthera carulea of Forskael.

58. J. with fruitstalks axillary, opposite, bearing three levigata; flowers on fruitstalklets; bracteas oblong, dagger-pointed, pubescent. Java.

59. J. with fruitstalks axillary, verticilled, bearing cuspidate, commonly three flowers on fruitstalklets; bracteas wedge-shaped, awned, anthers double. Arabia Felix. Dianthera verticillata of Forskael.

60. J. with fruitstalks axillary, verticilled, bearing lithospermone flower; bracteas linear-lanceolate; leaves oblong, mifolia, scabrous.

61. J. with fruitstalks axillary, two-flowered; leaves biflora, ovate; bracteas awl-shaped. East Indies.

62. J. with flowers axillary, solitary, and sessile; leaves ovate and crenated. St Eustatius.

Subdiv. 6. Calyx single, corollas ringent; one anther.

63. J. with spikes axillary and opposite, bracteas adhatedo, ovate, acute, nerved. Ceylon. Malabar Nut.

64. J. with spikes terminating; bracteas ovate, sharp-betonica, pointed, vein-netted, coloured. India.

65. J. with spikes axillary, terminating, and smooth; repens; bracteas dorsal, pointing two ways, membranaceous at the edge. Ceylon.

66. J. with fruitstalks axillary, solitary, bearing one sanguinflower, alternate; leaves oblong, stalk creeping. Ceylon. Obs. The whole plant is of a blood colour.

Subdiv. 7. Calyx single, corollas ringent; two anthers.

67. J. with spikes axillary and terminating, leaves peruviana, ovate and acute. Lima.

68. J. with fruitstalks axillary, alternate, common-crinita, ly bearing four flowers on fruitstalklets; bracteas lanceolate, ciliated. Japan. Dianthera Japonica of Thunberg.

69. J. with fruitstalks axillary, usually bearing three trisula, flowers, flowers sessile; leaves oblong, blunt. Arabia Felix.

70. J. with fruitstalks axillary, generally bearing hysoptiflora flower; leaves lanceolate, blunt. Canaries.

71. J. with flowers axillary, solitary, almost sessile; periploci-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed. Caracas. Obs. It is un-folia, certain whether this be a distinct species or a variety of the peruviana.

72. J. with fruitstalks one-flowered, axillary; leaves orchidoid lanceolate, rigid, acute. Cape of Good Hope.

73. J. with fruitstalks axillary, one-flowered; leaves madure-oblong and dented. Madeira.

74. J. with flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, and leaves cuneata, obovate, emarginate. Cape of Good Hope.

75. J. with flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, leaves tranquile-obovate, branches hoary. Tranquebar.

76. J. with flowers axillary, sessile, opposite, leaves odorata, roundish, branches smooth. Arabia Felix. Dianthera odorata of Forskael.

Subdiv. Subdiv. 8. Calyx single, corollas almost equal.

77. J. with spikes terminating; leaves lanceol-ovate, in fours. India. h.

78. J. with fruitstalks axillary, trifid; leaves linear, sinu-pinnifid. Tanna. h. J. longifolia of Forskål.

79. J. with fruitstalks axillary, generally bearing one flower, leaves ovate, stalk unarmed. Madagascar. h.

80. J. with fruitstalks bearing one flower, leaves oblong, spikes axillary. South America. h.

Subdiv. 9. Species indeterminate in the calyx and corolla.

81. J. shrubby, leaves ovate repand, fruitstalks axillary, trifid. Tanna. h.

82. J. shrubby, prickly; leaves oblong emarginate, stiff like leather, glossy. Jamaica. h.

83. J. shrubby, branches spreading, thorny, thorns bristle-shaped, flowers on footstalks axillary and solitary. Jamaica. h.

84. J. with branches spreading, leaves ovate, entire, spikes pointing one way, bracteas lanceolate, anterior, winged. Calcutta. h.

85. J. with a stalk herbaceous, four-cornered, a little erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spikes ovate. Jamaica and Hispaniola. x.

86. J. herbaceous, with leaves ovate and serrated, spikes terminating, bracteas bristle-shaped, stem forming an acute angle. Japan.

87. J. with flowers verticil-aggregate; leaves entire, lanceolate. Japan. o.

88. J. two-anthered, stalk herbaceous creeping, leaves blunt, spike terminating and undivided. St Domingo. o.

89. J. two-anthered, stalk herbaceous decumbent, leaves ovate and heart-shaped, spikes umbelled. Jamaica. o.

49. Gratiola.

Cor. irregular, reversed. Stam. two, barren. Caps. two-celled. Calyx of several segments, the two outer segments spreading.

1. G. with leaves lanceolate and serrated, flowers on footstalks. South of Europe.

a. G. alpina.

2. G. with leaves oblong entire, fruitstalks bearing one flower, leaves longer, stem bending. Antilles. x.

3. G. with leaves ovate, stalk creeping, calyx five-leaved, style bifid. Jamaica.

4. G. with leaves ovate, three-nerved. Malabar.

5. G. with a stalk branched, spreading, taking root; leaves heart-ovate, dented; fruitstalks axillary, longer than the leaves. Malabar, Amboina, and China.

6. G. with a stalk creeping, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated, flowers terminating, opposite, calyx 5-leaved. India. o.

7. G. with leaves lanceolate, somewhat serrated, shorter than the stem joint. Tranquebar. o.

8. G. with stem almost naked, stipulated; leaves oblong, very entire; panicle dichotomous, capsules a little globular. India. o.

9. G. with leaves linear-lanceolate, in fours, dent-

ed at the apex, trifid; capsules hairy. Malabar. o.

Gratiola chamaedrifolia of Lamarck.

10. G. with leaves lanceolate, blunt, a little dent-virginica. ed. Virginia.

11. G. with flowers almost sessile. Peru. peruviana

12. G. with stalks decumbent, leaves ovate, serr-grandited, fruitstalks opposite, capsules awl-shaped. Tran-flora. quebar, Madras, Siam, Malacca.

13. G. with stem ascending, leaves lanceolate, ser-oppositi-

rated, fruitstalks opposite to the leaves. Tranque-folia. bar.

14. G. with stem very little branched; leaves pusilla. ovate, notched, acute; fruitstalks axillary, bearing one flower, longer than the leaves. India. o.

50. Schwenkia.

Cor. nearly equal; throat plaited, glandular. Stamens three, barren. Caps. 2-celled, with many seeds.

1. SCHWENKIA. Berbice. &. americana

51. Calceolaria.

Cor. ringent, inflated. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cal. 4-parted, equal.

1. C. with leaves pinnated. pinnata.

Var. with pinnae of the leaves fewer and broader.

Peru. o.

2. C. with leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, serrated; integrifolia. flowers panicked and terminating. Peru.

3. C. with a branched stem, leaves ovate and cre-ovata. nated. Peru. o. Calceolaria dichotoma of Lamarck.

C. integrifolia of Lin. Suppl.

4. C. with stem perfoliate, leaves sagittate, villous perfoliata. on both sides. New Granada and Peru.

5. C. with leaves sessile, oblong, acute, crenated; crenata. flowers cymous, terminating the stalk and branches. Peru.

6. C. with leaves linear, very entire, bent back at rosmarini- the edge, downy below; stem smooth. Peru. folia.

7. C. with leaves battledore-shaped, very entire; fothergillii. fruitstalks scape-like, bearing one flower. Falkland islands. s.

8. C. with scapes bearing few flowers, leaves rhom-plantaginous and serrated. Calceol. biflora of Lamarck. S. nea. America near the straits of Magellan. x.

9. C. with scapes bearing one flower, leaves ovate-mana. and very entire. Calceol. uniflora of Lamarck. S. America near the straits of Magellan. y.

52. Baeza.

Cor. ringent, tube very short, upper lip plain, 3-dented, the lower lip plane and 2-lobed. Cal. 2-celled, 4-valved, contorted. Caps. 5-parted, and equal.

1. B. Near the straits of Magellan. 2.

mogellani-

53. Pinguicula, Butterwort.

Cor. ringent, spur-shaped. Cal. 2-lipped, 5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled.

* 1. P. with a blunt nectary shorter than the petal, lusitanica. the scape villous, the capsule globular. Synon. Pin-

guicula villosa. Viola palustris. Pale Butterwort. It grows on the sides of marshes and bogs. 4. Flowers in VI. and VII.

* 2. P. with a cylindrical nectary, acute, and vulgaris. of the length of the petal, the capsule ovate. Com-

mon mon butterwort, or Yorkshire sanicle. Grows in spongy marshes. Europe. Flowers in V. and VI.

The inhabitants of Lapland and of the north of Sweden, give to milk the consistence of cream, by pouring it when warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant. They then strain it, and lay it aside for two or three days, till it becomes a little acid. In this state they are extremely fond of it.

grandiflora. alpina. villosa.

3. P. nectary awl-shaped, straight; upper lip spreading, emarginate. Alps. 2. 4. P. nectary awl-shaped, bent down, shorter than the petals. Lapland, Switzerland, and Austria. 2. 5. P. scape stiff, straight and pubescent; nectary very short; leaves nervied. Lapland and Siberia. 2.

54. UTRICULARIA.

The corolla is ringent and spur-shaped. The calyx has two equal segments. The capsule superior and one-celled.

vulgaris. * 1. U. with a conical nectary and a scape with few flowers. Lentibularia of Ray. Common bladder-wort, or hooded milfoil. Grows in stagnant waters. Europe. Flowers in VI.

minor. * 2. U. with a nectary keel-shaped, very short and blunt. Lentibularia minor of Ray. Less hooded milfoil. Grows in ditches and marshes, but rarely. Europe. Flowers in VI.

alpina. 3. U. with an awl-shaped nectary, leaves ovate and very entire. Martinico.

foliosa. 4. U. with a conical nectary, fruits drooping, rootlets without any bottle or bladder. S. America.

obtusa. 5. U. with nectary bent inwards, blunt, somewhat emarginate. Jamaica.

subulata. 6. U. with awl-shaped nectary. Virginia. Obs. The leaves are like hairs, the flowers white.

gibba. 7. U. with gibbous nectary. Virginia.

bifida. 8. U. with a scape naked and bifid. China.

capillacea. 9. U. scape naked, capillary, commonly bearing three nodding flowers; capsule awl-shaped. India.

caerulea. 10. U. with a naked scape; scales alternate, scattered, awl-shaped. Ceylon.

stellaris. 11. U. verticillo utriculario bractearum ciliari Lin. Suppl. India.

55. GHINIA.

Cal. 5-awned. Cor. ringent, limb 5-cleft. Nut fleshy, 4-celled. Seeds solitary.

spinosa. 1. G. with fruit having 4 spines or thorns, leaves smooth. Verbena curassavica. Antigua and the Caribbean islands.

mutica. 2. G. with fruits awnless, leaves downy. Guiana.

56. VERBENA, Vervain.

Cor. funnel-shaped, almost equal, curved. Cal. with one dent, truncated. Seeds two or four naked.

Subdiv. 1. Diandrous; two anthers, and two seeds.

orubica. 1. V. with spikes very long and leafy. Oruba in North America.

indica. 2. V. spikes long, fleshy, naked; leaves lanceolate, obliquely dented; stalk polished. Ceylon.

jamaicensis. 3. V. spikes fleshy, naked; leaves battledore-ovate, serrated; stem rough with hair. Caribbees.

mutabilis. 4. V. spikes fleshy, naked; leaves ovate, long at the base, dented, downy beneath; stalk shrubby. South America.

5. V. spikes loose; calyxes alternate, prismatic, prismatic-truncated, awned; leaves ovate, blunt. Jamaica.

6. V. spikes loose; calyxes of the fruit turned down-mexicanwards, rounded and double, hispid. Mexico.

7. V. spikes ovate, leaves lanceolate serrate-plaited, stechadi-stem shrubby. Jamaica.

Subdiv. 2. Tetrandrous, or species with four stamens.

8. V. spikes globular, leaves lanceolate, crenated globiflora wrinkled, scabrous; stem shrubby. South America.

9. V. spikes cylindrical, leaves rhomb-ovate crena-javanica, ted, stem erect. Java.

10. V. spikes capitate conical, leaves wedge-shaped, nodiflora, dented; stalk creeping. Naples, Sicily, E. and W. Indies, and Virginia.

11. V. spikes fascicled; leaves lanceolate, stem-bonarien-clasping. Buenos Ayres.

12. V. spikes long, sharp-pointed; leaves hastate, hastata. Canada.

13. V. flowers panicled, leaves in threes, stem shrub-triphylla, by. Chili.

14. V. calyxes fruit-bearing, roundish, inflated; loppulace seeds echinated. Caribbee islands.

15. V. the calyxes fruit-bearing, roundish, beak-forskali-ed, sharp-pointed; seeds rounded, wrinkly. Arabia Felix.

16. V. spikes thread-shaped; leaves undivided, lan-caroliniae, ciliate-serrated, sessile. North America.

17. V. spikes panicled; leaves undivided, ovate, urticifoli-serrated, on footstalks. Virginia and Canada.

18. V. spikes loose, solitary; leaves trifid, incised. Aubletia, Virginia.

19. V. spikes thread-shaped, leaves multifid-lacini-spuric-ated, stems numerous. Canada and Virginia.

20. V. spikes thread-shaped, panicled; leaves mul-officinalis-tifid-laciniated, stem solitary. Common vervain. Europe.

21. V. spikes thread-shaped, solitary; leaves doubly supino-pinnatifid.

57. LYCOPUS.

Cor. four-cleft, one segment emarginate. Stamens distant. Seeds four, retuse.

* 1. L. with sinuate-serrated leaves. L. palustris gla-europeus ber of Ray. Marrubium aquaticum of Gerhard. Water horsetail, or gypsophyte. Banks of rivers and lakes, Europe. Flowers in VII. and VIII.

2. L. leaves pinatibid-serrated at the base. Italy. exaltata. Obs. The stem is about the height of a man.

3. L. with leaves equally but slightly serrated. Virginiaginia. 2.

58. AMETHYSTEA.

Cor. five-cleft; lowest segment more spreading. Stamens near. Cal. almost bell-shaped. Seeds four, gibbous.

A. Siberia.

59. CUNILA.

Cor. ringent, upper lip erect, plane. Filaments two, without anthers. Seeds four.

1. C. with leaves linear, rolled back, downy be-fruticoseneath; flowers axillary; stem shrubby. New Holland. land. Obs. This species is not probably well ascertained.

pitata. 2. C. with leaves ovate, flowers terminating, umbel roundish. Siberia.

ariana. 3. C. with leaves ovate, serrated, corymbs terminating and dichotomous. Virginia.

scleroides. 4. C. with leaves oblong, having two dents, flowers verticillled, Virginia and Canada.

ymoides. 5. C. with leaves oval, very entire, flowers verticilled, stem four-cornered. Montpelier.

60. Ziziphora.

Cor. ringent, upper lip bent back, entire. Cal. thread-shaped. Seeds four.

pitata. 1. Z. with fascicles terminating, leaves ovate. Syria, Armenia, and Siberia.

spanica. 2. Z. with leaves ovate, flowers raceme-spiked, bracteas ovate, nerved, acute. Spain.

nudiflora. 3. Z. with flowers lateral, and leaves lanceolate.

invicidae. 4. Z. with flowers lateral, leaves ovate. Siberia.

61. Monarda.

Cor. unequal, upper lip linear, wrapping the filaments. Seeds four.

stulosa. 1. M. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, heart-shaped, villous, plane. Canada.

longata. 2. M. leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded, and tapering at the base, villous, plane. N. America.

sidyma. 3. M. with leaves ovate smooth, heads verticillled, flowers approaching to the didynamious, the stem acute-angled. Pennsylvania and New York.

agena. 4. M. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, smooth, wrinkled. North America.

vulgaris. 5. M. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, unequal, smooth. Virginia.

Obs. This resembles the preceding, but it bears leaves like Clinopodium. Its spike is not red but purple, and its leaves very smooth.

nunciflora. 6. M. with flowers verticillled, corollas dotted, bracteas coloured. Obs. The corollas are yellow with purple dots.

sitata. 7. M. with flowers verticillled, corollas longer than the involucre. Virginia.

62. Rosmarinus.

Cor. unequal, upper lip two-parted. Filaments long, curved, simple with a dent.

ficiinalis. 1. R. with sessile leaves. S. of Europe.

hellenica. 2. R. with leaves on footstalks. Chili.

Obs. This plant has not been properly examined.

63. Salvia, Sage.

Cor. unequal. Filaments two, very short, supporting two others fixed transversely upon them almost by the middle. Seeds four, and naked.

watsonii. 1. S. with leaves heart-shaped oblong and crenated, the highest stem-clasping. The verticils commonly without leaves, the corollas glutinous in the upper lip. Meadow Clary. In dry meadows and under hedges, but rarely. Europe. Flowers in VII. This is a beautiful species, with large corollas of a blue violet colour, arched.

2. S. with leaves serrated, sinuated and smoothish, verbenae the corollas narrower than the calyx. Wild Englishsea.

clary. Grows in meadows and pastures. Europe. Flowers from VI. to X.

3. S. with leaves lanceolate, slightly dented, flowers egyptiaca, on footstalks. Melissa perennis of Forskalo. Egypt and the Canaries.

Obs. The flowers are often tetrandraous.

4. S. with leaves linear-oblong, dent-pinnatifid, ver-dentata. Verticils two-flowered, segments of the calyx blunt. Cape of Good Hope.

5. S. with leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers with two cretica. pistils, calyxes of two segments. Crete.

Obs. This seems to be a variety of the Salvia officinalis.

6. S. with root-leaves lyrated, dented, the helmet lyrate, of the corollas very short.

Var. 2. Horminum virginicum, with leaves wedge-oblong, stem with two leaves. N. America.

7. S. with leaves linear-lanceolate, slightly crenat-leucantha, ed, wrinkled, flowers verticil-spiked, calyxes downy. Mexico.

8. S. with leaves linear, very entire, pubescent, hablis-sessile, flowers verticil-spiked, bracteas ovate, awl-anana pointed. Taurea.

This is a beautiful plant.

9. S. leaves lanceol-ovate, slightly crenated, verticils officinalis few-flowered, calyx dagger-pointed. S. of Europe.

10. S. with leaves heart-oblong, crenated, verticils grandiflora, many-flowered, calyxes acute.

11. S. downy, leaves on footstalks, very wrinkly, triloba, three-lobed, the middle lobe oblong and extended, the side lobes ovate and blunt. Crete and Syria.

12. S. with leaves heart-elliptical, blunt, downy, pontifera, slightly crenate-waved on the margin, verticils crowded, calyxes trifid, blunt. Crete and Syria.

13. S. with leaves ovate-oblong, doubly serrated; urticifolia, calyxes three-dented, highest segment three-dented. Virginia and Florida.

Obs. The corollas are small, the upper lip short, the pistil longer than the upper lip.

14. S. with leaves ovate, serrated, spikes flexible, occidentalis, bracteas heart-shaped, commonly with three flowers. lis. Caribbees.

15. S. with leaves heart-shaped, wrinkled; crenated, tillifolia, and equally serrated, acute; calyxes smoothish, awned.

16. S. with leaves heart-shaped, serrated, soft; flowers serotina, raceme-spiked, corollas scarcely longer than the calyx.

17. S. with leaves heart-shaped, stalk thread-shaped, tenella, creeping, spikes ascending. Jamaica.

18. S. with leaves oblong crenated, helmet of the viridis, corollas semicircular, calyxes fruit-bearing, turned back. Italy.

19. S. with leaves blunt, crenated, the highest horminum bracteas barren and coloured, and larger. Greece.

20. S. with leaves oblong, heart-shaped, wrinkled, virgata, crenated; hairs of the stem and calyx glandular at the apex. Armenia.

21. S. leaves heart-shaped, wrinkled, twice-serrated; sylvestris, bracteas coloured, shorter than the flower, awl-pointed; hairs of the stem and calyx simple. Europe.

22. S. with leaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, serrated nemorosa, and plane; bracteas coloured, the lowest lip of the corolla turned back. Austria and Tartary.

23. S. with leaves heart-shaped and dented, in-syriaca. ferior leaves repand; bracteas heart-shaped, short, acute; calyxes downy. The Levant.

viscosa. 24. S. with leaves oblong, obtuse, erose-crenated, viscid; flowers in verticils; bracteas heart-shaped, acute. Italy.

haematodes. 25. S. with leaves heart-ovate, wrinkled, downy; calyxes hispid; root knobby. Italy and Istria.

bicolor. 26. S. with leaves ovate erose-dented; flowers nodding, the middle segment of the lower lip of the corolla hollow. Barbary.

indica. 27. S. with leaves heart-shaped, lateral, a little lobed, the highest leaves sessile, the verticils almost naked and very remote. India.

dominica. 28. S. with leaves heart-shaped, blunt, crenated, and somewhat downy; the corolla narrower than the calyx. E. Indies.

scabra. 29. S. scabrous, with leaves lyrate, dented and wrinkled; stem panicle-branched. C. of G. Hope.

ruvcinata. 30. S. scabrous; leaves runcina-pinnatifid and dented; flowers spiked and verticillced. C. of G. Hope.

clandes-tina. 31. S. with leaves serrated, pinnatifid, and very much wrinkled; spike blunt; the corollas narrower than the calyx. Italy and Africa.

austriaca. 32. S. with leaves ovate, heart-shaped, erose-sinuated; the root-leaves on footstalks; stem almost leafless; the stamens double the corolla in length. Austria, Hungary, and Moldavia.

pyrenaica. 33. S. leaves blunt and erose; stamens twice the corolla in length. Pyrenees.

disermas. 34. S. leaves heart-oblong erose; the stamens equalling the corolla. Syria.

rugosa. 35. S. leaves heart-shaped, oblong-lanceolate, erose-crenated, wrinkled, a little hairy; the stamens shorter than the corolla. C. of G. Hope.

nubia. 36. S. leaves oblong, nearly heart-shaped; the sides unequal, wrinkled, crenated. Africa.

nilotica. 37. S. leaves sinuate, angled, crenate-dented; the dents of the calyx spinous; the angles and edge of the throat ciliated. Egypt.

mexicana. 38. S. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, serrated. Mexico.

amethysti-na. 39. S. leaves heart-shaped, acute, serrated, woolly beneath; verticils naked, calyxes trifid, corollas pubescent. New Granada.

fulgens. 40. S. with leaves heart-shaped, acute, crenated, wrinkled, downy beneath; verticils naked, calyxes trifid, helmet of the corollas villous. Mexico.

formosa. 41. S. leaves somewhat heart-shaped, the helmet of the corollas bearded, the calyxes three-lobed, stem becoming shrubby. Peru.

tubiflora. 42. S. leaves heart-shaped, crenated, somewhat hairy; calyxes trifid, corollas very long, and tubular; stamens protruded. Lima.

longiflora. 43. S. leaves ovate, acute, serrated, pubescent; calyxes trifid, corollas very long, tubular, pubescent; stamens of the length of the corolla. Mexico. Obs. The corolla of this and the preceding is scarlet.

cocinea. 44. S. leaves heart-shaped, acute, downy, and serrated; the corollas double the length of the calyx, but narrower. Florida.

pseudococ-cinea. 45. S. leaves ovate, acute, serrated, unequal at the base; stem hairy; corollas double the length of the calyx. S. America.

hispanica. 46. S. leaves ovate; leafstalks dagger-pointed; spikes four-cornered, imbricated; calyxes trifid. Italy.

spikes four-cornered, imbricated; calyxes trifid. Italy.

lower leaves lyrate, highest heart-shaped, abyssinian flowers verticilled, the calyxes dagger-pointed and ciliated. Africa.

leaves heart-shaped, crenate-dented; verti-verticils almost naked; style of the corolla leaning upon the lower lip. Germany and Switzerland.

leaves heart-shaped, crenate-dented, the lower napiforme, one hastate and lyrate; verticils almost naked, upper lip shorter. Italy and France.

leaves heart-sagittate, serrated, and acute. glutinosa. Europe. Obs. The calyx is three-lobed; the corolla sickle-shaped, yellow, dotted with brown; the middle lobe of the lower lip crenated.

leaves unequally dented, awl-pointed, heart-barrel-shaped, angle-hastate at the base; verticils almost naked. Spain.

leaves hastate-triangular, oblong, crenated, canarien-blunt. Canaries.

villous, with leaves ovate, dented, ear-shaped; flowers verticil-spiked. C. of G. Hope.

leaves roundish, serrated, truncated at the base and dented. Cape of Good Hope.

leaves roundish and very entire, truncated at the base and dented. C. of Good Hope.

leaves elliptical, almost quite entire, downy; colorata, the limb of the calyx membranaceous and coloured. C. of G. Hope.

leaves obvate-wedge-shaped, slightly dented, panicle and naked; stem shrubby. Africa.

leaves obvate and dented; calyxes bell-shaped, forming an acute angle, hairy; stem shrubby. Levant.

leaves oblong and repand; calyxes thorny; spinosa, bracteas heart-shaped, dagger-pointed, hollow. Egypt.

leaves heart-shaped, erose-dented; calyxes thorny; bracteas heart-shaped, dagger-pointed, hollow. Egypt.

leaves wrinkled, heart-shaped, oblong, villosa, serrated; floral bracteas longer than the calyx, hollow, awl-pointed. Syria and Italy.

leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrated; flowers involucrately spiked, terminating, the largest bracteas coloured. Mexico. Obs. This is a very beautiful plant in the number and magnitude of its flowers.

leaves wrinkled, pinnatifid, woolly; the highest verticils barren. Persia.

leaves oblong, gnawed, woolly; verticils arthiops, woolly; bracteas arched downwards, a little thorny.

Var. 2. with laciniated leaves. Greece, Africa, and France. The lower lip coheres on the fore part, and forms a sack.

leaves lanceolate, almost entire; stem woolly-viscous. Spain.

leaves oblong, dent-angled, woolly; highest argentea verticils barren, bracteas hollow. Crete. This species connects the sclarea and athiops.

leaves pinnated and very entire, the termi-vulnerating leaflet greatest. Levant.

leaves pinnated, pinnae gnawed. Crete and pinnata. the Levant.

69. S. 69. S. leaves pinnated and serrated, stalks procumbent and hirsute. Levant. 2. Obs. The stem is quadrangular; the inferior leaves are pinnated, the superior ternate.

70. S. leaves pinnated, hoary, leaflets serrated, calyxes ringent. Armenia. 2.

71. S. leaves twice pinnated and smooth. Japan. O.

72. S. leaves pinnatifid, wrinkled, villous; stem pinnatibifid, much branched. Sicily and Egypt. 3.

73. S. leaves lyre-earshaped, stem almost leafless, the helmet of the corolla half bifid. The East. 2.

74. S. leaves heart-shaped, indistinctly 5-lobed gnawed, stem roundish, racemes nodding. Russia. 2.

75. S. leaves hastate-lanceolate, crenated, stalk almost naked, racemes drooping. Supposed a native of Russia.

76. S. leaves lanceolate crenated, stem almost naked, racemes drooping. Russia.

64. Collinsonia.

Cor. unequal, the lower lip multifid, hair-like. Seed one, perfect.

1. C. leaves ovate, and stems smooth. 2. North America.

2. C. leaves ovate, and somewhat heart-shaped, and a little hairy; stem a little hairy and scabrous. Florida. 2.

65. Morina.

Cor. unequal. Cal. of the fruit 1-leaved, dented. Calyx of the flower bifid. Seed one, crowned with the calyx of the flower.

1. Morina. Persia. 2.

66. Sciuris.

Cor. unequal, upper lip trifid, inferior bifid and shorter. Stamens are five, but three of them are without anthers. Caps. five, united into one body, with one cell and one seed.

1. Sciuris. Guiana. 2.

67. Globba.

Cor. equal, trifid. Cal. superior, trifid. Caps. 3-celled. Seeds many.

1. G. East Indies. 2. The stalk is simple, herbaceous. The leaves alternate on foot-stalks, which are membranaceous, sheathing, the sheaths truncated at the apex.

2. G. spike terminating and pendulous, leaves ellipse-lanceolate. East Indies.

3. G. raceme terminating and drooping, leaves sword-shaped entire. Japan.

4. G. with a lateral spike. East Indies. 2.

68. Lithophila.

Cal. three segments. Cor. 3-petaled. Nectary two segments. Seed-vessel 2-celled.

1. Lith. Navaza.

69. Linociera.

Cal. four dented. Cor. four-petaled. Anth. connecting the two opposite petals to the base. Berry 2-celled, cells 2-seeded.

1. Lin. Thouinia ligustrina of Swartz. Privet-like ligustrina. Linociera. Jamaica and Hispaniola. 2.

70. Ancistrum.

Cal. four segments. Cor. none. Stigma many-parted. Drupe juiceless, hispid, 1-celled.

1. A. stems decumbent; leaflets obovate, equally sanguinated, silky, pubescent below; spike globular. New sorba. Zealand. 2.

2. A. stalks commonly below water, fruitstalks scape-lucidiform, spikes ovate; leaflets oblong, very entire, acute, usually fascicled. Falkland islands. 2.

3. A. stems immersed, fruitstalks scapeform, spikes latebrosum long, leaflets oblong, cut, villous, fruits armed on all sides. C. of G. Hope. 2. Ancistrum decumbens of Thunberg.

71. Aruna.

Cal. 5-parted, segments turned back. Cor. none. Berry 1-celled, with one or two seeds.

1. Aru. Guiana. 2.

divaricata

Order II. DIGYNIA.

72. Anthoxanthum.

Cal. is a glume of two valves, and contains one flower. Cor. a two-valved awned glume. Seed one.

1. A. with a spike ovate oblong, the florets on little odoratum, fruitstalklets longer than the awn. Sweet-scented veronal grass. Grows in meadows and pastures, very common. 2. Flowers in V. Obs. This grass gives the fragrance to hay.

2. A. a linear spike; florets sessile, longer than the indicum. awn. India. It approaches nearest to the genus anthoxanthum, though very different in appearance, and the number of stamens do not agree.

3. A. a panicle pressed together, awns very long. crinitum. New Zealand. A tall smooth grass, the corolline glume awned.

4. A. spike pointed one way, calyxes hairy, flo-avena-rets with a long twisted awn. Malabar. It has every appearance of an oat stalk except the two stamens.

73. Crypsis.

Cal. a two-valved glume with one flower. Cor. a two-valved awnless glume.

1. C. Anthoxanthum aculeatum of Lin. Suppl. Phleum aculeata, schenoides of Jacquin. Phalaris vaginiflora of Forskæl.

V. 2. Phleum schenoides, with spikes ovate obvolute, leaves very short, dagger-pointed, stem-clasping. Siberia, Spain, Sicily. O.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

74. Piper, Pepper.

Cal. none. Cor. none. Berry one seed:

1. P. leaves ovate, about 7-nerved, smooth. fruitstalks nigrum. very simple. India. 2.

2. P. leaves ovate oblongish, awl-pointed, 7-nerved, bette. fruitstalks 2-dented. India. 2.

3. P. leaves obliquely ovate or oblong, veined acute, cubeba. spike solitary on footstalks, opposite to the leaves, fruits on fruitstalks. Java and Guinea. 2.

4. P.: 4. P. leaves obovate, blunt, veined; spike single terminating. West Indies.

5. P. leaves ovate, nervèd, awl-pointed, nerves villosous. Cape of Good Hope.

6. P. leaves ovate, somewhat sharp, scabrous beneath, 5 nerves raised beneath. E. and W. Indies.

7. P. leaves broad ovate with 5 nerves, very smooth, of different colours behind, spikes flexible, florets remote. Jamaica.

8. P. with leaves ovate, awl-pointed oblique, a little heart-shaped at the base, 5-nerved; spikes axillary nodding. Jamaica and Hispaniola.

9. P. leaves lanceol-ovate, 5-nerved, wrinkled. Jamaica and Hispaniola.

10. P. leaves heart-shaped, having about 7 nerves, veined. India.

11. P. leaves circular heart-shaped, having about 7 nerves; fruitstalks terminating single, 2 cleft; stem woody. New Zealand.

12. P. leaves heart-shaped, on footstalks sessile. India.

13. P. leaves heart-shaped, awl-pointed, many-nerved; spikes axillary, single, very short, on footstalks spreading very much. S. Sea islands.

14. P. leaves circular-heart-shaped, nine-nerved; spikes axillary, aggregate, on footstalks. S. Seaislands.

15. P. leaves heart-shaped, 9-nerved, netted. Martinico and Caraccas. It seems a variety of the reticulatum.

16. P. leaves heart-shaped, seven-nerved, netted. Martinico, Brasil, and Hispaniola.

17. P. leaves oblong-ovate, awl-pointed, unequal at the base, veined; spikes single, axillary, hooked at the end. Jamaica.

18. P. leaves ellipse-ovate, awl-pointed, smooth, unequal at the base, veined; leafstalks appendiculate, spikes axillary and single. Jamaica and Martinico.

19. P. leaves oblong awl-pointed, oblique, many-nerved or veined, smooth; stem and branches kned. Jamaica.

20. P. first herbaceous, then woody; leaves oblong, awl-pointed, oblique, many-nerved or veined, smooth, coriaceous; stem and branches warted. P. tuberculum of Jacquin. Jamaica and Guinea.

21. P. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, oblique, hirsute, wrinkled; nerves (or veins) alternate, spikes erect. Jamaica.

22. P. leaves lanceol-ovate, oblique at the base, smooth, glossy. Jamaica.

23. P. leaves heart-shaped, on footstalks; stem herbaceous. S. America.

24. P. herbaceous, stem erect, and a little simple; leaves ovate-roundish acute, without veins beneath; spikes axillary. Jamaica.

25. P. herbaceous, somewhat erect; leaves roundish, on very slender leaf-stalks, rough-haired above.

26. P. herbaceous, simple, decumbent; leaves 2-ranked, ovate, veinless, ciliated on the margin; spike, ascending. Jamaica.

27. P. herbaceous, leaves lanceol-ovate, nerveless, fleshy; stem a little erect. S. America.

28. P. leaves in threes, lanceolate, awl-pointed, nerved, ciliated, dotted below. Caraccas.

29. P. sub-herbaceous; leaves lanceol-ovate, stem-clasping, nerved, fleshy; stem erect, simple. East Indies.

30. P. leaves alternate, obovate, commonly 3-nerve-palpated; spikes single, usually terminating. Society islands.

31. P. with leaves obovate and nerveless. South America.

32. P. leaves obovate and retuse. Cape of Good Hope.

33. P. herbaceous, with leaves ovate, awl-pointed; glabellus stem declining, taking root, much branched. Jamaica.

34. P. herbaceous, with leaves ovate, acute; stem scandent, taking root, simple, ascending. Jamaica.

35. P. herbaceous, with leaves roundish-acute, plane, serpens of different colours; stem creeping. Jamaica.

36. P. herbaceous, with leaves inversely heart-shaped, cordiflano-convex, fleshy; stem creeping. Jamaica.

37. P. herbaceous, with leaves circular, convex-concave; stem threadlike, creeping, taking root. Jamaica.

38. P. herbaceous, with leaves roundish, plane, fleshy; stem threadlike and creeping. S. America.

39. P. leaves target-shaped ovate. St Domingo.

40. P. leaves target-shaped, circular heart-shaped, peltate blunt-repand; spikes umbelled. St Domingo.

41. P. leaves somewhat target-shaped, circular-subpetal heart-shaped, awl-pointed; spikes umbelled. Amboyne.

42. P. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, spikes conjugate, distichous; stem taking root. S. America.

43. P. leaves circular heart-shaped, awl-pointed, umbel veined, spikes umbelled; stem erect, surrowed, pubescent. E. Indies.

44. P. leaves in threes and roundish. America.

45. P. leaves verticillated in threes or fours, elliptical, persist three-nerved, smooth; spike terminating single, stem foliata spotted. Venezuela.

46. P. leaves verticillated, rhomb-ovate, very entire, pubescent on footstalks, three-nerved, pubescent. Jamaica.

47. P. leaves in fours, wedge-shaped, obovate, emarginate, almost sessile; stem erect. S. America.

48. P. leaves verticillated in fours, elliptical, blunt, verticillatum 3-nerved. Jamaica.

49. P. leaves verticillated, commonly in fours, oblong, stellate, awl-pointed, 3-nerved. Jamaica. Obs. This species differs from the verticillatum in having leaves awl-pointed, and spikes three times longer.

50. P. leaves in fours, rhombous, fleshy, turned back reflex and spreading; stem creeping. E. Indies. Cape of Good Hope. Piper tetraphyllum of Forster.

51. P. leaves in fours, almost sessile oblong, nerve-pulchellus, very entire; spikes terminating. Jamaica.

52. P. herbaceous, with leaves linear blunt, the filiform highest verticillated, the stem threadlike and creeping. Jamaica. Obs. It is remarkable that of the 53 species of piper here described, 21 species are natives of Jamaica.

In the class Diandria are,

39 Genera, which include 299 Species; 29 species are found in Britain. CLASSIS III.

TRIANDRIA.

Ordo I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. Flores superi.

75. Valeriana. Cor. 5-fida basi gibba. Sem. unicum.

84. Melothria. Cor. 5-fida rotata. Bacca trilocularis.

92. Crocus. Cor. 6-partita, erecto-patula. Stig. convoluta colorata.

95. Antholyza. Cor. 6-fida tubulosa recurvata: laciniis inaequalibus.

94. Gladiolus. Cor. 6-partita tubulosa: laciniis subaequalibus, superioribus convergentibus.

97. Iris. Cor. 6-partita; laciniis alternis reflexis. Stip. petaloideum.

93. Ixia. Cor. 6-partita patens. Stig. tria simplicia.

96. Arista. Cor. 6-petala. Styl. declinatus. Stig. infundibuliforme, hians.

98. Moraea. Cor. 6-petala; petalis alternis inaequalibus patentibus.

100. Dilatris. Cor. 6-petala hirsuta. Fil. teretium reliquis minus. Stigma simplex.

Sect. II. Flores inferi.

101. Witsenia. Cor. 6-partita cylindrica. Stig. emarginatum. Cal. o.

99. Marcia. Cor. 6-partita: laciniis alternis duplici minoribus. Stigma petaloideum tridum lacinis indivisis. Cal. o.

103. Wachendorfia. Cor. 6-petalis inaequalis. Cal. o.

Hæmodorum. Cor. 6-petala, tria interiora supra medium staminifera. Stigma obtusum. Casp. infera trilocularis.

102. Xiphidium. Cor. 6-petala tequalis. Cal. o.

104. Commelina. Cor. 6-petala; Petala 3 s. 4 calyciformibus. Nect. cruciata pedicellata.

76. Oxyaphus. Cor. 5-dentata infundibuliformis. Cal. 3-fid. Nux 5-gona calyce alata!

78. Macrolobium. Cor. 5-petala inaequalis. Cal. duplex: exterior 2-phyll. inter. 5-dentatus. Legumen.

79. Rohria. Cor. 5-petala inaequalis. Cal. 5-partitus. Stig. 3, revoluta. Caps.

89. Hippocratea. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 5-partit. Caps. 3, bivalves.

CLASS III.

TRIANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. The Flowers inserted above the Germen.

75. V. Cor. 5-cleft, gibbous at the base. Seed 1.

84. M. Cor. 5-cleft, wheel-shaped. Berry 3-cell-ed.

92. C. Cor. 6-parted, equal. Stigma convolute.

95. A. Cor. 6-cleft, tubular, arched downwards; the segments unequal.

94. G. Cor. 6-parted and tubular; the segments nearly equal, the higher segments converging.

97. I. Cor. 6-parted, petals alternate, turned back. Stigma petaliform.

93. I. Cor. 6-parted and spreading. The stigmas three and simple.

96. A. Cor. 6-petaled. Style declining. Stigma funnel-shaped and gaping.

98. M. Cor. 6-petaled; the petals alternate, unequal and spreading.

100. D. Cor. 6-petaled and hirsute. The third filament less than the rest. Stigma simple.

Plants resembling those belonging to other classes.

I. Boerhaavia excelsa, repanda charophylloides, plum-baginae. VI. Pontederia limosa.

Sect. II. The Flowers inserted below the Germen.

101. W. Cor. 6-parted and cylindrical. Stigma emarginated. Cal. none.

99. M. Cor. 6-parted; the alternate segments half the size of the rest. Stigma petal-shaped, 3-cleft, the segments not divided. Cal. none.

103. W. Cor. 6-petaled, unequal. Cal. o.

H. Cor. 6-petaled, the three interior petals stami-niferous above the middle. Stigma obtuse. Caps. inferior and 3-celled.

102. X. Cor. 6-petaled, equal. Cal. o.

104. C. Cor. 6-petaled; petals 3 or 4, calyxform. Nect. cruciform and on the fruitstalklet.

76. O. Cor. 5-dented, funnel-shaped. Cal. 5-cleft. Nut 5-angled, winged at the calyx.

78. M. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal. Cal. double, the exterior calyx 2-leaved, the interior one 5-dented. A legume.

79. R. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal. Cal. 5-parted. Stigmas three, rolled back.

89. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-parted. Caps. three, 2-valved.

90. Tonsella. 90. TONSELLA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partit. Nect. urceolatum. Bacca 1-locul. 4-sperma.

87. LOEFFLINGIA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis.

83. WILLICHIA. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 2-locularis.

105. CALLISIA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus. Caps. 2-locularis.

106. SYENA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus. Caps. 3-valvis unilocularis.

80. RUMPHIA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-fidus. Drupe nuce 3-loculari.

91. FISSILIA. Cor. 3-petala cohaerens: petalis 2, bifidis. Cal. urceolatus integer. Stam. 8; quorum 5 sterilia. Nux 1-sperma.

81. CNEORUM. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-dentatus. Bacca 3-cocca.

107. XYRIS. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 2-valvis. Caps. 3-loculi.

82. COMOCLADIA. Cor. 4-partita. Cal. 3-partitus. Stylus o. Drupa.

77. OLAX. Cor. 3-fida. Cal. integer. Glans.

85. ROTALA. Cor. o. Cal. 3-dentatus. Caps. 3-locul.

86. ORTEGIA. Cor. o. Cal. 5-phyll. Caps. 1-locul.

88. POLYCENEMUM. Cor. o. Cal. 5-phyll. subtus 3-phyll. Sem. i.

90. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-parted. Nect. pitcher-shaped. Berry 1-celled, and 4-seeded.

87. L. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.

83. W. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled.

105. C. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Caps. 2-celled.

106. S. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved.

80. R. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-cleft. Drupe with nut, 3-celled.

91. F. Cor. three petals cohering; two petals 2-cleft. Cal. pitcher-shaped, entire. Stam. eight, of which 5 are barren; the nut 1-seeded.

81. C. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-dented. Berry 3-grained.

107. X. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 2-valved. Caps. 3-celled.

82. C. Cor. 3-parted. Cal. 3-parted. Style none. A drupe.

77. O. Cor. 3-cleft. Cal. entire.

85. R. Cor. none. Cal. 3-dented. Caps. 3-celled.

86. O. Cor. none. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.

83. P. Cor. none. Cal. 5-leaved. Seed one.

Plants of other classes resembling these are thus classed.

† VI. Tradescantia multiflora. V. Hirtella triandria.

IV. Fagura spinosa, acuminata.

Sect. III. Flores graminei; valvulis glumae calycinae.

* 111. SCHÖENUS. Cor. o. Cal. paleis fasciculatis. Sem. subrotundum.

* 112. CYPERUS. Cor. o. Cal. paleis distichis. Sem. nudum.

* 113. SCIRPUS. Cor. o. Cal. paleis imbricatis. Sem. nudum.

* 115. ERIOPHORUM. Cor. o. Cal. paleis imbricatis. Sem. lana cinctum.

110. MAPANIA. Cor. o. Cal. 6-valvis. Involucre triphyllum.

117. NARDUS. Cor. bivalvis. Cal. o. Sem. tectum.

114. MIEGA. Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Nect. 1-valve germen involvens.

109. KYLLINGIA. Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Ament. imbricatum.

119. CENCHRUS. Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Involucr. 3 s. 4-florum laciniatum echinatum.

118. LYGEUM. Cor. 3-valvis. Cal. spathe. Nux 2-locularis.

116. POMMEREULLA. Cor. 3 s. 4-bivalvis aristatae. Cal. turbinatus bivalvis.

108. FUIRENA. Cor. 3-valvis. Cal. o. Ament. imbricat. squamis aristatis.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

127. PANICUM. Cal. 3-valvis; tertio dorsali minori.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

127. P. Cal. 1-valved, the third valve least.

120. CORNUCOPIAE.

120. CORNUCOPIE. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. 1-valvis. Involucrum commune 1-phyllum multiflorum.

126. ARISTIDA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. 1-valvis, apice aristis tribus.

129. ALOPECURUS. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. 1-valvis, apice simplici.

128. PILEUM. Cal. 2-valvis, truncatus, mucronatus, sessilis.

125. PHALARIS. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis carinatis æqualibus, corollam inincludebibus.

126. PASPALUM. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis subtrotundis figura corollae.

130. MILIUM. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis ventricosis corolla majoribus, subæqualibus.

131. AGROSTIS. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis acutis corolla brevioribus.

137. DACTYLIS. Cal. 2-valvis: valva majore longiore compressa carinata.

141. STIPA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. arista terminali inarticulata.

143. LAGUROS. Cal. 2-valvis villosus. Cor. aristis 2 terminalibus et 1 dorsali.

122. SACCHARUM. Cal. 2-valvis, lanugine extus vestitus. Cor. 2-valvis.

121. MUEHLENBERGIA. Cal. 1-valvis. Cor. 2-valvis.

123. PEROTIS. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis, lanugine extus vestita.

124. LEERSIA. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis clausa.

Sect. II. Flores biflori, vagi.

132. AIRA. Cal. bivalvis. Flosculi absque rudimentis tertii.

133. MELICA. Cal. 2-valvis. Rudimentum tertii inter flosculos.

HOLCUS. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. aristata.

Sect. III. Flores multiflori, vagi.

136. UNIOLA. Cal. multivalvis, carinatus.

135. BRIZA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. cordata: valvis ventricosis.

134. POA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. ovata: valvis acutissimis.

139. FESTUCA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga: valvis mucronatis.

140. BROMUS. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga: valvis sub apice aristatis.

142. AVENA. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga: valvis dorso arista contorta.

144. ARUNDO. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. basi lanata, mutica.

145. PAPPOROFORUM. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. 2-valvis multi-aristata.

Vol. IV. Part I.

120. C. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1-valved. Common involucre 1-leaved, many-flowered.

146. A. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1-valved, 3 awns at the apex.

129. A. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1-valved, the apex simple.

128. P. Cal. 2-valved, truncated, dagger-pointed and sessile.

125. P. Cal. 2-valved; the valves keeled, equal, enclosing the corolla.

126. P. Cal. 2-valved; the valves roundish, of the figure of the corolla.

130. M. Cal. 2-valved; the valves ventricose, greater than the corolla, nearly equal.

131. A. Cal. 2-valved; valves acute, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas feathered.

137. D. Cal. 2-valved, flattened; the greater valve keel-shaped.

141. S. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. with terminating awn, jointed at the base.

143. L. Cal. 2-valved, awns villous.

122. S. Cal. 2-valved, covered with down on the outside. Cor. 2-valved.

121. M. Cal. 1-valved. Cor. 2-valved.

123. P. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valved, covered with down on the outside.

124. L. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valved, shut.

Plants belonging to the third Sect. of this order resembling these.

Arundo epigeios, calamagrostis, arenaria.

Sect. II. Flowers scattered, 2 in each calyx.

132. A. Cal. 2-valved. Florets without the rudiments of a third.

133. M. Cal. 2-valved, commonly 2-flowered, with the rudiments of a third.

H. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. awned.

Plant resembling these.

Tripsacum hermaphroditum.

Sect. III. Flowers scattered, many in each calyx.

136. U. Cal. many-valved, keeled.

135. B. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. bellied, valves heart-shaped, blunt. Seed adhering to the corolla.

134. P. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. valves ovate, a little sharp, awnless.

139. F. Cal. 2-valved. Spikelet oblong, glumes sharp-pointed.

140. B. Cal. 2-valved. Spikelet oblong, glumes awned under the apex, the inner one ciliated.

142. A. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. a glume, roundish, awned on the back. Awn contorted.

144. A. Cal. 2-valved. Florets surrounded by permanent wool. Awnless.

145. P. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 2-valved with many awns.

N

153. LAPPAGO. 153. LAPPAGO. Cal. subtrivalvis. Cor. 2-valvis resupinata.

Sect. IV. Spicati, receptaculo subulato.

* 148. ROTTOELLIA. Cal. 1-florus rachii adpressus. * 150. SECALE. Cal. biflorus. * 152. TRITICUM. Cal. multilorus.

* 151. HORDEUM. Involucr. hexaphyllum triflorum. Flos simplex. * 149. ELYMUS. Involucr. tetraphyllum biflorum. Flos compositus. * 147. LOLIUM. Involucr. monophyllum, uniflorum. Flos compositus. * 138. CYNOBUSURUS. Involucr. monophyllum, laterale. Flos compositus.

Ordo III. TRIGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flores inferi.

* 157. HOLOSTEUM. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. apice dehiscens. * 159. POLYCARPON. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 3-valvis. * 164. LECHEA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 3-cocca. * 154. ENIOCAULON. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. composit. Sem. 1, coronatum. * 155. MONTIA. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 3-valvis, 3-sperma. * 161. MOLLUGO. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 3-locularis. * 162. MINUARTIA. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis, polysperma. * 163. QUERIA. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 1-celled. * 158. KOENIGIA. Cor. nulla. Cal. 3-phyllus. Sem. 1, ovatum.

Sect. II. Flores superi.

* 160. DONATIA. Cor. polypetala. Cal. 3-phyllus. * 156. PROSERPINACA. Cor. nulla. Cal. 3-partitus. Sem. 1, triloculare.

Order I. MONOGYNYIA.

75. VALERIANA, or Valerian.

No calyx. Cor. monopetalous, hence bulging at the base. Superior.

1. V. With tailed flowers; leaves spear-shaped, very entire. 2.

2. V. tailed flowers; leaves very entire, strap-shaped. angust S. of Europe. 21.

3. V. monandrous flowers; leaves with winged clefts. calceiro Portugal and the East. 2.

4. V. flowers staminiferous and pistilliferous on different plants, with very entire winged leaves. 2.

5. V. triandrous flowers, with leaves winged, and capitula florets oval-toothed. C. of G. Hope. 6. V. As we have already given to our readers an example of the mode in which the different species of plants are discriminated by botanists, and as such extreme minuteness might seem inconsistent with the nature of our work, we shall avoid pursuing it, unless where the peculiar nature of any species may appear to require such a degree of attention, either as an object of scientific curiosity, or of general utility. At the commencement of the succeeding class, however, we shall give a further example, taken from the extensive genus *Protea*, of the manner in which the species of plants ought to be defined. With this exception, however, we shall confine ourselves to the definition of the more important plants. At the same time, that our work may be as complete as its nature will permit, we shall state the names of all the species included under every genus (excepting the almost boundless class of *Cryptogamia*), taking care to distinguish the foreign from the British plants, by affixing to the latter the usual mark (*). Thus there will be exhibited to the reader, nearly a complete enumeration of the objects contained under this extensive and curious branch of science; together with an account of whatever it contains most interesting or useful.

76. **Oxyaphus** Contains one species; viz. viscosus.

77. **Olax.** One species; viz. zeylanica. Ceylon.

78. **Macrolobium.** Three species; viz. pinnatum, hymenocoides, spheroecarpum.

79. **Rohria.** One species; viz. petioliflora. Cape, Japan, West Indies.

80. **Rumphia.** One species; viz. amboinensis. Amboyna.

81. **Cneorum, Widow-wail.** One species; viz. tricoccum. S. Europe.

82. **Comocladia**, or *Maiden-plume*. Four species; viz. integrifolia, dentata, ilicifolia, angulosa. Jamaica, S. America.

83. **Willichia.** One species; viz. repens. Mexico.

84. **Melothria**, Small-creeping Cucumber. One species; viz. pendula. N. America.

85. **Rotala.** One species; viz. verticillaris. E. Indies.

86. **Ortegia.** Two species; viz. hispanica, dichotoma. S. Eur.

87. **Loeflingia.** Two species; viz. hispanica, indica. India, Spain.

88. **Polycnemum.** Five species; viz. monandrum, sclerospermum, arvensis, salsum, oppositifolium. S. Europe. 89. Hippocratea. Three species; viz. volubilis, indica, comosa. S. Am.

90. Tonsella. Two species; viz. scandens, africana. Guiana.

91. Fissilla. One species; viz. psittacorum. Isle Bourbon.

92. Crocus, or Saffron. Two species; viz. sativus, vernus.

* C. sheath one valve rising from the root; tube of the blossom very long.—The summits of the pistils of the Cr. officinalis carefully collected, and moderately dried, are the saffron of the shops. That collected in England is preferred to all other. It affords a beautiful colour to water, wine, or spirit, and gives out the whole of its virtues to them. It has been held in high repute as a cordial; but modern practice pays no great attention to it, since it has been found to produce no sensible effect, even when given in doses greatly larger than those generally prescribed.

93. Ixia. 47 species; viz. fruticosa, minuta, rosea, chloroleuca, bulbocodium, cruciata, fragrans, humilis, pilosa, hirta, secunda, villosa, robrocyanescens, pumicea, purpurea, crispa, cinnamonacea, corymbosa, heterophylla, anemoniflora, coelestina, spicata, plantaginea, linearis, incarnata, patens, capillaris, flexuosa, angusta, radiata, vixgata, longiflora, scillaris, aristata, pendula, bulbifera, leucantha, erecta, maculata, deusta, crocata, squalida, lancea, pentandra, aulica, falcata, excisa. Alps, Africa, China, Magellan.

94. Gladiolus, or Corn-flag. 50 species; viz. montanus, parviflorus, flexuosus, recurvus, falcatus, biflorus, tenellus, dichotomus, striatus, crispus, cuspidatus, tristis, albidus, hyalinus, gracilis, carinatus, galeatus, imbricatus, brevifolius, communis, carneus, hirsutus, watsonius, mevanellus, merianus, lacceatus, iridifolius, refractus, abatus, bicolor, anceps, sessifolius, silenoides, roseus, junceus, setifolius, marginatus, angustus, undulatus, florus, securiger, tubiflorus, tubatus, floribundus, blandus, plicatus, strictus, mucronatus, spatheaeus, gramineus. Europe, Africa.

95. Antholyza. Six species; viz. lucidior, ethiopica, nervosa, cunonia, ringens, plicata. Persia, Africa.

96. Aristea. One species; viz. cyanea. Cape of Good Hope.

97. Iris Contains 53 species; viz. the following: ciliata, minuta, pumila, lutescens, cristata, susiana, florentina, flavissima, biflora, aphylla, variegata, squalens, japonica, sambucina, lurida, germanica, pallida, compressa, dichotoma, tripetala, tricuspis, xiphium, xiphoides, pseud-acorus, foetida, virginica, versicolor, halophila, ochroleuca, spatlacea, ramosa, sisyrinchium, verna, persica, juncea, augusta, setacea, tenuifolia, ventricosa, graminea, ensata, spuria, orientalis, sibirica, martiniensis, pavonia, crispa, papilionacea, edulis, tristis, polystachya, viscaria, bituminosa, tuberosa. Europe, Barbary, Persia, N. America. Of these the following deserve notice.

I. Every other segment of the cor. or blossom smaller than the summit.—The juice of the fresh fruit of this species is very acrid, and has been found to produce plentiful evacuations from the bowels, after other powerful means had failed. It may be given for this purpose in doses of 80 drops every hour or two; but the degree of its acrimony is so uncertain that it can hardly ever come into general use. In some cases it proves diuretic. The fresh roots have been mixed with the food of swine bitten by a mad dog; and they escaped the disease when others bitten by the same dog died raving mad. The root loses most of its acrimony by drying. Goats eat the leaves when fresh; but cows, horses, and swine refuse them: cows will eat them when dry. The roots are used in the island of Jura to dye black.

I. Stem with one angle. The juice of the root, both of this and the preceding species, is sometimes used to excite sneezing; but it is an unsafe practice. Violent convulsions have sometimes been the consequence. Neither horses, sheep, nor cows eat it. The scarlet seeds displayed by the opening capsules give the hedge banks in England a gay appearance in autumn. The leaves when bruised smell like rancid bacon.

98. Moræa. This genus chiefly inhabits the C. of G. Hope, and has 17 species; viz. melaleuca, spiralis, pusilla, magellanica, gladiata, aphylla, filiformis, spatheaca, flexuosa, polyanthos, cerulea, plicata, umbellata, crispa, iriopetalia, iridioides, chinensis. Africa.

99. Marica. Has one species; viz. marica paludosa. Guiana.

100. Dilatris. Has three species; viz. corymbosa, viscosa, paniculata. C. of G. Hope.

101. Witsenia. Has one species; viz. witsenia maura. C. of G. Hope.

102. Xiphidium. Has two species; viz. album, ceruleum. Guiana.

103. Wachendorfia. Has five species; viz. thyrsiflora, paniculata, hirsuta, tenella, graminea. C. of G. Hope.

104. Commelina, or Dayflower. Has 13 species; viz. communis of America, africana, benghalensis, erecta, virginica, longicaulis, mollis, tuberosa, vaginata, nudiflora, cucullata, japonica, spira; chiefly Indian, unless otherwise denoted by the name.

105. Callisia. Has one species; viz. callisia repens. S. America.

106. Syena. Has one species; viz. syena flaviatilis. Guiana.

107. Xyris. Has four species; viz. indica, pauciflora of Malabar, americana, capensis.

108. Fuirena. Has one species; viz. fuirena umbellata. Surinam.

109. Kyllingia. Has eight species; viz. monocephala, brevifolia, triceps, panicea, filiformis, umbellata, cyperina, incompleta. Surinam, E. and W. Indies. 110. MAPANIA

Has one species; viz. mapania sylvatica. Guiana.

111. SCHÖENUS, or Base Cypress,

Has 39 species; viz. mariscus, junceus, mucronatus, pilosus, filiformis, striatus, capitellum, scariosus, nigricans, ferrugineus, fuscus, tristachyos, cuspidatus, aristatus, compar, flexuosus, capillaceus, ustulatus, spicatus, bobartii, stellatus, bulbosus, inanis, cephalotes, cyperoides, cymosus, glomeratus, cladium, effusus, restioides, surinamensis, thermalis, levis, lanceus, albus, gracilis, setaceus, pusillus, capillaris. Chiefly tropical.

112. CYPERUS, or Greater Galangale,

Has 76 species; viz. minimus, setaceus, arenarius, prolifer, effusus, articulatus, marginatus, complanatus, texilis, compactus, monostachyos, distachyos, triflorus, nanus, filiformis, dubius, capitatus, niveus, pannonicus of Austria, mucronatus, laevigatus, squarrosus, nitens, polystachyos, conglomeratus, cruentus, aristatus, luzulae, confertus, viscosus, ligularis, glomeratus, imbricatus, maderas-patanus, castaneus, elegans, surinamensis, flavida, flavescens, fuscus, virescens, difformis, jemenicus, strigosus, tenuis, tuberosus, punilus, stoloniferus, compressus, pulcher, vegetus, albidus, rotundus, glaber, odoratus, esculentus, tenuiflorus, pangorei, denudatus, lanceus, longus, fastigiatus, canaliculatus, monti, iria, santonicus, corymbosus, racemosus, hapsan, elatus, distans, diphyllos, papyrus, flabelliformis, alternifolius, spathecus. Chiefly Arabia, C. of G. Hope, S. of Europe, and tropical.

113. SCIRPUS, or Rush-grass,

Has 70 species; viz. matatus, spiralis, articulatus, plantagineus, nutans, palustris, geniculatus, caricus, * ecsciptosus, baechryon, campestris, capitatus, ovatus, astropurpureus, polytrichoides, * acicularis, * fluitans, * lacustris, glomeratus, arvensis, truncatus, laciniatus, membranaceus, pilosus, hystrix, * holoschoenus, australis, * romanus, nodosus, radiatus, * setaceus, supinus, natans, vaginatus, tristachyos, uncinatus, aristatus, autumnalis, diphyllos, fastigiatus, globulosus, globiferus, capillaris, trispicatus, lateralis, * triquetra, macrostachyos, dichotomus, echinatus, retrofractus, ferrugineus, spadicens, anomalous, milieus, * maritimus, grossus, luzulae, * sylvaticus, corymbosus, festivals, squarrosus, diplococcus, junciformis, michelianus, ciliaris, hottentotus, antarcticus, argenteus, menander, cephalotes. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America. Of these S. lacustris is worthy of notice. It is thus described: Straw cylindrical, naked; spikes several, egg-shaped, on fruitstalks, terminating; calyx fringed, 3-cleft, middle segment awl-shaped. When fodder is exhausted, cattle will live upon this species. Cottages are sometimes thatched, and pack-saddles stuffed with it. Bottoms of chairs are very commonly made of this rush. If cut at one year old it makes the fine bottoms. Coarse bottoms are made of it at two years old; and such as are still older, mixed with the leaves of the iris pseudacorus, make the coarsest bottoms of all. Mats are likewise made either of the scirpus lacustris alone, or mixed with the aforesaid leaves. Goats and swine eat it, cows and sheep refuse it.

114. MIEGIA

Has one species; viz. miegia maritima. Cayenne.

115. ERIOPHORUM, or Cotton Grass,

Has six species; viz. vaginatum, polystachyon, an-

gustifolium, virginicum, cyparinum, lypinum. European, except the species called virginicum.

116. POMMEREULIA

Has one species; viz. pommereulia cornucopiae. India.

117. NARDUS, or Matt-grass,

Has four species; viz. stricta, aristata, indica, ciliaris. Two first, Europe; two last, India.

118. LYGEUM

Has one species; viz. lygeum spartum. Spain.

119. GENCHRUS, or Hedgehog-grass,

Has ten species, viz. lappaceus, capitatus, echinatus, tribuloides, ciliaris, setosus, geniculatus, hordeiformis, purpurescens, frutescens. Generally hot climates.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

It is highly worthy of being remarked, that under this second order of the class of triandra in the Linnean system are included a considerable number of the plants that are very valuable in agriculture, especially the grasses. This branch of botany, therefore, deserves the attention of those engaged in the culture of artificial grasses, and even of all persons in any way engaged in the cultivation of the soil. Several advantages result from being able to discriminate the particular grasses that naturally rise upon a field, and the name which they bear. A farmer or other cultivator of lands may thus, in the first place, be enabled to derive greater benefit from the perusal of publications upon the art on which he is engaged. In the next place, it is to be remarked, that some grasses rising spontaneously upon a soil indicate that it is of bad quality, or that it has been impoverished by severe cropping; whereas there are other grasses, which demonstrate, by their spontaneous growth, that the land is in excellent condition. It is of obvious utility to be able to discriminate such plants. It is also of importance, when artificial grasses have sprung up, to be able to discern the kinds to which they belong, and consequently to know whether the proper sorts of seed have been sown, and which of the sorts may have failed to spring up. For these and other reasons we shall give the botanical description, in as concise terms as possible, of a considerable number of the species of this order.

120. CORNUCOPIE, or Horn-of-plenty grass,

Includes two species; * cucullatum, with an awnless spike, and a scopped cone; and * alopecuroides, with an awned spike received in a hemispherical cone.

121. MUHLENBERGIA

Has one species, viz. diffusa.

122. SACCHARUM, or the Sugar Cane,

Contains eleven species, vis. tenerifex, spontaneum, japonicum, officinarum, polystachyon, arundinaceum, benghalense, repens, ravennei, cylindricum, thombergii. Tropical.

123. PEROTIS

Has two species; viz. latifolia, and polystachylo. Tropical.

124. LEERSIA.

Four species; viz. orizoides, virginica, monandra, hexandra. Tropical. 125. Phalaris, or Canary grass.

Cal. 2; valves keeled, equal in length, including the corolla.

canariensis. 1. P. an awnless panicle nearly oval; spiked, boat-shaped, entire. Cor. 4-valved; the exterior valves spear-shaped and smooth; the interior woolly. Cultivated for its seeds, with which canary birds are fed. ○

aquatica. 2. P. panicle awnless, cylindrical, spike-formed; chaff boat-shaped, slightly toothed. Cor. 3; valves, the interior woolly, the exterior small, awl shaped. Egypt and Italy.

capensis. 3. P. panicle spiked, oval, husks entire; the straw knee-jointed, decumbent. C. of G. Hope. ○

bulbosa. 4. P. panicle awnless, cylindrical, spike-formed; husks boat-shaped, toothed. Cor. 2; valves smooth; roots bulbous. 2. Spain.

nodosa. 5. P. panicle oblong; leaves rigid.

dentata. 6. P. spike panicle, cylindrical; husks serrated; straw knee-jointed. ○ C. of G. Hope.

phleoides. 7. P. panicle awnless, cylindrical, spike-formed; husks keeled, entire, rough like a file. Cor. 2, valves smoothish. ○

arenaria. 8. P. panicle awnless, cylindrical, spike-formed; husks keeled, entire, fringed; stem branched. ○

aspera. 9. P. panicle awnless, cylindrical, spike-formed; husks keeled, bulging above. Cor. 2, valves smooth. ○

utriculata. 10. P. panicle oval, spike-formed; husks boat-shaped, the back dilated; the awn longer than the chaff. Italy. ○

paradoxa. 11. P. panicle awnless, oblong, spike-formed; husk boat-shaped, one-toothed. Cor. 2, valves smooth, small flowers as if bitten off below. India. ○

hispida. 12. P. spikes finger-like; chaff rough like a file; leaves oval. Japan.

126. Paspalum.

Fifteen species, viz. dissectum, scrobiculatum, villosum, virgatum, paniculatum, stoloniferum, repens, hirsutum, kora, longiflorum, distichum, conjugatum, vaginatum, filiforme, decumbens. S. America, and E. Indies.

127. Panicum, or Panic-grass.

Cor. with 3 valves; the third valve very small. It is thus defined by Withering. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered.

polystachyon. 1. P. with tapering spikes, small envelopes of one flower, in fascicles bristly; the straw erect above, branchy. India. ○

sericeum. 2. P. a tapering spike, covering bristly, hairy, single flowers; leaves plain. W. Indies. ○

verticillatum. 3. P. spike cylindrical, rough when stroked downwards; partial involucrums with 2 bristles, and 1 floret.

helvolum. 4. P. spike tapering, small involucrums, single flowers, in bristly bunches. Seeds fibrous. ○

glaucum. 5. P. spike tapering, small involucrums, double flowers, with hairy fascicles. Seeds with undulated wrinkles. ○

viride. 6. P. spike cylindrical, soft to the touch; partial involucrums, with 3 bristles and 1 fleecy.

germanicum. 7. P. a compressed compound spike, spicule congested, small involucrums bristle-shaped, longer than the flower; spike-stalk shaggy. ○

italicum. 8. P. a compound spike with an interrupted nodding base. Small spikes congregated. Small involucrums much longer than the flower. Cottony spike-stalk. ○

9. P. spikes alternate and in pairs; little spikes sub-crus galled divided; husks awned and rough strong hairs. Spike stalked, with five angles.

10. P. spikes finger-like, knotty on the inside of sanguine; the base; flowers in pairs, without awns; sheath of the leaves dotted.

11. P. spikes fingered, expanding soft hairs on in-dactylous sides of the base, flowers solitary, roots with creeping runners.

To these are to be added the following species; setosum, lanceolatum, stagninum, crus corvi, se-tigerum, colonum, flotans, flavidum, dimidiatum, burmanni, hirtellum, pilosum, molle, fasciculatum, carthaginense, conglomeratum, interruptum, umbrosum, filiforme, segyptiacum, ciliare, lineare, cinicinum, distachyon, squarrosum, hispidulum, compositum, elatius, dichotomum, ramosum, deustum, coloratum, repens, ischemoides, remotum, aristatum, millicaeum, antidote, notatum, maricatum, capillare, flexuosum, grossum, acuminatum, rigens, fuscum, laxum, latifolium, flavescens, diffusum, oryzoides, clandestinum, arborescens, curvatum, virgatum, patens, trigonum, pallens, lanatus, arundinaceum, polygamum, glutinosum, brevifolium, radicans, tricoles, and divaricatum. Chiefly hot climates.

128. Phleum, or Cat's-tail grass.

Cal. 2-valved, sitting, strap shaped, lopped, ending in 2 dagger points, enclosing the cor.

1. P. spike egg-shaped, fringed; straw branched. arenarium.

2. P. panicle cylindrical, spike-like; husks naked; panicle straw sometimes branched.

3. P. spike cylindrical, very long; calyx fringed, pruinose and awned; straw upright.—This grass is represented by all travellers in America as the great support of cattle, &c. wherever meadows are found. It is there called timothy-grass. It is best adapted to clayey soils, moist loam, and especially peat. The seeds are to be had very clean dressed, at about one guinea a bushel.

4. P. spike cylindrical; straw ascending; leaves nodose slanting; root bulbous.

5. P. spike egg-cylindrical.

129. Alopecurus, or Foxtail-grass.

Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1 valve. Nect. none. Some kinds of this grass are very valuable.

1. P. spiked; straw upright. Cal. hairy. Cor. awn-protruded. This grass (meadow foxtail) has scarcely a superior for the use of the farmer. It is very early, and abides on the farm, when sown, for many years. It produces few seed-stalks. It is difficult to procure the seed in any degree of plenty, on account of an insect that feeds upon it and destroys it.

2. P. spiked; straw upright; calyx not hairy; its egrethia husks united at the base.

3. P. straw upright; spike cylindrical; root bulb-bulbous.

4. P. spiked; straw knee-jointed.

5. P. panicle spike-like. Cal. rough. Cor. awned, monopetalous.

6. P. panicle spike-like. Cal. set with soft hairs. Linum. Cor. awned. To these may be added the following species, viz. indicus, capensis, and echinatus, being all foreign plants. 130. Milium, or Millet.

Cal. 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal. Cor. very short; summits pencil-shaped.

1. M. panicle spike-like; flowers with awns.

2. M. flowers in panicles scattered; awnless. The foreign species are, capense, punctatum, compressum, digitatum, panicum, confertum, globosum, paradoxum, villosum, and ramosum. Globosum is found in Japan. The rest tropical.

131. Agrostis, or Bent-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, 1-flowered, rather smaller than the cor.; outer petal smooth; summits set lengthways, with stiffish hairs.

It is otherwise described thus: Cal. 1-flowered, 2-valved, spear-shaped, acute, generally rough on the heel; longer than the cor. Cor. 2-valved; summits hairy.

Of the British species the following have awns:

1. A. cal. husks nearly equal; cor. valves equal; awn twice the length of the cal. fixed just beneath its point.

2. A. cal. husks equal. Cor. outer valve twice the length and breadth of the inner awn, shorter than the cor. fixed just beneath its point.

3. A. cal. husks nearly equal; cor. valves very unequal. Awn twice as long as the cor. fixed just beneath its middle.

4. A. cal. husks equal; cor. valves nearly equal; awn as long as the cor. fixed just beneath its middle.

5. A. cal. husks unequal; cor. inner valve hair-like, very short; awn rather longer than the cor. fixed beneath its middle.

6. A. cal. husks unequal; cor. without hairs at the base; awn twice the length of the blossom, fixed near its base.

7. A. panicle spike-like; cal. awned.

The following British plants have no awns:

8. A. panicle large spreading; cal. both valves serrated on the heel.

9. A. panicle scattered, branches bare at the base; florets few; cal. inner valve smooth.

10. A. panicle compact; branches short, stiff, densely crowded with florets at the base; cal. inner valve smooth; outer one serrated upwards.—This is a water grass, and a very noxious plant. It grows upon poor wet loams and clay. When it is found in meadows or pasture lands, it is proof that the soil is either naturally poor, or has been rendered so by scouring crops.

11. A. panicle large, rather spreading; longer branches naked at the base, shorter crowded with florets; cal. inner valve smooth, outer serrulated upwards.

12. A. panicle spreading; branches bare at the base; florets numerous; cal. inner valve smooth, outer serrulated upwards; cor. inner valve but half the size of the outer; deciduous.

13. A. cal. husks equal, blunt, smooth. To those are to be added the following foreign species; viz. interrupta, spiciformis, and hirsuta, panices, miliares, tenuiflora, bromoides, arundinacea, calamagrostis, seratina, rubra, stricta, ovata, matrella, rupestris, compressa, capillaris, hispida, scabra, anomala, diandra, sylvatica, pumila, ciliata, capensis, tremula, virginica, pungens, spicata, mexicana, verticillata, coromandelina, tenacissima, purpureescens, indica, procura, linearis, lenta, stellata. Chiefly of Japan, India, America, and S. of Europe.

132. Aira, or Hair-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, without any intervening substance between the florets.

1. A. florets awnless; panicle expanding, smooth, aquatica, longer than the calyx; leaves flat.

2. A. leaves flat; panicle expanding; petals woolly caespitosa, and awned at the base; awn straight, short.

3. A. leaves like bristles; straws almost naked; flexuosa; panicles diverging; fruitstalks zigzag.

4. A. leaves like bristles; panicle slender and com-montana-pact; florets hairy and awned at the base; awn twisted and longer.

5. A. leaves like bristles; sheaths rough; flowers in canescens; a panicle; awn not longer than the cal.

6. A. leaves like bristles; sheaths smooth, angular, prairea, with furrows; panicle spike-like; awn taller than the cal.

7. A. leaves like bristles; sheaths smoothish, fur-caryophyll-rowed; panicle wide spreading when ripe; awns taller lea. than the cal.

To these add the species called arundinacea, minuta, involucrata, pubescens, of N. of Europe; subspicata and alpina, of the Alps; antarctica of N. Zealand; chinensis, of China; setacea.

133. Melica, or Melic, or Rope-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with a little substance on a pedicle betwixt the florets; sect. 1 leaf; stamens dilated at the base.

1. M. petals not fringed; panicle drooping, undi-nutans, vided.

2. M. panicle compact; flowers cylindrical; straw carulea, without knots.

3. M. panicle thinly set; cal. with 2 florets, 1 her-uniflora, maphrodite, the other neutral. Add to these ciliata, gigantea, geniculata, decumbens, racemosa, ramosa, capensis, minuta, papilionacea, altissima. Chiefly of Cape of Good Hope.

134. Poa, or Meadow-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered; spikets egg-shaped; valves shining at the edge, rather acute.

1. P. panicles spreading; spikets strap-shaped, 6-aquatica, flowered.

2. P. panicles with subdivided branches; spikets distans, 5-flowered; florets distant, blunt; cal. valve very unequal.

3. P. panicle spreading; spikets 5-flowered, smooth; pratensis, straw cylindrical; upright sheath; scale short and blunt. This is an excellent grass, when sown upon rich loams.

4. P. panicle spreading, very much branched; spi-alpina, kets 6-flowered, heart-shaped.

5. P. panicle spreading; spikets 4-flowered, pubes-angustifo-cent; straw cylindrical, upright; root-leaves doubled ha. together, very slender; sheaths smooth; sheath-scale short, lopped.

6. P. little spikes egg-shaped; florets smoothish; bulbosa, acute; straw upright, bulbous at bottom.

7. P. panicle spreading horizontally; branches in annua, pairs; pairs; spikets mostly 4-flowered; leaves flat; sheaths smooth.

8. P. panicle spreading; spikets flowered, woody at the base; straw upright, rough; sheath-scale tapering to a point.—It is said that Mr Boys of Betshanger in Kent has been the largest cultivator of this species in the kingdom, and sold large quantities of the seed; but gave it up for want of a demand. It is an excellent grass on good and sound and moist loams. It is accounted in Lombardy "the queen of meadow plants" (la regina dell' erbe), whether for dry pastures or water meadows; multiplying itself much by seed and little by the root; so that if attention be not paid to permit some seed to fall, its quantity will sensibly diminish. Excellent for all sorts of cattle.

9. P. panicle spike-like. Cal. husks rather hairy, 2 or 3 (rarely) 4-flowered, longer than the little fruit-stalk; petals awned, awn pointed.

10. P. panicle slender, open when in flower; spikets mostly 2-flowered, pointed, rough; straw feeble.

11. P. cal. 1-flowered.

12. P. panicle spear-shaped, somewhat branched; branches alternate, pointing one way; fruitstalk bordered.

13. P. panicle spear-shaped, branches alternate; cal. ribbed, 3 or 4-flowered; straw knee-jointed.

14. P. panicle compact, branched; branches in pairs; spikes oblong; florets blunt; leaves sharp, edges rolled in; straw cylindrical, slanting.

15. P. panicle compact; straw slanting, compressed.

16. P. panicle close; outer petal hairy at the edge; straw lying down.

17. P. panicle open; spikets mostly 3-flowered; florets tapering to a point, woolly at the base; leaves awl-shaped.

To these add the species called laxa of Europe; biflora, of India; hirta and ferruginea, of Japan; cili-anensis, nervata, trinervata, sudetica, rubens, anceps, flava, barbata, pilosa, palustris, glutinosa, prolifera, amabilis, eragrostis, badensis, cynosuroides, unioloides, racemosa, cyperoides, verticillata, abyssinica, capillaris, japonica, malabarica, chinensis, punctata, nutans, te-nella, spinosa, sarmentosa, striata, amoebognysis, vis-cosa, contracta, filiformis, disticha, bifaria, bromoides, spicata, divaricata, peruviana, glomerata, ciliaris, silu-mosa. Chiefly of the warmer climates.

135. Briza, or Quaking-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered; spikets 2-rowed; valve heart-shaped, blunt; the inner minute.

1. B. spikets triangular; cal. longer than the florets.

2. B. spikets egg-shaped, forming a bunch.

Add vivens, of S. Europe; geniculata and capensis, of C. of Good Hope; and eragrostis, of S. Europe.

136. Uniola, or Sea-side Oats of Carolina,

Has three species, viz. paniculata, mucronata, spi-cata, of America or India.

137. Dactylis, or Cock's-foot grass.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered; valves broader on one side. Cor. 2-valved, inclosing the seed. Nec-taries 2.

1. D. spikes terminating sometimes in pairs; florets not expanding; straw and leaves stiff and straight.

2. D. panicle crowded, pointing one way.—This glomera grass is cultivated to advantage on wet loams on a clayey marl bottom, upon which the finer grasses are apt to give way to the indigenous produce. If suffered to rise high, it is very coarse; but, when fed close, is a very valuable sheep-pasture. Women and children are said to make good earnings in gathering the seed at 4s. a bushel. Upon an English acre two bushels may be sown, with ten pounds of common red clover. When the clover wears out, the grass covers the land, and abides well in it. It grows well in winter.

Add the species cynosuroides, cespitosa, littoralis, levis, villosa, serrata, ciliaris, hispida, geniculata, breviflora, lagopoides, pungens, of America, India, and Africa.

138. Cynosurus, or Dogs-tail Grass.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered, equal; cor. 2-valved; 1 valve concave, longer. Nect. 2-leaved.

1. C. floral leaves, with winged clefts.—The crested dogs-tail is highly spoken of in the Milanese. The Rev. Arthur Young speaks thus of it: "To judge from the appearance of the bents of this grass, in poor upland but moist pastures, a man would think it a very unpromising plant; but the rich marshes of Bridgewater and Boston; the famous pasturages of Paniton in Devonshire, and those close to Mr Buller's castle near Leskeard in Cornwall; Mr Thorne's bullock ground, on Dunstone bottom, near Tavistock; Mrs Williams's at Little Malvern in Worcestershire, (which are among the richest pastures in the kingdom) all abound very greatly in this grass; in some of them it is the predominant herbage. Mr Marshall places it as the most prevailing plant in the best grass meadows of the vale of Pickering; some of which will feed a large cow from Mayday to Michaelmas. Very fortunately it abounds much with seed; so that I have had many bushels gathered in a season by poor women and children, at 1s. a pound, and laid down many acres of it successfully. Attention should be paid to its being ripe; for I once ordered eight bushels to be sown on eight acres, and it failed from deficiency in ripeness."

2. C. floral leaves winged, segments awned.

The remaining species are the following: calcatus, of Cape of Good Hope; cruciformis of Europe; pani-culatus, of C. of G. Hope; lima of Spain; olorus, of Europe; retroflexus, spherocephalus, uniole, filiformis, monostachyos, coracanuss, floccifolius, penicillatus, paspaloides, egyptius, indicus, virgatus, aureus.

139. Festuca, or Fescue-grass.

Cal. 2-valved; spikes oblong, roundish; husks tapering to a point, or terminating in an awn.

1. H. spikes upright, smooth. Cal. valves, one entire, the other tapering to an awn-like point.

2. H. panicle spike-like, drooping. Cal. smaller, myura valve very minute; florets rough, awns very long.

3. H. panicle compact, awned; straw four-cornered, almost naked; leaves bristle-shaped.—It flourishes best in a dry sandy soil. Cows, horses, and goats will eat it; but it is the favourite food of sheep; they prefer it before all other grass, and are said soonest to grow fat upon it; for, though small, it is succulent. The Tartars, who lead a wandering life, tending their flocks flocks and herds, always choose those spots where this grass abounds. Such may be its just character in the uncultivated wilds of nature; and as it prefers a dry soil, its growth is an indubitable indication of the salubrity of such places for flocks of sheep; but in a more rich and cultivated country, it is said to be of little value as a pasture grass, being extremely diminutive; nor will it remain long in the ground if sown, but will soon give place to more luxuriant grasses.

* 4. F. panicle rough; spikets 6-flowered, awned; florets at the end awnless; straw semi-cylindrical.

* 5. F. panicle oblong; spikes oblong; smooth; leaves bristle-shaped.—A very excellent grass for the agriculturist, as springing very early, being productive, and grateful to all kinds of cattle, and is found in most good meadows and pastures.

* 6. F. panicle spike-like, pubescent; leaves thread-shaped.

* 7. F. panicle branched, upright, compact; spikets awl-shaped, 3-flowered, awned, smooth.

* 8. F. panicle oblong, upright, branched, spikets awned, smooth; leaves flat, naked.

* 9. F. leaves like bristles, rather long, upright; straw naked, spikets rough.

* 10. F. panicle upright; spikets scarcely awned, the outer ones cylindrical. It makes an excellent pasture, but requires a rich soil. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eat it.

* 11. F. panicle branched, upright; spikets nearly sitting, cylindrical, awnless.—The seeds are small, but very sweet and nourishing. They are collected in several parts of Germany and Poland, under the name of manna seeds; and are esteemed a delicacy in soups and gruels, on account of their nutritious quality and excellent flavour. When ground to meal, they make bread very little inferior to that in common use from wheat. The bran, separated in preparing the meal, is given to horses that have the worms; but they must be kept from water for some hours afterwards. Geese are very fond of the seeds, and well know where to look for them. The plant affords nourishment to the phalena festucae. Horses and swine will run risks to get at it.

* 12. F. spiked; spikets alternate, sitting, compressed, awnless.

* 13. F. panicle upright; spikets nearly egg-shaped, awnless; cal. larger than the florets; straw lying down.

* 14. F. spikets sitting; straw undivided; awn shorter than the blossoms.

* 15. F. spikets sitting; straw undivided; awn as long as the blossom. To these add the following species; viz. tenella, pomila, amethystina, reptatrix, heterophylla, sciuroides, miogumus, spadicea, scabra, fusca, panciflora, cristata, misera, indica, calycina, pungens. Mild climates.

140. Bromus, or Brome-grass.

Cal. 2-valved; spikets oblong, cylindrical, 2-rowed; awn beneath the point. This genus includes 33 species; viz. secalinus, multiflorus, mollis, pectinatus, lancoolatus, alopecurus, squarrosus, japonicus, bifidus, purgans, catharticus, inermis, asper, littoreus, ciliatus, sterilis, arvensis, geniculatus, tectorum, giganteus, rubens, scoparius, rigens, racemosus, triflorus, madritensis, rigidus, ramosus, gracilis, pinnatus, cristatus, distachyos, stipoides. Chiefly European. The following are thus described.

Vol. IV. Part I.

* B. panicle expanding; spikets egg-shaped; awn polymor-straight.—Its merit or demerit in an agricultural view plus, does not seem sufficiently ascertained. It is said to be disliked by farmers, as being in corn fields a troublesome weed, and in pastures and mowing grounds of little value, since it has generally shed its seed by the time of mowing, and produces very few root leaves.

* B. panicle drooping; spikets egg-shaped; awns squarro-straddling; panicle imbranched.

* B. panicle upright, ending abruptly; spikets ob-erectus, long, hairy, awned, about 5 florets in each; straws upright; leaves hard. A coarse grass, disliked by cattle, as are all the bromes. Properly a fescue, but has the habit of a brome.

* B. panicle diffuse, upright but open; spikets strap-madriten-shaped, the middlemost in pairs; pedicels thickest at the top.

* B. panicle drooping, rough; spikets hairy; awned; asper, leaves rough.

* B. panicle spreading; spikets oblong; florets two-sterilis, rowed; cal. taper-pointed; awns very long.

* B. panicle drooping; spikets egg-oblong.

* B. panicle drooping; spikets four-flowered, shorter than the awns.

* B. straw undivided; spikets alternate, nearly sit-pinnatus, ting; cylindrical, somewhat awned.

141. Stipa, or Feather-grass.

Cal. 2-valved, 1-flowered. Cor. outer valve ending in an awn; awn jointed at the base. This genus includes 11 species; viz. pennata, juncea, capillata, aristella, palaeaca, tenacissima, capensis, spicata, bicolor, avenacea, membranacea. Europe, and Cape of Good Hope. The following is thus described.

* S. awns woolly.

pennata.

142. Avena, or Oats.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered. Awn from the back of the cor. twisted. The genus includes 34 species; viz. sibirica, elatior, stipiformis, aristidoides, tristata, pallida, pensylvanica, loeflingiana, brevis, alba, stri-gosa, orientalis, sativa, forskaeli, nuda, fatua, elephantina, sequitteria, lutea, tenuis, pubescens, sterilis, his-pida, pratensis, versicolor, distichophylla, filiformis, spica, bromoides. Chiefly C. of Good Hope and mild climates. The following are thus described.

A. panicle; cal. 3-flowered; male floret awned; elatior, hermaphrodite floret somewhat awnless. Cows, sheep, and goats eat it. The roots are sometimes very troublesome to the farmers in arable lands, producing a kind of squitch. It produces a large crop, but is unpalatable to cattle, especially to horses, as are the avene in general.

* A. panicle; cal. 3-flowered, shorter than the re-nuda, cepatice; petals awned upon the back; the third floret awnless. This is nearly as good as the cultivated oat; it will make gruel or oat cake, and feed cattle, as well as that. Ray says it sells in Cornwall at the price of wheat.

* A. panicle; cal. 3-flowered, all the florets awned/fatua, hairy at the base. Horse, sheep, and goats eat it. The awns are used for hygrometers. Sometimes so prevalent amongst barley as almost entirely to choke it. It may be extirpated by repeated fallowing, or laying down the land in grass. pubescens. * A. panicle spike-like; cal. 3-flowered; cor. bearded at the base; leaves flat, downy.

flavescens. * A. panicle loose; cal. 3-flowered, short, all the florets awned.

pratensis. * A. panicle spike-like; cal. 5-flowered.

strigosa. * A. panicle oblong, compact, pointing one way; florets in pairs, with 2 awns at the end, and a jointed awn on the back.

143. Lagurus, or Hare's-tail Grass. Cal. 2-valved, awn woolly. Cor. entire, petal with 2 awns at the end, and a twisted awn at the back. This genus includes one species; viz.

ovatus. * L. spike egg-shaped, awned.

144. Arundo, or Reed. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. awnless, surrounded with down at the base. This genus includes 11 species; viz. donax, phragmites, bafaria, benghalensis, tenax, karka, conspicua, epigejos, calamagrostis, colorata, arenaria. Chiefly of warm climates, except the following, which are thus described:

phragmites. * A. cal. 5-flowered; panicle spreading.—The panicles are said to be used by the country people in Sweden to dye woollen green. The reeds are much more durable than straw for thatching: Screens to keep off the cold winds in gardens are made of them; and they are laid across the frame of wood-work as the foundation for plaster floors.

epigejos. * A. cal. 1-flowered; panicle upright; leaves smooth underneath.

calamagrostis. * A. cal. 1-flowered, smooth; blossoms woolly; straw branched.

arenaria. * A. cal. 1-flowered; leaves rolled in at the edges, sharp-pointed.

145. Pappaphorum Has one species; viz. alopecuroideum.

146. Aristida, or Oat-grass. Includes ten species; viz. adscensionis, americana, gigantea, hystrix, vestita, plumosa, capensis, setacea, depressa, arundinacea. Cape, and milder climates.

147. Lolium, Darnel or Rye-grass. Cal. 1 leaf fixed, many-flowered; spikets alternate. This genus includes five species; viz. perenne, tenue, temulentum, maximum, distachyon. The following are thus described:

perenne. * L. spike awnless; spikets compressed, many-flowered, longer than the calyx.—It makes an excellent hay upon dry chalk or sandy soils. It is cultivated with advantage along with clover, and springs earlier than the other grasses, thereby supplying food for cattle at a season when it is most difficult to be obtained. Cows, horses, and sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Though it succeeds best upon light soils, it will flourish on any land except stiff clay, and will grow even on that; but upon rich sands and loams it becomes not only a good spring grass, but if properly managed by due mixtures, turns out well as permanent pasture land; always, however, most valuable by being sheep fed, for which it is singularly adapted. It is worthy of remark, however, that there is reason to think that the common cultivated rye-grass has degenerated from its natural qualities; and that it is inferior in many respects, particularly in its duration, to the ryegrass which grows naturally in the best British meadows and pastures.

* L. spikes awned, compressed, many-flowered, not temulentum longer than the calyx; straw rough.—The seeds mixed turn with bread corn produce but little effect, unless the bread be eaten hot; but if malted with barley, the ale soon occasions drunkenness.

* L. spikets awnless, rather shorter than the calyx; ovate, cal. 2-valved; straw smooth.—It is very injurious to a wheat crop, but may readily be avoided as it is sown along with the seed.

* L. panicle undivided, pointing one way; spikets awned.

148. Rottboellia, or Sea hard-grass. Cal. of 1 or 2 valves, egg-spear-shaped, flat. Florets alternate, on a zigzag spike-stalk. Cor. 2-valved, awnless. This genus includes 16 species; viz. incurvata, filiformis, cylindrica, thomaca, repens, levis, pilosa, compressa, hirsuta, cymbache, colorachis, dimidiata, exaltata, corymbosa, muricata, sanguinea. Chiefly of Europe and India. The following is thus described.

* R. spike cylindrical, awl-shaped; cal. husk awl-incurve shaped, contiguous, divided into two.

149. Elymus, or Lime-grass. Cal. lateral, 2-valved, several together, many-flowered. This genus contains 12 species; viz. arenarius, giganteus, sibiricus, tener, philadelphicus, canadensis, caninus, virginicus, striatus, europaeus, caput medusa, hystrix. Chiefly of Europe and America. The following are thus described:

* E. spike upright, compact; cal. woolly, longer than arenarius the floret.—It resists the spreading of the loose sand on the sea shore. It is not capable of being formed into ropes as the stipa tenacissima is in Spain. Cows, horses, and goats eat it; sheep refuse it.

* E. spike compact, leaning; spikets upright without camises, an involucrem, the lowermost in pairs.

* E. spike upright; spikets 2 florets in each, as long europaeus as the calyx.

150. Secale, or Rye. Contains four species; viz. cereale, villosum, orientale, creticum.

151. Hordeum, or Barley. Cal. lateral, 2-valved, 1-flowered; three together. This genus includes ten species; viz. vulgare, hexastichon, distichon, zeocriton, bulbosum, nodosum, maritimum, secalinum, maritimum, jubatum. The following are thus described.

* H. lateral florets male, awned, smooth on the heel; maritimum involucrem of the intermediate florets fringed. Sheep and horses eat it. It feeds the brown moth (phalana granella), and the barley fly (musca frui).

* H. lateral florets male, awnless; involucrem bristle-pratense shaped, rough. In moist meadows it produces a considerable quantity of hay, but is not to be recommended as one of the best grasses for the farmer.

* H. lateral florets male, awnless; middle floret her-marinamphrodite, with a long awn.

* H. all the florets hermaphrodite, awned: cal. grow-synthetic together at the base, shorter than the awns.

152. Triticum, or Wheat. Cal. 2-valved, solitary, mostly 3-flowered; floret bluntish. This genus includes 18 species; viz., asti- vum, hybernum, compositum, turgidum, polonicum, spelta, monococcum, hispanicum, prostratum, pumilum, junceum, distichum, repens, maritimum, tenellum, uni- oloides, loliaceum, unilateralis. Of mild climates. The following are thus described:

* T. Cal. 5-flowered, lopped; leaves edges rolled in.

* T. Cal. 4-flowered, awl-shaped, tapering to a point; leaves flat.—It is a most troublesome weed in arable lands, and can only be destroyed by fallowing in a dry summer. At Naples the roots are collected in large quantities, and sold in the market to feed horses; they have a sweet taste, something approaching to that of liquorice; when dried, and ground to meal, they have been made into bread in years of scarcity. The juice of them drank liberally is recommended by Boerhaave in obstructions of the viscera; particularly in cases of scirrhus liver and jaundice. Cattle are frequently found to have scirrhus livers in the winter, and they soon get cured when turned out to grass in the spring. Dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting; horses eat them when young, but leave them when fully grown; cows, sheep, and goats eat them.

* T. cal. pointed, mostly 4-flowered; awns longer than the cor.; spikets upright.

* T. spike simple, compressed; spikets egg-shaped, but pointed; cal. many-flowered.

153. LAPPAGO

Has one species, called racemosa. Europe, India, and Arabia.

ORDER III. TRIGYNYIA.

154. ERIOCAULON, or Net-work,

Has eight species; viz., triangulare, quinquangulare, sexangulare, setaceum, decangulare, repens, fascicola- tum, umbellatum. India, and S. America.

CLASSIS IV.

TETRANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flores monopetali, monospermi, inferi.

169. GLOBULARIA. Cor. 1-petalis, irregulares. Sem. pappo nudis.

Sect. II. Flores monopetali, monospermi, superi, ag- gregate.

* 171. DIPSACUS. Cal. communis foliaceus. Recept. conicum, paleaceum. Sem. columnaria.

* 172. SCABIOSA. Cal. communis. Recept. elevatum, subpaleaceum. Sem. coronatis, involuta.

173. KNAUTIA. Cal. communis oblongus. Recept. plenum, nudum. Sem. apice villosa.

155. MONTIA, or Small Water Chick-weed. Cal. 2 leaves. Cor. 1 petal, irregular. Caps. 1-cel- led, 2-valved. It has only one species, called * fon- tana.

156. PROSERPINACA. One species, called palustris. Virginia.

157. HOLOSTEUM Has five species; viz., cordatum, diandrum, succulen- tum, hirsutum, * umbellatum. Chiefly hot climates.

158. KOENIGIA. One species, called islandica. Iceland.

159. POLYCARPON. One species, called tetraphyllum. Europe.

160. DONATIA. One species, called fascicularis. Ter. del Fuego.

161. MOLLUGO, or African Chick-weed, Has five species; viz., oppositifolia, stricta, hirta, pentaphylla, verticillata. Hot climates.

162. MINUARTIA Has three species; viz., dichotoma, campestris, monta- na. Spain.

163. QUERIA Has three species; viz., hispanica, canadensis, tri- chotoma. The last of Japan.

164. LECHEA Has three species; viz., minor and major, of Candia; verticillata of E. Indies.

In the class Triandria are 90 Genera, including 920 Species, of which 14 are found in Britain.

CLASS IV.

TETRANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flowers with one petal, 1-seeded, inferior.

G. or Blue Daisy. Cor. 1 petal, irregular; seed with- out down.

Sect. II. Flowers monopetalous, 1-seeded, incorpora- ted.

* D. or Teazel. Cal. common, leafy. Receptacle co- nical, chaffy. The seeds columnar.

* S. or Scabious. The cal. common. The receptacle elevated, somewhat chaffy. The seed crowned, rolled inwards.

K. Cal. common, oblong. Receptacle flat, naked. Seeds with a woolly top.

174. ALLIONIA. 174. **Allionia.** Cal. comm. triphyllus, 3-florus, proprius superus o. Sem. nuda.

† *Valeriana Sibirica.* Boerhaavia tetrandra.

**Sect. III. Flores monopetali, tetraspermi.**

188. **Mattuschkeae.** Cor. 4-fida hypocrateriformis. Cal. 4-partitus.

**Sect. IV. Flores monopetali, monocarpi, inferi.**

203. **Pyrostria.** Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-dent. Drupa nucibus 8-septa.

202. **Myonima.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. integerimus. Drupa nuce 4-locul. 4-sperma.

201. **Petitia.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa nuce 2-locul.

210. **Aquartia.** Cor. rotata. Cal. subquadrifidus. Bacca polysperma.

190. **Rousseae.** Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-phyll. Bacca 4-angul. polysperma.

209. **Callicarpa.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-fidus. Bacca 4-sperma.

208. **Wallenia.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-fid. Bacca 1-sperma.

211. **Witheringia.** Cor. subcampanulata. Cal. obsoletè 4-dentat. Pericarp. 2-locul.

205. **Aegiphila.** Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2-locul. Stylos semifidibus.

170. **Cephalanthus.** Cor. infundibuliformis. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 4-locul. non dehiscentes.

215. **Lasiostoma.** Cor. infundibuliformis, sauce villosa. Cal. 5-fid. Caps. 1-locul. 2-sperma.

223. **Scoparia.** Cor. rotata. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 1-locularis, 2-valvis.

224. **Centunculus.** Cor. rotata. Cal. 4-partitus. 1-locularis, circumscissa.

*222. Plantago.** Cor. refracta. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 2-locularis, circumscissa.

213. **Polyfreum.** Cor. rotata. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. bilocularis, emarginata.

220. **Buddleia.** Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 2-locularis bisulca.

221. **Exacum.** Cor. subcampanulata. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 2-locularis compressa.

212. **Myrmecia.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 5-dentatus. Caps. 2-locul. polysperma.

214. **Labatia.** Cor. subcampanulata. Cal. 4-phyll. Caps. 4-locularis.

218. **Penza.** Cor. campanulata. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 4-locularis, 4-valvis.

219. **Bleria.** Cor. subcampanulata. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 4-locularis, angulis dehiscentes.

† *Justicia pulcherrima,* *Lycium tetrandrum,* *Cordia tetrandra.*

**Sect. V. Flores monopetali, monocarpi, superi.**

200. **Chomelia.** Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa nuce 2-locul.

204. **Cunninghamia.** Cor. infundibuliformis. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa nuce 2-locul.

A. Cal. common, 3-leaved; 3-flowered; the proper superior wanting. Seed naked.

**Sect. III. Flowers monopetalous, 4-seeded.**

M. Cor. 4-cleft, salver-shaped. Cal. quadripartite.

**Sect. IV. Flowers monopetalous, one fruit-vessel, inferior.**

P. Cor. bell-shaped. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe 8-seeded with nuts.

M. Cor. tubular. Cal. entire. A drupe with a nut, and 4 cells and 4 seeds.

P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe with a 2-celled nut.

A. Cor. wheel-shaped. Cal. nearly 4-cleft. A berry many-seeded.

R. Cor. bell-shaped. Cal. 4-leafed. A berry 4-angular, many-seeded.

C. or *Tolosonia.* Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry 4-seeded.

W. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry 1 seed.

W. Cor. nearly bell-shaped. Cal. obscure, 4-toothed. Seed-vessel 2-celled.

A. Cor. salver-shaped. Cal. 4-toothed. Berry 2-celled. Style half-cleft.

C. or *Buttonwood.* Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 4-celled; not wide.

I. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a woolly mouth. Cal. 5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 2-seeded.

S. Cor. wheel-shaped. Cal. 4-parted. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.

C. or *Base Pimpernel.* Cor. wheel-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 1-cell, cut round.

*P. or Plantain.* Cor. bent back. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, cut round.

P. or *Carolina Flax.* Cor. wheel-shaped. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 2-cells, notched.

B. Cor. bell-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, 2-furrowed.

E. Cor. nearly bell-shaped. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 2-celled, compressed.

M. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 5-toothed. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

I. Cor. nearly bell-shaped. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 4-celled.

P. Cor. bell-shaped, Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved.

B. Cor. nearly bell-shaped. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. 4-celled, with open angles.

**Sect. V. Flowers monopetalous, 1 seed-vessel, superior.**

C. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe with a 2-celled nut.

C. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe with a 2-celled nut. 182. SCOLOSANTHUS. Cor. tubulosa, limbo revoluto. Cal. 4-fid. Drupa 1-sperma.

195. PAVETTA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 1-sperma.

194. IXORA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-partitus. Baccas 2-locularis. Sem. 2.

188. PETESIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Baccas 2-locularis, polysperma.

193. CATESBAEA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Baccas 1-locularis, polysperma.

191. FROELICHIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-partit. Baccas 1-sperma exsucsa. Sem. arillatum.

199. HOFFMANNIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Filamenta o. Baccas 2-locul. polysperma.

196. ERNODEA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-partitus. Baccas 2-locul. Sem. solitaria.

197. SIDEROENDRUM. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Baccas 2-locul. Sem. solitaria.

207. COCCOPHYLLUM. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 4-fid. Baccas inflata 2-locul. polysperma.

206. MITCHELLA. Cor. 2, tubulose. Cal. 4-dentatus. Baccas 4-sperma, biflora, bifida.

176. HEDYOTIS. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. didyma, polysperma, apice dehiscens.

240. OLDENLANDIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. didyma, polysperma, dehiscens inter dentes.

181. HYDROPHYLAX. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 4-partit. Caps. angulata, 2-locul. dissepimentis contrariis. Sem. solitar.

216. MANETTIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 8-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis.

183. CARPHELEA. Cor. tubulosa, intus hirta. Cal. 4-fid. Caps. 2-locul. polysperma.

217. BELLARDIA. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-fid. Caps. 2-locul. 2-partibil. polysperma.

225. SANGUISORBA. Cor. plana supera. Cal. 2-phyllus inferos. Caps. 4-gona inter calycem et corollam.

† Coffea occidentalis. Bondeletia pilosa, virgata. Hilicia tetrandra. Guettarda elliptica, membranacea. Portlandia tetrandra.

Sect. VI. Flores monopetali, dicocci, inferi.

184. HOUSTONIA. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Caps. 2-locularis, 2-valvis.

Sect. VII. Flores monopetali, dicocci, superi. Stella-tae.

* 187. RUBIA. Cor. campanulata. Fructus baccati.

* 185. GALIUM. Cor. plans. Fructus subglobosi.

* 179. ASPERULA. Cor. tubulosa. Fructus subglobosi.

* 178. SHERARDIA. Cor. tubulosa. Fructus coronatus. Sem. 3-dentatis.

177. SPERMACOCE. Cor. tubulosa. Fructus coronatus. Sem. 2-dentatis.

182. KNOXIA. Cor. tubulosa. Fructus bipartibilis sulcatus.

S. Cor. tubulous, with a border rolled back. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe with 1 seed.

P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 1 seed.

I. or American Jessamine. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. A 2-celled berry; 2 seeds.

P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A 2-celled berry, many-seeded.

C. or Lily Thorn. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 1 cell, many seeds.

F. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Berry 1 dry seed. Seed coated.

H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft; no filaments. A berry with two cells and many seeds.

E. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. A 2-celled berry, 1 seed.

S. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 2 cells; 1 seed in each.

C. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. A berry inflated, with 2 cells and many seeds.

M. Cor. double, tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry 4-seeded, double-flowered, cleft.

H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. double; many seeds; with an open top.

O. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. double; many seeds; opening between the teeth.

H. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. angular, 2-celled, with opposite partitions. The seeds solitary.

M. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 8-leaved. Caps. 1 cell.

C. Cor. tubulous, rough-haired within. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2 cells, many seeds.

B. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, divisible into two. Many seeds.

* S. or Greater Wild Burnet. Cor. flat above. Cal. 2-leaved; bent downwards. Caps. 4-gonous between the cal. and the cor.

Sect. VI. Flowers monopetalous, 2 capsules united, each with one cell, inferior.

H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. Caps. 2-celled; 2-valved.

Sect. VII. Flowers monopetalous, 2 capsules united, each with one cell, superior. Starlike.

* R. or Madder. Cor. bell-shaped. Fruit a berry.

* G. or Ladies Bed-straw. Cor. flat. Fruit nearly round.

* A. or Wood-roof. Cor. tubulous. Fruit nearly round.

* S. or Little Field-madder. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned. Seed 3-toothed.

S. or Butter-weed. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned. Seed 2-toothed.

K. Cor. tubulous. Fruit divisible; furrowed. 182. Diodia. Cor. tubulosa. Fructus tetragonus, connatus, 2-valvis.

186. Crucianella. Cor. tubulosa, aristata. Fructus nudus. Sem. linearis.

Sect. VIII. Flores monopetali, tetracocci, inferi.

189. Siphonanthus. Cor. tubulosa. Cal. 5-partitus. Baccæ 4, 1-spermae.

Sect. IX. Flores tetrapetali, inferi.

227. Epimedium. Petala nectar. 4 incumbentia. Cal. 4-phyllus. Siligua 1-locularis.

235. Ptelea. Pet. coriacea. Cal. 4-partitus. Stigma 2. Samara monosperma.

234. Blackburnia. Petala oblonga. Cal. 4-dentat. Stigma simplex. Baccæ 1-sperma.

236. Skimmia. Pet. concava. Cal. 4-partit. Baccæ 4-sperma.

233. Monetia. Pet. linearia. Cal. 4-fid. Baccæ 2-locl.

230. Samara. Pet. basi lacuna. Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa subrotunda. Stigma infundibuliforme.

232. Hartogia. Pet. patensia. Cal. 5-fid. Drupa nuce 2-sperma.

247. Curtisia. Pet. obtusa. Cal. 4-part. Drupa nuce 4 s. 5-locl.

231. Fagara. Pet. staminibus breviora. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 4-valvis, 1-sperma.

237. Othera. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stigma sessile. Caps.

238. Orixia. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stigma capitat. Caps.

241. Amannia. Pet. rarissime presentia. Cal. tubulosus, 8-dentatus. Caps. 4-locularis.

+ Evonymus europaeus, japonicus. Portulaca meridiana. Melastoma tetrandra. Cardamine hirsuta.

Sect. X. Flores tetrapetali, superi.

243. Trapa. Cal. 4-partitus. Nux armata spinis conicis oppositis.

226. Cissus. Cal. cingens germen. Baccæ 1-sperma.

229. Glossoma. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa nuce 1-sperma.

* 228. Cornus. Cal. 4-dentatus, deciduus. Drupa nuce 2-loclari.

239. Ludwigia. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 4-loclari, tetragona.

251. Santalum. Cor. 4-petala calyci innata. Baccæ 1-sperma.

Sect. XI. Flores incompleti, inferi.

252. Struthiola. Cor. 4-fida. Baccæ 1-sperma sicca. Nectar. 8 glandulis.

175. Opercularia. Cor. 4 s. 5-fida. Stam. receptaculo inserta. Semina solitaria receptaculo immersa.

D. Cor. tubulous. Fruit 4-cornered, united at the base, 2-valved.

C. or Petty Madder. Cor. tubulous, awned. Fruit naked. Seed strap-shaped.

Sect. VIII. Flowers monopetalous, with 4 capsules united, each with 1 cell, inferior.

S. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 5-partite; 4 berries, one seed in each.

Sect. IX. Flowers four-petaled, inferior.

E. 4 honied petals, incumbent. Cal. 4-leaved. A pod with 1 cell.

P. or Shrubs Trefoil. The petals leather-like. Cal. 4-partite. Two stigmas. Seed-vessel 1-seeded.

B. Petals oblong. Cal. 4-toothed. Stigma single. A 1-seeded berry.

S. Petals concave. Cal. 4-partite. A berry, 4-seeded.

M. Petals strap-shaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled.

S. Petals with a pitted base. Cal. 4-partite. A roundish drupe. Stigma funnel-shaped.

H. Pet. expanding. Cal. 5-cleft. A drupe with a nut and 2 seeds.

C. or Hassagay-tree. Pet. obtuse. Cal. 4-partite. A drupe, and 4 or 5 cells.

F. The petals shorter than the stamens. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 4-valved, 1 seed.

O. Pet. spear-shaped. Cal. 4-partite. Stigma sitting. Caps.

O. Pet. spear-shaped. Cal. 4-partite. The stigma with a head. Caps.

A. Pet. rarely present. Cal. tubulous, 8-toothed. Caps. 4-celled.

Sect. X. Flowers four-petaled, inferior.

T. or Floating Water Caltrops. Cal. 4-partite. A nut armed with opposite conical thorns.

C. Cal. surrounding the seed-bud. A berry with 1 seed.

G. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe with a nut, and 1 seed.

* C. or Dogwood, or Cornel-cherry. Cal. 4-toothed, deciduous. A drupe with a 2-celled nut.

L. or Base Virginian Loosestrife. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. 4-celled, 4-cornered.

S. or Sanders. Cor. 4. Pet. fixed in the cal. A berry with 1 seed.

Sect. XI. Flowers incomplete, inferior.

S. Cor. 4-cleft. A berry with 1 seed, dry. Nectary with 8 glands.

O. Cor. 4 or 5-cleft. The stamens inserted in the receptacle. The seed solitary, sunk in the receptacle. 165. PROTEA. Cor. 4-fida. Antherae infra apices corollae insertae. Nux 1-sperma.

167. RUFAEA. Cor. 4-petala. Stamina medio petalorum inserta. Baccæ 1-sperma.

166. BANSKIA. Cor. 4-petala. Stamina limbo inserta. Caps. 2-valvis, 2-sperma. Semina alata.

168. EMBOTHRUM. Cor. 4-petala. Stam. limbo inserta. Folliculus polyspermus. Sem. alata.

245. POTHEOS. Cor. 4-petala. Spatha 1-phyllo. Baccæ 2-locul.

253. KRAMERIA. Cor. 4-petal. Baccæ sicca 1-sperma cebinata.

255. RIVINA. Cor. 4-petala. Baccæ 1-sperma. Sem. scabrum.

248. CHLORANTHUS. Petalum 3-lobum. Baccæ 1-sperma.

256. SALVADORA. Cal. 4-fidus. Baccæ 1-sperma. Sem. arillatum.

257. CAMPHOROSMA. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 1-sperma.

258. ALCHEMILLA. Cal. 4-fidus. Sem. 1, calyx inclusum.

244. DORSTENIA. Cal. recept. planum, carnosum, commune.

246. CORNETES. Umbella 4-phyllo, 3-flora. Caps. 3-cocca.

† Corchorus coreta. Convallaria bifolia. Ammannia.

Sect. XII. Flores incompleti superi.

250. CONATOCARPUS. Cor. 4-fida. Drupa nuce 1-sperma.

254. ACENA. Cal. 4-phyllo. Baccæ echinata 1-sperma.

242. ISNARDIA. Cal. campanulatus, persistens. Caps. 4-locularis.

249. ELEAGNUS. Cal. campanulatus, deciduus. Drupa.

† Thesium Alpinum.

ORDO II. DIGYNIA.

260. BUFONIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. tetraphyllus. Caps. 1-locularis, 2-valvis, 2-sperma.

263. HYPÉCOUM. Cor. 4-petala, inaequalis. Cal. 2-phyllo. Silique.

261. HAMAMELIS. Cor. 4-petala longissima. Cal. duplex. Nux 2-locularis bicornis.

* 262. CUSCUTA. Cor. 4-fida, ovata. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 2-locularis circumscissa.

264. NERTERIA. Cor. campanulata, Cal. o. Baccæ 2-locul.

265. GALOPINA. Cor. campanulata. Cal. o. Sem. 2 muricata.

259. CRUZITA. Cor. o. Cal. 4-phyllo, exterior 3-phyllo. Sem. 1.

† Herniaria fruticosa. Gentiana quadriflora. Swertia corniculata dichotoma.

P. or Silver-tree. Cor. 4-cleft. The anthers inserted below the points of the cor. A nut, 1 seed.

R. Cor. with 4 petals. The stamens inserted in the middle of the petals. A berry with 1 seed.

B. Cor. with 4 petals. The stamens inserted in the border. Caps. 2-valved, 2-seeded; the seeds winged.

E. Cor. with 4 petals. The stamens inserted in the border. An air-bag, many-seeded; seeds winged.

P. or Skunkweed. Cor. with 4 petals. Sheath 1-leaved. A berry with 2 cells.

K. Cor. 4-petaled. A dry berry, 1 seed, prickly.

R. Cor. 4-petaled. A berry with one seed. Seed rough.

C. or Tea-leaved Chu-lan. Pet. 3-lobed. A berry with 1 seed.

S. Cal. 4-cleft. A berry with one seed. Seed coated.

C. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 1 seed.

A. or Ladies Mantle. Cal. 4-cleft. Seed 1, in the calyx.

D. or Contrayerva. Cal. and receptacle flat, fleshy, common.

C. an umbel 4-leaved, 3-flowered. Caps. 3-celled.

Sect. XII. Flowers incomplete, superior.

G. Cor. 4-cleft. A drupe with a 1-seeded nut.

A. Cal. 4-leaved. A pricked 1-seeded berry.

I. Cal. bell-shaped, permanent. Caps. 4-cleft.

E. or Oleaster, or Wild-olive. Cal. bell-shaped, deciduous. A drupe.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

B. or Toadgrass. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 1 cell, 2 valves, 2 seeds.

H. Cor. 4-petaled unequal. Cal. 4-leaved. A pod.

H. or Witch-hazel. Cor. 4-petaled, very long. Cal. double. A nut, 2-celled, 2-horned.

* C. or Dodder. Cor. 4-cleft, oval. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, cut round.

N. Cor. bell-shaped. No cal. A berry with 2 cells.

G. Cor. bell-shaped. No cal. A seed, thorny on two sides.

C. No cor. Cal. 4-leaved. On the outside 3-leaved. Seed 1.

ORDO Ordo III. TRIGYNYIA.

266. BOSCHIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Caps. 4-locularis.

Ordo IV. TETRAGYNYIA.

267. ILEX. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 4-sperma. 268. COLDENIA. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 2, bilocularia. 271. SAGINA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 4-locularis, polysperma. 272. TILLEA. Cor. 3 s. 4-petala. Cal. 3 s. 4-phyllus. Caps. 3 s. 4, polyspermae.

273. MYGINDA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa 1-sperma. 269. POTAMOGETON. Cor. o. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 4, sessilia. 270. RUFFIA. Cor. o. Cal. o. Sem. 4, pedicellata.

Order I. MONOGYNYIA.

165. PROTEA, or Silver-tree. Cor. 4-cleft. The anthers strap-shaped, inserted in the petals beneath the apex. No proper calyx. A nut. One seed.

decumbens 1. P. with leaves 3-cleft, thread-shaped; the stem decumbent. C. of G. Hope.

florida 2. P. with leaves 3-cleft, winged, thread-shaped; stem erect, with solitary little heads, surrounded by leaves. C. of G. Hope.

cyanoides 3. P. with leaves 3-cleft, winged, thread-shaped; stem erect, naked, solitary, little heads. C. of G. Hope.

patula 4. P. with leaves 3-cleft, thread-shaped; erect stem, little heads incorporated. C. of G. Hope.

pulchella 5. P. with leaves double-winged, smooth, thread-shaped, with terminal heads, club-shaped, without floral leaves. New Holland.

sphaerocephala 6. P. with double-winged thread-shaped leaves; fruit-stalks shorter than the tops, with the scales of the cal. oval, woolly at the base. C. of G. Hope.

cerraria 7. P. with double-winged, thread-shaped, hairy leaves; fruitstalks longer than the tops; with the scales of the cal. egg-spear-shaped and hairy. C. of G. Hope.

triternata 8. P. with double-winged, thread-shaped, smooth leaves. The fruit-stalks longer than the head, with the scales of the cal. spear-shaped and hairy. C. of Good Hope.

glomerata 9. P. with double-winged thread-shaped leaves; and naked, common, elongated fruitstalk; the pedicles longer than the knobs. C. of G. Hope.

phylicoides 10. P. with double-winged thread-shaped leaves; and terminal knobs, solitary, and cottony. C. of G. Hope.

Order III. TRIGYNYIA.

B. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed. Caps. 4-cell-ed.

Order IV. TETRAGYNYIA.

I. or Holly. Cor. 1-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry, 4-seeded. C. Cor. 1-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Two seeds, 2-celled. S. or Pearlwort. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 4-celled, many seeds. T. or Small Annual Houseleek. Cor. 3 or 4-petaled. Cal. 3 or 4-leaved. Caps. 3, or 4, many seeds.

M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. A drupe with 1 seed. P. No cor. Cal. 4-leaved. Seeds 4, sitting.

R. or Sea or Tassel-grass. No cor. No cal. Seeds 4, on a pedicle.

11. P. with double-winged thread-shaped leaves; aggregate knobs in spikes. C. of G. Hope.

12. P. with double-winged thread-shaped leaves; spicata, and heads spiked and distinct. C. of G. Hope.

13. P. with double-winged inferior leaves; the supero-perior being 3-cleft and entire. C. of G. Hope.

14. P. with smooth 5-cleft leaves; stem erect; and crinio-terminal heads by three's. C. of G. Hope.

15. P. with 5-toothed smooth leaves; stem erect, and concave terminal head. C. of G. Hope.

16. P. with 3-toothed, smooth, elliptical leaves; erect stem and terminating heads. C. of G. Hope.

17. P. with 3-toothed smooth leaves, a decumbent hypophy-stem and terminal head. C. of G. Hope.

18. P. with 3-toothed smooth leaves and lateral heads. C. of G. Hope.

19. P. with 3-toothed cottony leaves. C. of Good Hope.

20. P. with 4-toothed entire leaves, and stem decum-heter-bent. C. of G. Hope.

21. P. with thread-shaped leaves, and flowers bunchy pinifida and smooth; cal. not double. C. of G. Hope.

22. P. with leaves thread-shaped; flowers cottony, racemos-in bunches with a double cal. C. of G. Hope.

23. P. with leaves thread-shaped, bent inwards, and incurved smooth, and bunchy spiked cottony knobs. C. of G. Hope.

24. P. with hairy thread-shaped leaves, and sitting candelabrum-spiked heads or knobs. C. of G. Hope.

25. P. with thread-shaped channelled leaves, a terminal knob, and many-cleft floral leaves. C. of G. Hope.

26. P. with inferior thread-shaped leaves, the supero-perior spear-shaped, and a terminal or terminating knob. C. of G. Hope.

27. P. with strap-shaped, bent-back leaves, crooked purpureo-terminal terminal knobs, and decumbent stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

28. P. with awl-shaped compressed leaves, and a flower-bearing stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

29. P. with strap-awl-shaped contiguous leaves, and little flat-topped branches in whirls. h. C. of G. Hope.

30. P. with strap-awl-shaped leaves, a terminal knob and coloured calyx. h. C. of G. Hope.

31. P. with contiguous 3-square leaves, and a woolly terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

32. P. with oblique, strap-shaped, obtuse leaves. h. C. of G. Hope.

33. P. with strap-shaped, silky, cottony leaves. h. C. of G. Hope.

34. P. with strap-battledore-shaped, smooth leaves; flowers in bunches; single calyx. h. C. of G. Hope.

35. P. with strap-battledore-shaped, smooth leaves; terminal knobs, many-cleft; floral leaves. h. C. of G. Hope.

36. P. with strap-battledore-shaped smooth leaves; a cottony terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

37. P. with strap-wedge-shaped silky leaves, and a silky terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

38. P. with sharp spear-shaped leaves, and a round terminal knob or head. h. C. of G. Hope.

39. P. with spear-shaped leaves, obtuse and slender at the base, and a hemispherical terminal knob. h. Abyssinia.

40. P. with strap-elliptical-shaped leaves, and an oblong terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

41. P. with spear-elliptical-shaped smooth leaves, an oval knob, and short decumbent stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

42. P. with spear-wedge-shaped hoary leaves, an oblong terminal knob, petals smooth beneath, and hairy above. h. C. of G. Hope.

43. P. with strap-spear-shaped, callous, smooth, oblique leaves, and a terminal knob belonging to the stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

44. P. with elliptical obtuse, callous, oblique leaves, and smooth terminal heads of little branches. h. C. of G. Hope.

45. P. with leaves spear-shaped, slender at the base, smooth, sharp, callous; and a terminal knob fenced with a pale cover. h. C. of G. Hope.

46. P. with leaves spear-shaped, attenuate at the base, smooth, sharp, callous, and a terminal head, fenced with a long sharp cover of the same colour. h. C. of G. Hope.

47. P. with leaves inversely egg-shaped, obtusely tapering, tiled smooth, a hairy stem, and a head with an obtuse long covering. h. C. of G. Hope.

48. P. with elliptical leaves, blunt, callous, smooth, and a terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

49. P. with leaves spear-shaped, smooth, scored, tiled, and a terminal knob. h. C. of G. Hope.

50. P. with leaves spear-shaped; silky, thread-shaped branches; stem decumbent. h. C. of G. Hope.

51. P. with spear-shaped silky leaves; a shrubby stem; and oblong enveloped knobs. h. C. of G. Hope.

52. P. with leaves spear-shaped, silver-cottony, fringed, with woody stem and globular knobs. h. C. of G. Hope.

53. P. with leaves oblong and smooth; a globular acaulis knob or head; and a short decumbent stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

54. P. with oblong smooth leaves; and aggregate myrtifolia terminal knobs. h. C. of G. Hope.

55. P. with smooth oblong leaves without veins, aglabra, hemispherical knob, and a shrub-like stem. h. C. of G. Hope.

56. P. with oblong smooth leaves, an oblong knob, speciosa, the scales of the calyx barbed at the point. h. C. of G. Hope.

57. P. with oval, smooth, callous leaves; cor. hairy, totta, and cylindrical. h. C. of G. Hope.

58. P. with smooth, oval leaves; and lateral flowers. hirta. h. C. of G. Hope.

59. P. with oval leaves; and cottony terminal knobs. pubera. h. C. of G. Hope.

60. P. with hairy oval leaves, terminal knobs, and divaricata straddling branches. h. C. of G. Hope.

61. P. with smooth, battledore conical leaves. h. spathulata C. of G. Hope.

62. P. with leaves nearly round; and smooth leaf-cyanaros-stalks. h. C. of G. Hope.

63. P. with heart-shaped leaves. h. C. of G. Hope. cordata.

166. BANKSIA.

Recept. common, elongated, scaly. Cor. 4 petals. The stamens inserted in the border. The caps. 2-valved, 2-seeded. A moveable partition between the seeds, which are winged.

Of this genus there are 8 species, viz. serrata, grandis, integrifolia, pyriformis, dentata, spinulosa, cricifolium, gibbosa. N. Holland.

167. RUPALA.

This genus has two species; viz. montana, and sesifolia.

168. EMBOTHRIUM.

Eight species; viz. speciosissimum, coccineum, grandiflorum, umbellatum, hirsutum, buxifolium, sericeum, silaifolium.

169. GLOBULARIA, or Blue Daisy.

Four species; viz. longifolia, nama, nudicaulis, orientalis. S. Eur.

170. CEPHALANTHUS, or Button-wood,

Has one species; viz. occidentalis. N. America.

171. DIPSACUS, or Teazel,

Has four species; viz. *fullonum, *sylvestris, laciniatus, and *pilosus.

* D. leaves sitting, serrated; chaff bent backwards. fullonum.

It is cultivated for the use of the clothiers, who employ the heads with crooked awns, to raise the knap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose they are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held against them. The plant flowers in June and July, and the heads are collected in August. It is sometimes sown along with caraway and coriander; by which means three crops are on the soil at once, without inconvenience, as they ripen at different periods.

172. SCABIOSA, or Scabious.

Has 41 species; viz. alpina, ustulata, rigida, attenuata, scabra, transylvanica, syriaca, leucantha, *succisa, integrifolia, amplexicaulis, humilis, decurrens, tatarica, tatarica, * arvensis, uralensis, sylvatica, gramuntia, * co- umbaria, pyrenaica, sicula, rutesfolia, * maritima, stel- lata, proliera, atropurpurea, argentea, indurata, afri- cana, monspeliensis, pumila, cretica, limonifolia, gra- minifolia, lyra, palestina, isetensis, ucraniae, ochroleu- ca, papposa, pterocephalia. S. Eur. Ind. Afr.

* S. blossoms 4-cleft, equal; stem undivided; branches approaching; leaves spear-eggshaped.—The dried leaves are used to dye wool yellow or green. (Linn.) A strong decoction of it continued for a considerable length of time, is an empirical secret for gonorrhoeas.

* S. blossoms 4-cleft, radiating; leaves wing-cleft, and jagged; stem rough with strong hairs. Sheep and goats eat this species. Horses and cows are not fond of it. It is slightly astringent, bitter and saponaceous.

173. KNAUTIA, Has four species; viz. orientalis, propontica, palae- tina, and plumosa. Levant, Archipelago.

174. ALLIONIA, Has two species; viz. violacea, and incarnata. Am.

175. OPERCULARIA, Has three species; viz. umbellata, aspera, diphylla. N. Holland.

176. HEDYOTIS, Has 11 species; viz. fruticosa, racemosa, auricularia, hispida, maritima, pumila, diffusa, herbacea, gramin- folia, virgata, rupestris. E. and W. Ind. S. Amer.

177. SPERMACOCE, or Button-weed, Has 20 species; viz. tenuior, latifolia, cornulescens, alata, hexagona, prostrata, radicans, longifolia, verti- cillata, sumatrensis, aspera, hirta, villosa, hispida, sca- bra, articulata, stricta, linifolia, procumbens, spinosa. E. Ind. Afr. Amer.

178. SHERARDIA, or Little Field-madder, Contains three species; viz. arvensis, muralis, fruti- cosa. Eur. Isle of Ascension.

179. ASPERA, or Woodroof, Has seven species; viz. odorata, hexaphylla, arven- sis, taurina, crassifolia, calabriae, aristata, tinctoria, pyrenaica, cynanchica, levigata. Eur.

A. leaves 8 in a whirl, spear-shaped; flowers in bun- dles on fruitstalks. The scent of it is said to drive away ticks and other insects. (Linn.) It gives a grateful flavour to wine. Cows, horses, sheep, and goats eat it.

180. DIODIA, Has 6 species; viz. virginica, simplex, verticillata, prostrata, scandens, sarmentosa. Amer. Jamaica.

181. HYDROPHYLAX, Contains only one species; viz. maritima.

182. KNOXIA, Has under it two species; viz. zeylanica, and co- rumbosa. Ceylon.

183. CARPHALEA, Has one species; viz. corymbosa. Madagascar.

184. HOUSTONIA, Has three species; viz. corulea, longifolia, and pur- purea. N. America.

185. GALIUM, or Ladies Bed-straw, Includes 50 species; viz. rubiodes, * palustre, trif- fum, fruticosum, * montanum, tinctorium, capense, mu- cronatum, expansum, asperum, glabrum, austriacum, bocconi, viscosum, saxatile, tenue, jussieui, pyrenaicum,

minutum, * pasillum, * seabrum, * verum, mollugo, syl- vaticum, linifolium, rigidum, aristatum, hierosolymi- tanum, paschale, glaucum, purpureum, rubrum, mega- losperrnum, spuriun, harcynicum, * uliginosum, * bo- reale, rotundifolium, bermudianum, ericoides, hirtum, ruthenicum, aparine, * aparine, album, microcarpum, parisiense, pilosum, maritimum, gracum. Eur. Arab. N. Amer. Of these the following deserve notice.

* G. leaves 8 in a whirl, strap-shaped, furrowed; flower- ing branches short.—The flowers will coagulate boiling- milk; and their juice changes blue infusions to a red colour, thereby discovering marks of acidity. The French prescribe them in hysterick and epileptic cases. Boiled in alum-water, they tinge wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior to madder, and are used for this purpose in the island of Jura. (Pen- nant 1772, p. 212). Sheep and goats eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. Cows are not fond of it. It is subject to a disease, in which the stem and leaves are set with fleshy balls, about the size of a pea, hollow within and covered with a purplish skin.

* G. leaves 4 in a whirl, spear-shaped, smooth, 3-fibred; boreal, stem upright.—The roots afford a red dye for woollens.

* G. leaves 8 in a whirl, spear-shaped; keel rough opari- with prickles pointing backwards; joints woolly.—The branches are used by the Swedes instead of a soil to strain milk. Young geese are very fond of them. The seeds may be used instead of coffee. The plant is eaten by horses, cows, sheep, and goats. Swine refuse it. (Linn.) The expressed juice of the stem and leaves, taken to the amount of four ounces night and morning, is very efficacious in removing many of those cutaneous erup- tions, which are called, although improperly, scorbutic. It must be continued for several weeks.

186. CRUCIATELLA, or Petty madder. Nine species; viz. angustifolia, latifolia, egyptiaca, patula, ciliata, pubescens, maritima, capita, monspeli- aca. S. Eur. Arab.

187. RUBIA, or Madder, Seven species; tinctorum, or dyers madder, with an- nual leaves and a prickly stem, 2; chilensis, peregrina, lucida, fruticosa, angustifolia, cordifolia. Siber. S. Eur. Canar.

188. MATTUSCHKEA. One species; viz. hirsuta. Carolina.

189. SIPHONANTHUS. Two species; viz. indica, and angustifolia. India.

190. ROUSSEA. One species; viz. simplex. Mauritius.

191. FROELICHA. One species; viz. paniculata.

192. SCOLOSANTHUS. One species; viz. versicolor.

193. CATESBEA, or Lily Thorn. Two species; viz. spinosa, and parviflora. Jamaica, Isle of Providence.

194. IXORA, or American Jessamine. Six species; viz. coccinea, parviflora, alba, america- na, fasciculata, and multiflora. E. Ind. Jam. S. Am.

195. PAVETTA. Five species; viz. indica, villosa, longiflora, caffra, pentandra. C. of G. Hope. 196. ERNODIA. One species; viz. littoralis. Jamaica.

197. SIDEROENDRUM. One species; viz. triflorum. S. Amer.

198. PETESIA. Three species; viz. stipularis, carnea, tomentosa.

199. HOFFMANNIA. One species; viz. pedunculata. Jamaica.

200. CHOMELIA. One species; viz. spinosa.

201. PETITIA. One species; viz.; domingensis. St Domingo.

202. MYONIMA. Two species; viz. obarata, lanceolata. Isle of Bourbon.

203. PYROSTRIA. One species; viz. salicifolia.

204. CUNNINGHAMIA. Two species; viz. sarmentosa, verticillata. Guiana, Isle of Bourbon.

205. AEGIPHILA. Eight species; viz. martinicensis, elata, mixia, villosa, arborescens, levis, fœtida, trifida. W. Indies.

206. MITCHELLIA. One species; viz. repens. N. America.

207. COCCOCYPISILUM. Three species; viz. repens, uniflorum, biflorum. Jam.

208. WALLENIA. One species; viz. laurifolia. Jamaica.

209. CALICARPA, or Johnsonia. Ten species; viz. americana, cana, lanata, macrophylla, ferruginea, reticulata, longifolia, integrifolia, villosa, japonica. N. Amer. Jap. Jamaica.

210. AQUARTIA. Two species; viz. aculeata, microphylla. S. Am.

211. WITHERINGIA. One species; viz. solanacea. S. Am.

212. MYRMEDIA. One species; viz. scandens. Guiana.

213. POLYPERHEMUM, or Carolina Flax. One species; viz. procumbens. N. Amer.

214. LABATIA. Two species; viz. sessiliflora, pedunculata. Hispan.

215. LASIOSTOMA. One species; viz. cirrhosa. Guiana.

216. MANETTIA. Five species; viz. reclinata, lygistum, coccinea, picta, lanceolata. S. Amer. Jam.

217. BELLARDIA. One species; viz. repens. Guiana.

218. PENNA. Nine species; viz. sarcoolla, mucronata, marginata, lateriflora, tomentosa, succata, squamosa, fruticulos, myrtoides. C. of G. Hope.

219. BLERIA. Nine species; viz. cricoïdes, scabra, fascicula, articulata, purpurea, muscosa, pusilla, glabella, ciliaris. Cape.

220. BUDDLEIA. Nine species; viz. americana, occidentalis, globosa, salvifolia, madagascariensis, salicifolia, diversifolia, virgata, incompeta. Cape, S. Amer. W. Indies.

221. EXACUM. 18 species; viz. viscosum, pedunculatum, albens, aureum, sessile, cordatum, punctatum, quadrangulare, gujanense, diffusum, tenuifolium, filiforme, aphyllum, heteroclitum, spicatum, ramosum, verticillatum, hyssopifolium. Asia, Africa.

222. PLANTAGO, or Plantain. 33 species; viz. * major, crassa, asiatica, maxima, * media, virginica, altissima, * lanceolata, capensis, lagopus, lusitanica, patagonica, albicans, hirsuta, alpina, bellardi, cretica, barbata, * maritima, subulata, recurvata, macrorhiza, serraria, * coronopus, locellina, coriata, amplexicaulis, psyllium, squarrosa, indica, pumila, cynops, afra. Eur. Egypt, China, N. Amer.

* P. leaves spear-shaped; spike nearly egg-shaped, na-lanceolata * stalk angular.—It is usually called rib-wort or rib-grass. Linnæus says it is eaten by horses, sheep, and goats, and that cows refuse it; but Haller attributes the richness of the milk in the famous Alpine dairies to this plant, and to the alchemilla vulgaris. The total absence of this plant in marshy lands, is a certain criterion of the wretched quality thereof: in proportion as such soils are meliorated by draining, this plant will flourish and abound. When sown for pasturage upon rich sands and loams, this plant gives a considerable herbage; and on poorer and drier soils, it does well for sheep, but is inferior to some others. Mr Marshall observes that it has stood the test of 20 years established practice, in Yorkshire, and is in good estimation, though not well affected by horses, and bad for hay from retaining its sap. The plantago major or great plantain, is called septimelia, from its having 7 large nerves or ribs running along each leaf; the narrow-leaved sort, above described, has only five ribs, and hence it is called quinquenervia. The leaves are lightly astrigent, and the seeds are said to be so; and hence they stand recommended in hemorrhages and other cases of this kind, where medicines of this kind are proper. The leaves bruised a little are the common application of the common people to slight flesh wounds.

Plantain has been alleged to be a cure for the bite of the rattlesnake; but for this there is probably little foundation, although it is one of the principal ingredients in the remedy of the negro Cesar, for the discovery of which he received a considerable reward from the assembly of S. Carolina.

223. SCOPARIA. Three species; viz. dulcis, procumbens, arborea. Egypt, N. America.

224. CENTUNCULUS, or Base Pimpernel. One species; called minimus. Germ. S. Eur.

225. SANGUISORBA, or Great Wild Burnet. Three species; viz. * officinalis, medis, canadensis. Europe, N. America.

226. CISSUS. 18 species; vitiginea, capensis, repanda, latifolia, cordifolia, rotundifolia, sicyoides, quadrangularis, acida, cirrhosa, trifoliata, microcarpa, crenata, carnosa, obovata, japonica, pentaphylla, pedata. Arabia, Ind. Jam.

227. EPIMEDIUM, Barren-wort. One species; viz. * alpinum. 228. CORNUS, or Dogwood, Cornel Cherry. 12 species; viz. * succica, canadensis, florida, mascula, japonica, * sanguinea, alba, sericea, circinata, striata, paniculata, alterniflora. Asia, Amer.

sanguinea * C. branches straight; leaves egg-shaped, green on both sides; tuft flatted.—The wood is very hard and smooth, fit for the purposes of the turner. The leaves change to a blood-red in autumn: the berries are bitter and styptic; they dye purple. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine and cows refuse it.

229. GLOSSOMA. One species; viz. arborescens. Guiana.

230. SAMARA. Four species; viz. lata, coriacea, pentandra, floribunda. Cape, E. Ind. Jam. Guiana.

231. FAGARA. 12 species; viz. triphylla, evodia, pterota, piperita, tragodes, zanthoxylodes, horrida, capensis, armata, avicennae, octandra, elaphrium. W. Ind. Japan.

232. HARTOGIA. One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

233. MONETTA. Two species; viz. barlerioides, diaantha. E. Ind.

234. BLACKBURNIA. One species; viz. pinnata.

235. PTELEA, or Shrub Trefoil. One species; viz. trifoliata. N. Amer. S. sea isles.

236. SKIMMIA. One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

237. OTHERA. One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

238. ORIXA. One species; viz. japonica.

239. LUDWIGIA, or Base Virginian Loose-strife. Five species; viz. alternifolia, hirsuta, jussiaeoides, oppositifolia, erigata. India, Amer. Jan.

240. OLDENLANDIA. 13 species; viz. verticillata, digynia, trinervia, depressa, capensis, uniflora, biflora, pentandra, umbellata, corymbosa, hirsuta, debilis, fœtidia, amianta.

241. AMANIA. Seven species; viz. latifolia, ramosior, debilis, sanguinolenta, octandra, baccifera, pinatifida. Ind. Virginia.

242. ISNARDIA. One species; viz. palustris. Eur. China, N. Amer. W. Ind.

243. TRAPA, or Floating Water-caltrops. Two species; viz. natans, bicornis. Eur. China.

244. DORSTENIA, or Contrayerva. Ten species; viz. cordifolia, brasiliensis, arifolia, houstoni, contrayerva, drakena, caulescens, lucida, pubescens. Arab. S. Amer.

245. POTHEA, or Seunk-weed. 12 species; viz. scandens, acaulis, lanceolata, crenata, violacea, crassinuxia, cordata, macrophylla, pinnata, palmata, digitata, pentaphylla. Ind. Amer.

246. COMETES. One species; viz. alterniflora. E. Ind. Surat.

247. CURTISIA, or Hassagay-tree. One species; saginea. C. of G. Hope.

248. CHLORANTHUS, or Tea-leaved Chu-lan. One species; viz. inconspicuous. Cape, China, Jap.

249. ELEAGNUS, or Oleaster or Wild Olive. Ten species; viz. angustifolia, orientalis, spinosa, pungens, latifolia, crispa, multiflora, umbellata, glabra, macrophylla. S. Eur. China, Japan.

250. GONATOCARPUS. One species; viz. micranthus. Japan.

251. SANTALUM, or Sanders. One species; viz. album.—What is usually called White Sanders wood, is brought from the East Indies, in billets about the size of a man's leg, of a pale whitish colour. It constitutes the outer part of the timber, or that part of the tree which is nearest the bark. This white part has little sensible smell or taste. The inner part of the timber, which usually receives the appellation of Yellow Sanders wood, is of a pale yellowish colour, of a pleasant smell and a bitterish aromatic taste, accompanied with an agreeable sort of pungency. Distilled with water it yields a fragrant essential oil, which thickens in the cold to the consistence of a balsam. Digested in pure spirit it imparts a rich yellow tincture, which being committed to distillation, the spirit arises without bringing over any thing considerable of the virtues of the sanders. The residuum contains the virtues of six times its weight of the wood. Hoffman looks upon this extract as a medicine of similar virtues to ambergris, and recommends it as an excellent restorative in great debilities.

252. STRUTHIOLOA. Five species; viz. virgata, nana, juniperina, erecta, ovata. C. of G. Hope.

253. KRAMERIA. One species; viz. ixina. S. Amer.

254. ACENA. One species; viz. elongata. Mexico.

255. RIVINA. Four species; viz. humilis, levis, brasiliensis, octandra. W. Indies.

256. SALVADORA. One species; viz. persica. Persia, India.

257. CAMPHOROSMA. Five species; viz. paleacea, monspeliaca, acuta, glabra, pteranthus. S. Eur. Cape.

258. ALCHEMILLA, or Ladies-mantle. Six species; viz. capensis, * vulgaris, * alpina, pentaphylla, aphanoides, aphanes. Alps of Eur.

* A. leaves gashed.—The whole of this plant is astrin-gent. In the province of Smolandia in Gothland, they make a tincture of the leaves, and give it in spasmodic or convulsive diseases. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine refuse it. Cows are not fond of it.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

259. CRUZITA. One species; viz. hispanica.

260. BUFONIA, or Toad-grass. One species; viz. * tenuifolia. 261. Hamamelis, or Witch Hazel. One species; virginica. Carolina, Virginia.

262. Cuscuta, or Dodder. Five species; viz. europea, americana, africana, monogynia, chinensis.

* C. flowers sitting, mostly 4-cleft.—The seeds of this species sown in a pot produce plants, but which soon die, unless they can attach themselves to some other plant. As soon as the shoots have twined about an adjoining plant, they send out from their inner surface a number of little vesicles or papilla, which attach themselves to the bark or rind of the plant. By degrees the longitudinal vessels of the stalk, which appear to have accompanied the vesicles, shoot forth from their extremities and make their way to the foster plant, by dividing the vessels and insinuating themselves into the tenderest part of the stalk; and so intimately are they united with it, that it is easier to break than to disengage them from it.

263. Hypocoum. Four species, viz. procumbens, littorale, pendulum, erectum.

264. Narteria. One species, viz. depressa. S. America.

265. Galopina. One species; viz. circoides. C. of G. Hope.

Order III. Trigynia.

266. Boscia. One species; viz. undulata.

Order IV. Tetragynia.

267. Ilex, or Holly. 19 species; viz. aquifolium, japonica, opaca, crocea, serrata, latifolia, perado, prionoides, cassine, vomitoria, crenata, emarginata, salicifolia, asiatica, integra, rotunda, obcordata, acuminate, concifolia. Asia, N. America.

* I. leaves egg-shaped, acute, thorny, on leaf-stalks; flowers in a kind of umbel, axillary.—All the varieties which gardeners reckon, to the amount of 40 or 50, are derived from this one species, and depend upon the variegation of the leaves or thorns, and the colour of the berries. Sheep are fed in the winter with the croppings, as are also deer. Birds eat the berries. The bark fermented, and afterwards washed from the woody fibres, makes the common bird-lime. It makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping; nor is its verdure, or the beauties of its scarlet berries, ever observed to suffer from the severest of our winters. The wood is used in veneering, and is sometimes stained black to imitate ebony. Handles for knives and cogs for mill-wheels are made of it.—It is said to have been observed by Linnaeus, that the lower branches within reach of cattle bear thorny leaves, whilst the upper ones which stand in no need of such defence are without thorns.

268. Coldenia. One species; viz. procumbens. E. Indies.

269. Potamogeton, or Pond-weed. 14 species; viz. natans, fluitans, heterophyllum, perfoliatum, densum, * lucens, * crispum, serratum, * compressum, * pectinatum, * setaceum, * gramineum, * marinum, * pusillum. Europe, N. America.

* P. leaves oblong egg-shaped, on leafstalks, floating natans.—The leaves of this plant floating upon the surface of water, afford an agreeable shade to fish, and are the habitation and food of the phalena potamogeton. The roots are a favourite food of the swan.

270. Ruppia. One species; viz. * maritima.

271. Sagina, or Pearl-wort. Five species; viz. * cerastoides, * procumbens, * apetala, * erecta, and virginica of Virginia.

272. Tillia, or Small Annual House-leek. Five species; viz. aquatica, prostrata, vaillantii, capensis, perfoliata, umbellata, decumbens, muscosa. Eur. C. of G. Hope.

273. Myginda. Five species; viz. vragoga, rhacoma, latifolia. N. America, W. Indies.

In the class Tetrandria are: 117 Genera, which include 638 Species. Of these 56 species are found in Britain.

Class V. Pentandria.

Order I. Monogynia.

Sect. I. Flores monopetalis, inferius, monospermis.

373. Mirabilis. Nux infra corollam. Cor. infundibuliformis. Stigma globosum papillosum.

295. Tricratus. Nux 5-angularis. Cor. infundibuliformis, lacinias bilobis. Cal. o.

M. Nut beneath the cor. The cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma globular pimpled.

T. Nut 5-angular. Cor. funnel-shaped with 2-lobed segments. No calyx. 318. **Plumbago.** Sem. 1. Stam. valvis inserta. Cor. infundibulif. Stigma 5-fidum.

317. **Weigelia.** Sem. 1. Cor. infundibulif. Stylus à latere germinis.

470. **Quinchamala.** Sem. 1. Cor. tubulosa. Antherae sessiles.

428. **Corymbium.** Sem. 1, lana involut. Cor. infundibulif. Cor. 2-phyll. Anth. connatae.

**Sect. II. Flores monopetali, inferi, dispermi. Asperifolia.**

281. **Cerinthe.** Cor. fauce nuda ventricosa. Nuc. 2, ossae, 2-loculares.

287. **Messerschmidia.** Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Nuc. 2, suberosae.

**Sect. III. Flores monopetali, inferi, tetrapermii. Asperifolia.**

286. **Echium.** Cor. fauce nuda, irregularis, campanulata.

274. **Heliotropium.** Cor. fauce nuda, hypocraterif. lobis dente interjectis. Sem. 4.

279. **Pulmonaria.** Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Cal. prismaticus.

276. **Lithospermum.** Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Cal. 5-partitus.

282. **Onosma.** Cor. fauce nuda, ventricosa. Sem. 4.

280. **Symphytum.** Cor. fauce dentata, ventricosa.

283. **Borago.** Cor. fauce dentata, rotata.

285. **Lycopsis.** Cor. fauce forniciata, infundib. tubo curvato.

284. **Asperugo.** Cor. fauce forniciata, infundib. Fructus compressus.

278. **Cynoglossum.** Cor. fauce forniciata, infundib. Sem. depressa, latere affixa.

277. **Anchusa.** Cor. fauce forniciata, infundib. tubo basi prismatico.

275. **Myosotis.** Cor. fauce forniciata, hypocraterif. lobis emarginatis.

**Sect. IV. Flores monopetali, inferi, pentaspermi.**

289. **Nolana.** Cor. monopetala. Nuces 5, 2 s. 4-loculares.

**Sect. V. Flores monopetali, inferi. Angiospermi.**

374. **Coris.** Caps. 1-locularis, 5-valvis. Cor. irregularis. Stigma capitatum.

303. **Hydrophyllum.** Caps. 1-locularis; 2-valvis. Cor. nectariis 5, exarata. Stigma bifidum.

434. **Galax.** Caps. 1-locularis, 2-valvis. Cor. hypocrat. Stigma subtrotundum.

432. **Barreria.** Caps.? Cor. rotata. Anth. cohaerentes. Stigmata 3.

294. **Cortusa.** Caps. 1-locularis, oblonga. Cor. rotata. Stigma subcapitatum.

306. **Anagallis.** Caps. 1-locularis, circumscis. Cor. rotata. Stigma capitatum.

P. Seed 1. Stamen inserted in the valves. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma 5-cleft.

W. 1 Seed. Cor. funnel-shaped. Style with lateral seed-buds.

Q. 1 Seed. Cor. tubular. Anther sitting.

C. 1 Seed, covered with wool. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 2-leaved. Anthers united at the base.

**Sect. II. Flowers monopetalous, inferior, 2-seeded. Rough leaves.**

C. Cor. with a naked mouth, distended. Nuts 2, hard as bone, 2-celled.

M. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-shaped. Nuts 2, eroded beneath, 2-seeded.

**Sect. III. Flowers monopetalous, inferior, 4-seeded. Rough leaves.**

E. Cor. with a naked mouth, irregular, bell-shaped.

H. Cor. with a naked mouth, and lobes divided by a salver-shaped tooth. Seeds 4.

P. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-shaped. Cal. prism-shaped, i.e. differing from cylindrical in the cup being angular.

L. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-shaped. Cal. 5-partite.

O. Cor. with a naked mouth, distended. Seeds 4.

S. Cor. with a toothed mouth, distended.

B. Cor. with a toothed mouth, wheel-shaped.

I. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-shaped; tube curved.

A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-shaped; fruit compressed.

C. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-shaped. Seed depressed, fixed in the side.

A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-shaped; the tube prismatic at the base.

M. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, salver-shaped; lobes notched at the end.

**Sect. IV. Flowers monopetalous, inferior, 5-seeded.**

N. Cor. monopetalous. 5 Nuts, 2 or 4-celled.

**Sect. V. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seeds in a capsule.**

C. Caps. 1-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular. The stigmas growing in heads.

H. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. furrowed with 5 nectaries. Stigma 2-cleft.

G. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. salver-shaped. Stigma nearly round.

B. Caps.? Cor. wheel-shaped. Anthers cohering. Stigmas 3.

C. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma nearly growing in heads.

A. Caps. 1-celled, cut round. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma growing in a head. 395. Lysimachia. Caps. 1-locularis, 10-valvis. Cor. rotata. Stigma obtusum.

396. Doroena. Caps. 1-locul., 1-valv., polysperma. Cor. 5-fida. Stigma emarginatum.

298. Cyclamen. Caps. 1-locularis, intus pulposa. Cor. reflexa. Stigma acutum.

297. Dodecatheon. Caps. 1-locul. oblonga. Cor. reflexa. Stigma obtusum.

296. Soldanella. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. lacerata. Stigma simplex.

395. Lita. Caps. 1-locul., 2-valv. Cor. hypocraterif. Anth. in tubo sessiles. Stigma truncatum.

293. Primula. Cap. 1-locularis. Cor. infundib. faucis pervia. Stigma globosum.

291. Aretia. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma depressum capitatum.

392. Bacoa. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. inaequal. Stigma capitatum.

301. Hottonia. Cor. faucis forniciata, infundib. Sem. depressa, latera affixa.

343. Sheffieldia. Caps. 1-locul. 5-valv. Cor. campanulata. Stam. alterna sterilis.

299. Menyanthes. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. villosa. Stigma bifidum.

479. Allamanda. Caps. 1-locularis, lentiformis, bivalvis, valvulis cymbiformibus. Sem. imbricata.

507. Theophrasta. Caps. 1-locularis, maxima. Cor. campanulata. Stigma acutum.

371. Geniostoma. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. infundibulif. faucis villosa.

308. Spigelia. Caps. 2-locularis, didyma. Cor. infundib. Stigma simplex.

334. Sphenoclea. Caps. 2-locularis, circumscissa. Cor. 5-fid. calyce minor. Stigma capitatum.

390. Ophiorhiza. Caps. 2-locul. 2-partita. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum.

321. Retzia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. cylindrica, extus villosa. Stigm. 2-fidum.

323. Convolvulus. Caps. 2-locularis, 2-sperma. Cor. campanulata. Stigm. 2-fidum.

310. Lisianthus. Caps. 2-locularis, polysperma. Cor. infundib. ventricosa. Styl. persistens.

377. Datura. Caps. 2-locul. 4-valvis. Cor. infundib. Cal. deciduous.

378. Hyoscyamus. Caps. 2-locularis operculata. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum.

379. Nicotiana. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. infundib. Stigm. emarginatum.

376. Verbascum. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. rotata. Stigma obtusum. Stam. declinata.

394. Chironia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. tobo urceolato. Antherae defloratae spirales.

322. Porana. Fructus bivalvis. Calyx in fructu grandifactus. Stylos elongatus semibifidus.

292. Diapensia. Caps. 3-locularis. Cor. hypocrat. Cal. 8-phyllus.

320. Phlox. Caps. 3-locularis. Cor. hypocrater. tubo curvo. Stigm. trifidum.

326. Polemonium. Caps. 3-locularis. Cor. 5-partita. Stam. valvis imposita.

324. Cantua. Caps. 3-locul. 3-valv. Sem. alata. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. 3-fid.

325. Ipomoea. Caps. 3-locularis. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum.

L. Caps. 1-celled, with 10 valves. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma blunt.

D. Caps. 1-celled, 1-valved, many-seeded. Cor. 5-cleft. Stigma notched at the end.

C. Caps. 1-celled, pulpy within. Cor. bent back. Stigma sharp.

D. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Cor. bent back. Stigma blunt.

S. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. ragged. Stigma undivided.

L. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. salver-shaped. Anthers sitting in the tube. Stigma lopped.

P. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped with a previous mouth. Stigma globular.

A. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. salver-shaped, flat-headed.

B. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Cal. unequal. Stigma headed.

H. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-shaped. Seed sunk, fixed in the side.

S. Caps. 1-celled, 5-valved. Cor. bell-shaped. Alternate stamens barren.

M. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. woolly. Stigma 2-cleft.

A. Caps. 1-celled, globular, but compressed, 2-valved, with boat-shaped valves. Seed tilted.

T. Caps. 1-celled, very large. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma acute.

G. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped, with woolly mouth.

S. Caps. 2-celled, double. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma undivided.

S. Caps. 2-celled, cut round. Cor. 5-cleft, less than the calyx. Stigma headed.

O. Caps. 2-celled, 2-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma 2-cleft.

R. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. cylindrical, outside woolly. Stigma 2-cleft.

C. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma 2-cleft.

L. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. Cor. funnel-shaped. Distended. Style permanent.

D. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. deciduous.

H. Caps. 2-celled, covered with a lid. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma headed.

N. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma notched at the end.

V. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma obtuse. Stamens bent.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. with a pitcher-shaped tube. Anthers twisted after having shed their pollen.

P. Fruit 2-valved. Calyx swelling with the fruit. Style elongated, half-cleft.

D. Caps. 3-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Cal. 8-leaved.

P. Caps. 3-celled. Cor. salver-shaped, with a crooked tube. Stigma 3-cleft.

P. Caps. 3-celled. Cor. 5-partite. Stamens placed on valves.

C. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds winged. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma 3-cleft.

I. Caps. 3-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma with a little head. 375. Brossia. Caps. 5-locul. Cor. truncata. Cal. carnosus.

312. Azalea. Caps. 3-locul. Cor. campanulata. Stigm. obtusum.

315. Eparris. Caps. 5-locul. Cor. infundibulif. villosa. Squama nectarif.

481. Nerium. Follic. 2, erecti. Cor. faucae corona. nata. Sem. papposa.

482. Echites. Follic. 2, erecti. Cor. infundib. faucae nuda. Sem. papposa.

483. Plumeria. Follic. 2, retracti. Cor. infun- dib. Sem. alata.

484. Cameraria. Follic. 2, lobati. Cor. hypo- crat. Sem. alata.

485. Tabernamontana. Follic. 2, pulposi. Cor. hypocrat. Sem. simplicia.

486. Vinea. Follic. 2, erecti. Cor. hypocrat. Sem. simplicia.

475. Cerbera. Drupa 2, nuces submonospermæ. Cor. infundibulif.

339. Thouinia. Drupa. Cor. campanulata, ex- tus hispidæ. Cal. 5-phyll.

402. Tectona. Drupa sicca, nuce 3-locul. Cor. infundibulif.

391. Ardisia. Drupa 1-sperma. Cor. hypocraterif. limbo reflexo.

401. Bumelia. Drupa 1-sperma. Cor. hypocraterif. limbo dentibus interjecto. Nect. 5-phyll.

474. Gynopogon. Drupa nuce semilibocul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma globosum villosum.

399. Laugeria. Drupa 1-sperma. Nux 5-locu- lar. Stigm. capitatum.

398. Varroonia. Drupa 1-sperma. Nux 4-locul. Stigm. 4-plex.

396. Cordia. Drupa 1-sperma. Nux 4-locularis. Stigma dichotomum. Cal. baccæ accretus.

386. Ignatia. Drupa polysperma. Cor. infundi- bulif. tubo longissimo.

397. Ehretia. Drupa 4-sperma. Nux 2-locular. Stigm. emarginatum.

316. Styphelia. Drupa 5-locularis. Cor. tubu- losa.

478. Willughbeja. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. capitatum.

473. Carissa. Baccæ 2, polyspermæ.

392. Jaquinia. Baccæ 1-sperma. Cor. 10-fida. Nect. 5-phyll.

421. Myrsine. Baccæ 1-sperma. Cor. campanu- lat. Stigm. villosum.

422. Bladhia. Baccæ 1-sperma. Sem. arillatum. Cor. rotata.

472. Pæderia. Baccæ 2-sperma, inflata, fragilis.

471. Rauwolfia. Baccæ 2-sperma. Sem. corda- ta.

415. Arduina. Baccæ 2-sperma. Sem. oblonga. Cor. curvata. Stigm. 2-fidum.

387. Cestrum. Baccæ 1-locularis. Filamenta dente notata.

311. Fragæa. Baccæ 2-locul. carnos. Cor. in- fundibulif. tubo longo. Stigm. capitatum.

288. Tournefortia. Baccæ 2-locul. loculis 2-sper- mis, apice perforata.

385. Strychnos. Baccæ 2-locularis corticosa. Stigma capitatum.

B. Caps. 5-celled. Cor. lopped. Cal. fleshy.

A. Caps. 5-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma blunt.

E. Caps. 5-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped, woolly. A scale honey-bearing.

N. Air-bags 2, erect. Cor. with a crowned mouth. Seeds downy.

E. Air-bags 2, erect. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a naked mouth. Seeds downy.

P. Air-bags 2, drawn back. Cor. funnel-shaped. Seeds winged.

C. Air-bags 2, gashed. Cor. salver-shaped. Seeds winged.

T. Air-bags 2, pulpy. Cor. salver-shaped. Seeds undivided.

V. Air-bags 2, erect. Cor. salver-shaped. Seeds undivided.

C. Drupes 2, nuts nearly 1-seeded. Cor. funnel- shaped.

T. A drupe. Cor. bell-shaped, rough without, with stiff bristly hairs. Cal. 5-leaved.

T. A drupe, dry, with a 3-celled nut. Cor. funnel- shaped.

A. A drupe 1-seeded. Cor. salver-shaped, border turned back.

B. A drupe with 1 seed. Cor. salver-shaped, border notched with teeth. Nect. 5-leaved.

G. A drupe with a nut half 2-celled. Cor. salver- shaped. Stigma globular, woolly.

L. A drupe with 1 seed. A nut 5-celled. Stigma with a knob.

V. A drupe 1-seeded. Nut 4-celled. Stigma 4- fold.

C. A drupe 1-seeded. Nut 4-celled. Stigma forked. Cal. growing to the berry.

I. A drupe. Many seeds. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a very long tube.

E. A drupe, 4-seeded. Nut 2-celled. Stigma notch- ed at the end.

S. A drupe, 5-celled. Cor. tubular.

W. Cor. salver-shaped. Stigma with a little head or knob.

C. Berries 2, many-seeded.

J. Berry 1-seeded. Cor. 10-cleft. Nectary 5- leaved.

M. Berry 1 seed. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma wool- ly.

B. Berry 1 seed. Seed coated. Cor. wheel-shaped.

P. Berry 2-seeded, inflated, brittle.

R. Berry 2-seeded. Seeds heart-shaped.

A. Berry 2-seeded. Seeds oblong. Cor. crooked. Stigma 2-cleft.

C. Berry 1-celled. Filaments toothed.

F. Berry 2-celled, fleshy. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a long tube. Stigma with a knob.

T. Berry 2-celled, with 2-seeded cells perforated at the point.

S. Berry 2-celled, bark-like. Stigma with a knob. 384. **Capsicum.** Bacca 2-locul. exsucce. Antherae conniventes.

* 385. **Solanum.** Bacca 2-locularis. Antherae bifurcatae.

382. **Physalis.** Bacca 2-locul. Calyx inflato. Antherae approximate.

380. **Jabarosa.** Bacca? Cor. tubulosa longissima.

* 381. **Atropa.** Bacca 2-locul. Stam. distantia, incurvata.

394. **Ellisia.** Bacca 2-locul. Sem. 2, altero superiore.

388. **Liciun.** Bacca 2-locular. Sem. basi villosa claudentia.

390. **Cryptostomum.** Bacca 3-locul. Cor. infundibulif. calyci inserta. Nect. 1-phylum, corollam claudens.

416. **Camax.** Bacca 4-locul. villos. polysp. Cor. rotata. Cal. 5-part.

319. **Triguera.** Bacca 4-locul.; locul. 2 sperm. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 5-dent.

341. **Solandra.** Bacca 4-locul. polysperma. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. ringens.

369. **Menais.** Bacca 4-locular. Cal. 3-phyllus. Stigm. duo.

449. **Leea.** Bacca 5-sperma. Cor. rotata. Nect. urceolat. 5-fid. staminiferum.

403. **Sideroxylon.** Bacca 5-sperma. Cor. 10-fida, laciniis interioribus conniventibus.

400. **Chrysophyllum.** Bacca 10-sperma. Cor. 10-fida, laciniis exterioribus perfectissimis.

393. **Bassonia.** Bacca polysperma nodulosa. Cor. rotata.

364. **Bæobotrus.** Bacca polysperma. Cor. tubulos. Cal. duplex.

---

**Sect. VI. Flores monopetali, superi.**

* 233. **Samolus.** Caps. 1-locularis, apice 5-valvis, Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. capitatum.

352. **Vireta.** Caps. 1-locul. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 5-dent. dentibus interjectis.

338. **Bellonia.** Caps. 1-locul. umbilico rostrato. Cor. rotata, stigm. acutum.

337. **Macrogynemum.** Caps. 2-locul. turbinata. Cor. camp. Stigm. bilobum. Sem. imbricata.

351. **Dentella.** Caps. 2-locul. Cor. infundibulif. laciniis 3-dentat.

350. **Chimarrhis.** Caps. 2-locul.; locul. 1-sperm. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. 2-part.

336. **Rondeletia.** Caps. 2-locular. subglobosa. Cor. infund. Stigm. obtusum.

346. **Cinchona.** Caps. 2-locular. intus dehiscens. Cor. hirsuta. Stigm. simplex.

340. **Portlandia.** Caps. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. ventricosa. Stigm. simplex. Sem. imbricata.

330. **Roella.** Caps. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. rotata. Stigm. 2-fidum.

344. **Goodenia.** Caps. 2-locul. Cor. 1-petal. longitudinaliter fissa.

* 331. **Phyteuma.** Caps. 2 s. 3-locul. perforata. Cor. 5-partita. Stigm. 2 s. 3-fidum.

332. **Trachelium.** Caps. 3-locul. perforata. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. capitatum.

329. **Campanula.** Caps. 2 s. 3-locul. Cor. 1, perforata. Cor. campanul. Stigm. 3-fidum.

---

**Sect. VI. Flowers monopetalous, superior.**

* S. Caps. 1-celled, with 5 valves at the top. Cor. salver-shaped. Stigma with a knob.

V. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped. Cal. 5-toothed, the teeth interjected.

B. Caps. 1-celled, dimple-beaked. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma sharp.

M. Caps. 2-celled, turban-shaped. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds tiled.

D. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped, with segments 3-toothed.

C. Caps. 2-celled; cell 1-seeded. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma 2-partite.

R. Caps. 1-celled, nearly globular. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma obtuse.

C. Caps. 2-celled, gaping within. Cor. shaggy. Stigma undivided.

P. Caps. 2-celled, crowned. Cor. bellied. Stigma undivided. Seeds tiled.

R. Caps. 2-celled, crowned. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stigma 2-cleft.

G. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. 1 petal, cleft lengthwise.

* P. Caps. 2 or 3-celled, perforated. Cor. 3-partite. Stigma 2 or 3-cleft.

T. Caps. 3-celled, perforated. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma with a knob.

C. Caps. 2 or 3-celled, perforated. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma 3-cleft.

Q 342. *LOBELIA.* Caps. 2 s. 3-locl. Cor. 1 petal. irregul. Auth. connate.

345. *SCYVOLA.* Drupa 1-sperma. Cor. irregularis flabelliformis, fissura longitudinali.

367. *SCHOEFERIA.* Drupa 1-sperma. Cor. campunlata. Cal. duplex, alter inferus, alter superus.

372. *MATTIOLIA.* Bacca 1-sperma. Cor. infundibulif. indivisa. Stigm. obtusum.

363. *MORINDA.* Bacca 1-sperma, aggregata. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum.

349. *PSYCHOTRIA.* Bacca 2-sperma. Sem. sulcata. Cor. infundib. Stigm. emarginatum.

353. *COFFEA.* Bacca 2-sperma. Sem. arillata. Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. 2-partitum.

354. *CHICOGCCA.* Bacca 2-sperma. Cor. infundib. Stigm. simplex.

389. *SERISSA.* Bacca 2-sperma. Cor. infundibulif. faucis ciliata, laciniis limbi subtrilobis.

357. *CEPHALIS.* Bacca 2-sperma. Cor. tubulosa. Involucr. subtetraphyll. Recept. paleaceum.

355. *VANGUERIA.* Bacca 8 s. 5-sperma. Cor. hypocraterif. tubo globoso, faucis pilosa.

347. *SOLENA.* Bacca 1-locl. Cor. hypocraterif. tubo longissimo. Stigm. 3-fid.

356. *CANEPHORA.* Fruct. 2-locl. Cor. campanulata. Cal. communis tubulosus multifloris.

358. *BERTIERIA.* Bacca 2-locl. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. 2-lamellat. Stam. tubo inserta.

361. *LONICERA.* Bacca 2-locularis subrotunda. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. capitatum.

476. *WEBERA.* Bacca 2-locl.; locul. 1-sperm. Cor. infundibulif.

477. *GARDENIA.* Bacca 2-locularis polysperma. Cor. infundibulif.

348. *UCRIANA.* Bacca 2-locl. Cor. hypocraterif. tubo longissimo. Stigm. 2-lamellat. Stam. faucis inserta.

362. *TRIOSTEUM.* Bacca 3-locl. coriacea. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. oblongum.

467. *PLOCAMA.* Bacca 3-locl.; locul. 1-spermis. Corolla campanulata.

370. *MUSSEENDA.* Bacca 4-locularis, oblonga. Cor. infundib. Stigm. 2-part.

360. *SCHWENKFELDIA.* Bacca 5-locl. polysperm. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. 5-part.

359. *HAMELLIA.* Bacca 5-locular. polysperma. Cor. tubo longo. Stigm. lineare.

368. *ERITHALIS.* Bacca 10-locl. subglobosa. Cor. rotata. Stigm. acutum.

† *Ixia pentandra, pavetta pentandra, oldenlandia, digyna pentandra, rubiae et crucianelle nonnullae, prinos.*

**Sect. VII. Flores tetrapetali.**

365. *STROEMIA.* Bacca corticosa 2-valv. Cal. 4-phyll. Nect. ligulat.

**Sect. VIII. Flores pentapetali, inferi.**

442. *HIRTIELLA.* Bacca 1-sperma. Stylus lateralis. Stam. persistens, spiralis.

*405. RHAMNUS.* Bacca 3-locularis, rotunda. Cal. tubul. Corollifer. petala 5 convergentia.

**Sect. VII. Flowers 4-petaled.**

S. Bark-like berry with 2 valves. Cal. 4-leaved. Nectary strap-shaped.

**Sect. VIII. Flowers 5-petaled, inferior.**

H. Berry 1-seeded. Style lateral. Stamens permanent, twisted.

* R. Berry 3-celled, round. Cal. tubular. Cor. bearing 5 converging petals. 412. CEANOTHUS. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubul. Corollifer petala fornicata.

424. EVONYMUS. Bacca capsularis, lobata. Cal. patens. Sem. baccato-arillata.

423. CELASTRUS. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. planus. Sem. arillata.

429. STAABIA. Bacca 5-sperma corticata. Recept. paleaceo-villosum. Stam. calyci inserta.

434. EUPAREA. Bacca exsucce 1-locul. polyp. Petal. 5-12.

440. BILLARDIERA. Bacca polysperma. Stigm. simpl.

414. RYCHIA. Bacca polysperma. Styl. c. Cor. reflexa.

453. VITIS. Bacca 5-sperma. Cor. saepe connata. Stylus nullus.

439. ESCALONIA. Bacca 2-locularis. Stigma capitat.

441. MANGIFERA. Drupa reniformis. Cor. peta. lis lanceolat. Nux langunosa.

406. ZIZYPHUS. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Cal. tubul. corollifer. Petala oris 5, convergentia.

404. SCHREBERA. Drupa sica nuce 2-locul. Nect. margo elevat.

438. ELEODENDRUM. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Pe. tal. subrotund. Glandula sub germinae.

430. WALKERA. Drupa 5, monospermæ. Cal. 5-part.

451. CORYNOCARPUS. Nux clavata. Nect. 5, pe. taliflora basi glandulosæ.

435. HUMBOLDTIA. Legumen. Petal. 5, lanceo. lata. Cal. 4-part.

425. PILOCARPUS. Caps. 2-5, inferne coitite. Stam. infra germem inserita.

436. CEDRELLA. Caps. 5-locularis, basi dehiscens. Cor. receptaculo unita. Sem. alata.

437. CALODENDRIUM. Caps. 6-locul. 5-angulat. petal. lanceolat. Germen pedicellat. Nect. 5-phyl.

413. SCOPOLIA. Caps. baccata 5-locul.; locul. 1- sperm. Stigm. capitat.

420. POLYCARDIA. Caps. 5-locul. Sem. arillata. Petala rotundata. Stigm. lobatum.

431. PITTOSPORUM. Caps. 2-5-locul. 5-valv. Sem. tecta pulpa. Petala conniventia in tubum.

417. BUTTERNERIA. Caps. 5-cocca. Cal. petalis auriculatus. Stam. nectario annexa.

418. AYENIA. Caps. 5-locul. Petala in stellulam connata. Nect. urceolus pistillum tegens staminifere.

419. GLUTA. Capsula? Petala pedicello germinis inserita. Cal. campanulat. deciduous.

426. DIOSMA. Caps. 5-plex. Nectar. germ. coro. nans. Sem. arillata.

314. SPRENGELIA. Caps. 5-locul. 5-valv. polysper. ma. Anth. connate.

427. HOVENIA. Caps. 3-locul. 3-valv. Petala obo. vata. Stigm. 3.

335. NAUCLEA. Caps. 2-locul. polysperm. Recept. commun. pilosum.

447. IMPATIENS. Caps. 1-locul. 5-valv. Cor. ir. regul. calcarat. Cal. 2-phyl. Anth. coherentes.

446. VIOLA. Caps. 1-locul. 3-valv. Cor. irregul. calcarata. Cal. 5-phyl. Anth. coherentes.

459. CLATTONIA. Caps. 1-locul. 3-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Stigm. 3-fidum.

C. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular. Cor. bearing vaulted petals.

E. Berry capsular, lobed. Cal. extending. Seeds berried-coated.

C. Berry 3-celled. Cal. flat. Seeds coated.

S. Berry 5-seeded, barked. Receptacle chaffy-woolly. Stamens inserted in the calyx.

E. Berry dry, 1-celled, many-seeded. Petals 5-12.

B. Berry many-seeded. Stigma undivided.

R. Berry many-seeded. No style. Cor. bent back.

V. Berry 5-seeded. Cor. often united at the base. No style.

E. Berry-celled. Stigma with a little head.

M. A drupe kidney-shaped. Cor. with spear-shaped petals. Woolly nut.

Z. A drupe with a 2-celled nut. Cal. tubular, bearing the cor. Petals of the mouth 5, converging.

S. A dry drupe, with a 2-celled nut. The margin of the nectary elevated.

E. A drupe, with a 2-celled nut. Petals nearly round. A gland beneath the germin.

W. 5 drupes, 1-seeded. Cal. 5-partite.

C. Club-shaped nut. Nectaries 5, petal-shaped, with a glandular base.

H. A leguminous plant. Petals 5, spear-shaped. Cal. 4-partite.

P. Caps. 2-5 uniting beneath. Stamens inserted beneath the germin.

C. Caps. 5-celled, gaping at the base. Cor. united to the receptacle. Seeds winged.

C. Caps. 6-celled, 5-angled. Petals spear-shaped. Germen on a pedicle. Nectary 5-leaved.

S. Caps. berried, 5-celled. Cells 1-seeded. Stigma with a little head.

P. Caps. 5-celled. Seeds coated. Petals rounded. Stigma lobed.

P. Caps. 2-5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds covered with pulp. Petals converging into a tube.

B. Caps. 5-celled. Cal. ear-shaped with petals. Stamens annexed to the nectary.

A. Caps. 5-celled. Petals united at the base into a star. A pitcher-shaped nectary covering the pistil which bears the stamens.

G. Capsule? Petals inserted in the pedicle of the germin. Cal. bell-shaped, deciduous.

D. Caps. 5-fold. Nectary crowning the germin. Seeds coated.

S. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Anthers united at the base.

H. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Petals egg-shaped with the small end downwards. Stigm. 3.

N. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. The common receptacle hairy.

I. Caps. 1-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular, having a spur. Cal. 2-leaved. Anthers cohering.

V. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Cor. irregular, spurred. Cal. 5-leaved. Anthers cohering.

C. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Cal. 2-valved. Stigma 3-elelf. 457. Roridula. Caps. 1-locl. 3-valvis. Nectarium scrotiforme.

433. Itea. Caps. 1-locl. 2-valvis. Cal. corollifer. Stigm. obtusum.

455. Aegiceras. Caps. 1-locl. arcuata, 1-valv. 1-sperma. Cal. 5-fid.

458. Sauvagesia. Caps. 1-locl. Nectarium 5-phyllum. Petala imbricata.

407. Ventilago. Samara 1-sperma, apice alata. Cal. 5-fid. corollifer.

428. Brunia. Sem. 1, villosum. Recept. commune villosum. Stam. unguibus petal. inserta.

† Cassalpinia pentandra. Bombax pentandrum. Cassia nictitans.

Sect. IX. Flores pentapetali, superi.

* 445. Ribes. Bacca polysperma. Cal. corollif. Sty. 2-fidus.

* 452. Hedera. Bacca 5-sperma. Cal. cingens fruct. Stigm. simplex.

444. Plectronia. Bacca 2-sperma. Cal. ungubus clausus. Antherae incluse germinatæ.

443. Strumpfia. Bacca 1-sperma. Cal. 5-dent. Anth. in corpus ovatum cohaerentem.

409. Phyllica. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubulosus, corollifer, squamis 5 convergentibus.

410. Carpodetus. Bacca sicca, 5-locl. petala calycis margini inserta.

448. Gronovia. Caps. 1-sperma, colorata. Cal. coloratus. Petala minuta.

* 328. Jasione. Caps. 2-locl. Involuc. 10-fid. Cal. 5-part. Anth. basi cohaerentes.

343. Cyphia. Capsula? Petala equa linearia. Filamenta pilosa, basi cohaerentia. Stigm. cavum, gibbum.

450. Argophyllum. Caps. 3-locl. Petala lanceolata. Nect. 5-angul. pyramidatum.

327. Lightfootia. Caps. 3-5-locl. Cor. fundo clausa, valvis staminiferis. Cal. 5-phyll.

458. Lagoezia. Sem. 2, nuda. Cal. pinnato-pentinatus. Pet. bicornia.

366. Conocarpus. Sem. 1, depressum. Recept. aggregens. Petala conniventia.

Sect. X. Flores incompleti, inferi.

462. Achyranthes. Sem 1, oblongum. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus, nudus.

464. Chenodia. Utriculas depressus, 1-spermus.

463. Celosia. Caps. 3-sperma. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus 3 coloratus.

* 465. Illecebrum. Caps. 1-sperma, 5-valvis. Cal. simplex, rudis.

* 466. Glaux. Caps. 5-sperma, 5-valvis. Cal. simplex, rudior, campanulatus.

411. Colletia. Fruct. 3-coccus. Cor. campanulata, 5-fida, plisis 5 squamiformibus instructa. Cal. o.

† Polygonum amphibium, lepathifolium. Polycnemum oppositifolium. Samara pentandra, floribunda. Caratena.

R. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Nectary purse-shaped.

I. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cal. bearing the corolla. Stigm. obtuse.

Æ. Caps. 1-celled, bowed, with 1 valve, 1 seed. Cal. 5-cleft.

S. Caps. 1-celled. Nectary 5-leaved. Petals tiled.

V. Close seed-vessel, 1-seeded, winged at the point. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the corolla.

B. Seed 1, woolly. Common receptacle woolly. The stamens inserted in the claws of the petals.

Sect. IX. Flowers 5-petaled, superior.

* R. Many-seeded berry. Cal. bearing the corolla. Style 2-cleft.

* H. Berry 5-seeded. Cal. surrounding the fruit. Stigma undivided.

P. Berry 2-seeded. Cal. ending in claws. Anthera in pairs, shut up.

S. Berry 1-seeded. Cal. 5-toothed. Anthers uniting into an egg-shaped body.

P. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular, bearing the corolla with 5 converging scales.

C. Berry dry, 5-celled. Petals inserted in the extremity of the calyx.

G. Caps. 1-seeded, coloured. Cal. coloured. Petals minute.

* J. Caps. 2-celled. Involucrum 10-cleft. Cal. 5-partite. Anthers cohering at the base.

C. Capsule? Petals equal, strap-shaped. Filaments hairy, cohering at the base. Stigma hollow, bulging.

A. Caps. 3-celled. Petals spear-shaped. Nectary 5-angled, pyramidal.

L. Caps. 3-5-celled. Cor. with a shut bottom, the valves bearing the stamens. Cal. 5-leaved.

L. Seeds 2, naked. Cal. comb-like, winged. Petals 2-horned.

C. Seed 1, depressed. Receptacle incorporating. Petals converging.

Sect. X. Flowers incomplete, inferior.

A. Seed 1, oblong. Cal. exterior, 3-leaved, naked.

C. A little bag, depressed, 1-seeded.

C. Caps. 3-seeded. Cal. exterior, 3-leaved, coloured.

* I. Caps. 1-seeded, with 5 valves. Cal. undivided, rough.

* G. Caps. 5-seeded, 5-valved. Cal. undivided, considerably rough, bell-shaped.

C. Fruit 4-celled. Cor. bell-shaped; 5-cleft, with 5 scaly plaits. No cal. Sect. XI. Flores incompleti, superi.

* 469. THESIUM. Sem. 1, coronatum. Cal. staminifer. 460. HELICONIA. Caps. 3-cocca, locul. 1-sperm. Cor. 3-petala. Nect. 2-phyll. 461. STRELITZIA. Caps. 3-cocca, locul. polysperm. Col. 3-petal. Nect. 3-phyll.

ORDO II. DIGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flores monopetali, inferi.

494. STAPELIA. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata, nectarinisstellatis. 488. CYNANCHUM. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nectario cylindrico. 487. PERIPOCA. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nectaris 5 filiformibus. 491. HOSTEA. Folliculi 5, angulares. Cor. rotata. 489. APOCYNUM. Folliculi 2. Cor. campan. Nectaris glandulosis 5. Setis 5. 486. PERGULARIA. Folliculi 2. Cor. hypocraterif. Nect. 5, semi-sagittata. 490. ASCLEPIAS. Folliculi 2. Cor. reflexa. Nectaris 5, auriformibus unguiculatis. 493. CEROPEGIA. Folliculi 2. Cor. limbus connivens. 492. MELODINUS. Bacca 2-locul. polysperma. Faux corollae coronatus. * 511. SWERTIA. Caps. 1-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. rotata, poris 5 nectariferis. * 512. GENTIANA. Caps. 1-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. tubulosa indeterminata. 502. CRESSA. Caps. 1-sperma, 3-valvis. Cor. hypocraer. Limbo reflexo. 506. NAMA. Caps. 1-locul. 4-gona, 2-valvis. Cor. longitudine calycis tubulosa. 507. HYDROLEA. Caps. 2-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. rotata. 508. ROCHEFORTIA. Fruct. 2-locul. polysperm. Cor. infundibuliform. 513. DICHONDRRA. Capsule 2. Cor. campanulata.

† Cuscuta nonnulla.

Sect. II. Flores pentapetali, inferi.

510. VELZIA. Caps. 1-locul. 1-valvis. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulosus. 495. LINCONIA. Caps. 2-locul. Petalis lacuna. Cal. 4-phyllus. 515. BUMALDA. Caps. 2-locul. 2-rostris. Cor. 5-petal. germinis inserta. Styli villosi. 509. HEUCHERA. Caps. 2-locul. 2-rostrata. Cor. 5-petala, calyci inserta. 501. ANABASIS. Bacca 1-sperma. Cor. 5-petala, minima.

† Staphylea pinnata.

Sect. III. Flores incompleti.

* 500 SALSOLA. Sem. 1, cochleatum, tectum. Cal. 5-phyllus.

Sect. XI. Flowers incomplete, superior.

* T. Seed 1, crowned. Cal. bearing the stamens. H. Caps. 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Cor. 3-petaled. Nectary 2-leaved. S. Caps. 3-celled, cells many-seeded. Cor. 3-petaled. Nectary 3-leaved.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flowers monopetalous, inferior.

S. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-shaped; with star-like nectaries. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-shaped. A cylindrical nectary. P. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-shaped, with 5-thread-shaped nectaries. H. Air-bags 5, angular: Cor. wheel-shaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bell-shaped, with 5 glandular nectaries. Bristles 5. P. Air-bags 2. Cor. salver-shaped. Nectaries 5, half-arrow-shaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bent back, with 5 nectaries ear-shaped, with claws. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. the border converging.

M. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. The mouth of the cor. crowned. * S. Caps. 1-celled; 2-valved. Cor. wheel-shaped, with 5-honey-bearing little holes. * G. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. tubular, not bordered. C. Caps. 1-seeded, with 2 valves. Cor. salver-shaped; the border bent back. N. Caps. 1-celled, 4-gon. 2-valved. Cor. tubular, of the length of the calyx. H. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cor. wheel-shaped. R. Fruit 2-celled, many-seeded. Cor. funnel-shaped. D. Capsules 2. Cor. bell-shaped.

Sect. II. Flowers 5-leaved, inferior.

V. Caps. 1-celled, 1-valved. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular. L. Caps. 2-celled, with a pit in the petals. Cal. 4-leaved. B. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. Cor. with 5 petals inserted in the germen. Styles woolly. H. Caps. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Cor. 5 petals inserted in the calyx. A. Berry 1-seeded. Very small 5-petaled cor.

* S. Seed 1, shell-like, covered. Cal. 5-leaved. 497. Chenopodium. Sem. 1, orbiculare. Cal. 5-phyllus, foliolis concavis.

498. Beta. Sem. 1, reniforme. Cal. 5-phyllus, basi semen foveas.

496. Herniaria. Sem. 1, ovatum, tectum. Cal. 5-partitus. Filam. 5, sterilia.

502. Gomphrena. Casp. 1-sperma, circumscissa. Cal. diphyllus, compressus, coloratus.

504. Rosea. Bacca 1-sperma. Cal. 5-phyllus.

505. Ulmus. Samara compressa. Cal. 1-phyllus, emarcescens.

499. Microtea. Drupa sicca echinata. Cal. 5-phyll. patens.

Polygonum virginianum. Zizyphi nonnullae species. Trianthema pentandra.

Sect. IV. Flores pentapetali, superi, capsulares.

514. Vahlia. Caps. truncata, 1-loclul. 2-valv. Petal. ovata. Cal. 5-phyll.

Sect. V. Flores pentapetali, superi, dispermi, umbellatae.

A. Involucre universali partialique.

516. Phyllis. Flor. dispersi.

518. Eryngium. Fl. capitati. Recept. paleaceum.

519. Hydrocotyle. Fl. subumbellati, fertiles. Sem. compressa.

520. Azorella. Fl. subumbellati, fertiles. Sem. subglobosa, tridentata, sulcata.

517. Cussonia. Fl. subumbellati. Margo receptaculi in calicem 5-dentatum dilatus.

521. Sanicula. Flor. subumbellati, abortivi. Sem. muricata.

522. Astrantia. Flor. umbellati, abortivi. Invol. coloratum. Sem. rugosa.

541. Heracleum. Fl. radiati, abortivi. Invol. deciduum. Sem. membranacea.

548. Oenanthe. Fl. radiati, abortivi radio. Invol. simplex. Sem. coronata, sessilia.

525. Echinophora. Fl. radiati, abortivi. Invol. simplex. Sem. sessilia.

528. Caucalis. Fl. radiati, abortivi. Invol. simplex. Sem. muricata.

529. Artea. Fl. radiati, abortivi. Invol. pinnatum. Sem. margine crenis foliacis.

530. Daucus. Fl. radiati, abortivi. Invol. pinnatum. Sem. hispida.

527. Tordylium. Fl. radiati, fertiles. Invol. simplex. Sem. margine crenata.

540. Laserpitium. Fl. flocculosi, abortivi. Pet. cordata. Sem. 4-alata.

536. Peucedanum. Fl. flocculosi, abortivi. Invol. simplex. Sem. depressa, striata.

531. Ammi. Fl. flocculosi, fertiles. Invol. pinnatum. Sem. gibba, levia.

526. Hasselquistia. Fl. floccul. fertiles. Petala cordata. Sem. radii plana; disci urceolata.

C. 1. round and flat seed. Cal. 5-leaved, with concave leaflets.

B. 1 seed, kidney-shaped. Cal. 5-leaved, seed adhering to the base.

H. 1 oval covered seed. Cal. 5-partite. 5 barren filaments.

G. Caps. 1-seeded, cut round. Cal. 2-leaved, compressed, coloured.

B. A berry 1-seeded. Cal. 5-leaved.

U. Seed-vessel compressed. Cal. 1 leaf, fading.

M. A drupe, dry, prickly. Cal. 5-leaved, expanding.

Sect. IV. Flowers 5-petaled, superior, capsular.

V. Caps. lopped, 1-celled, 2-valved. Petals oval. Cal. 3-leaved.

Sect. V. Flowers with 5 petals, superior, 2-seeded, umbellated.

A. With an universal and partial involucrem.

P. Flowers dispersed.

E. Flowers with little heads. Receptacle chaffy.

H. Flowers nearly umbellated, fertile. Seeds compressed.

A. Flowers nearly umbellated, fertile. Seeds nearly globular, 3-toothed, furrowed.

C. Flowers nearly umbellated. The extremity of the receptacle dilated into a 5-toothed calyx.

S. Flowers nearly umbellated, barren. Seeds covered with sharp points.

A. Flowers umbellated, barren. Involucrem coloured. Seeds wrinkled.

H. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrem deciduous. Seeds membranaceous.

O. Flowers radiated, outer florets barren. Involucrem undivided. Seeds crowned, sitting.

E. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrem undivided. Seeds sitting.

C. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrem undivided. Seeds covered with sharp points.

A. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrem winged. Seeds in the border with scolloped leaves.

D. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrem winged. Seeds rough, with bristly hairs.

T. Flowers radiated, fertile. Involucrem undivided. Seeds scolloped at the border.

L. Flowers with tubular florets, barren. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds 4-winged.

P. Fl. tubular florets, barren. Involucrem undivided. Seeds depressed, scored.

A. Fl. tubular florets, fertile. Involucrem winged. Seeds bulging, level.

H. Fl. tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds of the ray flat; of the disk pitcher-shaped.

533 533. Conium. Fl. floscul. fertiles. Pet. cordata. Sem. gibba, costato-sulcata; involucella dimidiata.

524. Exoacantha. Fl. floscul. fertiles. Petal. cordata. Sem. ovata, striata. Involucrem et involucella spinosa.

532. Bunium. Flor. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Involucella setacea.

535. Athamanta. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. convexa, striata.

523. Bupleurum. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. involuta (plerisca folia indivisa, s. involucella petaliformis).

544. Sium. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. subovata, striata.

534. Selinum. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. depressa, striata.

547. Cuminum. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Umb. 4-fid. Invol. setacea, longissima.

539. Ferula. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. plana.

537. Crithmum. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiuscula. Invol. horizontale.

546. Bubon. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiusc. Invol. 5-phyllum.

538. Cochrys. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiusc. Sem. cortece suberoso.

542. Ligusticum. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. involuta. Invol. membranacea.

543. Angelica. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiusc. Umbellulae globosae.

545. Sison. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiusc. Umbell. depauperata.

B. Involucris partialibus; universali nullo.

551. Æthusa. Flor. subradiati, fertiles. Involucella dimidiata.

552. Coriandrum. Fl. radiati, abortivi. F. subglobosi.

553. Scandix. Flor. radiat. abort. Fr. oblongi.

554. Chærophillum. Fl. floscul. abort. Fr. subglobosi.

549. Phellandrium. Fl. floscul. fert. Fr. coronati.

555. Imperatoria. Fl. flosc. fert. Umbell. expanso-plana.

556. Seseli. Fl. flosc. fert. Umbell. rigidula.

550. Cicuta. Fl. flosc. fert. Pet. planiuscula.

† Bupleurum rotundifolium. Apium petroselinum et anisum.

C. Involvero nullo; nec universali, nec partialibus.

559. Smyrnium. Flor. floscul. abortivi. Sem. reniformia angulata.

561. Carum. Fl. floscul. abortivi. Sem. gibba, striata.

557. Thapsia. Fl. floscul. fert. Sem. membranacea, alata, emarginata.

558. Pastinaca. Fl. flosc. fert. Sem. depressa plana.

560. Anethum. Fl. flosc. fert. Sem. marginata, striata.

C. Flowers with tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds bulging, rib-furrowed; the small involucra extending half round.

E. Fl. tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds oval, scored. The total and partial involucra thorny.

B. Fl. tubular florets fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds convex, striped.

A. Fl. florets fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds convex, scored.

B. Fl. florets fertile. Petals rolled inwards (usually the leaves undivided, or the involucella or small involucra petal-shaped).

S. Fl. florets fertile. Petals nearly heart-shaped. Seeds nearly egg-shaped, scored.

S. Fl. florets fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds depressed, scored.

C. Fl. florets fertile. Petals heart-shaped. An umbel 4-cleft. Involucra very long, bristly.

F. Fl. florets fertile. Petals heart-shaped. Seeds flat.

C. Fl. florets fertile. Petals little planes. Involucrum horizontal.

B. Fl. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Involucrum 5-leaved.

C. Fl. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Seeds with a gnawed bark.

L. Fl. florets fertile. Petals rolled inwards in a membranaceous involucrum.

A. Fl. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Small globular umbels.

S. Fl. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Slender umbel.

B. With partial involucra; none universal.

Æ. Flowers nearly radiated, fertile. Small involucra going half round.

C. Flowers radiated, barren. Fruits nearly globular.

S. Flowers radiated, barren. Fruits oblong.

C. Flowers are florets, barren. Fruits nearly globular.

P. Flowers are florets, fertile. Fruits crowned.

I. Flowers are florets, fertile. An umbel expanding, flat.

S. Flowers are florets, fertile. Inflexible umbel.

C. Flowers are florets, fertile. Petals flattened.

C. With no involucrum; neither universal nor partial.

S. Flowers barren florets. Seeds kidney-shaped, angular.

C. Flowers barren florets. Seeds bulging, scored.

T. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds membranaceous, notched at the end.

P. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds sunk flat.

A. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds bordered, scored.

*564.* 564. *Aegopodium.* Fl. flosc. fert. Sem. gibba, striata. Pet. cordata.

563. *Apium.* Fl. flosc. fert. Sem. minuta, striata. Pet. inflexa.

562. *Pimpinella.* Fl. flosc. fert. Umbell. ante florescentiam nutantes. Pet. cordata.

**Ordo III. TRIGYNYIA.**

**Sect. I. Flores superi.**

567. *Viburnum.* Cor. 5-fida. Bacca 1-sperma.

569. *Sambucus.* Cor. 5-fida. Bacca 3-sperma.

**Sect. II. Flores inferi.**

565. *Semicarpus.* Cor. 5-petala. Nux 1-sperma in receptaculo compresso carnoso magno.

566. *Rhus.* Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 1-sperma.

568. *Cassine.* Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3-sperma.

574. *Reichelia.* Cor. 1-petala, campanulata. Caps. 3-locul. circumscissa.

570. *Spatheelia.* Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 3-locularis, 3-gona, 1-sperma. Filamenta basi dentata.

571. *Staphylea.* Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 2 s. 3-fida, inflata.

572. *Tamarix.* Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 1-locularis. Sem. coma pappifloris coronata.

581. *Drypis.* Cor. 5-petala, coronata. Caps. 1-sperma, circumscissa.

576. *Turnera.* Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 1-locularis. Cal. 1-phyllos, corollifer.

575. *Salmasia.* Cor. 5-petala. Styl. o. Caps. 3-locul. 3-valv.

583. *Sarothra.* Cor. 5-petala, Caps. 1-locul. colorata. Cal. 1-phyllos.

580. *Alsine.* Cor. 5-pet. Caps. 1-locul. Cal. 5-phyllos. Pet. 2-fida.

577. *Telephium.* Cor. 5-pet. Caps. 1-locul. triquetra. Cal. 5-phyllos.

578. *Corrigiola.* Cor. 5-pet. Sem. 1, triquetrum. Cal. 5-partitus.

584. *Portulacaria.* Cor. 5-petala. Sem. 1 alato-triquetrum. Cal. 2-phyllos.

579. *Pharnaceum.* Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllos. Caps. 3-locularis.

573. *Xylophylla.* Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 3-coc. seminibus binis.

582. *Basella.* Cor. nulla. Cal. 6-fidus. Sem. 1 globosum, calyce baccato.

† *Ziziphus palinurus.* Celastrus.

**Ordo IV. TETRAGYNYIA.**

585. *Parnassia.* Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 4-valvis. Nect. 5, ciliata-glandulosa.

586. *Evolvulus.* Cor. 1-petala. Caps. 4-locul.

**Ordo V. PENTAGYNYIA.**

**Sect. I. Flores superi.**

587. *Aralia.* Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 5-locul.; locul. 1-sperma.

*AE. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds bulging, scored. Petals heart-shaped.

*A. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds minute, scored. Petal bent inwards.

*P. Flowers fertile florets. Umbels drooping before the flowering. Petals heart-shaped.

**Order III. TRIGYNYIA.**

**Sect. I. Flowers superior.**

V. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry 1-seeded.

S. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry 3-seeded.

**Sect. II. Flowers inferior.**

S. Cor. 5-petaled. Nect. 1 seed in a large fleshy compressed receptacle.

R. Cor. 5 petals. Berry 1-seeded.

C. Cor. 5 petals. Berry 3-seeded.

R. Cor. 1 petal, bell-shaped. Caps. 3-celled, cut round.

S. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 3-celled, 3-gon. One seed. Filaments toothed at the base.

S. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 2 or 3-cleft, inflated.

T. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 1-celled. Seeds crowned with a double-like comb.

D. Cor. 5 petals, crowned. Caps. 1-seeded, cut round.

T. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 1-celled. Cal. 1-leaved, bearing the corolla.

S. Cor. 5 petals. No style. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved.

S. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 1-celled, coloured. Cal. 1-leaved.

A. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 1-celled. Cal. 5-leaved. Pet. 2-cleft.

T. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 1-celled, 3-cornered. Cal. 3-leaved.

C. Cor. 5 petals. Seed 1, 3-cornered. Cal. 5-partite.

P. Cor. 5 petals. Seed 1, winged at 3 sides. Cal. 2-leaved.

P. No cor. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 3-celled.

X. Cal. 5-partite. Caps. 3-celled, with two seeds in each.

B. No cor. Cal. 6-cleft. Seed 1, globular, with a berried calyx.

**Order IV. TETRAGYNYIA.**

P. Cor. 5 petals. Caps. 4-valved. Nectaries 5, fringed, glandular.

E. Cor. 1 petal. Caps. 4-celled.

**Order V. PENTAGYNYIA.**

**Sect. I. Flowers superior.**

A. Cor. 5 petals. Berry 5-celled, each cell 1-seeded. **Sect. II. Flores inferi.**

594. **Crassula.** Cor. 5-partita. Caps. 5, poly- sperma.

593. **Gisechia.** Cor. o. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 5, rotundic, 5-sperma.

590. **Linum.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 10-locularis, 2-sperma.

591. **Aldrouanda.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 1-locu- laris, 10-sperma.

592. **Drosera.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 1-locularis, apice dehiscent.

595. **Mahernia.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5-locula- ris, glabra.

596. **Commersonia.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5-lo- col. echinata.

597. **Sibbaldia.** Cor. 5-petala. Sem. 5. Cal. 10-fidus.

589. **Statice.** Cor. 5-partita. Sem. 1, calyx infundib. vestitum.

† **Cerastium pentandrum. Spergula pentandra. Erodium.**

**Ordo VI. DECAGYNIA.**

598. **Schefflera.** Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 10-locl.; locul. 1-spermis.

**Ordo VII. POLYGYNIA.**

* 599. **Myosurus.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Nect. 5, lingu- lata. Sem. numerosa.

560. **Zanthorrhiza.** Cal. o. Petala 5. Nect. 5, pedicellata. Caps. 5, monospermæ.

**Order I. MONOGYNIA.**

274. **Heliotropium**, or Turnsole,

Includes, 22 species; viz. peruvianum, amplexicaule, indicum, parviflorum, inundatum, villosum, europæum, coromandelianum, malabaricum, marifolium, supinum, undulatum, lineatum, strigosum, curassavicum, zeylan- icum, persicum, scabrum, orientale, gnaphaloides, terna- tum, pinnatum. S. Eur. Asia, W. Indies, Peru.

275. **Myosotis.**

12 species; viz. scorpioides, arvensis, nana, fruti- cosa, spatulata, rupestris, virginiana, lappula, squar- rosa, echinophora, spinocarpos, pectinata. Europe, N. America.

276. **Lithospermum**, or Gromwell.

16 species; viz. officinale, arvense, inanum, pa- pillosum, virginianum, tinctorium, apulum, scabrum, orientale, purpureo-cæruleum, fruticosum, callosum, ciliatum, tenuiflorum, dispersum, retortum. Europe, Egypt, Virginia.

* L. seeds wrinkled; corolla or blossoms hardly longer than the calyxes or cups.—The girls in the north of Europe, it is said, paint their faces with the juice of the root of this plant upon days of festivity. The bark of the root tinged wax and oil of a beautiful red, similar to that which is obtained from the root of the foreign alanet that is kept in the shops. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

* L. seeds smooth; corol. scarcely longer than the officinale. calyx; leaves lanceolate or spear-shaped.—This species is found wild in dry fields and hedges. Its seeds are roundish, hard, of a whitish colour, like little pearls; and from these circumstances, they were at one time supposed peculiarly serviceable in calculous disorders. Their taste is merely farinaceous.

277. **Anchusa**, or Bugloss.

13 species; viz. paniculata, capensis, officinalis, ita- lica, angustifolia, undulata, tinctoria, hispida, virginica, lanata, sempervirens, parviflora, cespitosa. Europe, Madeira, N. America.

278. **Cynoglossum**, or Hounds-tongue.

24 species; viz. officinale, pictum, lanceolatum, virginicum, limense, cheirifolium, apenninum, hispidum, hirsutum, echinatum, muricatum, angustifolium, levi- gatum, gatoum, glastifolium, cristatum, lusitanicum, linifolium, lanatum, japonicum, lateriflorum, scorpioides, omphalodes, cappadocicum, myosotoides. S. Europe, Japan, Virginia.

officinale. * C. stamens shorter than the blossom; leaves broad, spear-shaped, sitting, cottony.—Both the root and leaves of this plant have been suspected to possess narcotic properties, but some will not admit of the fact. It is discarded from the present practice; though some individuals are said to use a decoction of the roots inwardly, and cataplasm of them outwardly, in strumous and scrophulous cases. Its scent is very disagreeable, and very much resembles that of mice. Goats eat it. Cows, horses, sheep, and swine, refuse it. It furnishes food to the phalena domina.

279. Pulmonaria, or Lungwort.

Seven species; viz. * angustifolia, * officinalis, sufruticosa, paniculata, virginica, sibirica, * maritima. Europe, N. America.

officinalis. * P. root-leaves egg-heart-shaped, rough; upper leaves egg-shaped, acute.—This plant, when burnt, is said to afford a larger quantity of ashes than almost any other vegetable; often 1-7th of its weight. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. The chrysomela nemorum feeds upon it.

280. Symphytum, or Comfrey.

Three species; viz. officinale, * tuberosum, orientale. Ger. Fr. Spain, India.

officinale. * S. leaves egg-shaped, decurrent.—The particles of the pollen are said to appear in the microscope like two globules united together. The leaves give a grateful flavour to cakes and panada, and the young stems and leaves are excellent when boiled. The roots are glutinous and mucilaginous, and a decoction of them is used by dyers to extract the colouring matter of gum lac. Cows and sheep eat it. Horses, goats, and swine refuse it.

281. Cerinthe, or Honeywort.

Three species; viz. major, aspera, minor. Austria, S. Europe.

282. Oxosma.

Eight species; viz. simplicissima, orientalis, echioides, sericea, corulea, tenuiflora, caspica, micrantha. Europe, India.

283. Borago, or Borage.

Seven species; viz. officinalis, indica, africana, longifolia, zeylanica, orientalis, cretica. E. Indies, Africa.

officinalis. * B. all the leaves alternate; cal. expanding.—It appears by experiment that the juice of this plant affords a true nitre. It is seldom used inwardly, but as an ingredient in cool tankards for summer drinking, though the young and tender leaves are good in salads, or as a pot herb. It is said to afford nourishment to the phalena gamma. Horses are said to have eaten it.

284. Asperugo, or Small Wild Bugloss.

Two species; viz. * procumbens and egyptiaca. Europe, Egypt.

285. Lycopsis.

Nine species; viz. vesicaria, pulla, ciliata, obtusifolia, variegata, * arvensis, echioides, orientalis, virginica. Germ. S. Eur. Virginia.

286. Echium, or Vipers Bugloss.

26 species; viz. fruticosum, candicans, giganteum, strictum, argenteum, sericeum, setosum, trichotomum, hispidum, paniculatum, trigonum, capitatum, lavagatum, glabrum, incanum, spicatum, caudatum, plantagineum, * italicum, rubrum, * vulgare, * violaceum, maritimum, creticum, orientale, lusitanicum. S. Europe, Cape, Canaries.

* E. stem rough with bristles and tubercles; stem-vulge leaves spear-shaped, rough with hair; flowers in lateral spikes.—Cows and sheep are said not to be fond of this plant. Horses and goats refuse it. Bees are fond of the flowers, but get their wings torn by its strong hairs.

287. Messerschmidia.

Three species; viz. fruticosa, arguzia, cancellata. Siber. Canaries.

288. Tournefortia, or Basket Withe.

Eleven species; viz. serrata, hirsutissima, volubilis, syringefolia, foetidissima, humilis, bicolor, cymosa, argentea, sericea, sufruticosa. Ceylon, West Indies, S. America.

289. Nolana.

One species; viz. prostrata. Peru.

290. Diapensia.

One species; lapponica. Lapland.

291. Aretia.

Three species; viz. helvetica, alpina, vitaliana. Alps, Pyrenees.

292. Androsace.

Ten species; viz. maxima, elongata, filiformis, septentrionalis, odoratissima, villosa, chamissonis, obtusifolia, lactea, carnea. N. Eur. Archipelago.

293. Primula, or Primrose.

17 species; viz. verticillata, * veris, * elatior, * farinosa, cortusoides, villosa, nivalis, longiflora, glutinosa, marginata, auricula, gigantea, minima, integrifolia, carniolica, finnarchica, viscosa, sibirica. Europe.

* P. leaves toothed, wrinkled, scape many-flowered, terminal of the cor. concave.—This is a low plant, growing wild in woods and hedges, and producing pale yellow flowers in the spring. The leaves have an herbaceous taste. The roots are slightly bitter, with a kind of aromatic flavour, which some compare to that of aniseeds; their expressed juice purified by settling is sometimes used as a sternutatory. The flowers have an agreeable flavour, but very weak; an infusion of them in wine, and a spirit distilled from them, are used in some places as cordial and nervine.

294. Cartusa, or Bears-eat Sanicle.

Two species; viz. mathioli, gmelini. Alps of Siberia and Austria.

295. Tricratus.

One species; viz. admirabilis.

296. Soldanella, or Soldanel.

One species; viz. alpina. Alps of Austria and Switzerland.

297. Dodecatheon, or Virginian Cowslip.

One species; viz. meadin. North America.

298. Cyclamen, or Sour-bread.

Five species; viz. coum, * europaeum, persicum, hederifolium, indicum. Austria, S. Europe, Ceylon. 299. **Menyanthes**, or Bog-bean.

Four species; viz. *nymphoides*, ovata, indica, *trifoliata*. Europe, Cape, Ceylon, Malta.

* M. leaves growing by threes; cor. segments entire at the edge, shaggy on the upper surface.—An infusion of the leaves of this plant is said to be extremely bitter, and is prescribed in rheumatisms and dropsies. A dram of them in powder, purges and vomits. It is sometimes given to destroy worms. In a scarcity of hops, this plant is used in the north of Europe to bitter the ale. Two ounces supply the place of a pound of hops. Some people smoke the dried leaves. The powdered roots are sometimes used in Lapland instead of bread, but they are unpalatable. Some people say that sheep will eat it, and that it cures them of the rot. But from the usual experiments, it appears that though goats eat it, sheep sometimes will and sometimes will not. Cows, horses, and swine, refuse it.

300. **Doréna**.

One species; viz. japonica.

301. **Hottonia**, or Water-violet.

Four species; viz. *palustris*, sessiliflora, indica, serrata. North of Europe and India.

302. **Bacopa**.

One species; viz. aquatica. Guiana, Cayenne.

303. **Hydrophyllum**, Water-leaf.

Two species; viz. virginicum, canadense. North America.

304. **Ellisia**.

One species; viz. nyctelea. Virginia.

305. **Lysimachia**, or Loose-strife.

15 species; viz. *vulgaris*, decurrens, ephemereum, atro-purpurea, dubia, stricta, *thyrsiflora*, quadriflora, punctata, linum, stellatum, mauritiana, *nemorum*, japonica, *nummularia*. Europe, Japan, N. America.

*L. leaves somewhat cordate, flowers solitary, stem creeping.—This species, called Moneywort, or Herb Twopence, grows spontaneously in moist watery places, and creeps on the ground with two little roundish leaves at each joint. Their taste is subastringent and very slightly acid; hence they stand recommended by Boerhaave in the hot scurvy, and in uterine and other hemorrhages. But their effects are so inconsiderable, that common practice takes no notice of them.

306. **Anagallis**, or Pimpernel.

Six species; viz. *arvensis*, pumila, monelli, latifolia, linifolia, *tenella*. Europe, Jamaica.

307. **Theophrasta**.

Two species; viz. americana, longifolia. Amer.

308. **Spigelia**, or Worm-grass.

Two species; viz. anthelmia, marilandica. North America, W. Indies.—This last species grows wild in the southern parts of North America. The roots are celebrated as an anthelmintic, particularly for the expulsion of lumbrici from the alimentary canal. Some order it in doses of ten or fifteen grains, and allege it is apt to occasion nervous affections if given in larger doses; while others order it in dram doses, alleging that the bad effects mentioned more readily happen from small, as the large ones often purge or puke: some prefer the form of infusion. An emetic is generally promised; and its purgative effect assisted by some suitable additions.

309. **Ophiorrhiza**, or Serpents-tongue.

Three species; viz. mungos, mitreola, subumbellata. E. Indies, S. America.

310. **Lisianthus**.

15 species; viz. longifolius, glaucifolius ceruleus-cens, alatus, chelonoides, purpurascens, grandiflorus, exsertus, glaber, frigidus, latifolius, umbellatus, cordifolius, carinatus, trimervius. West Indies, Surinam.

311. **Fagraea**.

One species; viz. zeylanica. Ceylon.

312. **Azalea**, or Amer. Upright Honeysuckle.

Six species; viz. pontica, indica, nudiflora, viscosa, laponica, *procumbens*. N. Europe, N. America.

313. **Sheffieldia**.

One species; viz. repens.

314. **Sprengelia**.

One species; viz. incarnata.

315. **Epacris**.

Four species; viz. grandiflora, longifolia, rosmarinifolia, pumila. Caribbee Isles.

316. **Styphelia**.

Eight species; viz. tubiflora, ericoides, strigosa, scoparia, daphnoideae, lanceolata, elliptica, juniperina.

317. **Weigelia**.

Two species; viz. japonica, coracensis. Japan.

318. **Plumbago**, or Lead-wort.

Seven species; viz. europaea, lopathifolia, capensis, zeylanica, rosea, scandens, auriculata. S. Europe, E. Indies, S. America.

319. **Triguera**.

Two species; viz. ambrosiaca, inodora. Isle of Bourbon.

320. **Phlox**, or Base Lychmis, Lichnidea.

12 species; viz. paniculata, undulata, suaveolens, maculata, pilosa, carolina, glaberrima, divarica, ovata, subulata, sibirica, setacea. Siberia, N. America.

321. **Retzia**.

One species; viz. spicata. Cape of Good Hope.

322. **Porana**.

One species; viz. volubilis. East Indies.

323. **Convolvulus**, or Bind-weed.

120 species; viz. *arvensis*, *sepium*, wheeleri, scammonia, involucratus, sibiricus, rupestris, farinosus, lanuginosus, incanus, emarginatus, medium, filicaulis, tridentatus, angustifolius, japonicus, hastatus, panduratus, bracteatus, bicolor, trilobus, plataniolius, acuminatus, carolinus, hederaceus, nil, purpureus, obscurus, flavus, angularis, batatas, maximus, biflorus, gemellus, striatus, pentanthus, gujanensis, capitatus, hispidus, parviflorus, triflorus, verticillatus, violaceus, umbellatus, tuguriorm, cordifolius, bifidus, malabaricus, coelestis, cauariensis, ferrugineus, muricatus, triquetter, anceps, torrethum, grandiflorus, speciosus, trimervius, peltatus, jalapa, macropermus, tenellus, sericeus, tomentosus, quinquiflorus, hermannii, arenarius, althoides, caricus, quinquelobus, copticus, vitifolius, dissectus, mucronatus, macrocarpus, paniculatus, paniculatus; macrorhizos, quinquefolius, venosus, glaber, pentaphyllus, tenuifolius, siculus, pentapetaloides, lineatus, saxatilis, cneorum, linearis, cantabrica, amanii, piloselloides, dorycnium, proliferus, lanatus, hystrix, spinosus, scoparius, cenotheroides, floridus, cuneatus, corymbosus, spithameus, persicus, tricolor, acetosaeolius, repens, reptans, edulis, hirtus, soldanella, imperati, pes caprae, brasiliensis, multifidus, sublobatus, capensis, sagittatus, littoralis, martiniensis. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.

* C. leaves arrow-shaped, lopped at the base; fruitstalk four-cornered, bearing 1 flower.—The inspissated juice of this plant, in doses of 20 or 30 grains, is said to be a powerful drastic purge. Scammony is the inspissated juice of a species of convolvulus, so much resembling this, that they are with difficulty distinguished. Though an acrid purgative to the human race, it is eaten by hogs in large quantities without any detriment. Sheep, goats, and horses eat it. Cows refuse it.

* C. leaves kidney-shaped; fruitstalks with 1 flower.—It is said, that half an ounce of the juice, or a drachm of the powder of this plant, is an acrid purge. The leaves applied externally, are said to diminish dropsical swellings of the feet. The different species furnish nourishment to the sphinx convoluli, and phalena elpenor.

jalap.

The root of the species termed jalapa, is brought to us in thin slices from Xalpa, a province of New Spain. Such pieces should be chosen as are most compact, hard, weighty, dark-coloured, and abound most with black circular striae. Slices of bryony root are said to be sometimes mixed with jalap. These may be easily distinguished by their whiter colour and less compact texture. This root has no smell, and very little taste upon the tongue; but when swallowed it affects the throat with a sense of heat, and occasions a plentiful discharge of saliva. Taken in substance in a dose of about half a drachm, (less or more, according to the circumstances of the patient) in plethoric or cold phlegmatic habits, it proves an effectual, and, in general, a safe purgative; performing its office mildly, seldom occasioning nausea or gripes, which too frequently accompany other strong cathartics. In hypochondriacal cases, and hot bilious temperaments, it gripes violently if the jalap be good; but rarely takes due effect as a purge. An extract made with water purges almost universally, but weakly; and, at the same time, has a considerable effect by urine: the root remaining after this process gripes violently. The pure resin, prepared by spirit of wine, occasions most violent gripings and other distressing circumstances, but proves scarce at all cathartic. Triturated with sugar or with almonds, into the form of an emulsion, or dissolved in spirits and mixed with syrups, it purges plentifully in a small dose, without occasioning much disorder. The part of the jalap remaining after the separation of the resin, yields to water an extract, which has no effect as a cathartic, but operates powerfully by urine.

Frederic Hoffman particularly cautions against giving this medicine to children, and assures us that it will destroy appetite, weaken the body, and perhaps occasion death. In this point this celebrated practitioner was probably deceived. Children, whose vessels are lax, and their food soft and lubricating, bear these kinds of medicines, as Geoffrey observes, better than adults; and, accordingly, inoculators make much use of the tincture mixed with simple syrup. A compound powder of it is employed in dropsy as a hydragogue purge; and where stimulus is not contra-indicated, jalap is considered as a safe cathartic.

The species of the genus convolvulus, called scammonia, is a climbing plant, which grows in Asiatic Turkey, and affords a gum resin. The best sorts of the gum resin come from Aleppo, in light spongy masses, easily friable, of a shining ash-colour verging to black; when powdered, of a light gray or whitish colour. An inferior sort is brought from Smyrna in more compact ponderous pieces, of a darker colour, and full of sand and other impurities. This juice is chiefly of the resinous kind. Rectified spirit of wine dissolves five ounces out of six; the remainder is a mucilaginous substance mixed with dross: proof spirit totally dissolves it, the impurities only being left. It has a faint and unpleasant smell, and a bitterish somewhat acrimonious taste. Scammony is an efficacious and a strong purgative. Its dose is from three to 12 grains.

324. Cantua.

Four species; viz. pyrifolia, buxifolia, hoitzia, coronopifolia. Peru.

325. Ipomoea, or Quamoclit.

28 species; viz. quamoclit, dissecta, umbellata, carolina, coccinea, lacunosa, leucantha, solanifolia, tuberosa, digitata, bona nox, campanulata, violacea, verticillata, carnea, repanda, filiformis, hastata, glaucifolia, simplex, hederacea, triloba, sanguinea, hederifolia, paviflora, hepaticifolia, tannifolia, pes tigridis. E. and W. Indies, America.

326. Polemonium, or Greek Valerian.

Five species; viz. *correulum, reptans, dubium, roeloides, campanuloides. N. Eur. Asia, C. of G. Hope, America.

327. Lightfootia.

Two species; viz. oxycoccoides, subulata. Cape of Good Hope.

328. Jasione, or Sheep's Scabious.

One species; viz. *montana. Europe, C. of G. Hope.

329. Campanula, or Bell-flower.

85 species; viz. cenisia, uniflora, bellardi, pulla, zoysii, gracilis, glauca, grandiflora, tetraphylla, triphylla, verticillata, *rotundifolia, linifolia, pubescens, linarioides, carpatica, lobelioides, porosa, undulata, linearis, sessiliflora, *patula, *rapunculus, unidentata, fasciculata, persicifolia, pyramidalis, americana, nitida, latifolia, ensifolia, rhomboidea, *latifolia, urticifolia, stylosa, rapunculoides, bononiensis, vesula, pteronicaefolia, graminifolia, *trachelion, *glomerata, cervicaria, marginita, thysoidea, petrea, adpressa, subulata, hispidula, paniculata, cinerea, peregrina, cernua, allionii, punctata, medium, barbata, speiata, strigosa, alpina, mollis, saxatilis, alliariefolia, sibirica, tridentata, laciniata, stricta, aurea, fruticosa, speculum, *hybrida, prismatocarpus, cochlearifolia, limenifolia, pentagonia, perfoliata, capensis, procumbent, tenella, tenella, elatines, diffusa, * hederacea, crinoides, heterophylla, erinus. Europe, N. America, Cape, Japan.

C. leaves waved; root-leaves spear-oval; panicle compact.—The roots of this plant are said to be eaten raw in salads, or boiled like asparagus. In gardens they are blanched.

330. ROELLA.

Five species; viz. ciliata, squarrosa, decurrens, muscosa, spicata. Africa.

331. PHYTEUMA, or Rampions.

16 species; viz. pauciflora, scheuchzeri, michelli, hemisphaerica, comosa, * orbicularis, nigra, betonicifolia, spicata, ovata, virgata, lobelioides, lanceolata, rigida, amplexicaulis, pinnata. Europe.

332. TRACHELIUM.

Three species; viz. ceruleum, diffusum, tenuifolium. Italy, Levant, Cape.

333. SAMOLUS, Water Pimpernel.

One species; viz. * valerandi. Europe, Asia, America.

334. SPHENOCLEA.

One species; viz. zeylanica.

335. NAUGLEA.

Six species; viz. orientalis, purpurea, parvifolia, africana, aculeata, cordifolia. E. Indies, Guiana.

336. RONDELETIA.

13 species; viz. americana, odorata, trifoliata, virgata, pilosa, thyrsidea, racemosa, laurifolia, tomentosa, umbellulata, incana, hirsuta, hirta. East and West Indies.

337. MACROCNEUM.

Three species; viz. jamaicense, candidissimum, coccineum. Jamaica.

338. BELLONIA.

Two species; viz. aspera and spinosa. America.

339. THOUINIA.

One species; viz. spectabilis. Jamaica, Hispaniola.

340. PORTLANDICA.

Four species; viz. tetrandra, grandiflora, coccinea, hexandra. Jamaica, S. America.

341. SOLANDRA.

One species; viz. grandiflora. Jamaica.

342. LOBELIA, or Cardinal-flower.

48 species; viz. linearis, simplex, pinifolia, * dortmannia, tupa, kalmii, paniculata, graminea, grandis, cornuta, depressa, columnacea, arborea, bellidifolia, triquetra, cinerea, longiflora, tomentosa, secunda, acuminate, stricta, patula, assurgens, cardinals, ferruginea, debilis, siphilitica, surinamensis, inflata, cliffortiana, * urens, minuta, laurentia, radicans, campanuloides, evinus, crinoides, anceps, repens, thermalis, pubescens, zeylanica, lutea, angulata, hirsuta, pygmeca, coronopifolia, crenata. Cape, East and West Indies, America.

The species called siphilitica grows in moist places in Virginia, and bears our winters. It is perennial, has an erect stalk three or four feet high, blue flowers, a milky juice, and a rank smell. The root consists of white fibres about two inches long, resembles tobacco in the taste, which remains on the tongue, and is apt to excite vomiting. It is used by the North American Indians as a specific for the venereal disease. The form is that of decoction; the dose of which is ordered to be gradually increased till it bring on very considerable purging, then to be intermitted for a little, and again used in a more moderate degree till the cure be completed. The ulcers are also washed with the decoction, and the Indians are said to sprinkle them with the powder of the inner bark of the spruce tree. The same strictness of regimen is ordered as during a salivation or mercurial course. The benefit to be derived from this article has not, so far as we know, been confirmed either in Britain, or by the practitioners of Virginia; for there, as well as in this country, recourse is almost universally had to the use of mercury. Hence the London college have omitted it in their list of medical plants; though in some cases it would seem to deserve trial.

343. CYPHIA.

Six species; viz. volubilis, digitata, bulbosa, cardamines, incisa, phyteuma.

344. GOODENIA.

Nine species; viz. ovata, albida, leavigata, paniculata, bellidifolia, stricta, ramosissima, heterophylla, hederacea.

345. SCÈVOLA.

Three species; viz. lobelia, koengii, sericea. South America.

346. CINCHONA, or Jesuits-bark Tree.

Nine species; viz. officinalis, pubescens, macrocarpa, caribea, corymbifera, lineata, floribunda, brachycarpa, angustifolia. Peru, West Indies, South sea.

The cinchona officinalis (Peruvian or Jesuits-bark tree) is described as being in general about 15 feet high and six inches thick. It somewhat resembles our cherry tree, grows promiscuously in forests, particularly in the hilly parts of Quito in Peru, and is spontaneously propagated from its own seeds. The bark has some odour, to most people not unpleasant, and very perceptible in the distilled water, in which floating globules, like essential oil, have been observed. Its taste is bitter and astringent, accompanied with a degree of pungency, and leaving a considerably lasting impression on the tongue. Two sorts are mentioned, viz. the coloured and the white. The coloured includes the pale, the red, the yellow, and the knotty; their barks being coloured, having the cinchona taste and smell, and the trees having very smooth leaves and purplish flowers. The white includes four varieties, their barks being of a whitish colour, with very little taste or smell, and the trees having broad hairy leaves, very fragrant red flowers, with hairs on the inside. The proper red bark, and one of the white kinds, have been found in the province of Santa Fe.

Dr Wright has described very accurately a species of cinchona, under the appellation of cinchona jamaicensis, from its being found chiefly in Jamaica. It is there called the sea-side beech, and grows from 20 to... The white-furred thick outer bark is not used; the dark-brown inner bark has the common flavour, with a mixed kind of taste at first of the horse-radish and ginger, becoming at last bitter and astringent. It seems to give out more extractive matter than the officinalis. Some of it was imported from St Lucia, in consequence of its having been successfully used in the army and navy; and Dr Kentish has treated of it at great length, under the name of St Lucia bark. When fresh, it is considerably cathartic and emetic, but is said to lose these properties on drying.

The pale and the red are chiefly used in Britain. The pale is brought to us in pieces of different sizes, either flat or quilled, and the powder is rather of a lighter colour than that of cinnamon. The red is generally in much larger thicker flattish pieces, but sometimes also in the form of quills, and its powder is reddish, like that of the Armenian bole. It is much more resinous, and possesses the sensible qualities of the cinchona in a much higher degree, than the other sorts; and the more nearly the other kinds resemble the red bark, the better they are now considered. The red bark is heavy, round, and dry; friable between the teeth; does not separate into fibres; and breaks, not shivery, but short, close, and smooth. It has three layers; the outer is thin, ragged, of a reddish-brown colour, but frequently covered with mossy matter; the middle is thicker, more compact, darker-coloured, very resinous, brittle, and yields first to the pestle. The inmost is more woody, fibrous, and of a brighter red.

The Peruvian bark yields its virtues both to cold and boiling water; but the decoction is thicker, gives out its taste more readily, and forms an ink with a chalybeate more suddenly, than the fresh cold infusion. This infusion, however, contains at least as much extractive matter, but more in a state of solution; and its colour, on standing some time with the chalybeate, becomes darker, while that of the decoction becomes more faint. When they are of a certain age, the addition of a chalybeate renders them green; and when this is the case, they are found to be in a state of fermentation, and effete. Mild or caustic alkalies, or lime, precipitate the extractive matter, which in the case of the caustic alkali is re-dissolved by a farther addition of the alkali. Lime-water precipitates less from a fresh infusion, than from a fresh decoction; and in the precipitate of this last some mild earth is perceptible. The infusion is by age reduced to the same state with the fresh decoction, and then they deposit nearly an equal quantity of mild earth and extractive matter; so that lime-water, as well as chalybeate, may be used as a test of the relative strength and perishable nature of the different preparations, and of different barks. Accordingly, cold infusions are found, by experiments, to be less perishable than decoctions; infusions and decoctions of the red bark than those of the pale; those of the red bark, however, are found, by length of time, to separate more mild earth with the lime-water, and more extractive matter. Lime-water, as precipitating the extract, appears an equally improper and disagreeable menstruum.

The power of different menstrua, as acting upon Peruvian bark, is comparatively in the following order; the most powerful solvent being placed first.

1. Dulcified spirit of vitriol, 2. Caustic ley, 3. French brandy, 4. Soft water, 5. Vinegar and water, 6. Dulcified spirit of nitre, 7. Mild volatile alkali, 8. Rectified spirit of wine, 9. Mild vegetable alkali, 10. Lime water.

The antiseptic powers of vinegar and bark united, are double the sum of those taken separately. The astringent power of the bark is increased by acid of vitriol; the bitter taste is destroyed by it. The official preparations of the bark are,

1. The powder. Of this, the first parcel that passes the sieve, being the most resinous and brittle layer, is the strongest.

2. The extract. The watery and spirituous extracts conjoined form the most proper preparations of this kind.

3. Spirituous tincture. This is best made with proof spirit.

4. The decoction. This preparation, though frequently employed, is inferior to a simple watery infusion.

The best form is that of powder; in which the constituent parts are in the most effectual proportion. The cold infusion, which can be made in a few minutes by agitation, the spirituous tincture, and the extract, are likewise proper in this respect. For covering the taste, different patients require different vehicles, liquorice, aromatics, acids, port-wine, small beer, porter, butter milk, brandy, rum, currant-jelly, &c.

According to some, the Peruvians learned the use of the bark, by observing certain animals afflicted with intermittents, instinctively led to it; while others say, that a Peruvian, having an ague, was cured by having drank of a pool, in which some felled trees had so long soaked, as to give the taste of their bark to the water; and its use in gangrene is said to have originated from its curing one in an aguish patient. About the year 1630, the lady of the Spanish viceroy, the Comitissa del Cinchon, was cured by the bark, which has therefore been called cortex or pulvis comitis, cinchona, chinachina or chinchina, kinakina or kinkina, quinquina or quinquina; and from the interest which the cardinal de Lugo and the Jesuits took in its distribution, it has been called cortex or pulvis Cardinalis de Lugo, Jesuiticus, Patrum, &c.

As it was first introduced into practice for the cure of intermittent fevers, so it seldom fails of success, when properly exhibited in these. Practitioners, however, have differed as to the best mode of exhibiting it; some prefer giving it just before the fit, some during the fit, others immediately after it. Some again, order it in the quantity of an ounce between the fits, the dose being the more frequent and larger, according to the frequency of the fits: and this mode of exhibition, although it may sometimes lead to the employment of more bark than is necessary, is thought, upon the whole, preferable, from being the best suited to most stomachs. The requisite quantity is very different in different cases, and in many vernal intermittents it seems even hardly necessary.

It often pukes and purges, and sometimes oppresses the stomach. These, or any other irregular effects that may take place, are to be counteracted by remedies particularly appropriated to them. Thus, vomiting ing is often restrained by exhibiting it in wine; looseness, by combining it with opium; and oppression at stomach, by combining it with an aromatic. But, unless for obviating particular occurrences, it is more successful when exhibited in its simplest state, than with any addition.

It is now given from the very commencement of the disease, and is to be continued, not only till the paroxysms cease, but till the natural appetite, strength, and complexion, return. Its use is then to be gradually left off, and repeated at proper intervals to secure against a relapse, to which there is a tendency, especially when the wind blows from the east. An emetic is often advantageously employed before commencing the use of it, but other evacuants seem hurtful.

The Peruvian bark seems not only suited to intermittent fevers, both latent and formed, but to that state of the constitution on which all diseases, rigidly periodical, seem to depend; as periodical pain, inflammation, hemorrhagy, spasm, cough, loss of external sense, &c. Bark is now used by some in all continued fevers, taking care to keep the bowels clean, and to promote, when necessary, the evacuation of redundant bile. In confluent smallpox it promotes languid eruption and suppuration, diminishes the fever through the whole course of it, and prevents or corrects putrescence or gangrene. In gangrenous sore throats it is much used, as it is externally and internally in all cases of gangrene. In contagious dysentery, after due evacuation, it has been used by the mouth, and by injection, with and without opium.

In all those hemorrhages called passive, which all hemorrhages are very apt to become, and likewise in all other increased discharges, it is much used; and, in certain undefined cases of haemoptysis, some allege that it is remarkably effectual, when joined with an absorbent. It is used for obviating the disposition to nervous and convulsive diseases; and some have great confidence in it, joined with the acid of vitriol, in cases of phthisis, scrofula, ill-conditioned ulcers, rickets, scurvy, and in states of convalescence. In these cases, however, it ought, in general, to be joined with a milk diet.

In dropsy, not depending on any particular local affection, it is often alternated or conjoined with diuretics or other evacuants; and by its early exhibition after the water is drawn off, or even begins to be freely discharged, a fresh accumulation is prevented, and a radical cure obtained. In obstinate venereal cases, particularly those which appear under the form of pains in the bones, the Peruvian bark is often successfully subjoined to mercury, or even given in conjunction with it. On the whole this remedy is useful in such a vast variety of cases, that its virtues cannot be sufficiently explained, by considering it merely as an ordinary tonic or astringent; and hence many practitioners consider it as possessing specific qualities peculiar to itself, the nature of which is by no means well understood.

347. SOLENA. One species; viz. longiflora.

348. UCRIANA. One species; viz. speciosa.

349. PSYCHOTRIA, or Ipecacuanha. 39 species; viz. asiatica, glabrata, axillaris, laurifolia, parviflora, hirsuta, sectens, citriflora, nitida, marginita, tenuiflora, nervosa, carthaginensis, myristiphylum, laxa, parasitica, horizontalis, nutans, speciosa, involucrata, flexuosa, racemosa, violacea, brachiata, grandis, patens, uliginosa, serpens, herbacea, emetica, corymbosa, pubescens, pedunculata, crocea, alpina, paniculata, palicurea, lutea, longiflora. E. and W. Indies, S. America, China.

The root of the Psychotria emetica, or common ipecacuan is brought from the Spanish W. Indies. It is divided into two sorts, the Peruvian and Brazilian; but the eye distinguishes three; ash-coloured or gray, brown, and white. The ash-coloured or Peruvian ipecacuan of the shops is a small wrinkled root, bent and contorted into a great variety of figures; brought over in short pieces full of wrinkles, and deep circular fissures, quite down to a small white woody fibre that runs in the middle of each piece. The cortical part is compact, brittle, looks smooth and resinous upon breaking. It has very little smell; the taste is bitterish and subacrid, covering the tongue as it were with a kind of mucilage. The brown is small and somewhat more wrinkled than the foregoing; of a brown or blackish colour without and white within: this is brought from Brasil. The white sort is woody and has no wrinkles, and no perceptible bitterness in taste. The first sort, the ash-coloured or gray ipecacuan, is that usually preferred for medicinal use. The brown has been sometimes observed, even in a small dose, to produce violent effects. The white, though taken in a large one, has scarce any effect at all: Mr Geoffrey calls this sort bastard ipecacuan, and complains that it is an imposition upon the public. Geoffrey, Newman, Dale, and Sir Hans Sloane inform us, that the roots of a kind of Apocynum (dog's-bane) are frequently brought over instead of it; and instances are given of ill consequences following from the use of these roots. If the marks above laid down, particularly of the ash-colour, brittleness, deep wrinkles, and bitterish taste, be carefully attended to, all mistakes of this kind may be prevented.

Ipecacuan was first brought to Europe about the middle of the century before the last, and an account of it published about the same time by Piso; but it did not come into general use till about the year 1686, when Helvetius, under the patronage of Lewis XIV., introduced it into practice. This root is one of the mildest and safest emetics with which we are acquainted; and has this peculiar advantage, that if it should not operate by vomit, it passes off by the other emunctories. It was first introduced among us with the character of an almost infallible remedy in dysenteries and other invertebrate fluxes, as menorrhagia and leucorrhea, and also in disorders proceeding from obstructions of long standing; nor has it lost much of its reputation by time. In dysenteries it almost always produces happy effects, and often very speedily performs a cure. In other fluxes of the belly, in beginning dysenteries, and such as are of a malignant kind, or where the patient breathes a tainted air, it has not been equally successful: in these cases it is necessary to continue the use of this medicine for several days, and to join with it opiates, diaphoretics, and the like. This root given in substance is as effectual, if not more so, than any of the preparations. rations of it: the pure resin acts as a strong irritating emetic, but is of little service in dysenteries; whilst an extract prepared with water, is almost of equal service in these cases with the root itself, though it has little effect as an emetic. Geoffrey concludes from hence that the chief virtue of ipecacuan in dysenteries depends upon its gummy substance, which, lining the intestines with a soft mucilage when their own mucus has been abraded, occasions their exulcerations to heal, and defends them from the acrimony of the juices; and that the resinous part, in which the emetic quality resides, is required where the morbid matter is lodged in the glands of the stomach and intestines. Water assisted by a boiling heat takes up from all vegetables a considerable portion of resinous along with the gummy matter: if the ipecacuan remaining after the action of water be digested with pure spirit, it will not yield half so much resin as at first; so that the aqueous extract differs from the crude root only in degree, being proportionally less resinous, and having less effect both as an emetic, and in the cure of dysenteries. The virtues of ipecacuan in this disorder depend on its producing perspiration, the freedom of which here is of the utmost importance, and an increase of which, even in healthful persons, is generally observed to decrease the evacuation by stool. In dysenteries the skin is for the most part dry and tense, and perspiration obstructed: the common diaphoretics pass off without effect through the intestinal canal; but ipecacuan, if the patient after a puke or two be covered up warm, brings on a plentiful sweat. After the removal of the dysentery, it is necessary to continue the use of the medicine for some time longer, in order to prevent a relapse; for this purpose a few grains divided into several doses, so as not to occasion any sensible evacuation, may be exhibited every day: by this means the cure is effectually established. And indeed small doses given even from the beginning have been found to have better effects in the cure of this disease than larger ones. The only officinal preparation of this root is a tincture made in wine, which has the appellation of Vinum Ipecacuanhae both in the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. Ipecacuan, particularly in the state of powder, is now advantageously employed in almost every disease in which full vomiting is requisite; and when combined with opium, it furnishes us with the most useful and active sweating medicine that we possess. It is also often given with advantage in small doses, so as neither to operate by vomiting, purging, nor sweating. The full dose of the powder is a scruple or half a dram, and double that in form of watery infusion. The full dose is recommended in the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma, and a dose of three or four grains every morning in habitual asthmatic indisposition: a dose of one-third or half a grain rubbed with sugar, and given every four hours or oftener is recommended in uterine haemorrhagy, cough, pleurisy, hemoptoey, &c., and has often been found highly serviceable. Dr Irving found that by long boiling, the activity of the root is almost totally destroyed; but that its emetic property was most effectually counteracted by means of the acetic acid; insomuch that 30 grains of the powder, taken in two ounces of vinegar, produced only some loose stools.

350. CHIMARRHIS. One species, viz. cymosa. Martinico.

351. DENTELLA. One species; viz. repens. South sea isles.

352. VIRECTA. One species; viz. biflora. Cayenne, Surinam.

353. COFFEA, or Coffee-tree. Eight species; viz. sambucina, opulina, odorata, arabica, triflora, guianensis, paniculata, occidentalis. Yemen in Arabia, W. Indies, S. America.

The coffee arabica, though it came originally from Arabia, is now cultivated in the West Indies. Its fruit is employed rather as food than as a medicine. The medical effects expected from it are to assist digestion, promote the natural secretions, and prevent or remove a tendency to sleepiness. It has been recommended in spasmodic asthma; and in some cases it is found highly useful in alleviating severe headache. In the influenza, or epidemic complaint of spring 1803, the use of coffee as the chief article of food was found to be attended with the best effects, particularly in removing that extreme debility which was the most universal and remarkable symptom of the disease.

354. CHIOCOCCA, or Snow-berry. Two species; viz. racemosa and barbata. Jamaica, S. America.

355. VANGUERIA. One species; viz. edulis. Isle of Madagascar.

356. CANEPHORA. Two species; viz. axillaris and capitata. Madagascar.

357. CEPHALES. 12 species; viz. violacea, tomentosa, punicea, elata, axillaris, purpurea, alba, glabra, involucrata, tetrandra, sessiliflora, muscosa.

358. BERTIERA. One species; viz. guianensis.

359. HAMELLIA. Five species; viz. patens, axillaris, chrysanthia, ventricosa, sessiliflora. S. America, W. Indies.

360. SCHWENKFELDIA. Three species; viz. hirta, cinerea, aspera. West Indies.

361. LONICERA, or Honeysuckle. 20 species; viz. caprifolium, dioica, sempervirens, grata, implexa, * periclymenum, japonica, nigra, quadrifolia, tatarica, * xylostemon, pyrenaica, alpigena, corulea, orientalis, flexuosa, symphoricarpos, diervilla, bulalina, corymbosa. Eur. Cape, Japan, N. Amer.

* L. heads egg-shaped, tiled, terminating; leaves di-perichly-stinct, deciduous; blossom gaping.—The beauty and num. fragrance of the flowers of this plant render it a pleasing ornament to our gardens, hedges, and arbours. Cows, goats, and sheep, eat it; horses refuse it. Various insects feed upon it.

* L. fruitstalks 2-flowered; berries distinct; leaves xylostemon very entire, pubescent. In the north of Europe this is a common plant; Linnaeus informs us it makes excellent garden hedges in a dry soil: that the clear parts between the joints of the shoots are used in Sweden as tubes for tobacco pipes, and that the wood being extremely hard makes teeth for rakes, &c. 362. Triosteum, or Fever-root, Tinker's Weed. Three species; viz. persfoliatum, augustifolium, triflorum.

363. Morinda. Three species; viz. umbellata, citrifolia, royoc.

364. Bæbotrus. Two species; viz. nemoralis and lanceolata.

365. Stroemia. Four species; viz. farinosa, tetrandra, glandulosa, rotundifolia. Arabia.

366. Conocarpus, or Button-tree. Three species; viz. erecta, procumbens, racemosa. W. Indies, Brazil.

367. Schoepfia. One species; viz. americana.

368. Erithalis. Two species; viz. fruticosa, polygama. Jamaica, S. America.

369. Menais. One species; viz. topiaria. S. America.

370. Mussenda. Two species; viz. frondosa, glabra.

371. Geniostoma. One species; viz. rupestris. South sea isles.

372. Matthiola. One species; viz. scabra.

373. Mirabilis, or Marvel of Peru. Three species; viz. dichotoma, longiflora, and iala-pa. E. and W. Indies, Mexico, Peru.

374. Coris, or Heath Low Pine. One species; viz. monspeliensis. S. of Europe.

375. Brossa. One species; viz. coccinea. S. America.

376. Verbascum, or Mullein. 17 species; viz. *thapsus, *thapsoides, boerhaavii, hemorrhoideae, phomoides, *lychnitis, ferrugineum, *nigrum, phœnicum, *blattaria, gallicum, sinuatum, pinnatifidum, barnadesii, osbechii, spinosum, miconi. S. of Europe, Madeira.

* V. leaves decurrent, cottony on both sides; stem unbranched; summit globular.—This plant externally used is said to be emollient. Dr Home advises a decoction of it, two ounces to a quart, in diarrhoeas of an old standing. It eases the pains of the intestines; it is used as an injection in tenesmus with advantage; and is often applied externally to the piles. It is said to intoxicate fish so that they may be taken with the hand. In Norway they give it to cows that are consumptive. The down serves for tinder. Neither cows, goats, sheep, horses or swine will eat it.

377. Datura, or Thorn-apple. Seven species; viz. ferox, *stramonium, tatula, fastuosa, metel, levis, arborea. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.

* D. seed-vessel thorny, upright, egg-shaped; leaves egg-shaped, smooth.—At night the leaves, particularly the upper ones, rise up and enclose the flowers. An ointment prepared from the leaves gives ease in external inflammations and hemorrhoids. The Edinburgh college directs an extract to be prepared by evaporating the expressed juice of the leaves. This has been given with great advantage in convulsive affections and epilepsies: out of 14 epileptic patients, 8 were entirely cured by it at Stockholm. The dose from 2 to 16 grains a day. The seeds or leaves given internally bring on delirium, tremors, swelling, itching, eruption, and inflammation on the skin; these effects were produced by a dose of a drachm and a half in a girl nine years old. Cows, goats, sheep, and horses, refuse it.

378. Hyoscyamus, or Henbane. Eight species; viz. *niger, reticulatus, albus, aureus, muticus, pusillus, physaloides, scopolia. S. Europe, Siberia, Persia.

* H. leaves embracing the stem, indented flowers sit-nigra ting.—The seeds, the leaves, and the roots taken internally are reputed poisonous; and well-attested instances of their bad effects are recorded: madness, convulsion, and death, are the general consequences. But Dr Smith says, he has often eaten the seeds with impunity. It is said that the leaves scattered about a house will drive away mice. The Edinburgh college order the expressed juice of the plant to be evaporated to an extract: and perhaps in this state it may be advantageously joined with opium, where the effects of that medicine are desirable, and costiveness is to be avoided. There is no doubt of its being an useful medicine under proper management. The dose is from half a scruple to half a drachm. Goats are not fond of it; horses, cows, sheep, and swine refuse it; sheep are, however, said sometimes to eat it when young: Chrysoma hyoscyami and the cinex hyoscyami are found upon it.

379. Nicotiana, or Tobacco. Seven species; viz. tabacum, fruticosa, *rustica, paniculata, urens, glutinosa, pusilla. America, China.

The species called N. tabacum was first brought into Europe about the year 1560 from the island of Tobago in America; and is now sometimes cultivated for medicinal uses in our gardens, but in general imported from America in large quantities. The leaves are about two feet long, of a pale green colour while fresh, and when carefully dried of a lively yellowish cast. They have a strong disagreeable smell, like that of the narcotic plants, and a very acrid burning taste. Taken internally, they prove violently cathartic and emetic, occasioning almost intolerable cardialgic anxieties. By boiling water their virulence is abated, and at length destroyed: an extract made by long coction is recommended by Stahl and other German physicians, as a safe and most effectual aperient, expectorant, detergent, &c.; but this medicine, which is extremely precarious and uncertain in strength, has never come into esteem among us. Of late, however, tobacco, under the form of a vinous or watery infusion, and taken in such small doses as to produce little effect from its action on the stomach, has been recommended by Dr Fowler. He found it to be a very useful and powerful diuretic, and published many cases of dropsy and dysury in which its employment was attended with the best effects. These good effects have been confirmed by the observation of other physicians.

Tobacco is sometimes used externally in unguents for destroying cutaneous insects, cleansing old ulcers, &c. Beaten into a mash with vinegar or brandy, it has sometimes proved serviceable in removing hard tumours of the hypochondries. Injections by the anus of the smoke or decoction have been used with advantage in cases of obstinate constipation threatening ileus, of incarcerated hernia, of ascariides, of spasmodic asthma, and of persons apparently dead from drowning or other sudden causes. It has been used internally in form of syrup, conserve, and infusion, in cases of worms, epilepsy, amenorrhoea, asthma, &c.; but it is certainly too active to be thus ventured on.

The N. rusticica is found wild on doughtills in several parts of England. It is said to be often substituted in the market for true tobacco, from which, however, it may be known by the leaves being much smaller and the flowers not reddish like those of the proper sort, but of a yellowish green colour.

380. JABOROSA.

Two species; viz. integriflora, roncinata. Monte Video, Buenos Ayres.

381. ATROPA, or Deadly Nightshade.

Seven species; viz. mandragora, belladonna, physaloides, procumbens, solanacea, arborescens, frutescens. Europe, Peru, Lima.

* A. stem herbaceous; leaves egg-shaped, entire.—The whole of this plant is poisonous; and children, allured by the beautiful appearance of the berries, have too often experienced their fatal effects. Tumours of the breasts, even of the cancerous kind, are said to have been resolved by a topical application of the fresh leaves. Dr Graham says he found great benefit from a poultice made of the roots, boiled in milk, and applied to hard ill-conditioned tumours and ulcers: and relates a deplorable case in which this poultice effected a perfect cure. There is no doubt but their external application may be productive of good effects in several cases, but the following instance shows us that their application is dangerous when the skin is broken: A lady who had a small ulcer, a little below one of her eyes, which was supposed to be of a cancerous nature, put a small bit of the green leaf upon it. In the morning the uvea of that eye was so affected, that the pupil would not contract even by the brightest light; whilst the other eye retained its usual powers. The leaf being removed, the eye was gradually restored to its former state. This could not be an accidental effect, for it was repeated three separate times, and the same circumstances attended each application. The juice of the ripe berries stains paper of a beautiful and durable purple.

382. PHYSALIS, or Alkekengi Winter Cherry.

17 species; viz. somnifera, aristata, flexuosa, arboretens, curassavica, tementosa, viscosa, pennsylvanica, alkekengi, peruviana, angulata, pubescens, barbadensis, chenopodifolia, minima, pruinosa, prostrata. Europe, E. and W. Indies, Carolina.

383. SOLANUM, or Nightshade.

83 species; viz. lauritilium, verbascifolium, auriculatum, pubescens, bombense, pseudo-capsicum, microcarpum, terminale, pauciflorum, diphyllum, fugax, geminatum, retrofractum, stellatum, * dulcamara, triquetrum, scandens, lyratum, tegere, quercifolium, laciniatum, radicans, havanae, triste, racemosum, co-

rymbosum, quadrangulare, repandum, homariense, macrocarpon, tuberosum, pimpinellifolium, lycopersicum, pseudo-lycopersicum, peruvianum, montanum, rubrum, nodiflorum, * nigrum, * athiopicum, melongena, subinerme, longiflorum, maricatum, insanum, torvum, volubile, ferox, campechiense, fuscatum, mammosum, hirtum, paniculatum, aculeatissimum, virginianum, aquini, xanthocarpum, conglobans, jamaicense, indicum, carolinense, sinuatum, sodomeum, capense, marginautum, stramonifolium, vesperitillo, sanctum, hybricum, tomentosum, polygamum, bahamense, obscurum, giganteum, flexuosum, lanceolofolium, lanceolatum, cleangifolium, polyacanthos, igneum, milleri, trilobatum, lycoideos. Eur. Asia, Africa, Amer.

* S. stem without prickles, rather shrub-like, zigzag: dulcamara upper leaves halberd-shaped: flowers in tuft-like bunches. ra.

—Boerhaave says it is a medicine far superior to china and sarsaparilla as a sweetener and restorative. Linnaeus says, an infusion of the young twigs is an admirable medicine in acute rheumatisms, inflammations, fevers, and suppression of the lochia. Dr Hill says he has found it very efficacious in the asthma. Dr Hallenberg advises it in ischiatric and rheumatic pains, jaundice, scurvy, and lues venerea. He directs a pint of boiling water to be poured upon two drachms of the stalks sliced and dried after standing half an hour. It must be boiled 15 minutes. The dose is two cups full or more, morning and evening. The stalks may be gathered early in spring, or at the end of autumn. The root has the smell of the potato. Sheep and goats eat it; horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

* S. stem without prickles, herbaceous; leaves egg-shaped, toothed, angular, bunches nodding, pointing two ways.—From one to three grains of the leaves infused in boiling water and taken at bed-time occasions a copious perspiration, increases the secretion by the kidneys, and generally purges more or less the following day. These properties judiciously applied render it capable of doing essential service in several diseases. But its effects on the nervous system are so uncertain, and sometimes so considerable, that it must ever be administered with the greatest caution. The leaves, externally applied, abate inflammation and assuage pain. The flowers smell like musk. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine refuse it.

384. CAPSICUM, or Guinea Pepper.

Six species; viz. annum, baccatum, sinense, grossum, frutescens, cerasiforme. E. and W. Ind.—The capsicum annum is cultivated in our gardens. It ripens its seeds in September and October. The taste of capsicum is extremely pungent and acrimonious, setting the mouth as it were on fire. It is chiefly employed for culinary purposes, and has long been used in that way; but of late it has been employed also in the practice of medicine. And there can be little doubt that it furnishes us with one of the purest and strongest stimulants which can be introduced into the human stomach, while at the same time it has nothing of the narcotic effect of ardent spirit. Dr Mackitrick Adair, who was perhaps the first that employed it as a medicine, directs its being given to the extent of six or eight grams under the form of pills, or under the form of tincture, by infusing half an ounce in a pound of rectified spirit, and giving this from one to three drachms, diluted, dilated, for a dose. He found it useful in a variety of affections, particularly in that morbid disposition which he calls the cachexia africana, and which he considers as a most frequent and fatal predisposition to disease among the slaves. This pepper has also been successfully employed in a species of cynanche maligna (putrid sore throat), which proved fatal in the W. Indies, resisting the use of Peruvian bark, wine, and the other remedies commonly employed. A variety of it, called in the West Indies bird-pepper, is the basis of a powder brought us from thence under the name of cayenne pepper.

385. STRYCHNOS, or Poison-nut. Three species; viz. nux-vomica, calubrina, potato-rum. E. Indies.

386. IGNATIA, or St Ignatius's Beans. One species; viz. amara. India.

387. CELTRUM. 11 species; viz. laurifolium, nocturnum, parqui, auriculatum, scandens, vespertinum, diurnum, venenatum, tomentosum, hirtum, latifolium. W. Indies, Peru.

388. LYCUM, or Box-thorn. 11 species; viz. afrum, rigidum, ruthenicum, tetrandrum, barbarum, cinereum, europaeum, horridum, barbatum, boerhaaviaefolium, capsulare. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.

389. SERISSA. One species; viz. ficiola.

390. CRYPTOSTOMUM. One species; viz. laurifolium. Guiana.

391. ARDISIA, or Adena. Nine species; viz. tinifolia, coriacea, serrulata, acuminata, humilis, solanacea, lateriflora, excelsa, parasitica. Madeira, Ceylon, W. Indies.

392. JAQUINIA. Five species; viz. arborea, armillaris, venosa, ruscifolia, linearis. W. Indies, S. America.

393. BASSOVIA. One species; viz. sylvatica. Guiana.

394. CHIRONIA. 16 species; viz. trimeria, jasminoides, lychnoides, nodicaulis, campanulata, angularis, pulchella, chilensis, centaurium, imperta, maritima, spicata, linoides, baccifera, frutescens, tetragona. Ceylon, Cape, N. America.

* C. herbaceous; leaves spear-shaped; calyx shorter than the tube of the blossom.—This plant is extremely bitter. It is the basis of the famous Portland powder, which prevents fits of the gout, when taken in a large quantity, and a long time together; but brings on hardness of the liver, palsy, and apoplexy. A tincture of the leaves, and the upper part of the root, is a good medicine in weak stomachs and cachetic habits. A decoction of the whole plant destroys lice, and cures the itch. Cows are not fond of it; and in sheep-pasture it is frequently left untouched.

395. LOTA. Two species; viz. rosea, cornuta.

396. CORALIA, or Sebesten Plum. 18 species; viz. myxa, obliqua, monoica, spinascens, sebestena, aspera, dichotoma, geranachanthus, flavescens, toquere, macrophylla, merianthus, elliptica, colocacca, hirsuta, tetandra, patagonula; tetraphylla. Guinea.

397. EHRETIA, or Base Cherry tree. Nine species; viz. tinifolia, aspera, lacivis, intermedis, spinosa, berberica, virgata, exsucca, buxifolia. W. Indies, S. America.

398. VARRONIA. Nine species; viz. lineata, bullata, mirabiloides, martiniensis, globosa, curassavica, angustifolia, alba, monosperma. W. Indies, S. America.

399. LAUGERIA. Five species; viz. odorata, lucida, coriacea, resinosa, tomentosa. W. Indies, S. America.

400. CHRYSANTHEMUM, or Star-apple. Seven species; viz. cainito, monopyrenum, microcarpum, argenteum, rugosum, pyriforme, glabrum. W. Indies, S. America.

401. BUMELIA. 12 species; viz. nigra, pallida, temax, retusa, foetidissima, salicifolia; mangililo, montana, nervosa, pentagona, rotundiflora, conocea. W. Indies.

402. TECTONA, or Indian Oak or Teak-wood. One species; viz. grandis.—The teak-wood is extremely valuable for ship-building, on account of its resisting in the Indian seas the worms which so speedily destroy oak and all other sorts of timber. That which is used at Calcutta is chiefly or rather entirely imported from Rangoon, a port belonging to the Burmese empire in the eastern peninsula of India. See ASIA, No. 106.

403. SIDEROXYLON, or Iron-wood. Nine species; viz. mite, incerne, melanopheum, cymosum, sericeum, argenteum, tomentosum, lycoideum, decandrum. Morocco, Cape, N. America.

404. SCHREBERA. One species; viz. albens. C. of G. Hope.

405. RHAMNUS, or Buck-thorn. 32 species; viz. catharticus, infectiorius, lycoideum, erythroxylon, oleoides, crenulatus, saxatilis, theezans, sarcomphalus, ferreus, levigatus, tetragonus, polifolius, valentinus, cubensis, colubrinus, dauricus, alpinus, pusillus, frangula, latifolius, glandulosus, ellipticus, prionoides, mystacinus, almifolius, spherospermus, hybridas, alaternus, carpinifolius, capensis, circumscissus. Europe, E. and W. Indies, Africa, N. America.

* R. thorns terminating; flowers 3-cleft; male and female on different plants; leaves egg-shaped; stems upright.—A purgative syrup prepared from the berries of this plant is kept in the shops. About an ounce of it is a moderate dose; but it generally occasions so much sickness and griping that it is falling into disuse. The flesh of birds that feed upon the berries is said to be purgative. The juice of the unripe berries is of the colour of saffron, and is used for staining maps or paper. These are sold under the name of French berries. The juice of the ripe berries mixed with alum, is the sap-green of the painters; but if they are gathered late in the autumn the juice is purple. The bark affords a beautiful yellow dye. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it; cows refuse it.

* R. without thorns; flowers hermaphrodite, with 1 frangula pistil; leaves very entire.—It is said, that from a quarter quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark of this plant boiled in small beer, is a sharp purge. In dropsies or constipations of the bowels of cattle, it is a very certain purgative. The berries gathered before they are ripe, dye wool green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparation of iron black. Charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers of gunpowder. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees; goats devour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them. The papilio rhamni and argus live upon both the species.

406. ZIZYPHUS. Ten species; viz. lineatus, volubilis, palirus, lotus, napeca, jujuba, xylopyrus, cenopia, vulgaris, spina christi.

407. VENTILAGO. One species; viz. maderaspatana.

408. CORYMBIUM. Four species; viz. scabrium, filiforme, glabrum, villosum. C. of G. Hope.

409. PHYLLICA, or Base Alaternus. 19 species; viz. ericoides, lanceolata, bicolor, capitata, eriophoros, plumosa, villosa, imberbis, stipularis, pinifolia, cordata, dioica, buxifolia, spicata, callosa, paniculata, imbricata, racemosa, parviflora. C. of G. Hope.

410. CARPODETUS. One species; viz. serratus. South sea isles.

411. COLLETIA. One species; viz. horrida. Brazil, Peru.

412. CEANOTHUS, or New-Jersey Tea. Five species; viz. americanus, macrocarpus, asiaticus, africanus, capsularis. N. America, Cape, Ceylon.

413. SCOPOLIA. Two species; viz. aculeata, inermis. South sea isles.

414. RUYSDIA. Two species; viz. clusiæfolia, surubea. W. Indies, Guiana.

415. ARDUINA, or Cape Buckthorn. One species; viz. bispinosa. C. of G. Hope.

416. CAMAX. One species; viz. fraxinea. Guiana.

417. BUTTNERIA. Seven species; viz. scabra, tereticaulis, microphylla, ovata, cordata, herbacea, catalpaefolia. S. America.

418. AYENA. Four species; viz. pusilla, leavigata, tomentosa, magna. Jamaica, Cumana, Peru.

419. GLUTA. One species; viz. benghas. Java.

420. POLYGARDIA. One species; viz. madagascarensis. Madagascar.

421. MYRSINE, or African Box-tree. Two species; viz. africana, retusa. Azores, Africa.

422. BLADHLA. Four species; viz. japonica, glabra, villosa, crispa. Japan.

423. CELASTRUS, or Staff-tree. 32 species; viz. lucidus, microphyllus, bullatus, laurinus, rostratus, undulatus, octogonus, filiformis, scandens, paniculatus, procumbens, acuminatus, cassinoides, striatus, ceruis, undatus, edulis, crenatus, dilatatus, myrtifolius, maytenus, tetragonus, articulatus, alatus, linearis, integrifolius, emarginatus, phyllacanthus, buxifolius, pyracanthus, rotundifolius, parviflorus. Amer. Cape, isle of Bourbon, Japan.

424. EVONYMUS. Seven species; viz. tobira, japonicus, europaeus, verrucosus, latifolius, atro-purpureus, americanus. * E. flowers mostly 4-cleft; leaves sitting.—The berries vomit and purge violently. They are fatal to sheep. Powdered, and sprinkled upon the hair, they destroy lice. If the wood is cut when the plant is in blossom, it is tough, and not easily broken; and in that state is used by watch-makers, for cleaning watches, and to make skewers and toothpicks. Goats and sheep eat it; horses refuse it; cows are so fond of the shoots in the spring as constantly to break down the banks of the fields wherever a plant of it stands.

425. PILOCARPUS. One species; viz. racemosus.

426. DIOSMA, or African Spiraea. 30 species; viz. oppositifolia, obtusata, linearis, virgata, alba, hirsuta, rubra, pectinata, ericoides, hispida, ciliata, bifurea, bifida, capitata, villosa, cupressina, imbricata, marginata, lanceolata, pubescens, latifolia, crenata, tetragona, uniflora, rugosa, ovata, barbigeria, pulchella, betulina, orbicularis. C. of G. Hope.

427. HOVENIA. One species; viz. dulcis. Japan.

428. BRUNIA. Eight species; viz. nodiflora, paleacea, lanuginosa, verticillata, abrotanoides, superba, fragarioides, ciliata. C. of G. Hope.

429. STAARIA. Two species; viz. radiata, glutinosa.

430. WALKERA. One species; viz. serrata. India.

431. PITTOSPORUM. One species; viz. coriaceum. Madeira, Canary isles.

432. BARBERIA. One species; viz. theabromæfolia. Guiana.

433. ITEA. Two species; viz. virginica, erylla. N. America.

434. GALAX. One species; viz. aphylla. Virginia.

435. HUMBOLDTIA. One species; viz. laurifolia.

436. CEDRELA, or Barbadoes Base Cedar. One species; viz. odorata. West Indies.

437. CALODENDRUM. One species; viz. capense. C. of G. Hope.

438. ELÆODENDRON. Two species; viz. orientale, argan. Cape, isle of Mauritius.

439. ESCALONIA. Two species; viz. myrtilloides, serrata. S. America. 440. **BILLARDIERA.** One species; viz. scandens.

441. **MANGIFERA**, or Mango-tree. Three species; viz. indica, laxiflora, axillaris. E. Indies.

442. **HIRTELLA.** Three species; viz. americana, triandra, paniculata. W. Indies, Cayenne.

443. **STRUMPFIA.** One species, viz. maritima. America.

444. **PLECTRONIA.** One species; viz. ventosa. C. of G. Hope.

445. **RIBES**, or Currant and Gooseberry. 16 species; viz. rubrum, petraeum, procumbens, glandulosum, alpinum, fragrans, triste, nigrum, floridum, diacantha, saxatile, reclinatum, grossularia, uva crispa, oxyacanthoides, cynosbati. Eur. N. Amer.

446. **VIOLA**, or Violet. 39 species; viz. palmata, pedata, pinnata, sagittata, lanceolata, obliqua, cucullata, primulifolia, *hirta*, magellanica, palustris, *odorata*, *canina*, montana, numulariifolia, cenisia, canadensis, striata, pubescens, mirabilis, biflora, uniflora, decumbens, *tricolor*, grandiflora, zoysii, calcarea, cornuta, capensis, arborescens, stipularis, parviflora, enneasperma, suffruticosa, calceolaria, oppositifolia, hybanthus, ipecacuanha, diandra, Alps, Pyren. Cape, America.

* V. leaves heart shaped; suckers creeping.—The flowers and seeds of this plant are said to be mild laxatives. The powdered root, in doses from 40 to 80 grains, vomits and purges. The petals give the colour to the syrup of violets, for which purpose they are cultivated in large quantities at Stratford-upon-Avon. This syrup is very useful in many chemical inquiries, to detect an acid or an alkali, the former changing the blue colour to a red, and the latter to a green. Slips of white paper stained with the juice of the petals, and kept from the air and light, answer the same purpose.

* V. stem branched; leaves egg-shaped, toothed; cal. smooth, but half the size of the blossom.—Some allege that it infallibly cures the scabby complaints in young children, called *crusta lactea*. Boil a handful of the fresh, or half a dozen of the dried leaves, in half a pint of milk, and give this milk morning and evening, for some weeks.

447. **IMPATIENS**, or Balsam balsamine. 12 species; viz. bifida, chinensis, latifolia, capensis, oppositifolium, fasciculata, cornuta, balsamina, biflora, triflora, natans, *nolitangere*. Europe, N. America, E. Indies, China.

* I. fruitstalks many-flowered, solitary; leaves egg-shaped; stem swollen at the joints.—The whole of this plant is considerably acrid. Goats eat it. Horses, cows, and sheep refuse it. The sphinx elpenor lives upon it.

448. **GRONOVIA.** One species; viz. scandens. Jamaica, Vera Cruz.

449. **LEEA.** Three species; viz. sambucina, sequata, crispa. Cape, E. Indies.

450. **ARGOPHYLLUM.** One species; viz. nitidum. New Caledonia.

451. **CORYNOCARPUS.** One species; viz. levigata. New Zealand.

452. **HEDEA**, or Ivy. Four species; viz. *helix*, pendula, mutans, terebinthinacea. Europe, N. Amer. Jam.

* H. leaves some egg-shaped, others lobed.—The roots *helix* are used by leather-cutters to whet their knives upon. Its evergreen leaves adorn our walls, and cover the naked trunks of trees. Apricots and peaches covered with ivy during the month of February, have been observed to bear fruit plentifully. The leaves have a nauseous taste. Some say they are given in Germany as a specific in the atrophy of children. The common people apply them to issues. The berries have a little acidity. They purge and vomit. In warm climates a resinous juice exudes from the stalks. Horses and sheep eat it. Goats and cows refuse it. Sheep are fond of it, and in severe weather it is stripped off the trees as food.

453. **VITIS**, or Vine. 12 species; viz. vinifera, palmata, indica, flexuosa, labrusca, vulpina, heterophylla, laciniosa, hederae, heptaphylla, pinnata, arborea. Temperate parts of the world.

V. with leaves gashed, indented, naked.—The leaves of this species, which is the proper vine tree, were formerly celebrated as astringents, but have for a long time been entirely disregarded; their taste is herbaceous with only a slight degree of roughness. The trunk of the tree wounded in the spring produces a limpid watery juice; this, called the tear of the vine, has been accounted excellent for sore eyes, and by some recommended also in ardent and malignant fevers, and as a diuretic. The flowers have a pleasant smell, which water elevates from them in distillation; along with the water a small portion of an elegant essential oil is said to arise, possessing in great perfection the fragrance of the flowers. The unripe fruit is of a very harsh, rough, sour taste; its expressed juice, called *verjuice*, was in great esteem among the ancients, and still continues so in some places, as a cooling astringent medicine; a rob and a syrup were formerly prepared from it. The ripe fruit or grapes, of which there are many kinds, properly cured and dried, are the raisins of the shops. The juice by fermentation affords wine, vinegar, and tartar, of which mention will be made under their proper heads.

454. **EUPAREA.** One species; viz. amena. New Holland.

455. **ÆGICERAS.** Two species; viz. majus, minus.

456. **LAGOECIA**, or Wild Cumin. One species; viz. cuminumides. Crete, Levant.

457. **RORIDULA.** One species; viz. dentata. C. of G. Hope.

458. **SAUVAGESIA.** One species; viz. erecta. Jamaica, St Domingo, Surinam.

459. **CLAYTONIA.** Three species; viz. virginica, sibirica, perfoliata. Siberia, N. Amer. 469. HELICONIA, or Base or Wild Plantain. Five species; viz. caribea, behai, humilis, psittacorum, hirsuta. Cape, W. Indies.

461. STRELITZIA. Two species; viz. reginae, angusta. Cape of G. Hope.

462. ACHYRANTHES. 16 species; viz. argentea, aspera, lappacea, echinata, muricata, patula, prostrata, sarmentosa, alterniflora, polygonoides, altissima, nivea, stellata, corymbosa, tenuifolia, dichotoma. S. Eur. E. and W. Indies.

463. CELOSIA, or Cock's Comb. 18 species; viz. argentea, albida, margaritacea, cristata, comosa, paniculata, nitida, coccinem, caesariense, monsonica, corymbosa, caudata, trigyna, virgata, polygonoides, baccata, gnaphaloides, nodiflora. China, E. and W. Indies, Senegal.

464. CHENOEA. One species; viz. diffusa.

465. ILLECEBRUM, or Mountain Knot-grass. 19 species; viz. brachiatum, sanguinolentum, lanatum, javanicum, verticillatum, aristatum, caesariense, cymosum, paronychia, capitatum, divaricatum, benghalense, arabicum, achyrantha, frutescens, polygonoides, ficoideum, sessile, alsinefolium. S. Europe, East Indies, S. America.

466. GLAUX, or Sea Milkwort. One species; viz. maritima. Europe.

467. PLOCAMA. One species; viz. pendula. Canary isles.

468. HEDYCREA. One species; viz. incana. Guiana.

469. THESIUM, or Base Toad-flax. 19 species; viz. linophyllum, alpinum, humile, lineatum, squarrosum, frisea, funale, spicatum, capitatum, strictum, umbellatum, fragile, scabrum, paniculatum, amplexicaule, triflorum, euphorbioides, colpoon, spinosum. Alps of Europe, Cape, N. Amer.

470. QUINCHAMALA. One species; viz. chilensis. Chili.

471. RAUWOLFIA. Four species; viz. nitida, glabra, canescens, tomentosa. W. Indies. S. America.

472. PEDERIA. Two species; viz. lactida, fragrans. India.

473. CARISSA. Five species; viz. carandas, spinarum, edulis, inermis, mitis. India, Arabia.

474. GYNOGON. Three species; viz. stellatum, alyxia, scandens. South sea isles.

475. CERBERA. Five species; viz. abovai, ovata, parviflora, manghas, thevetia. S. Amer.

476. WEBERA. Three species; viz. corymbosa, cymosa, tetrandra.

477. GARDENIA, or Cape Jessamine. 17 species; viz. radicans, florida, thunbergia, latifolia, clusiaefolia, gummiifera, mossacea, genipa, rothmannia, uliginosa, armata, spinosa, dumetorum, randia, micranthus, scandens, multiflora. Cape, E. and W. Indies, Japan.

478. WILLUGHBEJA. Two species; viz. acicca, scandens. Guiana.

479. ALLAMANDA. One species; viz. cathartica. Surinam, Cayenne.

480. UNICA, or Periwinkle. Five species; viz. minor, major, lutea, rosea, pavillora. Ger. Fr. Sp. E. Indies, N. Amer. * U. stems trailing; leaves spear-egg-shaped; flowers minor. on fruitstalks.—The fruit of this plant seldom comes to maturity. It may, however, be easily obtained by planting the U. major in a pot, where the roots not having free room to extend themselves, the juices are more copiously propelled towards the pistil, which then expands into well-formed seed-vessels.

481. NERIUM, or Oleander, or Rose Bay. Eight species; viz. oleander, odorum, salicinum, obesum, zeylanicum, divaricatum, antidysentericum, coronarium. S. Europe, E. Indies.

482. ECHITES, or Savanna-flower. 22 species; viz. biflora, quinquangularis, annularis, tomentosa, suberecta, domingensis, aggloinata, asperuginis, torulosa, umbellata, circinalis, floribunda, trifida, repens, corymbosa, costata, spicata, siphilitica, candata, scholaris, succulenta, bispinosa. W. Indies, Surinam, Carolina, Cape.

483. PLUMIRIA, or Red Jessamine. Four species; viz. rubra, alba, obtusa, pudica. W. Indies, S. America.

484. CAMERARIA. Four species; viz. latifolia, zeylanica, lutea, angustifolia. W. Indies, S. America.

485. TABERNEMONTANA. 12 species; viz. citrifolia, laurifolia, echinata, grandiflora, cymosa, amygdaliflora, discolor, persicariiflora, elliptica, alterniflora, amsonia, angustiflora. East and West Indies, N. America, Japan.

ORDO II. DIGYNIA.

486. PERGULARIA. Five species; viz. glabra, edulis, tomentosa, purpurea, japonica. India, Japan.

487. PERIFLOCA, or Virginian Silk. 11 species; viz. grceca, secamone, lavigata, angustiflora, esculenta, emetica, indica, capsularis, africana, tunicata, sylvestris. Syria, Cape, India.

488. CYANANCHUM, or Base Dogs-bane. 25 species; viz. viminalle, filiforme, crisipum, tenellum, obtusifolium, capense, acutum, plaiiflorum, rotatrum, grandiflorum, nigrum, racemosum, maritimum, suberosum, carolinense, obliquum, hirtum, crispiflorum, prostratum, monspeliacum, extensum, reticulatum, undulatum, parvilorum, erectum. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America.

489. APOCYNUM, or Dogs-bane. 14 species; viz. filiforme, hastatum, androsmiflorum, 490. ASCLEPIAS, or Swallow-wort.

41 species; viz. aphylla, undulata, crispa, pubescens, mucronata, procura, gigantea, grandiflora, carnea, syriaca, amoena, purpurascens, variegata, curassavica, nivea, laniflora, parviflora, incarnata, pulchra, critfolia, decumbens, lactifera, vincentoxicum, nigra, foetida, convolvulacea, volubilis, alexiaca, asthmatica, viminalis, arborescens, fruticosa, sibirica, davurica, setosa, filiformis, verticillata, mexicana, liraria, rubra, tuberosa. Europe, Africa, East Indies, America.

491. HOSTEA.

One species; viz. viridiflora.

492. MELODINUS.

One species; viz. scandens. New Caledonia.

493. CYROREGIA.

Eight species; viz. candelabrum, tuberosa, bulbosa, biflora, juncea, acuminata, sagittata, tenuiflora. Cape, Ceylon, Mahabar.

494. STAPELIA, or African Swallow-wort.

49 species; viz. ciliata, revoluta, hirsuta, sororia, grandiflora, ambigua, polyantha, asterias, goniophora, divaricata, rufa, acuminata, reclinata, elegans, escaposa, arida, parviflora, subulata, concinna, glandulifera, pedunculata, aperta, gordonii, pilifera, candata, articulata, mammillaris, pruinosa, ramosa, pulva, ascendens, quadrangula, incarnata, punctata, geminata, decora, polchella, vetula, verrucosa, irrorata, mixta, variegata, campanulata, barbata, venusta, guttata, humilis, reticulata, clarata. C. of G. Hope.

495. LINCONIA.

One species; viz. alopecuroidea. C. of G. Hope.

496. HERNIARIA, or Rupture-wort.

Six species; viz. * glabra, * hirsuta, alpina, fruticosa, lenticulata, polygonoides. Germany, Spain, Italy, Chili.

* H. Plant smooth.—This plant is a little saltish, and astringent. It is said to increase the secretions by the kidneys, and that the juice takes away specks in the eye; but, to the virtue for which it has been most celebrated, that of curing ruptures, it has no title. Cows, sheep, and horses eat it. Goats and swine refuse it.

497. CHENOPODIUM, or Goosefoot, or Wild Orache.

26 species; viz. * bonus henricus, mucronatum triandrum, * urticum, striplcis, * rubrum, guineense, * murale, quinoa, serotinum, * album, * viride, * hybridum, botrys, ambrosioides, multifidum, anthelminticum, * glaucum, * vulvaria, * polyspermum, caudatum, laterale, scoparia, * maritimum, oppositifolium, aristatum. Europe, China, America.

* C. Leaves triangular, arrow-shaped, very entire; spikes compound, leafless, axillary.—This plant is said to be cultivated as spinach by the poor people at Boston in Lincolnshire. The young shoots, peeled and boiled, may be eaten as asparagus, which they resemble in flavour. They are gently laxative. The leaves are often boiled in broth. The roots are given to sheep that have a cough. Goats and sheep are not fond of it. Cows, horses, and swine, refuse it.

* C. leaves diamond triangular, gnawed, entire behind, album, the uppermost oblong; bunches upright.—Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses refuse it. Swine are extremely fond of it. A black aphid feeds upon it, and sometimes destroys it.

* C. leaves oval-shaped, semi-cylindrical.—It is an ex-maritile excellent pot-herb. The phalena tubercipeda feeds upon most of the species.

C. with leaves oblong indented; branches naked, botrysmany-cleft. Called Jerusalem oak.—It is cultivated in gardens. It has a strong, not disagreeable smell, and a warm, somewhat pungent taste. It is recommended as a carminative pectoral, and it has also been recommended as an emmenagogue. Infusions of the leaves and seed may be drank as tea; and in this form it has been recommended in cases of chronic catarrh. But the proper menstruum, both for the leaves and seed, is rectified spirit.

* C. with entire, diamond-shaped, oval leaves, with vulvaria flowers incorporated at the bosom of the leaves. Stinking orchid. It is a low plant, sprinkled all over with a kind of whitish clammy meal; it grows about dungsills and waste places. The leaves have a strong fetid smell, with which the hand, by a light touch, becomes so impregnated, as not to be easily freed from it. Its smell has gained it the character of an excellent antihysteric; and this is the only use it is applied to.—Tournefort recommends a spirituous tincture, others a decoction in water, and others a conserve of the leaves, as of wonderful efficacy in uterine disorders; but in the present practice it is little employed.

498. BETA, or Beet.

Four species; viz. vulgaris, patula, cicla, maritima. France, Portugal, Madeira.—The beta vulgaris has of late attracted much notice on the continent, from the discovery of M. Achard of Berlin, that sugar may be extracted from it in large quantities with profit. See Sugar.

499. MICROTEA.

One species; viz. debilis.

500. SALSOLA, or Glass-wort.

25 species; viz. * kali, tragus, rosacea, soda, sativa, spicata, allissima, trigyna, salsa, nudiflora, flavescens, hirsuta, laniflora, hyssopifolia, polyclonos, prostrata, monandra, vermiculata, arbuscula, aphylla, arborescens, * fruticosa, indica, sedoides, muricata. Europe, Egypt, Cape, Asia, Carnatic.

501. ANABASIS, or Berry-bearing Glass-wort.

Five species; viz. aphylla, cretacea, foliosa, spinosissima, tamariscifolia. Spain, Caspian sea, Egypt.

502. CRESSA.

Two species; viz. cretica, indica. Crete, Arabia.

503. GOMPHRENA, or Globe Amaranth.

Ten species; viz. globosa, perennis, hispida, angustifolia, vernicularis, brasiliensis, serrata, interrupta, flavo, arborescens. India, S. Amer. New Gran.

504. BOSEA, or Golden-rod Tree.

One species; viz. yervamora. Canary isles.

505. ULMUS, or Elm-tree.

Seven species; viz. * campestris, suberosa, effusa, americana, americana, nemoralis, pumila, integrifolia. N. Europe, N. America.

* U. leaves doubly serrated, unequal at the base; flowers almost sitting, coronated together.—A decoction of the inner bark, drank freely, has been known to carry off the water in dropsy. It cures the lepra ichthyosis of Sauvages. The bark dried and ground to powder has been mixed with meal in Norway, to make bread in times of scarcity. The flowers have a violet smell. The wood, being hard and tough, is used to make axle-trees, mill-wheels, heels of boots, chairs, and coffins. The tree is beautiful, and well adapted to make shady walks, as it does not destroy the grass; and its leaves are acceptable to cows, horses, goats, sheep, and swine; for this purpose, it should be grafted upon the U. glabra, and then the roots will not send out suckers, which the common elm is very apt to do, and give a great deal of trouble to keep the ground clear of them. It loves an open situation, and black or clayey soil. It bears to be transplanted. Papilio polychelors, and C. album, phalerna lubricipeda, pavonia betularia et vellica, cinex ulmi et striatus, cicada ulmi, aphis ulmi, feed upon it. The latter generally curl the leaves so as to make them a secure shelter against the weather. Silk worms will devour the tender leaves with great avidity.

506. NAMA. One species; viz. jamaicensis. Jamaica.

507. HYDROLEA. Three species; viz. spinosa, trigynia, zeylanica. E. and W. Indies, America.

508. ROCHEFORTIA. Two species; viz. cuneata, ovata. Arabia.

509. HEUCHERA, or Virginian Sanicle. One species; viz. americana. Virginia.

510. VELEGIA. One species; viz. rigida. Spain.

511. SWERTIA, or Marsh-Gentian. Six species; viz. *perennis, difformis, decumbens, corniculata, dichotoma, tetrapetala. Siberia, Austria, Virginiana, Canada.

512. GENTIANA, or Gentian. 56 species; viz. *lutea, purpurea, pannonica, punctata, campanulata, septemfida, asclepiades, montana, cruciata, macrophylla, ascendens, * pneumonanthe, trifora, frigida, algida, saxosa, saponaria, ochroleuca, villosa, linearis, quinquiflora, aurea, glauca, exaltata, acaulis, altaica, pyrenaica, verna, utriculosa, bavarica, imbricata, prostrata, * nivalis, pumila, aquatica, scilloides, uniflora, germanica, * amarella, obtusifolia, uliginosa, pratensis, * campestris, auriculata, tenella, glacialis, dichotoma, nana, carinthiaca, sulcata, rotata, ciliata, crinita, barbata, dentosa, serrata.—The gentiana lutea is said to be found wild in some parts of England; but the dried roots are most commonly brought from Germany. They are much used in medicine. They should be chosen fresh, and of a yellow or bright colour within. This root is a strong bitter, and as such very frequently made use of in practice: in taste it is less exceptionable than most other bitters. Infusions of it, flavoured with orange-peel, are sufficiently grateful. It is the capital ingredient in the bitter wine, tincture, and infusion of the druggists. An extract from it is likewise prepared. This useful bitter is not used as a powder, as it loses considerably by the drying, which is requisite for giving it that form. As a very trifling quantity of it gives taste to a large quantity of water, it is said to be sometimes fraudulently used in malt liquors, to save the more expensive ingredient of hops.

513. DICHONDRÁ. Two species; viz. repens, sericea. Jamaica, South sea isles.

514. VAHLIA. One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

515. BUMALDA. One species; viz. trifolia. Japan.

516. PHYLLIS, or Base Hares-ear. One species; viz. nobla. Canary isles.

517. CUSSONIA. Two species; viz. thyrsiflora, spicata. C. of Good Hope.

518. ERYNGIUM, or Sea-holly. 11 species; viz. foetidum, aquaticum, planum, pusillum, tricuspidatum, * maritimum, * campestre, amethystinum, triquetrum, alpinum, bourgattii. Europe, N. America, W. Indies.

* E. root leaves roundish, plaited, thorny; flowering marigold heads on fruitstalks; chaff 3-pointed.—The leaves are mucilaginous, with a light aromatic warmth and pungency. The roots are supposed to have the same aphrodisiac virtues as the orchis tribe. They are kept in the shops, candied.

519. HYDROCOTYLE, or Water Navelwort. 18 species; viz. * vulgaris, umbellata, bonariensis, americana, hirsuta, moschata, asiatica, erecta, villosa, glabrata, spananthe, ranunculoides, saniculaefolia, solandra, tridentata, chinensis, linifolia, virgata. Eur. N. America, India.

520. AZORELLA. Two species; viz. filamentosae, cespitosa.

521. SANICULA, or Sanicle. Three species; viz. * europaea, canadensis, marilandica. Europe, N. America.

522. ASTRANTIA, or Black Masterwort. Five species; viz. epipactis, major, carniolica, minor, ciliaris. Alps of Europe.

523. BUPELURUM, Hares-ear. 23 species; viz. * rotundifolium, stellatum, petraeum, graminifolium, angulosum, pyrenaicum, longifolium, falcatum, caricifolium, odontites, semicompositum, ranunculoides, rigidum, * tenuissimum, baldense, gerardi, junceum, nudum, fruticosum, coriaceum, frutescens, spinosum, difforme. Germany, Switzerland, S. Europe.

525. ECHINOPHORA, or Prickly Parsnip. Two species; viz. * spinosa, tenuifolia. Apulia, Med. sea shores.

526. HASSELQUISTIA. Two species; viz. ægyptiaca, cordata. Egypt, Levant. 527. TORDYLIUM, or Hart-wort of Crete.

Six species; viz. syriacum, officinale, peregrinum, apulum, maximum, siliolium. Austria, Italy, Crete, Syria.

528. CAUCALIS, or Base Parsley.

13 species; viz. grandiflora, daucoides, latifolia, mauritanica, pumila, orientalis, africana, leptophylla, platycarpus, arvensis, anthriscus, japonica, nodosa. S. Europe, Egypt, India.

529. ARTEDIA.

One species; viz. squamata. Levant.

530. DAUCUS, or Carrot.

Six species; viz. carota, mauritanicus, lucidus, visnaga, gingidium, muricatus. Europe, Barb. Carolina.—For the culture and properties of the carrot, see AGRICULTURE, No. 49, 341—353.

531. AMMI, or Bishop's-weed.

Four species; viz. magus, coticum, glaucifolium, daucifolium. Austria, S. Europe, Egypt.

532. BUNIUM, or Pig or Earth-nut.

Three species; viz. bulbocastanum, majus, aromaticum. Germany, France.

533. CONIUM, or Hemlock.

Four species; viz. maculatum, rugosum, rigens, africanum. Europe, Cape.

*C. seeds without prickles; stem greatly branched, smooth, spotted.—The whole plant is poisonous, and many instances are recorded of its deleterious effects; but modern experience has proved it to be less virulent than was formerly imagined, and though it may not cure cancers, it is certainly a very useful medicine when properly prepared. The powder of the dried leaves is now only prescribed. Let the leaves be gathered about the end of June when the plant is in flower. Pick off the leaves and throw away the leafstalks. Dry these selected little leaves in a hot sun on a tin dripping-pan or pewter dish, before a fire. Preserve them in bags made of strong brown paper; or powder them, and keep the powder in glass phials, in a drawer, or something that will exclude the light; for the light soon dissipates the beautiful green colour, and with its colour the medicine loses its efficacy. From 15 to 25 grains of this powder may be taken, twice or thrice a-day. It has been found particularly useful in chronic rheumatisms, and also in many of those diseases which are usually supposed to arise from acrimony. This plant is recommended as well worth the medical practitioner's attention.

534. SELINUM, or Milk Parsley.

Nine species; viz. sylvestre, palustre, austriacum, sibiricum, carvifolia, chabrezi, seguieri, monnierii, decipiens. Europe.

535. ATHAMANTA, or Base Spigeli.

11 species; viz. libanotis, cervaria, sibirica, condensata, incana, oreosolinum, ficula, mathioli, cretensis, annia, chinensis. Europe.—The seeds of the A. Cretensis or Candy Carrot, are brought from the Levant. It is an umbelliferous plant which grows in the island of Candy and the south of Europe. The seeds have a warm biting taste, and an aromatic smell. They are said to be diuretic, but are not at present regarded in medical practice.

Vol. IV. Part I.

536. PEUZEDANUM.

II species; viz. officinale, alpestre, capillaceum, tenuifolium, sibiricum, japonicum, sila, alsaticum, aureum, nodosum, geniculatum. Alps, Canaries, Japan.

*P. leaves five times divided into three; thread-strap-shaped.—The roots have a strong fetid smell, and an acrid, bitterish, mucilaginous taste. Wounded in the spring, they yield a considerable quantity of yellow juice, which dries into a gummy resin, and retains the strong scent of the root. Its virtues have not yet been ascertained with precision.

537. CRITHMUM, or Samphire.

Two species; viz. maritimum, latifolium. Sea shores Europe, Canary.

*C. leaves spear-shaped, fleshy.—Poor people on the maritima coast eat it as a pot-herb, and gather it for sale, it mumm being much used as a pickle. Sheep and cows eagerly feed, and are said to grow fat upon it.

538. CACHRYS.

Seven species; viz. odontalgica, libanotis, morisoni, sicula, taurica, cretica, panacisfolia. Spain, Sicily.

539. FERULA, or Fennel giant.

12 species; viz. communis, sibirica, glauca, rabensis, tingitana, ferulago, orientalis, meoides, nodiflora, canadensis, assafetida, persica. Europe, Persia, N. America.

The large umbelliferous plant, with obtuse leaflets, alternately indented, called ferula assafetida, is a native of Persia, and produces a valuable concrete juice. This juice exudes from wounds made in the root of the plant, liquid and white like milk. On being exposed to the air it turns of a brownish colour, and gradually acquires different degrees of consistency. It is brought to us in large irregular masses, composed of various little shining lumps or grains, which are partly of a whitish colour, partly reddish, and partly of a violet hue. These masses are accounted the best, which are clear, of a pale reddish colour, and variegated with a great number of elegant white tears. This drug has a strong fetid smell, somewhat like that of garlic. It loses, with age, of its smell and strength, a circumstance to be attended to in the use of it. It consists of about one-third part of pure resin, and two thirds of gummy matter; the former soluble in rectified spirit, the latter in water. Proof spirit dissolves almost the whole into a turbid liquor; the tincture in rectified spirit is transparent.

Assafetida is the strongest of the fetid gums, and of frequent use in hysteric and different kinds of nervous complaints. It is likewise of considerable efficacy in flatulent colics, and for promoting all the fluid secretions in either sex. The ancients attributed to this medicine many other virtues, which are not at present expected from it. This gummy resin is an ingredient in the gum pills of the druggists, fetid tincture, tincture of soot, and fetid volatile spirit.

540. LASERPIUM, or Laser-wort.

23 species; viz. latifolium, libanotis, capense, trilobum, aquilegifolium, gallicum, angustissimum, formosum, angustifolium, aureum, prutenicum, dauricum, silafolium, aciphylla, peucedanoides, silex, archange-

lica, 541. Heraclium, or Cow-parsnip.

10 species; viz. * spondylium, flavescens, angustifolium, elegans, sibiricum, panaceum, tuberosum, austriacum, alpinum, pumilum. Siberia, Austria, Alps, Italy.

* H. leaflets wing-cleft, even; flowers radiated.—In Poland and Lithuania the poor people are said to prepare a liquor from the leaves and seeds of this plant, which undergoes a fermentation, and is drunk instead of ale. The stalks, when peeled, are eaten by the Kamtschatkans. The Russians take the leaf-stalks of the root-leaves, peel them, and hang them in the sun to dry a little; then they tie them in little bundles, and hang them up again till they become yellow: in this state they put them into bags, and a mealy substance like sugar forms upon the surface of them. This they shake off, and treat their guests with it as a great delicacy. They likewise distil an ardent spirit from it. The peelings of the stalks are acid. The leaves are a favourite food of rabbits, hogs, and asses. Cows, goats, and sheep eat them; but horses are not fond of them.

542. Ligusticum, or Lovage.

13 species; viz. levisicum, scoticum, aquilegiforme, nodiflorum, peloponnesum, austriacum, corumbense, pyrenaicum, candicans, peregrinum, balearicum, gingidium, longifolium. Alps, Austria, Portugal, Barbary.

scoticum.

* L. Leaves doubly threefold.—This plant is much valued in the isle of Skye. The root is reckoned a good carminative, and an infusion of the leaves a good purge for calves. It is, besides, used as food, either as a salad, or boiled as greens. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Cows refuse it.

543. Angelica.

Six species; viz. * archangelica, * sylvestris, razoulii, verticillaris, atropurpurea, lucida. N. Europe, N. America.

sylvestris.

* A. leaflets equal, egg-spear-shaped, serrated.—It is warm, acid, bitter, and aromatic: but the species cultivated in our gardens, possessing these properties in a higher degree, has been long neglected. Papilio machaon feeds upon it. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Horses refuse it.

544. Sium, or Water Parsnip.

18 species; viz. filifolium, * latifolium, angustifolium, * nodiflorum, * repens, sisarum, rigidius, japonicum, falcaria, paniculatum, grandiflorum, patulum, grecum, decumbens, siculum, sperum, hispidum, villosum. Europe, China, Japan, N. America.

latifolium

* S. leaves winged; leaflets egg-spear-shaped, regularly and sharply serrated; the terminating leaflet 3-cleft; umbels terminating. Horses and swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The roots are noxious to cattle.

nodiflorum.

* S. leaves winged; leaflets tooth-serrated; umbels lateral, opposite the leaves, sitting or on fruitstalks.—It is said, that a young lady, six years old, was cured of an obstinate cutaneous disease, by taking three large spoonfuls of the juice twice a-day. Three or four ounces have been repeatedly given to adults, every morning, in similar complaints, with the greatest advantage. It is not nauseous, and children take it readily, if mixed with milk. In the doses given, it neither affects the head, the stomach, nor the bowels.

545. Sison, or Base Stone-parsley.

Eight species; viz. * amomum, * segetum, canadense, ammi, * inundatum, * verticillatum, salsum, crinitum. Europe, N. America.

546. Bubon, or Macedonian Parsley.

Five species; viz. macedonicum, galbanum, levigatum, gummiiferum, rigidus. Greece, Barb. Cape.

547. Cuminum, or Cummin.

One species; viz. cuminum. Egypt, Ethiopia.

This umbelliferous plant resembles fennel in appearance, but is much smaller. The seeds used in Britain are brought chiefly from Sicily and Malta. Cummin seeds have a bitterish warm taste, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the most agreeable kind. An essential oil is obtained from them by distillation, in which their activity is concentrated; and they are not unfrequently used externally, giving name both to a plaster and cataplasm in medical practice.

548. Oenanthe, or Water Dropwort.

11 species; viz. * fistulosa, * crocata, prolifera, globulosa, peucedanifolia, * pimpinelloides, inebrinas, tenifolia, ferulacea, interrupta, exaltata. Europe, Carolina.

* O. sending forth suckers; stem-leaves winged, thread-shaped, hollow.—Cows and horses refuse this plant, though, from experiments made on purpose, it does not appear to be in the least degree noxious to the former.

* O. all the leaves many-cleft, blunt, nearly equal.—crocata.

The whole of this plant is poisonous; and Dr Pulteney remarks, that the root is the most virulent of all the vegetable poisons that Great Britain produces: many instances of its fatal effects are recorded. It is said, that an infusion of the leaves, or three tea-spoonfuls of the juice of the root taken every morning, effected a cure in a very obstinate cutaneous disease, but not without occasioning very great disturbances in the constitution. Some say, that the country people in Westmoreland apply a poultice of the herb to the ulcer which forms in the fore-part of the cleft of the hoof in horned cattle, and is called the foul. Sheep eat it. Cows and horses refuse it.

549. Phellandrium.

Two species; viz. * aquaticum, motellina. Europe.

* P. ramifications of the leaves straddling.—The seeds are recommended in intermittents, and are said to be diuretic, antiseptic, and expectorant; dose from one to three drachms daily. The leaves are sometimes added to discentent cataplasms. It is generally esteemed a fatal poison to horses, occasioning them to become paralytic: but this effect is owing to an insect (curculio paraplecticus), which generally inhabits within the stems. The usual antidote is pig-dung. In the winter, the roots and stems, dissected by the influence of the weather, afford a very curious skeleton or net-work. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine are not fond of it. Cows refuse it. Chrysomela phellandria, and the gilt leptura, are found upon the roots, and the curculio paraplecticus within the stems. 550. Cicuta, or Water-Hemlock.

Three species; viz. * virosa, bulbifera, maculata. Eur. N. Amer.

* C. umbels opposite the leaves; leafstalks bordered, blunt.—This is one of the rankest of our vegetable poisons. Numerous instances are recorded of its fatality to the human species. Early in the spring, when it grows in the water, cows often eat it, and are killed by it; but, as the summer advances, and its scent becomes stronger, they carefully avoid it. Though a certain and fatal poison to cows, goats devour it greedily, and with impunity. Horses and sheep eat it with safety.

551. Aethusa, or Fools-parsley.

Four species; viz. * cynapium, bunius, * meum, fatus. Europe.

* A. all the leaves alike; fruit nearly globular.—This plant, from its resemblance to common parsley, has sometimes been mistaken for it; and when eaten, it occasions sickness. If the curled-leaved parsley only was cultivated in our gardens, no such mistakes would happen. Cows, horses, sheep, and swine eat it. It is noxious to geese.

* A. all the leaves divided into many bristle-shaped segments; involucre 1 leaf; fruit egg-oblong, tapering at each end.—Linnaeus says, that the radical fibres of this plant form the basis of the calculus agragopila. The roots and seeds are aromatic and acrid. They have been used as stomachics and carminatives. They are sometimes given to cure tertians; and there is no doubt but they will often answer as well as pepper, and other acrid aromatics.

552. Coriandrum, or Coriander.

Two species; viz. * sativum, testiculatum. S. of Eur.

* C. fruit globular.—The leaves have a very strong and disagreeable scent. The seeds are grateful to the taste, and incrustated with sugar are sold by the confectioners, under the name of coriander comfits. The Edinburgh college use them as correctors in the bitter infusion, and the preparations of senna; nothing so effectually covering the disagreeable taste of that medicine. They have been considered as suspicious, if not deleterious; but six drams of them have been taken at once, without any remarkable effect.

553. Scandix, or Shepherds-needle.

11 species; viz. * odorata, * pecten, chilensis, * cerfolium, * anthriscus, australis, nodosa, trichosperma, infesta, grandiflora, procumbens. Eur. Virg. Chili.

* S. seeds furrowed; angular.—The seeds are used in the north of England, for polishing and perfuming oak floors and furniture.

* S. seeds glossy, cylindrical and beaked; umbels lateral, nearly sitting.—It is cultivated in our gardens as a pot-herb, and for salads. It is slightly aromatic and aperient. Cows are extremely fond of it. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses refuse it.

554. Chelophyllum, or Wild Chervil.

11 species; viz. * sylvestre, bulbosum, aristatum, temulum, capense, scabrum, hirsutum, aromaticum, coloratum, aureum, arborescens. Eur. Virg. Jap.

* C. stem smoothish, scored, a little swollen at the knots. The roots, eaten as parsnips, have been found poisonous. The umbels afford an indifferent yellow dye; the leaves and stems a beautiful green. Its presence indicates a fruitful soil. Neither horses, sheep, or goats, are fond of it. Swine refuse it. Rabbits are fond of it. In some parts of the kingdom, in times of scarcity, it is used as a pot-herb. Cows are so fond of it, that, when a pasture is overrun with it, as is often the case about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up.

555. Imperatoria, or Masterwort.

One species; viz. ostruthium. Alps of Austria, Switzerland.—Root warm and aromatic, a sudorific, diuretic, and salagogue; recommended in dropsy, debilities of the stomach and bowels; and an infusion of it in wine is said to have cured quartans that have resisted the bark. When chewed, it excites a copious flow of saliva, exciting a warm and not disagreeable sensation in the gums, and frequently curing the rheumatic toothache.

556. Seseli, or Hart-wort of Marseilles.

15 species; viz. filifolium, pimpinelloides, montanum, striatum, glaucum, aristatum, annuum, cherophyloides, ammoides, tortuosum, turbith, hippomarathrum, pyrenaicum, saxifragum, elatum. Germ. S. Eur.

557. Thapsia, or Deadly Carrot.

Five species; viz. villosa, foetida, asclepium, garganica, trifoliata. France, Spain, Portugal, Lev. Virg.

558. Pastinaca, or Parsnip.

Three species; viz. lucida, sativa, opopanax. South of Europe.

P. leaves simply winged.—The roots, when cultivated, are sweeter than carrots, and are much used by those who abstain from animal food in Lent; they are highly nutritious. In the north of Ireland, they are brewed instead of malt, with hops, and fermented with yeast. The liquor thus obtained is agreeable. The seeds contain an essential oil, and will often cure intermittent fevers. Hogs are fond of the roots, and quickly grow fat with them. See Agriculture Index.

559. Smyrnium, or Alexanders.

Seven species; viz. perfoliatum, aegyptiacum, latifolium, * olusatrum, apifolium, aureum, integerrimum. Italy, Crete, Egypt, N. Amer.

* S. stem leaves growing by threes on leafstalks, ser-olusatrum, rated.—It was formerly cultivated in our gardens, but its place is now better supplied by celery. It is boiled, and greedily eaten by sailors returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the south-west corner of Anglesea.

560. Anethum, or Dill.

Three species; viz. graveolens, segetum, * ficiculum. Germ. Spain, Portugal.

* A. leaves with many divisions, hair-like; seeds egg-ficiculum oblong, tapering at each end, not bordered.—The tender buds are useful in salads. The leaves, boiled, are used in sauce for several kinds of fish, and eaten raw with pickled fish. In Italy the stalks are blanched as a winter salad. The seeds abound with an essential oil, which is carminative and diuretic, but not heating. The popilio machaon feeds upon it.

561. Carum, or Caraways.

Two species; viz. * carui, simplex. Europe.

* C. the young roots are said to be better eating than carui; parsnips; the tender leaves may be boiled with pot-herbs. The seeds are used in cakes. Incrusted with su- gar, they are called caraway comfits, and are distilled with spirituous liquors, for the sake of the flavour they afford. The seeds were formerly recommended by Dioscorides to pale-faced girls, and in more modern days their use is not forgotten.—They are no despicable remedy in tertian agues. They abound with an essential oil, which is antispasmodic and carminative. Sheep, goats, and swine eat it. Cows and horses are not fond of it.

562. PIMPINELLA, or Burnet Saxifrage. Ten species; viz. saxifraga, nigra, * magna, dis- secta, glauca, capensis, peregrina, anisum, dichotoma, dioica. Europe, Egypt.

* P. leaves uniform, winged; leaflets spear-shaped, ir- regularly serrated; floral leaves wing-cleft.—This and the saxifraga partake nearly of the same qualities. The root is very acrid, burning the mouth like pepper. It affords a blue oil. Its acrimony hath occasioned it to be used to cure the toothach, and to cleanse the skin from freckles. It is chewed to promote the secretion of saliva, and is used in gargles for dissolving viscid mucus in the throat. In Germany it is prescribed in the asthma and dropsy. The papilio machaon is found up- on both species.

563. APIUM, or Parsley. Two species; viz. petroselinum, * graveolens. Sar- dinia, Carolina.

* A. stem-leaves wedge-shaped.—The root in its wild state (when it grows near water) is fetid, acrid, and noxious; but when cultivated in dry ground it loses these properties, and the root and lower part of the leaf-stalks and stem, blanched by covering them up with earth, are eaten raw, boiled in soups, or stewed. In this latter state it is called celery. They are said to be hurtful to people subject to nervous complaints. They are certainly good antiscorbutics. The seeds yield an essential oil. Sheep and goats eat it; cows are not fond of it; horses refuse it.

564. EGGOPODIUM, or Gout-weed. One species; viz.

* A. upper leaves three together; lower ones in triple threes.—The leaves may be eaten early in the spring with other pot-herbs. Cows, sheep, and goats eat it; horses are not fond of it.

ORDER III. TRIGYNYIA.

565. SEMICARPUS. One species; viz. anacardium. Ceylon.

566. Rhus, or Sumach or Poison-tree. 33 species; viz. coriaria, tiphnum, javanicum, gla- brum, elegans, vernix, succedanium, semialatum, copal- linum, alatum, pauciflorum, meteopum, digitatum, cir- rhilorum, tridentatum, radicans, toxicodendron, aro- maticum, suaveolens, dentatum, sinuatum, cuneifolium, incisum, tomentosum, villosum, pubescens, vinimale, an- gustifolium, rosmarinifolium, kevigatum, lucidum, co- tinos, astrum. S. Europe, Cape, China, N. Amer.

R. with winged leaves, and leaflets elliptical, bluntly toothed, woolly beneath. Called common sumach.—This tree or shrub is cultivated in the south of Europe on ac- count of the culinary uses of its fruits, and for the pur- poses of the dyers, &c. Amongst us it is met with only in the gardens of the curious. The seeds and berries are of a red colour, in shape round and flat. But these and the leaves are moderately astringent, and have sometimes been exhibited with this intention by medi- cal practitioners; but they are not at present used.

R. with winged entire leaves, with a membranaceous copalline jointed leaf-stalk.—This tree grows in New Spain, and produces a resin called copal, which is brought to us in irregular lumps, some transparent, of a yellowish or brown colour; others semitransparent and whitish. It is used for making a very pure and hard varnish by painters. It has never come into use in medicine in this country, though it is introduced into some of the foreign pharmacopoeias, and may be considered as an article deserving attention.

567. VIBURNUM, or Pliant Mealy-tree. 23 species; viz. tinus, tinoides, villosum, scandens, nudum, primifolium, davuricum, dentatum, plicatum, eroseum, * lantana, tomentosum, hirtum, acerifolium, orientale, * opulus, dilatatium, macrophyllum, cuspidat- um, lentago, caspinoideis, nitidum, kevigatum. S. of Europe, N. America.

* V. leaves heart-shaped, serrated, veined, cottony un- lantana. derneath.—The bark of the root is used to make bird- lime. The berries are drying and astringent.

568. CASSINE, or Cashew-berry-bush, South-Sea Tea. Four species; viz. capensis, colpoon, barbara, mau- rocenia. C. of G. Hope.

569. SAMBUCUS, or Elder-tree. Five species; viz. * ebulus, canadensis, * nigra, ja- ponica, racemosa. Europe, China. N. America.

* S. tufts with three divisions; stipule leaf-like; stem ebulus. herbaceous.—This plant has the same medical proper- ties with the S. nigra, but in some respects more violent, and therefore less manageable: A dram and a half of the root is a strong purge: The berries give out a vio- let colour: The green leaves drive away mice from granaries, and the Silesians strew them where their pigs lie, under a persuasion that they prevent some of the diseases to which they are liable. Neither cows, goats, sheep, horses, or swine, will eat it.

* S. tufts with five divisions; leaves winged; leaflets nigra. nearly egg-shaped, serrated; stem tree-like.—The whole plant has a narcotic smell; it is not well to sleep under its shade. The wood is hard, tough, and yellow. It is commonly made into skewers for but- chers; tops for angling-rods; and needles for weaving nets. It is not a bad wood to turn in the lathe. The inner green bark is purgative, and may be used with advantage where acid purgatives are requisite. In smaller doses it is diuretic, and has done eminent service in obstinate glandular obstructions, and in dropsies. If sheep that have the rot are placed in a situation where they can get at the bark and the young shoots, they will soon cure themselves. It is an ingredient in the black dye. The leaves are purgative like the bark, but more nauseous. They are an ingredient in several cooling ointments. If turnip-cabbages, fruit-trees or corn, which are subject to blight from a variety of in- sects, are whipped with the green leaves and branches of elder, the insects will not attack them. A deco- ction of the flowers, taken internally, is said to promote expectoration in pleuritis. If the flowers are fresh gathered; gathered they loosen the belly. Externally they are used in fomentations to ease pain and abate inflammation. Many people use them to give a flavour to vinegar. They are fatal to turkeys. A rob prepared from the berries is a gentle opener, and promotes perspiration. The juice of the berries is employed to give a red colour to raisin or sugar wines. The berries are poisonous to poultry. The pith, being exceedingly light, is cut into balls used in electrical experiments. Sheep eat it; horses, cows, and goats refuse it. The *aphis sambuci* and the *phalena sambucaria* are found upon it.

570. **SPATHELIA**.

One species; viz. simplex. Jamaica.

571. **STAPHYLEA**, or Bladder-nut.

Three species; viz. occidentalis, pinnata, trifolia. S. Europe, Virginia, Jamaica.

572. **TAMARIX**, or Tamarisk.

Four species; viz. *gallica*, songarica, germanica, articulata. Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Barbary.

573. **XYLOPHYLLA**, or Love-flower.

Seven species; viz. longifolia, latifolia, arbuscula, falcata, angustifolia, montana, ramiflora. Siberia, Jamaica, Bahama isles.

574. **REICHELIA**.

One species; viz. palustris.

575. **SALMASIA**.

One species; viz. racemosa. Guiana.

576. **TURNERA**, or Nettle-leaved Cistus.

Nine species; viz. umiflora, pumila, rupestris, rhodoides, frutescens, rugosa, cistoides, racemosa, gujanensis. Jamaica, Martinico, Guiana.

577. **TELEPHIUM**, or True Orpine.

Two species; viz. imperati, oppositifolium. South of France, Italy, Barbary.

578. **CORRIGIOLA**, or Base Knot grass.

Two species; viz. *littoralis*, capensis. Germany, France, Arabia.

579. **PHARMACEUM**.

14 species; viz. cerviana, lineare, teretifolium, microphyllum, marginitatum, mollugo, glomeratum, serpyllifolium, quadrangulare, incanum, albens, dichotomum, distichum, cordifolium. Russia, Spain, Asia, Africa.

580. **ALSINE**, or Chickweed.

Three species; viz. *media*, segetalis, mucronata. S. Europe, Egypt.

581. **DRYPIS**.

One species; viz. spinosa. Italy, Barbary.

582. **BASELLA**, or Malabar Nightshade.

Five species; viz. rubra, alba, lucida, cordifolia, vesicaria. East Indies, China.

583. **SAROTHA**, or Base Gentian.

One species; viz. gentianoides. Virginia, Pennsylvania.

584. **PORTULACARIA**, or Purslane-tree.

One species; viz. africana. Africa.

**Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.**

585. **PARNASSIA**, or Grass of Parnassus.

One species; viz. *palustris*. Europe.

586. **EVOLVULUS**.

Seven species; viz. mammilarins, gangeticus, emarginatus, alsinoideus, hirsutus, linifolius, sericeus. East Indies, Jamaica.

**Order V. PENTAGYNIA.**

587. **ARALIA**, or Berry-bearing Angelica.

10 species; viz. arborea, capitata, cordata, japonica, pentaphylla, seiadaphyllum, spinosa, chinensis, racemosa, nudicaulis. China, West Indies, North America.

588. **GLOSSOPETALUM**.

Two species; viz. glabrum, tomentosum. Guiana.

589. **STATICE**, or Thrift, or Sea-pink.

37 species; viz. *armeria*, juniperifolia, alliacea, cephalotes, graminifolia, *limonium*, melinii, scoparia, latifolia, oleocfolia, incana, auriculifolia, cordata, scabra, tetragona, *reticulata*, echidones, speciosa, tatarica, echinus, flexuosa, purpurata, longifolia, minuta, pectinata, suffruticosa, monopetala, axillaris, cylindrifolia, linifolia, aurea, ferrulacea, pruinosa, sinuata, lobata, spicata, micrantha. Europe, Barbary, Canary, Amer.

* S. stalk simple, with a head of flowers; leaves strap-shaped.—It is much used in gardens as an edging for borders, and, when in full blossom, gives a glowing tinge to pastures on the sea-coast. Horses and goats eat it; sheep are not fond of it.

590. **LINUM**, or Flax.

29 species; viz. *usitatissimum*, *perenne*, viscosum, hirsutum, aquilinum, narbonense, reflexum, *tenuifolium*, selaginoides, prostratum, gallicum, maritimum, alpinum, austriacum, virginianum, flavum, monopetalum, strictum, monogynum, suffruticosum, arboreum, campanulatum, africanum, ethiopicum, nodiflorum, *catharticum*, *radiola*, quadrifolium, verticillatum. Europe, Africa, America.

* L. cal. and capsules dagger-pointed; petals scolopendroped; leaves spear-shaped; stem generally solitary.—mum.

This valuable plant originally came from those parts of Egypt which are exposed to the inundations of the Nile. The seeds yield, by expression only, a large proportion of oil, which is an excellent pectoral, as is likewise the mucilaginous infusion. They make an easy and useful poultice in cases of external inflammation; and they are the food of several small birds. After the oil is expressed, the remaining farinaceous part, called oil-cake, is given to oxen, who soon grow fat upon it. The oil itself differs in several respects from other expressed oils; it does not congeal in winter, nor does it form a solid soap with fixed alkaline salts; and it acts more powerfully as a menstruum upon sulphureous bodies. When heat is applied during the expression, it gets a yellowish colour, and a peculiar smell. In this state it is used by the painters and the varnishers. The fibres of the stem are manufactured into linen, and this linen, when worn to rags, is made into paper.

* L. leaves opposite, egg-spear-shaped; stem forked. cathartic.

Cor. pointed.—An infusion of two drams or more of cum. The dried plant is an excellent purge, and has been given with advantage in many obstinate rheumatisms. It frequently acts as a diuretic. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. 591. ALDROVANDA. One species; viz. vesiculosa. Italy, India.

592. DROsera, or Sun-dew. 10 species; viz. acaulis, * rotundifolia, cuneifolia, burmannii, * longifolia, capensis, lusitanica, cistifolia, peliata, indica. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.

* D. stalks from the root; leaves circular.—The whole plant is acid, and sufficiently caustic to erode the skin; but some ladies know how to mix the juice with milk, so as to make it an innocent and safe application to remove freckles and sunburn. The juice that exudes from it unmixed will destroy warts and corns. This plant has the same effect upon milk as the pinguisula vulgaris, and like that too is supposed to occasion the rot in sheep. The sour coagulated milk of the Syrians, called leban or leven, is supposed to be at first prepared with some plant of this kind. The name sundew seems to be derived from a very striking circumstance in the appearance of these plants; the leaves are fringed with hairs, supporting small drops or globules of a pellucid liquor like dew, which continue even in the hottest part of the day and in the fullest exposure to the sun. Perhaps the acrimony of the plant resides in this secreted liquor.

593. GISCHIA. One species; viz. pharmacioides. E. Indies.

594. CRassula, or Lesser Orpine. 71 species; viz. coccinea, cymosa, flava, pubescens, pruinosa, scabra, corallina, vestita, argentea, perfoliata, perforata, fruticulosa, ramosa, mollis, tetragona, muricata, punctata, obvallata, cultrata, obliqua, spatulata, punctata, marginalis, cordata, lactea, arborescens, rupestris, pinnata, spinosa, retroflexa, lineolata, centauroides, dichotoma, glomerata, pulchella, strigosa, muscosa, pyramidalis, columnaris, hemispherica, aleoideis, capitella, cetyledonis, barbata, ciliata, thyrsiflora, spicata, subulata, alternifolia, rubens, cespitosa, minima, moschatia, verticillaris, expansa, dentata, nudicaulis, tecta, cephalophora, montana, turrita, alpestris, marginea, tomentosi, crenulata, deltoides, orbicularis, sparsa, diffusa, prostrata, pellucida. Switzerland, Italy, Cape, China.

595. MAHERNIA. Eight species; viz. verticillata, pinnata, pulchella, diffusa, incisa, glabrata, heterophylla, biserrata. C. of G. Hope.

596. COMMERSONIA. One species; viz. echinata. Otaheite.

597. SIBBALDIA. Three species; viz. * procumbens, erecta, altaica. Siberia, Alps in Europe.

ORDER VI. DECAGYNYIA.

598. SCHEFFLERA. One species; viz. digita. South Sea isles.

ORDER VII. POLYGYNYIA.

599. MYOSURUS, or Mouse-tail. One species; viz. * minimus. Europe.

600. ZANTHORHIZA. One species; viz. apifolia.

In the class Pentandria are

325 Genera, including 2537 Species, of which 163 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS VI.

HEXANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flores calyculati, calyce corellaque instructi, absque spatibus.

602. BROMELIA. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus, superus. Baccia.

603. PITCAIRNIA. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus, semisuperus. Capsula.

604. TILLANDSIA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-partitus, inferus. Sem. comosa.

606. BURMANNIA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 1-phyllus, inferus, triquetro-alatus, coloratus.

607. TRADESCANTIA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus, inferus. Filamenta barbata.

686. STEPHANIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 2-lobus. Germ. pedicellatum.

CLASS VI.

HEXANDRIA.

ORDER I. MONOGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flowers double calyxed, furnished with a calyx and corolla, and without sheaths.

B. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite, superior. A berry.

P. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite, half superior. A capsule.

T. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 3-partite, inferior. Seeds hairy.

B. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 1 leaf, inferior, three-square, winged, coloured.

T. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 3-leaved, inferior. Filaments bearded.

S. Cor. 4-petalous. Cal. 2-lobed. Germen on a pedicle.

690. Sect. II. Flores calyculati, calyce, corolla, spathisque instructi.

666. Corypha. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-phyllus. Drupa.

667. Licoala. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus. Nectar. sertiforme. Drupa.

668. Mnasium. Cor. 3-dentata. Cal. 5-partit. Spatha 2-valvis. Anthere foliacene.

Sect. III. Flores spatheae glumacei.

661. Urania. Cor. supera 3-petala. Spathae alternae.

660. Hemanthus. Cor. supera, 6-partita. Involucrum polyphyllum, maximum.

663. Leucoium. Cor. supera, 6-petala, campanulata. Stamina equaalia.

664. Strumaria. Cor. 6-petala, plana.

662. Galanthus. Cor. supera, 6-petala. Nectar. campanulatum, extra stamina.

667. Pancratium. Cor. supera, 6-petala. Nectarium campanulatum, staminibus terminatum.

662. Amaryllis. Cor. supera, 6-petala, irregularis. Stam. inaequalia, declinata.

668. Crinum. Cor. supera, 6-fida, basi tubulosa. Stam. distantia, faucis inserta.

Sect. II. Double calyxed flowers, furnished with a corolla and sheaths.

C. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-leaved. A drupe.

L. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite. Nectary garland-shaped. A drupe.

M. Cor. 3-toothed. Cal. 3-partite. Sheath 2-valved. Anthers leafy.

Sect. III. Flowers sheathed husked.

U. Cor. superior, 3-petaled. Sheaths alternate.

H. Cor. superior, 6-partite. The involucrum many-leaved, very large.

I. Cor. superior, 6-petaled, bell-shaped. Stamens equal.

S. Cor. 6-petaled, flat.

G. Cor. superior, 6-petaled. Nectary bell-shaped, without the stamens.

P. Cor. superior, 6-petaled. Nectary bell-shaped, ending with stamens.

A. Cor. superior, 6-petaled, irregular. The stamens unequal, bending.

C. Cor. superior, 6-cleft, tubular at the base. Stamens distant, inserted in the mouth. 621. CYRTANTHUS. Cor. supera, 6-fida, clavata. Filamenta simplicia.

620. EUSTEPHIA. Cor. supera, 6-fida, tubulosa. Filamenta tricuspidata.

619. AGAPANTHUS. Cor. infera, 6-fida, infundibuliformis, regularis.

609. PONTEDERIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida, ringens.

624. BULBOCODIUM. Cor. infera, 6-petala; unguibus longissimis staminiferis.

615. TULBAGIA. Cor. infera, 6-petala; tribus inferioribus. Nectarium cylindricum extus petaliferum.

626. ALLIUM. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Petala ovata, sessilia.

636. CURCULIGO. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Styl. 3-partitus.

625. APHYLLANTHES. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Spathae immediate, glumaceae.

611. MASSONIA. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Stem. nect. inserta.

637. HYPOXIS. Cor. supera, 6-petala. Spathae glumaceae.

Sect. IV. Flores nudi.

605. XEROPHYTA. Cor. 6-partita supera. Stigma clavatum.

661. ALSTROEMERIA. Cor. supera, 6-petala, unguibus tubulosis.

655. LANARIA. Cor. supera, 6-fida, subcampanulata.

662. HEMEROCALLIS. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Stam. declinata.

660. AGAVE. Cor. supera, 6-fida, limbo erecto, filamentis brevior.

635. GETHYLLIS. Cor. supera, 6-partita. Bacca clavata, polysperma.

659. ALOE. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Filam. receptaculo inserta.

657. ALETIS. Cor. infera, 6-fida, rugosa. Stamina faucis inserta.

656. VOLTHEIMIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Stamina corollae basi inserta.

650. POLYANTHES. Cor. infera, 6-fida, tubo curvato.

649. CONVALLARIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Bacca trisperma.

648. SANSEVIERA. Cor. 6-partita. Bacca 1-sperma.

652. HYACINTHUS. Cor. infera, 6-fida, subcampanulata. Stamina receptaculo inserta.

651. DRIMIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida, campanulata. Stamina tubo corollae inserta.

623. MILLEA. Cor. infera, 6-fida, infundibulif. Germen pedicellatum.

642. ASPHODELUS. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Nectarii valvulis 6 staminiferis.

629. EUCOMIS. Cor. infera, 6-partita, persistens. Filamenta nectario adnata.

643. ANHERICUM. Cor. infera, 6-petala, plana.

681. ENARGEA. Cor. infera, 6-petala, petalis alterne basi biglandulosis.

653. PHORMIUM. Cor. infera, 6-petala, inaequalis. Caps. triquetra.

654. LACHENALIA. Cor. infera, 6-petala, inaequalis. Caps. trialata.

C. Cor. superior, 6-cleft, club-shaped. Filaments undivided.

E. Cor. superior, 6-cleft, tubular. Filaments 3-pointed.

A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-shaped, regular.

P. Cor. inferior, 6 cleft, gaping.

B. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled, with very long claws bearing the stamens.

T. Cor. inferior, 6-petals; three inferior. A cylindrical nectary without, bearing the petals.

A. Cor. inferior, 6 petaled. Petals oval, sitting.

C. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Style 3-partite.

A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Sheaths extending half round, husky.

M. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Stamens inserted in a nectary.

H. Cor. superior, 6-petaled. Sheaths husky.

Sect. IV. Flowers naked.

X. Cor. 6-partite superior. Stigma club-shaped.

A. Cor. superior, 6-petaled, with tubular claws.

L. Cor. superior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-shaped.

H. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Stamens bent.

A. Cor. superior, 6-cleft, with an erect border shorter than the filaments.

G. Cor. superior, 6-partite. Berry club-shaped, many-seeded.

A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Filaments inserted in the receptacle.

A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, wrinkled. Stamens inserted in the mouth.

V. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted in the base of the corolla.

P. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, with a crooked tube.

C. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Berry 3-seeded.

S. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Berry 1-seeded.

H. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the receptacle.

D. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla.

M. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-shaped. Germen on a pedicle.

A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Nectaries with 6 valves, bearing the stamens.

E. Cor. inferior, 6-partite, permanent. Filaments connected with the nectary.

A. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, flat.

E. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, the petals alternately biglandular at the base.

P. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, unequal. Caps. with 3 flat sides.

L. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, unequal, Caps. 3-winged. 639. Ornithogalum. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Filam. alternis basi dilatatis.

638. Eriospermum. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Filam. lanceolata. Sem lanata.

640. Scilla. Cor. infera, 6-petala, decidua. Filam. filiformia.

641. Cyanella. Cor. infera, 6-petala; petalis exterioribus propendentibus.

682. Philesia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, tribus interioribus duplo longioribus.

680. Lindera. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Caps. 2-locularis.

647. Dracena. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca 3-sperma.

646. Asparagus. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca 6-sperma.

645. Pollia. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca polysperma.

631. Gloriosa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, reflexa, caudata.

630. Uvularia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, basi fovea nectarifera; erecta.

628. Fritillaria. Cor. infera, 6-petala, basi fovea nectarifera; ovata.

627. Lilium. Cor. infera, 6-petala; petalis basi canaliculato-tubulosis.

633. Tulipa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, campanulata. Stylus o.

658. Yucca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, patens. Stylos o.

634. Albuca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, 3 exterioribus patulis, 3 interioribus conniventibus. Stigma cinctum cuspidibus 3.

Sect. V. Flores incompleti.

664. Orontium. Spadix multilorus. Follic. 1-spermus.

663. Acorus. Spadix multilorus. Caps. 3-locularis.

669. Calamus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Peric. retrorsum imbricatum, 1-spermus.

670. Juncus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis.

668. Thrinax. Cal. 6-dentatus. Drupa.

691. Peplis. Cal. 12-fidus. Caps. 2-locularis.

Sect. VI. Gramina.

693. Bambusa. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis.

692. Gahnia. Cal. 1-valv. Cor. 2-valvis.

694. Ehrharta. Cal. 2-valv. Cor. duplex.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

679. Falkia. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 1-petala. Sem. 4.

698. Atraphaxis. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. compressum.

696. Nectris. Cal. 6-partit. Cor. o. Caps. 2, polysperme.

695. Oryza. Gluma 1-flora. Cor. 2-glumis. Sem. 1, oblongum.

† Leersia hexandra. Ehrharta nonnulla.

Sect. V. Incomplete Flowers.

O. Sheathed fruit-stalk, many-flowered. Air-bag 1-seeded.

A. Sheathed fruit-stalk, many-flowered. Caps. 3-celled.

C. Cal. 6-leaved. Seed-vessel tiled backwards. One seed.

J. Cal. 6-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.

T. Cal. 6-toothed. A drupe.

P. Cal. 12-cleft. Caps. 2-celled.

Sect. VI. Grasses.

B. No cal. Cor. 2-valved.

G. Cal. 1-valved. Cor. 2-valved.

E. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. double.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

F. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 1-petaled. Seeds 4.

A. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. Seed compressed.

N. Cal. 6-partite. No cor. Caps. 2, many-seeded.

O. A husk, 1-flowered. Cor. with 2 husks. One oblong seed. Ordo III. TRIGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flores inferi.

703. WURMBEA. Cor. 6-fida, tubulosa. 707. COLCHICUM. Cal. spathe. Cor. 6-petaloidea. 704. MELANTHIUM. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, petalis staminiferis. 705. MEDEOLA. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Bacc 3-cocca. 708. HELONIAS. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Caps. 3-locul. 706. TRILLIUM. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Bacc 3-locul. 702. TRIGLOCHIN. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. tripeta-la. Caps. basi dehiscentes. 669. RUMEX. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Sem. 1, triquetrum. 701. SCHEUCHZERIA. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Caps. 3, 1-spermato. + Xylophylla latifolia.

Sect. II. Flores superi.

700. FLAGELLARIA. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Pericarpium 1-spermum.

Ordo IV. HEXAGYNYIA.

710. DAMOSONIUM. Spatha. Cal. 5-partit. Cor. 3-petala. Bacc 10-locul. 706. WENDLANDIA. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Caps. 6, monospermae.

Ordo V. POLYGYNYIA.

711. ALISMA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Pericarp. plura.

Order I. MONOGYNYIA.

601. URANIA. One species; viz. speciosa. Isle of Madagascar.

602. BROMELIA, or Pine-apple, Amanas. 10 species; viz. ananas, pinguin, karatas, lingulata, bracteata, paniculigera, chrysantha, nudicaulis, humilis, acanga. W. Indies, S. America.—The ananas is the most grateful of all the tropical fruits. It requires a very powerful heat for its cultivation in hot-houses.

603. PITCAIRNIA. Three species; viz. bromeliifolia, angustifolia, latifolia. Jamaica, Santa Cruz.

604. TILLANDSIA. 16 species; viz. utriculata, serrata, lingulata, tenuifolia, flexuosa, setacea, paniculata, fasciculata, nutans, polystachya, monostachya, pruinosa, canescens, angustifolia, recurvata, usneoides. N. Amer. Jamaica.

Order III. TRIGYNYIA.

Sect. I. Flores inferior.

W. Cor. 6-cleft, tubular. C. Cal. a sheath. Cor. 6-petaled. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, with petals bearing the stamens. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. A berry 3-celled. H. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Caps. 3-celled. T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry 3-celled. T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalous. Caps. opening at the base. R. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Seed 1, triangular. S. Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Caps. 3, 1-seeded.

Sect. II. Flores superior.

F. Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Seed-vessel with 1 seed.

Order IV. HEXAGYNYIA.

D. A sheath. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry 10-celled. W. Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Caps. 6, 1-seeded.

Order V. POLYGYNYIA.

A. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3 petals. Several seed-vessels.

605. XEROPHYTA. One species; viz. pinifolia. Isle of Madagascar.

606. BURMANNIA. One species; viz. disticha, biflora. Ceyl. Virg.

607. TRADESCANTIA, or Virginia Spiderwort. 17 species; viz. virginica, crassifolia, erecta, zanonia, discolor, malabarica, nervosa, divaricata, geniculata, monandra, multiflora, cordiflora, procumbens, axillaris, formosa, cristata, papilionacea. Virginia, Maryland, E. and W. Indies.

608. MNASIUM. One species; viz. paludosum. Guiana.

609. PONTEDERIA. Six species; viz. rotundifolia, azurea, vaginalis, limosa, cordata, hastata. E. and W. Indies.

610. HEMANTHUS, or Bloodflower. 14 species; viz. coccineus, coaretatus, puniceus, multilorus, tigrinus, quadrivalvis, pubescens, ciliaris, albillos, albiflos, toxicarius, lanceolatus, carinatus, pumilio, spiralis. Africa.

611. Massonia. Four species; viz. latifolia, angustifolia, undulata, echinata. C. of G. Hope.

612. Galanthus, or Snow-drop. One species; viz. * nivalis. South of Europe.

613. Leucoium, or Greater Snow-drop. Three species; viz. * verum, * estivum, autumnale. Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Cape.

614. Strumaria. Six species; viz. linguefolia, truncata, rubella, undulata, angustifolia, filifolia.

615. Tuleagia. Two species; viz. alliacea, cepacea. Cape of Good Hope.

616. Narcissus, or Daffodil. 17 species; viz. * poeticus, incomparabilis, * pseudonarcissus, bicolor, minor, moschatus, triandrus, orientalis, trilobus, odoros, * biflorus, calathinus, tazetta, dubius, bulbocodium, serotinus, jonquilla. South of Europe, Levant.

617. Pancratium, or Sea-daffodil. 11 species; viz. zeylanicum, mexicanum, humile, caribaeum, maritimum, fragrans, littorale, speciosum, amoenum, illyricum, amboinense. S. Europe, America, E. and W. Indies.

618. Crinum, or Asphodel Lily. Five species; viz. asiaticum, americanum, erubescens, bracteatum, nervosum. Asia, Africa, America.

619. Agapanthus, or African Blue-lily. Two species; viz. umbellatus, ensifolius. Cape of Good Hope.

620. Eustephia. One species; viz. cocinea.

621. Cyrtanthus. Three species; viz. angustifolius, ventricosus, obliquus. Guiana.

622. Amaryllis, or Lily-daffodil. 38 species; viz. lutea, pumilio, bulbispatha, tubiflora, atamasco, maculata, chilensis, clavata, formosissima, reginae, purpurea, linearis, equestris, reticulata, tatarica, belladonna, vittata, falcata, ornata, longifolia, montana, zeylanica, revoluta, latifolia, aurea, orientalis, sarmiensis, marginita, curviloba, undulata, radiata, humilis, flexuosa, radula, striata, crispa, stellaris, caspia. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America.

623. Millea. One species; viz. billora.

624. Bulbocodium, or Mountain-saffron. One species; viz. vernum. Spain.

625. Aphyllanthes. One species; viz. monspeliensis. Montpelier.

626. Allium, or Garlick. 53 species; viz. * ampeloprasum, perrum, lineare, suaveolens, deflexum, rotundum, victorialis, subhirasum, magnum, obliquum, ramosum, tataricum, roseum, sativum, scorodonprasum, * arenarium, * carinatum, spherocephalon, parviflorum, pallasi, descendens, moschatum, flavum, pallens, paniculatum, * vineale, * oleaceum, nutans, ascalonicum, senescens, illyricum, odorum, inodorum, angulosum, striatum, narcissiflorum, pedemontanum, nigrum, canadense, * ursum, clusianum, triguetrum, cepa, moly, tricoccum, fistulosum, * schoenoprasum, sibiricum, stellerianum, capillare, tenueissimum, gracile, chance-moly. Europe, N. America, Jamaica.

A. umbel globular; stamens 3-pointed, petals rough ampelo- on the heel.—This is eaten along with other pot-herbs, prasum. It communicates its flavour to the milk and butter of cows that eat it.

A. filaments undivided; leaves semi-cylindrical, oleraceum rough furrowed underneath; (leaves not rough).—The tender leaves are very commonly boiled in soups, or fried with other herbs. Cows, goats, sheep, and swine, eat it.

A. stalk 3-square; leaves spear-shaped on leaf-ursinum. stalks; umbel flat-topped.—An infusion of this plant in brandy is esteemed a good remedy for the gravel. Other plants growing near it do not flourish. Cows eat it in the spring when grass is scarce; but it communicates an offensive flavour to the milk and butter.

A.—The roots of this plant, which is the proper gar-sativum, lick, are of an irregularly roundish shape, with several fibres at the bottom; each root is composed of a number of lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlick, enclosed in one common membranaceous coat, and easily separated from each other. All the parts of this plant, but more especially the roots, have a strong offensive smell, and an acrimonious, almost caustic, taste. The root applied to the skin inflames and often exulcerates the part. Its smell is extremely penetrating and diffusive. When the root is applied to the feet, its scent is soon discoverable in the breath; and when taken internally its smell is communicated to the urine, or the matter of an issue, and perspires through the pores of the skin.

This pungent root warms and stimulates the solids, and attenuates tenacious juices. Hence in cold leuco- phlegmatic habits, it proves a powerful expectorant, diuretic, and, if the patient be kept warm, sudorific; it has also been by some supposed to be an emmena- gogue. In catarrhous disorders of the breast, flatulent colics, hysterical and other diseases, proceeding from laxities of the solids, it has generally good effects; it has likewise been found serviceable in many hydropic cases. Sydenham relates, that he has seen the dropsy cured by the use of garlick alone; he recommends it chiefly as a warm strengthening medicine in the begin- ning of the disease.

Garlick is with some also a favourite remedy in the cure of intermittents; and it has been said to have sometimes succeeded in obstinate quartans after the Peruvian bark had failed, particularly when taken to the extent of one or two cloves daily in a glass of brandy or other spirits. The liberal use of garlick, however, is apt to occasion headaches, flatulencies, thirst, febrile heats, inflammatory distempers, and sometimes discharges of blood from the hemorrhoidal vessels. In hot bilious constitutions, where there is already a degree of irritation, and where there is reason to sus- pect an unsound state of the viscera, this stimulating me- dicine is manifestly improper, and never fails to aggra- vate the distemper.

The most commodious form of taking garlick, a medicine to most people not a little unpleasant, is that of a bolus or pill. Infusions in spirit, wine, vinegar, and water, although containing the whole of its virtues, are so acrimonious as to be unfit for general use. A syrup and oxymel of it were formerly kept in the shops; but it does not now enter any officinal preparation in our pharmacopoeias; and it is proper that even the pills should always be an extemporaneous prescription, as they suffer much from keeping.

Garlick made into an ointment with oils, &c. &c. applied externally, is said to resolve and discuss cold tumours, and has been by some greatly esteemed in cutaneous diseases. It has likewise sometimes been employed as a repellent. When applied under the form of a poultice to the pubes, it has sometimes proved effectual in producing a discharge of urine, when retention has arisen from want of a due action of the bladder; and some have recommended, in certain cases of deafness, the introduction of a single clove, wrapt in thin muslin or gauze, into the meatus auditorioris or passage of the ear. Sydenham assures us, that among all the substances which occasion a derivation or revolution from the head, none operates more powerfully than garlick applied to the soles of the feet; hence he was led to make use of it in the confluent smallpox. About the eighth day after the face began to swell, the root cut in pieces, and tied in a linen cloth, was applied to the soles, and renewed twice a-day till all danger was over.

The roots of the allium cepa, or onion, are considered rather as articles of food than of medicine. They are supposed to afford little nourishment, and when eaten liberally in their raw state, produce flatulencies, occasion thirst, headaches, and troublesome dreams. In cold phlegmatic habits, where viscid mucus abounds, they doubtless have their use; as by their stimulating quality they tend to excite appetite, attenuate thick juices, and promote their expulsion: by some they are strongly recommended in suppressions of urine, and in dropsies. The chief medicinal use of onions in the present practice is in external applications, boiled as a cataplasm, for suppurring tumours.

627. LILIUM, or Lily.

16 species; viz. cordifolium, longiflorum, candidum, japonicum, lancifolium, bulbiferum, catesbii, speciosum, pomponium, chalcedonicum, superbum, martagon, canadense, maculatum, kanschatense, philadelphicum. Europe, Japan, N. America.—The Liliun candidum, or white lily, is cultivated in gardens more for its beauty than utility. The mucilaginous root is used by some as a poultice; but it possesses no advantage over the poultices formed of vegetable farine.

628. FRITILLARIA, or Crown-Imperial, Fritillary.

Six species; viz. imperialis, persica, verticillata, pyrenaica, *meleagris, latifolia. Aust. Pyren. Italy, Pers.

629. EUCOMIS.

Five species; viz. nana, bifolia, regia, undulata, punctata. C. of G. Hope.

630. UVULARIA.

Six species; viz. amplexifolia, hirta, lanceolata, perfoliata, sessiliflora, cirrhosa. Germ. N. Amer. Jap.

631. GLORIOSA, or Superb Lily.

Two species; viz. superba, simplex. Guiana, E. Ind.

632. ERYTHRONIUM, or Dog's-tooth Violet.

One species; viz. dens canis. Siberia, Italy, Virg. Carolina.

633. TULIPA, or Tulip.

Five species; viz. *sylvestris, suaveolens, gesneriana, biflora, breyniana. S. Eur. Lev. Cape.

634. ALBUCA, or Base Star of Bethlehem.

14 species; viz. altissima, major, flaccida, minor, viridiflora, coarctata, fastigiata, candata, setosa, aurea, abyssinica, fragrans, viscosa, spiralis. C. of G. Hope.

635. GETHYLLIS.

Five species; viz. spiralis, ciliaris, villosa, plicata, lanceolata. C. of G. Hope.

636. CURCULIGO.

One species; viz. orchioides.

637. HYPOXIS, or Base Star-flower.

15 species; viz. erecta, sobolifera, villosa, decumbens, obliqua, aquatica, minuta, alba, ovata, veratriflora, stellata, serrata, juncea, fascicularis, sessilis. N. Amer. Jamaica, Cape, Japan.

638. ERIOSPERMUM.

Three species; viz. latifolium, lancefolium, parvifolium.

639. ORNITHOGALUM, or Star of Bethlehem.

43 species; viz. uniflorum, striatum, bulbiferum, spathaceum, bohemicum, *luteum, minimum, circinatum, paradoxum, niveum, *umbellatum, *pyrenaicum, stachyoides, lacteum, ovatum, ciliatum, crenulatum, pilosum, revolutum, conicum, narbonense, latifolium, altissimum, scilloides, longebracteatum, japonicum, comosum, pyramidale, tenellum, odoratum, suaveolens, secundum, fuscatum, barbatum, polyphyllum, juncifolium, rupestre, arabicum, thyrsoides, aureum, coarctatum, candatum, nutans. Eur. Egypt, Madeira, Cape.

*O. stalk angular, 2-leaved; fruitstalks in an un-luteum branched umbel.—The bulbous roots of all the species are nutritious and wholesome, and those of this species have been employed for food in a scarcity of provision. Horses, goats, and sheep eat it; swine are not fond of it; cows refuse it.

640. SCILLA, or Squill.

16 species; viz. maritima, lilio-hyacinthus, italica, tetraphylla, peruviana, japonica, ancena, praecox, campanulata, *bifolia, *verna, lusitanica, orientalis, hyacinthoides, *autumnalis, unifolia. Eur. Barb. Madeira, Japan.

S. flowers naked; floral leaves bent backwards as if broken.—This is the squill or sea-onion well known in medicine. It is a kind of onion growing spontaneously upon dry sandy shores in Spain and the Levant, from whence the root is annually brought into Europe. It should be chosen plump, sound, fresh, and full of clammy juice: some have preferred the red sort, others the white, though neither deserves the preference to the other. The only difference perceptible between them is that of the colour, and hence both may be used promiscuously. This root is to the taste very nauseous, intensely bitter and acrimonious. Much handled it ulcerates the skin. With regard to its medical dical virtues, it powerfully stimulates the solids and attenuates viscid juices; and by these qualities promotes expectoration, urine, and, if the patient be kept warm, sweat: if the dose be considerable it proves emetic, and sometimes purgative. The principal use of this medicine is where the primae viae abound with mucous matter, and the lungs are oppressed by tenacious phlegm. Dr Wagner, in his clinical observations, recommends it given along with nitre in hydropical swellings, and in the nephritis; and mentions several cures that he performed by giving from four to ten grains of the powder for a dose, mixed with a double quantity of nitre: he says, that thus managed, it almost always operates as a diuretic, though sometimes it vomits or purges. In dropsy, dried squills are often combined with mercury. The most commodious form for the taking of squills, unless when designed as an emetic, is that of a bolus or pill; liquid forms are to most people too offensive, though these may be rendered less disagreeable both to the palate and stomach by the addition of aromatic distilled waters. This root yields the whole of its virtues both to aqueous and to vinous menstrua, and likewise to vegetable acids. Its officinal preparations are a conserve of dried squills, a syrup and vinegar, an oxymel, and pills.

641. CYANELLA.

Four species; viz. capensis, orchidiformis, lutea, alba. C. of G. Hope.

642. ASPHODELUS, or Asphodel, or King’s spear.

Seven species; viz. luteus, creticus, ramosus, albus, fistulosus, altaicus, liburnicus. Austria, S. Europe.

643. ANHERICUM, or Spider-wort.

55 species; viz. serotinum, fragrans, filifolium, flexifolium, filiforme, exuviatum, elongatum, gracuum, planifolium, squameum, comosum, floribundum, revolutum, ramosum, elatum, falcatum, contortum, vespertinum, graminifolium, japonicum, longifolium, hirsutum, adenanthera, reflexum, pilosum, undulatum, triflorum, canaliculatum, albocoides, lilago, liliastrum, spirale, frutescens, rostratum, aloides, nutans, incurvum, latifolium, pugoniforme, prernorsum, asphodeloides, longiscapum, annuum, hispidum, muricatum, ciliatum, candafels, triguecetrum, scabrum, cirrhatum, crispum, ossifragum, physodes, pusillum, calyculum. Alps of Swed. S. Eur. Cape, Japan.

*A.—It is believed in Sweden to be noxious to sheep, and has been supposed to soften the bones of animals that eat it. Cows and horses eat it; sheep and swine refuse it.

644. LEONTICE, or Lion’s Leaf.

Five species; viz. chrysogonum, leontopetalum, vesicaria, altaica, thalictroides. Levant, N. America.

645. POLLIA.

One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

646. ASPARAGUS.

20 species; viz. officinalis, declinatus, decumbens, flexuosus, scandens, falcatus, racemosus, retrofractus, ethiopicus, asiaticus, albus, acutifolius, subulatus, dependens, horridus, aphyllus, lanceus, capensis, sarmen- tosus, verticillaris. S. Eur. Asia, Africa.

*A. stem herbaceous, cylindrical, upright; leaves bristle-shaped; leaf-scales solitary or in pairs; male and female flowers sometimes on distinct plants.—The young shoots of this plant, in its cultivated state, are very universally esteemed for their flavour and nutritious qualities. They impart to the urine the scent of water in which they have been boiled. The sparagus chrysonema lives upon it.

647. DRACENA, or Dragon-tree.

14 species; viz. draco, indivisa, umbraculifera, australis, cerna, ferrea, terminalis, marginata, striata, undulata, erecta, ensifolia, borealis, graminifolia. Cape, E. Indies, China, N. America.

648. SANSEVIERA.

Three species; viz. guineensis, zeylanica, lanuginosa.

649. CONVALLARIA, or Lily of the Valley.

11 species; viz. majalis, japonica, spicata, vermicillata, polygnotum, multiflora, latifolia, racemosa, stellata, trifolia, bifolia. N. Eur. N. America, Japan.

*C. stalk naked, semi-cylindrical; flowers spiked, majalis.

nodding.—The flowers are highly fragrant, but when dried are of a narcotic scent; reduced to powder, they excite sneezing. An extract prepared from the flowers, or from the roots, partakes of the bitterness as well as of the purgative properties of aloes. The dose from 20 to 30 grains. A beautiful and durable green colour may be prepared from the leaves by the assistance of lime. Sheep and goats eat it; horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

*C. leaves alternate, embracing the stem; stem 2-polygonated; fruitstalks axillary, mostly 1-flowered.—In a time of scarcity of provisions the roots have been made into bread. Sheep and goats eat it; horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

*C. leaves alternate embracing the stem; stem cylindrical; fruit-stalks axillary, many-flowered.—The young shoots are eaten by the Turks as asparagus, and the roots have been made into bread as the C. polygnotum. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it.

650. POLYANTHUS, or Tuberose.

Two species; viz. tuberosa, pygmaea. E. Indies.

651. DRIMIA.

Five species; viz. ciliaris, elata, pusilla, undulata, media.

652. HYACINTHUS, or Hyacinth.

13 species; viz. non-scriptus, cernuus, amethystinus, orientalis, flexuosus, corymbosus, convallarioides, brevifolius, romannus, muscaris, comosus, betryoides, racemosus. S. Eur. Levant.

*H. blossoms tubular-bell-shaped, with six divisions, non-script segments rolled back; floral leaves in pairs.—The fresh tus roots are poisonous; They may be converted into starch. Phalena plantaginis lives upon it.

653. PHORMIUM.

One species; viz. tenax.

654. LACHENALIA.

24 species; viz. glauca, orchoides, pallida, hyacinthoides, angustifolia, contaminata, viridis, serotina, pusilla, patula, fragrans, liliiflora, pustulata, purpureo-coerulea, violacea, purpurea, lanceolata, uniflora, birta, isopetala, tricolor, rubra, punctata, pendula. Cape, New Zealand. 655. LANARIA. One species; viz. plumosa. C. of G. Hope.

656. VOLTHEMIA. Four species; viz. viridifolia, glauca, uvaria, pumila.

657. ALETRIS, or Base Aloe. Two species; viz. farinosa, fragrans. Afr. N. Amer. Ceylon, Japan.

658. YUCCA, or Adam's Needle. Four species; viz. gloriosa, aloifolia, draconis, filamentosa. Amer.

659. ALOE. 17 species; viz. dichotoma, spicata, perfoliata, picta, sinuata, humilis, arachnoides, margaritifera, verrucosa, carinata, maculata, lingua, plicatilis, variegata, viscosa, spiralis, retusa. Africa.

These plants are chiefly or rather only valuable, on account of the medicinal virtues of their inspissated juice. The ancients distinguished two sorts of aloes: The one was pure and of a yellowish colour inclining to a red, resembling the colour of a liver, and thence named hepatic; the other was full of impurities, and hence supposed to be only the dross of the better kind. At present various sorts are met with in commerce, which are distinguished from the place in which they are produced, or from their sensible qualities.

1. The Socotorine aloe, said to be obtained from a variety of the aloe perfoliata. This is the purest sort. It is brought from the island Socotra in the Indian ocean, wrapt in skins. It is of a glossy surface, clear, and in some degree pellucid; in the lump, of a yellowish red colour, with a purple cast; when reduced to powder, of a bright golden colour. It is hard and friable in the winter, and somewhat pliable in summer, and grows soft betwixt the fingers. Its taste is bitter, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, but insufficient to prevent its being disagreeable; the smell is not very unpleasant, and somewhat resembles that of myrrh.

2. Barbadoes or hepatic aloe. Hepatic aloe is not so clear and bright as the foregoing sort; it is also of a darker colour, more compact texture, and for the most part drier. Its smell is much stronger and more disagreeable: the taste intensely bitter and nauseous, with little or nothing of the fine aromatic flavour of the Socotorine. The best hepatic aloe comes from Barbadoes in large gourd shells: an inferior sort of it (which is generally soft and clammy), is brought over in casks.

3. Fetid, caballine, or horse aloe, may easily be distinguished from each of the foregoing, by its strong rank smell; although in other respects it agrees pretty much with the hepatic, and is not unfrequently sold in its stead. Sometimes the caballine aloe is prepared so pure and bright, as not to be distinguished by the eye from the Socotorine; but its offensive smell, of which it cannot be divested, readily betrays it. It has not now a place in almost any pharmacopoeia, and is employed chiefly by farriers.

All the sorts of aloe dissolve in pure spirit, proof spirit, and proof spirit diluted with half its weight of water; the impurities only being left. They dissolve also by the assistance of heat in water alone; but as the liquor grows cold, the resinous part subsides, the gummy remaining united with the water. The hepatic aloe is found to contain more resin, and less gum than the Socotorine, and this than the caballine. The resins of all the sorts, purified by spirit of wine, have little smell: that obtained from the Socotorine has scarce any perceptible taste; that of the hepatic, a slight bitterish relish; and the resin of the caballine a little more of the aloect flavour. The gummy extracts of all the sorts are less disagreeable than the crude aloe: the extract of Socotorine aloe has very little smell, and is in taste not unpleasant; that of the hepatic has a somewhat stronger smell, but is rather more agreeable in taste than the extract of the Socotorine; the gum of the caballine retains a considerable share of the peculiar rank smell of this sort of aloe, but its taste is not much more unpleasant than that of the extracts made from the two other sorts.

Aloe is a stimulating cathartic bitter: if given in so large a dose as to purge effectually, it often occasions an irritation about the anus, and sometimes a discharge of blood. Small doses of it, frequently repeated, not only cleanse the prime vice, but likewise warm the habit, quicken the evacuation, and promote the uterine and hemorrhoidal fluxes. This medicine is particularly serviceable in habitual costiveness, to persons of a phlegmatic temperament and sedentary life, and where the stomach is oppressed and weakened. In dry bilious habits, aloe proves injurious, immoderately heating the body and inflaming the bowels.

The juice is likewise, on account of its bitterness, supposed to kill worms, either taken internally, or applied in plasters to the umbilical region. It is also celebrated for restraining external hemorrhages, and cleansing and healing wounds and ulcers.

The ancients gave aloe in much larger doses than is customary at present. Dioscorides orders half a dram or a dram for gently loosening the belly; and three drams were intended to have the full effect of a cathartic. But modern practice rarely exceeds a scruple, and limits the greatest dose to two scruples. For the common purposes of this medicine ten or twelve grains suffice; taken in these or less quantities, it acts as a gentle stimulating ecbirotropic, capable of removing, if duly continued, very obstinate obstructions. Aloes are much less frequently used to operate as a purgative than merely to obviate costiveness: and indeed their purgative effect is not increased in proportion to the quantity that is taken. Perhaps the chief objection to aloe, in cases of habitual costiveness, is the tendency which they have to induce and augment hemorrhoidal affections; and with those liable to such complaints they can seldom be employed. Their purgative effect seems chiefly to depend on their proving a stimulus to the rectum.

Some are of opinion, that the purgative virtue of aloe resides entirely in its resin: but experience has shown, that the pure resin has little or no purgative quality, and that the gummy part, separated from the resinous, acts more powerfully than the crude aloe. If the aloe indeed be made to undergo long coction in the preparation of the gummy extract, its cathartic power will be considerably lessened, not from the separation of the resin, but from an alteration made in the juice. juice itself by the heat. The strongest vegetable cathartics become mild by a like treatment, without any remarkable separation of their parts.

Socotrine aloes, as already observed, contain more gummy matter than the hepatic; and hence are likewise found to purge more, and with greater irritation. The first sort therefore is most proper where a stimulus is required, as for promoting or exciting the menstrual flux; whilst the latter is better calculated to act as a common purge. It is supposed that the vulnerary and balsamic virtues of this juice reside chiefly in the resin, and hence the hepatic aloes, which is most resinous, is most serviceable in external application.

Aloes enter many of the officinal preparations and compositions, particularly different pills and tinctures; and according to the particular purposes for which these are intended, sometimes the Barbadoes, sometimes the Socotrine aloes are the most proper.

660. AGAVE, or Common American Aloe. Seven species; viz. americana, vivipara, virginica, cubensis, lurida, tuberosa, fœtida. America.

661. ASTROEMERIA. Six species; viz. pelegrina, pulchella, ligtu, salsilla, ovata, multiflora. Peru, Lima.

662. HEMEROCALLIS, Day-lily. Four species; viz. flava, fulva, lancifolia, japonica. Siberia, Hungary, Levant, Japan.

663. ACORUS, or Sweet-smelling Rush. Two species; viz. calamus, graminneus. Europe, India.

* A. floral leaf very much longer than the spike.—The root powdered might supply the place of our foreign spices. It is our only native truly aromatic plant. The powder of the root has cured agues, when the Peruvian bark has failed. The roots have a strong aromatic smell, and a warm pungent bitterish taste. The flavour is greatly improved by drying. They are commonly imported from the Levant, but those of our own growth are full as good. The Turks candy the roots, and think they are a preservative against contagion. Neither horses, cows, goats, sheep, or swine will eat it.

664. ORONTIUM, or Floating Arum. Two species; viz. aquaticum, japonicum. N. America, Japan.

665. TACCA. One species; viz. pinnatifida. E. Indies, Otaheite.

666. CORYPHA, or Mountain Palm. Two species; viz. umbraculifera, rotundifolia. East Indies, Carolina.

667. LICULA. One species; viz. spinosa. Africa, Amboyna.

668. THRINAX, or Small Jamaica Fan-palm. One species; viz. parviflora. Jamaica, Hispaniola.

669. CALAMUS. Eight species; viz. rotang, verus, draco, niger, viminalis, rudimentum, equestris, zalacca. India.

670. JUNCUS, or Rush. 40 species; viz. acutus, conglomeratus, effusus, glaucus, inflexus, arcticus, filiformis, capillaceus, grandiflorus, magellanicus, rubens, trifidus, squarrosus, capitatus, capensis, punctarius, nodosus, articulatus, sylvaticus, subverticillatus, tenageja, bulbosus, tenus, fusonius, cephalotes, stygus, jacquini, biglumis, triglumis, pilosus, maximus, spadiceus, luteus, parviflorus, serratus, albidus, niveus, campestria, sudeticus, spicatus. Europe, Cape, N. America.

* J. straw stiff and straight; panicle lateral, loose; effusus. flowers egg-shaped, blunt, 3 stamens in each.—Rushes are sometimes used to make little baskets. The pith of this species is used instead of cotton to make the wick of rush lights. Horses and goats eat it.

* J. straw rigid; leaves like bristles; panicle termina-squarreting, leafless.—Horses eat it. The leaves lying close sus. to the ground elude the stroke of the scythe. It indicates a barren soil.

671. RICHARDIA. One species; viz. scabra. Vera Cruz.

672. DUROJA. One species; viz. eriopila. Surinam.

673. ACHRAS, or Sapota. Three species; viz. dissecta, mammosa, sapota. W. Indies, S. America.

674. PRINOS, or Winter-berry. Seven species; viz. verticillatus, montanus, dioicus, nitidus, glaber, lucidus, sideroxyloides. N. America, Jamaica, Montserrat.

675. COSSINEA. Two species; viz. triphylla, pinnata. India.

676. BARBACENA. One species; viz. brasiliensis.

677. BERBERIS, or Barberry, or Pepperidge Bush. Five species; viz. vulgaris, ilicifolia, microphylla, cretica, sibirica. Europe, Canada, Terra del Fuego.

* B. fruitstalks forming bunches; thorns 3 together.—vulgaris. The leaves are gratefully acid. The flowers are offensive to the smell when near, but at a proper distance their odour is extremely fine. The berries are so very acid that birds will not eat them, but boiled with sugar they form a most agreeable rob or jelly. They are used, likewise, as a dry sweetmeat, and in sugar plums. An infusion of the bark in white wine is purgative. The roots boiled in lye dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a most beautiful yellow with the bark of the root. The inner bark of the stems dyes linen of a fine yellow, with the assistance of alum. This shrub should never be permitted to grow in corn lands, for the ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence in this respect has been known to extend as far as 3 or 4 hundred yards across a field. This very extraordinary fact well merits investigation.

678. PSATHURA. One species; borbonica. Isle of Bourbon.

679. NANDINA. One species; viz. domestica. Japan.

680. LINDERA. One species; viz. umbellata. Japan.

681. ENARGEA. One species; viz. marginata. Terra del Fuego. 682. PHILESIA. One species; viz. buxifolia. Straits of Magellan.

683. CAPURA. One species; viz. porporata. India.

684. LORANTHUS. 26 species; viz. scurrula, tetrapetalus, glaucus, biflorus, parvifolius, falcatus, uniflorus, europeus, longibracteatus, buddlejoides, nodosus, elevatus, longiflorus, elasticus, americanus, emarginatus, occidentalis, loniceroides, pedunculatus, sessilis, marginatus, stelis, pauciflorus, brasiliensis, pentandrus, spicatus. Europe, E. Ind. Jam. Amer.

685. SCHRADERA. Two species; viz. capitata, cephalotes.

686. STEPHANIA. One species; viz. cleomoides. Guiana.

687. HILLIA. Two species; viz. longiflora, tetrandra. Jamaica, S. Amer.

688. ISERTIA. Two species; viz. coccinea, parviflora. Guiana.

689. CANARINA, or Canary Bell-flower. One species; viz. campanula. Canary isles.

690. FRANKENIA, or Sea-heath. Four species; viz. * lievis, nothria, hirsuta, * pulverulenta. Europe, Arabia.

691. PEPLIS, or Water Purslain. Two species; viz. * portula, indica. Europe.

692. GAHNIA. Two species; viz. procera, schoenoides. New Zealand.

693. BAMBUSA. Two species; viz. arundinacea, verticillata.

694. EHRAHARTA. Five species; viz. cartilaginea, bulbosa, longiflora, panicea, calycina. Africa.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

695. ORYZA, or Rice. One species; viz. sativa. E. and W. Indies, N. America.—Rice is the produce of many countries, particularly of the East Indies; but as used in Britain, it is brought chiefly from Carolina, where this plant is cultivated in large quantities. It is sufficiently nutritious, and affords an useful food in diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and other disorders from a thin acrimonious state of the juices.

696. NECTRIS. One species; viz. aquatica. Guiana.

697. FALKIA. One species; viz. repens. C. of G. Hope.

698. ATRAPHAXIS. Two species; viz. spinosa, undulata. Lev. Cape.

ORDER III. DIGYNIA.

699. RUMEX, or Dock. 36 species; viz. patentia, * sanguineus, spathulatus, verticillatus, britannica, * hydrolapathum, * crispus, nemolapathum, persicarioides, egyptiacus, dentatus, * maritimus, divaricatus, * acutus, obtosifolius, * pulcher, bucephalophorus, aquaticus, lunaria, vesicarius, roseus, tingitanus, scutatus, nervosus, * digynus, lanceolatus, alpinus, spinosus, tuberosus, multifidus, * acetosa, * acetosella, aculeatus, luxurians, arifolius, bipinnatus. Europe, Egypt, Barbary.

* R. valves strongly veined; leaves spear-shaped, acute, crisped, waved and curled at the edge.—In Norfolk this plant is the pest of clover fields. The fresh roots bruised, and made into an ointment or decoction, cure the itch. The seeds have been given with advantage in the dysentery. Cows, goats, and horses refuse it.

* R. valves veinless; leaves oval-spear-shaped, uneven at the edges.—Cows and horses refuse it. It is infected by the ophis rumicis. The root is used by the dyers. It gives a great variety of shades, from straw colour to a pretty fine olive, and a fine deep green to cloths which have been previously blued.

* R. leaves spear-shaped, smooth, acute, very entire, hydrolapathum tapering at the base. It is a medicine of considerable pathos, efficacy, both externally applied as a wash for putrid spongy gums, and internally in some species of scurvy. In rheumatic pains and chronical diseases, owing to obstructed viscera, it is said to be useful. The powdered root is one of the best things for cleaning the teeth. The root has sometimes a reddish tinge, but soon changing to a yellowish brown when exposed to the air. The curculio lapathi is found upon the leaves.

* R. leaves heart-oblong, bluntish, finely notched.—obtusifolius. Fallow-deer eat this and the R. acutus with avidity, biting it close to the root, so that it is very rare to see a dock growing in a park.

* R. leaves oblong, arrow-shaped.—The leaves are acetosa eaten in sauces and in salads. The Laplanders use them to turn their milk sour. In France they are cultivated for the use of the table, being introduced in soups, ragouts and fricasses. In some parts of Ireland they eat them plentifully with milk, alternately biting and supping. The Irish also eat them with fish, and other alkaline food. The dried root gives out a beautiful red colour when boiled. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine eat it. The ophis acetosella feeds upon it.

700. FLAGELLARIA. One species; viz. indica. E. Ind. Guiana.

701. SCHEUCHZERIA, or Lesser Flowering Rush. One species; viz. palustris. Lapland, Sweden, Helvetia.

702. TRIGLOCHIN, or Arrow-headed Grass. Three species; viz. * palustre, bulbosum, maritimum. Europe.

* T. capsule 3-celled, nearly strap-shaped.—Cows are palustre extremely fond of this plant. Horses, sheep, goats, and swine eat it.

* T. capsule 6-celled, egg-shaped.—It is salt to the maritimum taste; but horses, goats, sheep, and swine are very fond of it. 703. WURMBEA.

Three species; viz. pumila, campanulata, longiflora.

704. MELANTHIUM.

14 species; viz. virginicum, sibiricum, lactum, capense, triquetrum, ciliatum, junceum, secundum, phalangoides, indicum, viride, uniflorum, eucomoides, pumilum. Siberia, Cape, N. America.

705. MEDEOLA, or Climbing African Asparagus.

Three species; viz. virginica, asparagoides, angustifolia. Cape, Virginia.

706. TRILLIUM, or Three-leaved Nightshade.

One species; viz. sessile. N. America.

707. COLCHICUM, or Meadow-saffron.

Three species; viz. * autumnale, montanum, variegatum. S. of Europe, Archipelago.

* C. leaves flat, spear-shaped, upright.—This is one of those plants which, upon the concurrent testimony of ages, was condemned as poisonous; but Dr Storck of Vienna hath taught us that it is an useful medicine. The roots have a good deal of acrimony. An infusion of them in vinegar, formed into a syrup by the addition of sugar or honey, is found to be a very useful pectoral and diuretic; it seems in its virtues very much to resemble squill, but is less nauseous, and less acrimonious, though more sedative. In a pasture in which were several horses, and eaten down pretty bare, the grass was closely cropped, even under the leaves, but not a leaf bitten.

708. HELONIAS.

Four species; viz. bullata, borealis, asphodeloides, pumila. Pennsylvania, Virginia.

ORDER IV. HEXAGYNIA.

709. WENDLANDIA.

One species; viz. populifolia.

710. DAMASONIUM.

One species; viz. indicum.

ORDER V. POLYGYNIA.

711. ALISMA, or Water-plantain.

Ten species; viz. * plantago, flava, sagittifolia, * damasonium, cordifolia, parnassifolia, repens, * natans, ranunculoides, subulata. Europe, N. America.

In the class Heptandria are

111 Genera, including 784 Species, of which 63 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS VII.

HEPTANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flores completi:

* 712. TRIENTALIS. Cal. 7-phyllus. Cor. 7-partita, plana. Baccia 1-locularis, sicca.

713. DISANDRA. Cal. subseptempartitus. Cor. rotata, subseptempartita. Caps. 2-locularis, polysperma.

717. ÆSCULUS. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, inaequalis. Caps. 3-locularis, 2-sperma.

718. PETROCARYA. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa carmosa. Nux 2-local.

716. PANCOUIA. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala crispata. Stam. adscendentia.

719. JONESIA. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. infundibuliformis. Legumen.

† Pelargonium.

Sect. II. Flores incompleti:

714. PISONIA. Cal. campanulatus, 5-fidus. Cor. o. Baccia 1 sperma.

715. PETIVERIA. Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stylus lateralis. Sem. 1.

CLASS VII.

HEPTANDRIA.

ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flowers complete:

* T. Cal. 7-leaved. Cor. 7-partite, flat. Berry 1-celled, dry.

D. Cal. nearly 7-partite. Cor. wheel-shaped, nearly 7-partite. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

Æ. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal. Caps. 3-celled, 2-seeded.

P. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5 petals. A fleshy drupe. Nut 2-celled.

P. Cal. 4-partite. Cor. 4-petaled, crisped. Stamens ascending.

J. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. funnel-shaped. A leguminous plant.

Sect. II. Flowers incomplete:

P. Cal. bell-shaped, 5-cleft. No cor. Berry 1-seeded.

P. Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Style lateral. Seed r. 720. Dracontium. Spatha cymbiformis. Spadix tectus. Cal. o. Cor. 5-petala. Baccæ.

721. Calla. Spatha ovata. Spadix tectus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Baccæ.

722. Houttuynia. Spatha 4-phylla. Spadix tectus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Caps. 3-locul.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

723. Limeum. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, æqualis. Caps. 2-locularis, polysperma.

Ordo III. TETRAGYNYA.

724. Astranthus. Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateriform. 14-hda. Sem. 1.

725. Saururus. Cal. amentum. Cor. o. Pist. 4. Baccæ 4, monospermæ.

Ordo IV. HEPTAGYNYA.

726. Septas. Cal. 7-partitus. Cor. 7-petala. Germina 7. Caps. 7.

† Phytolacca stricta.

Order I. MONOGYNYA.

712. Trientalis, or Chickweed, Winter Green. One species; viz. europæa. North of Europe.

713. Disandra. One species; viz. prostrata. Madeira.

714. Pisonia, or Fringidio. Five species; viz. aculeata, subcordata, nigricans, coccinea, mitis. West Indies.

715. Petiveria, or Guinea-hen-weed. One species; viz. alliacea. West Indies.

716. Pancovia. One species; viz. bijuga.

717. Aesculus, or Horse-Chesnut. Three species; viz. hippocastanum, pavia, flava. N. of Asia, America.

The fruit of this plant has been used as food for sheep and poultry, and as soap for washing. It was much employed in powder as a sternutatory by an itinerant oculist, and has been recommended by some others in certain cases of ophthalmia, headache, &c. in which errhines are indicated.

Its effects as a sternutatory may also be obtained by using it under the form of infusion or decoction drawn up into the nostrils; and it is entirely with a view to its errhine power that it is now introduced into the Pharmacopoeia of the Edinburgh college. But besides this, the bark has also been represented by some as a cure for intermittent fevers, and it is probably with this intention, that this part of the hippocastanum is introduced as an officinal article in the Pharmacopoeia Rossica.

718. Petrocarya. Two species; viz. montana, campestris. Guiana.

D. A boat-shaped sheath. The sheathed fruitstalk covered. No cal. Cor. 5 petals. A berry.

C. An oval sheath. Sheathed fruitstalk covered. No cal. No cor. A berry.

H. Sheath 4-leaved. Sheathed fruitstalk covered. No cal. No cor. Caps. 3 celled.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

I. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5 petals, equal. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

Order III. TETRAGYNYA.

A. No cal. Cor. salver-shaped, 14-cleft. Seed 1.

S. Cal. catkin. No cor. Pistils 4. Berries 4, 1-seeded.

Order IV. HEPTAGYNYA.

S. Cal. 7-cleft. Cor. 7 petals. Germens 7. Caps. 7.

719. Jonesia. One species; viz. pinnata.

720. Dracontium, or Dragon's Head. Six species; viz. polyphyllum, spinosum, fortidum, kamtschatscense, lanceæfelium, pertusum. Ceylon, W. Indies, America.

721. Calla, or Ethiopian Arum. Three species; viz. æthiopica, palustris, orientalis. Europe, Cape.

722. Houttuynia. One species; viz. cordata. Japan.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

723. Limeum. Three species; viz. africanum, capense, æthiopicum. C. of G. Hope.

Order III. TETRAGYNYA.

724. Astranthus. One species; viz. cochinchinensis.

725. Saururus, or Lizard's Tail. One species; viz. cernuus. Virginia.

Order IV. HEPTAGYNYA.

726. Septas. One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

In the class Heptandria are 15 Genera, which include 31 Species. Of these only one is found in Britain.

CLASSIS CLASSIS VIII. OCTANDRIA.

Ordo I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flores completi.

743. MIMUSOPS. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 8-phyllus, inferus. Drupa.

745. CUPANIA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 3-locularis, loculis monospermis. Sem. arillatum.

765. DIMOCARPUS. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-dentatus. Bacc. 2, monospermis.

727. TROPEOLUM. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, inferus, calcaratus. Nuces 3.

779. BECKEA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, superus. Caps. 4-locularis.

747. EPHELIS. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 1-locul. 2-sperma.

748. MOLLINAE. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 3-loculi. 3-valvis.

742. HONKENYA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Nectar, staminiformis. Caps. echinata.

751. HAGENIA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Nectar, 5-phyllum.

766. MEMECYLON. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. integerimus, superus.

734. COMBRETUM. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 5-dentatus, superus. Sem. 4.

738. ROXBURGHIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus inferus. Anthera nectario insertae. Caps. 2-valvis.

732. EPILOBIUM. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tubulosus, superus. Caps. 4-locular. Sem. comosa.

731. GAURA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tubulosus, superus. Nux 1-sperma.

730. OENOTHERA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tubulosus, superus. Caps. 4-locularis. Anthera lineares.

735. VITMANNIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, inferus. Nux 1-sperma.

729. RHEXIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 4-locularis, supera. Anth. arcuatae.

728. OSBECKIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 4-locularis, infera. Anth. rostratoe.

737. TETRATHECA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Antherae 4-loculares. Caps. 2-locularis.

736. GRISLEA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Caps. 1-locularis.

750. KOBREUTERIA. Cor. 4-petala, nectario cylindrico. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 3-locularis.

752. PERSONIA. Cor. 4-petala, nectario cylindrico. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 1-locul. polysperma.

753. GUAREA. Cor. 4-petala, nectario cylindrico. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Caps. 4-locularis, 4-valvis. Sem. solitaria.

CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. Flowers complete.

M. Cor. 8-petaled. Cal. 8-leaved, inferior. A drupe.

C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell. Seed coated.

D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Berries 2, 1-seeded.

T. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior, having a spur. Nuts 3.

B. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-cleft, superior. Caps. 4-celled.

E. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Caps. 1-celled, 2-seeded.

M. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Caps. 3-celled, with 3 valves.

H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Nectaries in the form of stamens. Caps. prickly.

H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved. Nectary 5-leaved.

M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. very entire, superior.

C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed, superior. Seeds 4.

R. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. Anthers inserted in the nectary. Caps. with 2 valves.

E. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular, superior. Caps. 4-celled. Seeds hairy.

G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular, superior. Not, with one seed.

O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular above. Caps. 4-celled. Anthers strap-shaped.

V. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, beneath. Nut 1-seeded.

R. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 4-celled, above. Anthers bowed.

O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 4-celled, beneath or inferior. Anthers having a beak.

T. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Anthers 4-celled. Caps. 2-celled.

G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Caps. 1-celled.

K. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical nectary. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 3-celled.

P. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical nectary. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.

G. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical nectary. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds solitary. 741. CORREA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Caps. 4-locul. loculis 1-spermis.

733. ANTICHRUS. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllos, inferus. Caps. 4-locul. 4-valvis, polysperma.

740. ALLOPHYLLUS. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 5-phyllos, inferus. Stigma 4-fidum.

739. ORNITROPHE. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllos, inferus. Styli 2-fidus. Baccae 2, monospermae.

744. JAMBOLIFERA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Filamenta planiuscula. Drupa.

746. XYLOCARPUS. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Nect. 8-fidum. Drupa sicca.

757. XIMENIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Nect. o. Drupa 1-sperma.

763. LAWSONIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, inferus. Baccae 4-locularis.

749. MELICOCCEA. Cor. 4-petala refracta. Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa corticosa. Stigma peltatum, anceps.

755. AMYRIS. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Baccae 1-sperma.

764. MELICOPHE. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 4, monospermae.

775. GNIDIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, corollif. Nux 1-sperma.

758. FUSCHIA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, corollif. Baccae 4-locularis, polysperma.

754. HEDWIGIA. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-dentatus. Caps. tricocca.

760. MICHAUXIA. Cor. 8-partita. Cal. 16-partitus. Caps. 8-locularis.

759. CHLORA. Cor. 8-fida. Cal. 8-phyllos, inferus. Caps. 1-locul. 2-valvis, polysperma.

763. VACCINIUM. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, superus. Filam. receptaculi. Baccae.

760. MENZIESIA. Cal. repandus inferus. Cor. 1-petala. Filam. receptaculi. Capsula.

770. ERICA. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. 4-phyllos, inferus. Filam. receptaculi. Capsula.

His simillima notanda qua ad classes diversas pertinent.

Bryophora Mangle. Esculus Pavia. Monotropa. Hypopithys. Ruta graveolens. Jussiaeae nonnullae species. Portulaca quadriflora. Portulaca meridiana. Capparides dua. Dais octandra. Ammania octandra. Fagara octandra. Melastoma nonnullae species. Trichilia pallida acuminata. Gilibertia ovata, heterophylla. Elais. Cleome juncea.

Sect. II. Flores incompleti.

771. OPHIRA. Cal. o. Involucr. 2-valve, triflorum. Cor. 4-petala supera. Baccae 1-locularis.

772. GRUBBA. Cal. o. Involucr. 2-phyllo, triflorum. Cor. 4-petala infera.

767. BUGINVILLÆA. Cal. o. Cor. tubulosa, subintegra. Stam. inclusa.

778. LACHNAEA. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, inaequalis. Stam. exserta.

774. DIRCA. Cal. elimbis, corollinus, inaequalis. Stam. exserta.

773. DAPHNE. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, aequalis. Stam. inclusa. Drupa pulposa, monosperma.

777. PASSERINA. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, aequalis. Stam. supra corollam.

C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed. Caps. 4-celled, with 1-seeded cells.

A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.

A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. Stigma 4-cleft.

O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Style 2-cleft. Berries 2, 1-seeded.

J. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Filaments flattened. A drupe.

X. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Nectary 8-cleft. A dry drupe.

X. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. No nectary. A 1-seeded drupe.

L. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Berry four-celled.

M. Cor. 4-petaled, bent back as if broken. Cal. 4-partite. Drupe bumpy. Stigma target-shaped, two-edged.

A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Berry 1-seeded.

M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. Caps. 4, one-seeded.

G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, bearing the corolla. A nut, 1-seeded.

F. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, bearing the blossom. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded.

H. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-toothed. Caps. 3-celled.

M. Cor. 8-partite. Cal. 16-partite. Caps. 8-cell-ed.

C. Cor. 8-cleft. Cal. 8-leaved, inferior. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

V. Cor. 1-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, superior. Filaments of the receptacle. Berry.

M. Cal. serpentine beneath. Cor. 1-petaled. Filaments of the receptacle. Capsule.

E. Cor. 1-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. Filaments of the receptacle. Capsule.

Sect. II. Flores incomplete.

O. No cal. Involucrum 2-valved, 3-flowered. Cor. 4-petaled, superior. Berry 1-celled.

G. No cal. Involucr. 2-leaved, 3-flowered. Cor. 4-petaled, inferior.

B. No cal. Cor. tubular, nearly entire. Stamens enclosed.

L. Cal. 4-cleft, blossom-like, unequal. Stamens protruding.

D. Cal. not bordered, blossom-like, unequal. Stamens protruding.

D. Cal. 4-cleft, blossom-like, unequal. Stamens enclosed. A drupe, pulpy, 1-seeded.

P. Cal. 4-cleft, blossom-like, equal. Stamens above the corolla. Order I. MONOGYNIA.

727. Tropæolum, or Indian Cress. Five species; viz. minus, majus, hybridum, peregrinum, pentaphyllum. Peru, Lima.

Order II. DIGYNYA.

783. Codia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Involucrum 4-phyllum. 782. Weinmannia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 2-locul. 2-rostris. 784. Moehringia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 1-locul. 780. Schmiedelia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Pericarp. 2, pedicellata. 781. Galenia. Cor. o. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 2-locularis, 2-sperma.

† Chrysoplenium. Polygonum Pensylvanicum.

Order III. TRIGYNYA.

788. Seriana. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Samarce 3. 787. Paullinia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 3-locul. 1-sperma. 789. Cardiospermum. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 3-locul. 1-sperma. 791. Pomea. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Caps. 3-locul. 3-sperma. 790. Sapindus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacc. 3-cocca, 1-sperma. 786. Coccoloba. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacc. calycina, 1-sperma. * 785. Polygonum. Cor. o. Cal. 5 partitus. Sem. 1, nudum.

Order IV. TETRAGYNYA.

* 794. Adoxa. Cor. 4 s. 5-fida, supra. Cal. 2-phyllus. Bacc. 4 s. 5-sperma. 792. Verea. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 4, polyspermic. 796. Halloragis. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa sieca, 4-locul. * 795. Elatine. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. 4-locul. 797. Forskolea. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 4.

† Petiveria alliacea. Myriophyllum verticillatum.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

728. Osbeckia, or Gold-rose Feather. Two species; viz. chinensis, zeylanica. Ceylon, China.

729. Rhexia, or Soap-Wood. 17 species; viz. virginica, marianna, trichotoma, bivalvis, valvis, trivalvis, jussiaeoides, hypericoides, glutinosa, acisanthera, glomerata, longifolia, aspera, inconstans, latifolia, villosa, aquatica, uniflora. N. America, Ja- maica, Brasil.

730. OENOTHERA, or Tree-primrose. 15 species; viz. biennis, grandiflora, parviflora, mu- ricata, longiflora, mollissima, nocturna, villosa, ode- rata, sinuata, tetraptera, fruticosa, pumila, rosea, pur- purea. America.

731. GAURA, or Virginian Loose-strife. Three species; viz. biennis, fruticosa, mutabilis. Virginia, Pennsylvania.

732. EPILOBIUM, or Willow-herb. 12 species; viz. * angustifolium, angustissimum, la- tifolium, * hirsutum, pubescens, villosum, * monta- num, glabellum, rotundifolium, * tetragonum, * pa- lustre, * alpinum. North of Europe.

* E. leaves scattered, strap-spear-shaped; blossoms ir- regular.—Goats are extremely fond of this plant. Cows and sheep eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. The phalena porcellus and sphinx elpenor are found up- on it. The suckers of the root are eatable. An infu- sion of the plant has an intoxicating property, and the Kamtschatcadales brew a sort of ale from the pith, and from the ale make vinegar. The down of the seeds also, mixed with cotton or fur, has been manufactured into stockings and other articles of clothing.

Hirsutum. * E. leaves egg-spear-shaped, hairy, half embracing the stem; stem very much branched and hairy.—The top-shoots have a delicate fragrance, resembling scalped codlings (whence one of its names), but so transitory, that before they have been gathered five minutes, it is no longer perceptible. Horses, sheep, and goats, eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

733. ANTICHRUS. One species; viz. depressus. Arabia.

734. COMBRETUM. Five species; viz. laxum, secundum, purpureum, decandrum, alternifolium. America.

735. VITMANNIA. One species; viz. elliptica.

736. GRISLEA. Two species; viz. secunda, tomentosa. America.

737. TETRATHECA. One species; viz. pincea.

738. ROXBURGHIA. One species; viz. gloriosoides.

739. ORNITROPE. Six species; viz. integrifolia, serrata, cobbe, comi- nia, occidentalis, rigida. Isle of Bourbon.

740. ALLOPHYLLUS. One species; viz. zeylanicus. Ceyl. Jam. Hispan.

741. CORREA. One species; viz. alba.

742. HONKENYA. One species; viz. ficifolia.

743. MIMUSOPS. Four species; viz. elengi, hexandra, kanhi, imbri- caria. Arabia, India.

744. JAMBOLIFERA. One species; viz. pedunculata.

745. CUPANIA. Three species; viz. tomentosa, glabra, saponarioides. Coromandel, W. Indies.

746. XYLOCARPUS. One species; viz. granatum. Ceylon, E. Indies.

747. EPHIELIS. One species; viz. fraxinea. Guiana.

748. MOLINÆA. Three species; viz. levis, canescens, alternifolia.

749. MELICOCCA. One species; viz. bijuga. Jamaica.

750. KOELREUTERIA. One species; viz. paniculata. China.

751. HAGENIA. One species; viz. abyssinica. Abyssinia.

752. PERSONOIA. One species; viz. gauiroides.

753. GAUREA. One species; viz. trichilioides.

754. HEDWIGIA. One species; viz. balsamifera. Hispaniola.

755. AMYRIS, or Shrubby Sweetwood. 19 species; viz. polygama, elemifera, sylvatica, ma- ritima, kataf, gileadensis, opobalsamum, enneandra, he- terophylla, gujanensis, ambrosiaca, decandra, altissima, toxifera, protium, dentata, anisata, zeylanica, balsami- fera. E. Indies, Carolina, Jamaica.

The A. elemifera produces a resin, which is brought from the Spanish W. Indies, and sometimes from the E. Indies, in large roundish cakes, generally wrapped up in flag leaves. The best sort is softish, somewhat trans- parent, of a pale whitish yellow colour, inclining a little to green; of a strong, not unpleasant smell. It almost totally dissolves in pure spirit, and sends over some part of its fragrance along with this menstruum in distillation: distilled with water it yields a consider- able quantity of pale coloured, thin, fragrant essential oil. This resin gives name to one of the officinal un- guents, and is at present scarce any otherwise made use of; though it is certainly preferable for internal pur- poses to some others, which are held in greater esteem.

The fruit of the amyris gileadensis is the product of the tree that yields the opobalsam, or balsam of Gilead. It is about the size of a pea, of a whitish colour, en- closed in a dark-brown wrinkled bark. This fruit, when in perfection, has a pleasant warm glowing taste, and a fragrant smell, resembling that of the opobalsam itself. It is very rarely found in the shops; and such as we now and then do meet with, has almost entirely lost its smell and taste. It had formerly a place in the mithridate and theriaca formulas, now banished from our pharmacopoeias; but even then the college permit- ted cubeb to be employed as a substitute for the carpo- balsamum, which could seldom be procured; and it is probably on this account that it has now no place in our lists.

756. CEDROTA. One species; viz. longifolia. Guiana. 757. Ximenia.

Three species; viz. americana, elliptica, inermis. West Indies, Guiana.

758. Fuschia.

Four species; viz. triphylla, coccinea, excorticata, multiflora. Jam. Chili, New Zealand.

759. Chlora, or Yellow Centaury.

Five species; viz. * perfoliata, quadrifolia, dodecandra, sessilis, imperfoliata. S. Eur. Lev. Virginia.

760. Michauxia.

One species; viz. campanuloides. Levant.

761. Dodonaea.

Three species; viz. viscosa, triquetra, angustifolia. Tropical climates, Cape.

762. Valentinia.

One species; viz. ilicifolia. Cuba, Hispaniola.

763. Lawsonia.

Four species; viz. inermis, purpurea, acronychia, spinosa. Egypt, East Indies.

764. Melicope.

One species; viz. ternata. South Sea isles.

765. Dimocarpus.

One species; viz. litchia.

766. Memecylon.

Four species; viz. capitellatum, tinctorium, grande, cordatum. Ceylon.

767. Buginvillea.

One species; viz. spectabilis. Brazil.

768. Vaccinium, or Bilberry, or Whortle-berry.

27 species; viz. * myrtillus, pallidum, hirtum, stamineum, uliginosum, album, mucronatum, diffusum, angustifolium, corymbosum, bracteatum, ciliatum, fuscatum, frondosum, venustum, ligustrinum, resinosum, amoenum, virgatum, tenellum, arctostaphylos, meridionale, cerceum, * vitis-idea, * oxycoccus, hispidulum, macrocarpon. N. Europe, Levant, N. America, Jamaica.

* V. fruitstalks 1-flowered; leaves serrated, egg-shaped; stem angular.—The berries of this plant are very acceptable to children, either eaten by themselves, or with milk, or in tarts. The moor game live upon them in the autumn. The juice stains paper or linen purple. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Horses and cows refuse it.

* V. fruitstalks 1-flowered; leaves very entire, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, smooth.—Children are said sometimes to eat the berries; but in large quantities they occasion dizziness and a slight headache, especially when full grown, and quite ripe. Many vintners in France are said to make use of the juice to colour their white wines red. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine refuse it.

* V. bunches terminating, nodding; leaves inversely egg-shaped; edge very entire, and rolled back, dotted underneath.—The berries are acid, and not very grateful; but they are eaten by the Finns, and by the country people in Sweden, and are sent in large quantities from W. Bothnia to Stockholm for pickling. They are also made into tarts, rob, and jelly. Goats eat it. Cows, sheep, and horses, refuse it.

* V. fruitstalks single or in pairs; leaves egg-shaped, very entire, edges rolled back; stem thread-shaped, trailing, not hairy.—The berries, made into tarts, are much esteemed; but on account of a peculiar flavour, are disliked by some. They may be kept for several years if wiped clean; and then closely corked in dry bottles, or the bottles may be filled with water.—At Longtown in Cumberland, 20 or 30l.'s worth are sold by the poor people each market day, for five or six weeks together. The most general name, cranberry, probably originated from the fruitstalks being crooked at the top, and before the expansion of the blossom, resembling the neck and head of a crane.

769. Menziesia.

One species; viz. ferruginea.

770. Erica, or Heath.

127 species; viz. glutinosa, lutea, paniculata, depressa, halicacaba, monsoniana, discolor, densiflora, cruenta, nigrita, phylloides, regerminans, urceolaris, mariflora, planiflora, hirta, bicolor, articulata, viridi-purpurea, pubescens, persoluta, gracilis, strigosa, caffra, arborea, stricta, florida, mucosa, pitulifera, amoena, * tetralix, inflata, gilva, abietina, verticillata, pattersonia, mammosa, empetrifolia, spicata, octophylla, fascicularis, obliqua, * vulgaris, gnaphaloides, corifolia, calycina, triflora, scoparia, bergiana, formosa, rubens, incarnata, * cinerea, australis, ramentacea, quadriflora, lateralis, margaritacea, baccans, pendula, physodes, cornua, retorta, * daboezia, tenuifolia, albens, bracteata, thunbergii, tetragona, umbellata, nudiflora, petiolata, bryanthia, stelleriana, fucata, axillaris, imbricata, sexfaria, melanthera, leucantha, taxifolia, spinosa, capitata, brunniades, passerina, totta, absynthoides, ciliaris, coreulea, hispidula, petiverii, banksii, sebana, monadelphia, plukenetii, versicolor, perspicua, aitonii, cephalotes, pulchella, longiflora, vestita, pinca, leca, coccinea, purpurea, concinna, grandiflora, cylindrica, curviflora, simpliciflora, tubiflora, lanata, procura, conspicua, glandulosa, transparens, cerinthoides, sparmani, massoni, ventricosa, ampullacea, fastigiata, incurva, globosa, comosa, denticulata, muscari, viscaria, pyramidalis, mediterranea, multiflora, herbacea, purpurascens, * vagans, cucuba, racemosa. Europe, Madeira, Cape.

* E. leaves arrow-shaped.—This plant, but little regarded in happier climates, is made subservient to a great variety of purposes, in the bleak and barren highlands of Scotland. The poorer inhabitants make walls for their cottages, with alternate layers of heath, and a kind of mortar made of black earth and straw, the woody roots of the heath being placed in the centre, the tops externally and internally. They make their beds of it, by placing the root downwards; and the tops only being uppermost, they are sufficiently soft to sleep upon. Cabins are thatched with it. In the island of Hay, ale is frequently made by brewing one part malt and two parts of the young tops of heath; sometimes they add hops. It is said, that this liquor was much used by the Picts. Woollen cloth boiled in alum water, and afterwards in a strong decoction of the tops of heath, comes out a fine orange colour. The stalks and tops will tan leather. In England besoms are made of it, and faggots to burn in ovens, or to fill up drains that are to be covered over. Sheep and goats will sometimes eat the tender shoots, but they are not fond of them. Bees extract a great deal of honey from the flowers; but where heath abounds, the honey has a reddish cast.

771. OPHIRA. One species; viz. stricta. Africa.

772. GRUBBIA. One species; viz. rosmarinifolia. C. of G. Hope.

773. DAPHNE, or Mezereon, Spurge laurel. 32 species; viz. * mezereum, thymelaea, dioica, calycina, pubescens, vermiculata, villosa, tarton-raira, nitida, alpina, * laureola, pontica, pendula, lagetto, polystachya, monostachya, tinifolia, gnidium, indica, lactea, rotundifolia, odora, occidentalis, cneorum, altaica, squarrosa, gloomerata, eleoideis, sericea, collina. Europe, China, Japan, W. Indies.

mezereum*. D. flowers sitting on the stem, mostly three together; leaves spear-shaped, deciduous; berries globular.—An ointment prepared from the bark or the berries, has been successfully applied to ill-conditioned ulcers. The whole plant is very corrosive; six of the berries will kill a wolf. A woman gave 12 grains of the berries to her daughter, who had a quartan ague; she vomited blood, and died immediately.—A decoction made of two drams of the cortical part of the root, boiled in three pints of water till one pint is wasted, and this quantity drank daily, is found very efficacious in resolving venereal nodes, and other indurations of the periosteum. It is said to have been once given, in a case of difficulty in swallowing, seemingly occasioned by a paralytic affection. The patient was directed to chew a thin slice of the root, as often as she could bear to do it; and in about two months, she recovered her power of swallowing. This woman bore the disagreeable irritation, and the ulceration its acrimony occasioned in her mouth, with great resolution; but she had been reduced to skin and bone, and for three years before had suffered extremely from hunger, without being able to satisfy her appetite; for she swallowed liquids very imperfectly, and solids not at all. This complaint came on after lying in.

laureola.* D. bunches of about five flowers; axillary leaves spear-shaped, smooth.—Very happy effects have been experienced from this plant in rheumatic fevers. It operates as a brisk and rather severe purgative. It is an efficacious medicine in worm cases; and upon many accounts deserves to be better known to physicians; but in less skilful hands, it would be dangerous, as it is possessed of considerable acrimony. The whole plant has the same qualities, but the bark of the root is the strongest. Dr Alston fixes the outmost dose at ten grains.

774. DIRCA, or Leather-wood. One species; viz. palustris. Virginia.

775. GNIDIA. 16 species; viz. pinifolia, radiata, filamentosa, carinata, scabra, simplex, capitata, leavigata, biflora, racemos, tomentosa, argentea, imbricata, sericea, oppositifolia, daphnifolia. Cape, Madagascar.

776. STELLERA, or German Groundsel. Two species; viz. passerina, chamissae. Eur.

777. PASSERINA, or Sparrow-wort. 16 species; viz. filiformis, hirsuta, ericoides, nervosa, cephalophora, capitata, orientalis, ciliata, uniflora, grandiflora, canescens, spicata, laxa, stricta, anthylloides, pentandra. C. of G. Hope.

778. LACHNÆA. Two species; viz. eriocephala, conglomerata. C. of G. Hope.

779. BÆCHEA. Two species; viz. frutescens, densifolia. China.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

780. SCHMIDELIA. One species; viz. racemosa. E. Indies.

781. GALENIA, or Cape Jessamine. Two species; viz. africana, procumbens.

782. WEINMANNIA. Six species; viz. glabra, birta, tomentosa, trifoliata, racemosa, parviflora. Cape, Jamaica, New Zealand.

783. CODIA. One species; viz. montana. New Caledonia.

784. MOEHRINGIA, or Mountain Chickweed. One species; viz. muscosa. Alps, S. of Eur.

ORDER III. TRIGYNIA.

785. POLYGONUM, or Knot-grass. 43 species; viz. frutescens, grandiflorum, * bistorta, viviparum, virginianum, laphathifolium, * amphibium, ocreatum, * hydropiper, filiforme, tincturum, minus, persicaria, incanum, glabrum, barbatim, tomentosum, orientale, pensylvanicum, maritimum, * aviculare, bellardi, setosum, erectum, articulatum, divaricatum, alpinum, undulatum, sericeum, serratum, rybomsum, chinense, sagittatum, arifolium, crassifolium, * perfoliatum, tartaricum, * emarginatum, * sagopyrum, * convolvulus, dometorum, scandens, multiflorum. Eur. E. Ind. China, N. Amer.

* P. flowers with cloven pistils; stipule somewhat fringed; leaves spear-shaped.—The whole plant has an acrid burning taste. It cures little aphthous ulcers in the mouth: It dyes wool yellow. The ashes of this plant mixed with soft soap, is a nostrum in a few hands for dissolving the stone in the bladder; but it may be reasonably questioned, whether it has any advantage over other semicaustic preparations of the vegetable alkali. Its acrimony rises in distillation; and the distilled water, drank to the amount of two or three half pints daily, has been found very effectual in some nephritic cases. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine, refuse it.

* P. styles 2; spikes egg-oblong; leaves spear-shaped; stipule fringed.—Its taste is slightly acrid and astrigent. Woollen cloth, dipped in a solution of alum, obtains a yellow colour from this plant. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it; cows and swine refuse it.

* P. leaves egg-shaped, extended at the base along the leafstalks.—The root is one of the strongest vegetable astringents. The young shoots are eaten in herb-pudding in the north of England; and about Manchester they are substituted for greens, under the name of patience dock. Enneandria.

Order I. Monogynia.

798. Laurus. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, calycina. Bacc 1-sperma. Nectarii glandulae bisetae.

800. Panke. Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Caps. monosperma.

799. Anacardium. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Stamine decimo castrato. Nux receptaculo carnosos.

Class IX.

Enneandria.

Order I. Monogynia.

L. No Cal. Cor. 6-petaled, cup or calyx-like. A berry, 1-seeded. The glands of the nectary bristled. P. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Caps. 1-seeded.

A. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-petaled. The 10th stamen without an anther. A nut with a fleshy receptacle.

In the class Octandria are

70 Genera, including 493 Species, of which 30 are found in Britain. 801. Plegorhiza. Cal. o. Cor. 1-petala. Caps. 1-locul. 1-sperma.

802. Cassyta. Cal. o. Cor. 6-partita, calycina. Baccia 1-sperma. Nectarii glandulce truncate.

† Anacardium stamine decimo castrato. Amyris enneandra. Brownea enneandra. Gardenia Thunbergia.

Ordo II. TRIGYNIA.

803. Rheum. Cal. o. Cor. 6-fida. Sem. 1, triquetrum.

Ordo III. HEXAGYNIA.

804. Butomus. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Caps. 6, polyspermic.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

798. Laurus, or Bay-tree.

34 species; viz. cinnamonum, cassia, camphora, culibalan, montana, chloroxylon, glauca, pedunculata, caustica, nobilis, indica, festens, persica, borbonia, martinicensis, exaltata, alpina, triandra, sanguinea, surinamensis, hexandra, salicifolia, coriacea, leucoxylon, membranacea, patens, parviflora, pendula, floribunda, lucida, umbellata, aestivalis, benzoin, sassafras. Of these we shall take notice of the following, as of considerable importance.

1. The nobilis, or ever-green bay-tree, is a native of Italy, and hath an upright trunk branching on every side from the bottom upward; with spear-shaped, nervous, stiff, evergreen leaves, three inches long and two broad; and small, yellowish, quadrifid, dioecious flowers, succeeded by red berries in autumn and winter. Of this species there are varieties with broad, narrow, striped, or waved leaves.

2. The aestivalis, or deciduous bay, grows naturally in North America. It rises with an upright stem, covered with a purplish bark; having oblong, oval, acuminate, veined, deciduous leaves, two or three inches long, and half as broad, growing opposite; with small white flowers, succeeded by red berries.

3. The benzoin, or benjamin-tree, is also a native of North America; grows 15 or 20 feet high, divided into a very branchy head; with oval, acute, deciduous leaves, three or four inches long, and half as broad; and small yellowish flowers, not succeeded by berries in this country.

4. The sassafras is a native of the same country. It hath a shrub-like straight stem, garnished with both oval and three-lobed, shining, deciduous leaves, of different sizes, from three or six inches long, and near as broad, with small yellowish flowers, succeeded by blackish berries, but not in this country.

5. The indica, or Indian bay tree, rises with an upright straight trunk, branching regularly, 20 or 30 feet high; adorned with very large, spear-shaped, plane, nervous, evergreen leaves on reddish footstalks; and bunches of small whitish green flowers, succeeded by large oval black berries which do not ripen in this country.

6. The borbonia, or Carolina red bay tree, rises with an upright straight stem, branching 15 or 20 feet high; with large spear-shaped, evergreen leaves, transversely veined; and long bunches of flowers on red footstalks, succeeded by large blue berries sitting in red cups.

7. The camphora, or camphire tree, grows naturally in the woods of the western parts of Japan, and in the adjacent islands. The root smells stronger of camphire than any of the other parts, and yields it in greater plenty. The bark of the stalk is outwardly somewhat rough; but in the inner surface smooth and mucous, and therefore easily separated from the wood, which is dry and of a white colour. The leaves stand upon slender footstalks, have an entire undulated margin, running out into a point; have the upper surface of a lively and shining green, the lower herbaceous and silky; and are furnished with a few lateral nerves, which stretch archways to the circumference, and frequently terminate in small warts; a circumstance peculiar to this species of laurus. The flowers are produced on the tops of footstalks, which proceed from the armpits of the leaves; but not till the tree has attained considerable age and size. The flower stalks are slender, branched at the top, and divided into very short pedicles, each supporting a single flower. These flowers are white, and consist of six petals, which are succeeded by a purple and shining berry of the size of a pea, and in figure somewhat top-shaped. It is composed of a soft pulpy substance that is purple, and has the taste of cloves and camphire; and of a nucleus or kernel of the size of a pepper, that is covered with a black, shining, oily cuticle, of an insipid taste.

8. The cinnamonum, or cinnamon tree, is a native of Ceylon. It hath a large root, and divides into several branches, covered with a bark, which on the outer side is of a grayish brown, and on the inside has a reddish cast. The wood of the roots is hard, white, and has no smell. The body of the tree, which grows to the height of 20 or 30 feet, is covered, as well as its numerous branches, with a bark which at first is green and afterwards red. The leaf is longer and narrower than the common bay tree; and it is three-nerved, the nerves vanishing towards the top. When first unfolded, it is of a flame colour; but after it has been for some time exposed to the air, and grows dry, it changes to a deep green on the upper surface, and to a a lighter on the lower. The flowers are small and white, and grow in large bunches at the extremity of the branches; they have an agreeable smell, something like that of the lily of the valley. The fruit is shaped like an acorn, but is not so large. 9. The cassia, or base cinnamon, has lanceolate leaves, triple-nerved.

10. The persia, avocado pear tree, or alligator pear, rises to a considerable height, with a straight trunk, of which the bark and wood are of a grayish colour. The leaves are long, oval, pointed, of a substance like leather, and of a beautiful green colour. The flowers are produced in large knots or clusters at the extremities of the branches, and consist each of six petals disposed in the form of a star, and of a dirty white or yellow colour, with an agreeable odour, which diffuses itself to a considerable distance. It is a native of the West Indies. The persia begins to bear two years and a half, or at most three years, after being planted; and, like most of the trees in warm climates, bears twice a year. The other species of this genus are possessed of no remarkable properties.

The first species are propagated by layers, or by the berries. In order to raise a quantity of these trees by layers, some stools should be planted for the purpose; and after these are shot about a yard high, the branches must be brought down to the ground in the winter, all the preceding summer's shoots laid on it, and pegged down, being first slit in the joint, and the leaves taken off, which would otherwise be underground. In one year's time these layers will have taken root; and in the spring they should be taken up, and planted in the nursery a foot asunder, in rows two feet distance. After they are planted out, if the weather should prove dry, they must be constantly watered; for without such care, it is difficult to make this tree grow. After they have taken well to the ground, they will require no farther trouble than keeping them clean from weeds, and digging between the rows each winter, till they are finally planted out.

2. In order to raise this tree from the berries, they ought to hang on the trees till about January before they are gathered. A well-sheltered spot of ground for the seminary must be made choice of; and having the mould smooth and fine, they should be sown soon after they are gathered, in beds or drills, rather more than half an inch deep. Towards the close of the spring the plants will come up, and during summer must be duly attended, by watering and weeding. In the winter following, their sheltered situation must not be trusted to, to defend them from the frost: Furze bushes, or some such things, ought to be stuck in rows between the beds or drills, to guard them from the black frosts. Indeed, without this precaution, if the winter should prove very frosty, few of the young seedlings will be alive in spring. During the following summer, weeding and watering must be observed, and the winter after that they should be defended with covering as before; for they will be still in danger of being destroyed by severe frosts. In the ensuing spring, the strongest may be taken out of the seed-beds, and planted in the nursery way; though, if they have not by that time made good shoots, it will be advisable to let them remain in their beds till the third spring; for a small plant of this kind is with more difficulty made to grow than one which is larger. When they are planted in the nursery, the distance which should be allowed them is the same as the layers, a foot asunder and two feet distance in the rows; and this will not be found too close: for notwithstanding the greatest care is exerted in planting them in the nursery, even making choice of rainy and cloudy weather, which must always be observed in setting them out, many of them will be lost by being transplanted. After they are thus planted out in the nursery, whether layers or seedlings, they must be still watered in dry weather, kept free from weeds, and the rows dug between every winter. You will even find, that those plants which suffer least by being transplanted will have met with a check, which they will not recover in two or three years; and till they have acquired new strength they should not be taken from the nursery; but when they appear to be good stiff plants, having the year before made a vigorous shoot, they will be then proper plants for planting out where they are to remain. Holes should be got ready for their reception; and as soon as the first autumnal rains fall, the work should be set about, especially if the land be gravelly or dry; but if it be moist, the spring will do as well. Being now planted at one yard distance, they will make a poor progress for two or three years more; but after this, when they have overcome all these difficulties, they will grow very fast, and arrive to be good trees in a few years. Although this tree flourishes best in old gardens, where the soil has been made rich and deep, and loves the shade, Hanbury tells us, "it thrives nevertheless exceedingly well in our hottest gravels and sands; and after it has surmounted the hardships of transplanting, will grow in such situations extremely fast, and arrive to a large bulk.

The propagation of the three next sorts of trees may be performed two or three ways: 1. By the seeds. These we receive from the places where the trees grow naturally, in the spring. They should be preserved in sand; and as soon as they arrive, should be sown in largish pots an inch deep. The soil for their reception should be taken from a rich pasture at least a year before, with the sward. It should also be laid in a heap, and frequently turned, until the sward is grown rotten, and the whole appears well mixed and fine. If the pasture from whence it was taken near the surface is a sandy loam, this is the best compost for these seeds; if not, a small addition of drift or sea sand should be added, and well mixed with the other mould. After filling the pots with this soil, the seeds should be sown an inch deep; and then they should be plunged into common mould up to the rim. If the soil be naturally moist, it will keep them cooler, and be better; and if the place be well sheltered and shaded, it will be better still. Nothing more than weeding, which must be constantly observed during the summer, will be necessary; and in this station they may remain until the March following: about the middle of which month having prepared a good hot-bed, the pots should be taken up and plunged therein. Soon after the seeds will come up: and when the young plants have sufficiently received the benefit of this bed, they should be induced by degrees to the open air. Weeding and watering must be observed during the summer; and at the approach of the cold weather in the autumn, they should be removed under a hotbed frame, or some cover, cover, to be protected from the frosts during the winter. In the spring, when this danger is over, they should resume their first station; namely, the pots should be plunged up to the rim, as when the seeds were first sown; and if this place be well sheltered, they may remain there all winter; if not, and severe frosts threaten, they should be taken up and placed under cover as before. After they have been thus managed three years from the seeds, they should be taken out of the pots with care, and planted in the nursery ground at small distances, where they may remain until they are strong enough to be finally set out. By sowing the seeds in pots, and assisting them by a hotbed, a year at least is saved; for they hardly ever come up, when sown in a natural border, under two years from the seeds; nay, they have been known to remain three, and even some plants to come up the fourth year after sowing; which at once shows the preference of the former practice, and should caution all who have not such convenience, not to be too hasty in disturbing the beds when the seeds are sown in the natural ground; as, especially if they are not well preserved in mould or sand, these may be some years before they appear. Indeed, it is the long time we are in obtaining these plants, either by seeds, layers, &c., that makes them at present so very scarce amongst us.

2. These plants may also be increased by layers; but very slowly; for they will be two and sometimes three, or even four years, before they have struck out good roots; though the benjamin tree is propagated the fastest by this method. The young twigs should be laid in the ground in the autumn; and it will be found that twisting the wire round the bud, so as in some degree to stop the progress of the sap, and taking away with a knife a little of the bark, is a more effectual method of obtaining good roots soon than by the slit or twisting, especially when practised on the sassafras tree.

3. Plants of those sorts are likewise sometimes obtained by suckers, which they will at all times throw out, and which may be often taken off with pretty good roots; but when they are weak, and with bad roots, they should be planted in pots, and assisted by a moderate heat in a bed: with such management they will be good plants by the autumn, and in the spring may be planted out anywhere.

4. Cuttings of these trees, when planted in a good bark bed, and duly watered, will also oftentimes grow. When this method is practised, and plants obtained, they must be inured by degrees to the open air, till they are hardy enough to be finally planted out.

The Indian bay, the camphire, the avocado, and the cinnamon tree, require the treatment common to greenhouse plants; the latter, however, is rather a stove plant in this country.—Of its culture or propagation in its native places, no particular account has been given by botanical writers; but it must now become an important consideration with us, since the island of Ceylon, whose cinnamon chiefly grows, now belongs to Great Britain. Of the advantages promised by this acquisition we are indebted for the first accounts to Dr Wright, in 1787; from whom also we learn, that its propagation is very easy, and its culture requires little care, as more particularly noticed below. Since that time, some observations by Dr Dancer, relative to its cultivation, have appeared in the Transactions of the Society of Arts, &c. These observations confirm, without adding anything essential to, the concise notice of Dr Wright. We are informed, that as the tree "puts out numerous side branches, with a dense foliage, from the very bottom of the trunk; this furnishes an opportunity of obtaining plenty of layers, and facilitates the propagation of the tree, as it does not perfect its seeds in any quantity under six or seven years; when it becomes so plentifully loaded, that a single tree is sufficient almost for a colony. It seems to delight in a loose moist soil, and to require a southern aspect; the trees, thus planted, flourishing better than others growing in loam, and not so well exposed to the sun. When healthy, it is (from layers) of pretty quick growth, reaching in eight years the height of fifteen or twenty feet, is very spreading, and furnished with numerous branches of a fit size for decortication. The seeds, however, are a long time in coming up, and the plants make small progress for the first year or two." It is added, that "the birds appear to be very fond of the berries, and will probably propagate this tree in the same way they do many others everywhere over the island; so that in a short time it will grow spontaneously, or without cultivation." The age for decortication, said above to be eight years, it will be observed, is different from that specified below for the trees in Ceylon.

Evelyn says, he has seen bay trees near 30 feet high, and almost two feet in diameter; and enumerates the bay amongst useful trees. Hanbury catches at this idea, and tells us in general terms, that "it will grow to 30 feet in height, with a trunk of two feet in diameter;" and accordingly he arranges it among his forest trees: he acknowledges, however, at the same time, that the wood is of little value. The bay is nevertheless a fine aromatic and a beautiful evergreen: It is said to be the true laurus or laurel of the ancients, with which they adorned the brows of their successful generals. Like the holly, box, and laurel, the bay will bear the shade and drip of taller trees; and it is, upon the whole, a very desirable, as being a very ornamental, evergreen.

The leaves and berries of this tree have a moderately strong aromatic smell, and a warm, bitterish, pungent taste: the berries are stronger in both respects than the leaves, and afford in distillation a larger quantity of essential aromatic oil; they yield also an almost insipid oil to the press, in consequence of which they prove unctuous in the mouth. They are warm carminatives, and sometimes exhibited in this intention against flatulent colics, and likewise in hysterical disorders. Their principal use in the present practice is in glysters, and some external applications. The deciduous bay, in a moist rich soil, in which it principally delights, will grow to be about 16 feet high; but in some soils, that are possessed of the opposite qualities, it will hardly arrive at half that height. The flowers are succeeded in May by large red berries, which never ripen in England: so that notwithstanding the leaves in summer are very pretty, and the colour of the bark makes a variety in winter, it is principally the scarcity of this plant which makes it valuable.

The benzoin tree will grow to a much larger size than the other, and its branches are more numerous. They are smooth, and of a fine light green colour. The leaves on their upper surface are smooth and of a fine light green colour, but their under surface is ve- nese, and of a whitish cast. When bruised, they emit a fine fragrance. This tree was formerly mistaken for that which produces the drug called benzoin; which is now known to be obtained from a species of styrax.

The sassafras will grow to nearly the height of the others, though the branches are not so numerous. Its bark is smooth, and of a red colour, which beautifully distinguishes it in winter; whilst the fine shining green of its leaves constitutes its greatest beauty in summer. In these, indeed, there is a variety, and a very extraordinary one. Some are large and of an oval figure; others are smaller, and of the same shape; whilst others again are divided into three lobes, so as to resemble the leaves of some sorts of the fig tree. In America, the sassafras generally stands single in the woods, and along the fences round the fields. It flowers in May before the leaves come out; and being entirely covered with them, it is distinguished at a great distance by their beautiful yellow colour.

The root of the sassafras has a fragrant smell, and a sweetish, aromatic, subacrid taste: the bark tastes much stronger than any other part, and the small twigs stronger than the large pieces. It is a warm aperient and corroborant, and frequently employed with good success for purifying and sweetening the blood and juices. For these purposes, infusions made from the rasped root or bark may be drank as tea. In some constitutions indeed, such liquors are, by their fragrance, apt, on first taking them, to affect the head; but in such cases they may be advantageously freed from their flavour by boiling. A decoction of sassafras, boiled down to the consistence of an extract, proves simply bitterish and subastringent. Hoffman assures us, that he has frequently given this extract to the quantity of a scruple at a time, with remarkable success, for strengthening the tone of the viscera in cachexies; as also in the decline of intermittent fevers and in hypochondriacal spasms. Sassafras yields in distillation an extremely fragrant oil of a penetrating pungent taste, so ponderous (notwithstanding the lightness of the drug itself) as to sink in water. Rectified spirit extracts the whole taste and smell of sassafras; and elevates nothing in evaporation: hence the spurious extract proves the most elegant and efficacious preparation, as containing the virtue of the root entire.

The bark of this tree is used by the women in Pennsylvania and other parts of North America in dyeing worsted a fine lasting orange colour, which does not fade in the sun. They use urine instead of alum in dyeing; and boil the dye in a brass boiler, because in an iron vessel it does not yield so fine a colour. The wood is made use of for posts belonging to the enclosures, for it is said to last a long time in the ground; but it is likewise said, that there is hardly any kind of wood which is more attacked by worms than this when it is exposed to the air without cover; and that in a short time it is quite worm-eaten through and through. On cutting some part of the sassafras tree, or its shoots, and holding it to the nose, it has a strong but pleasant smell. Some people peel the root, and boil the peel with the beer which they are brewing, because they believe it wholesome. For the same reason, the peel is put into brandy either whilst it is distilling, or after it is made. Professor Kalm informs us, that a decoction of the root of sassafras in water, drank every morning, is used with success in the dropsy. When part of a wood is destined for cultivation, the sassafras trees are commonly left upon it, because they have a very thick foliage, and afford a cool shade to the cattle during the great heats. Some people get their bedposts made of sassafras wood, in order to expel the bugs; for its strong scent, it is said, prevents those vermin from settling in them. For two or three years together this has the desired effect, or about as long as the wood keeps its strong aromatic smell; but after that time it has been observed to lose its effect. In Pennsylvania some people put chips of sassafras into their chests, where they keep all sorts of woollen stuffs, in order to expel the moths (or larvae of caterpillars of moths or tinies) which commonly settle in them in summer. The root keeps its smell for a long while: Professor Kalm saw one which had lain five or six years in the drawer of a table, and still preserved the strength of its scent. The people also gather its flowers, and use them as tea.

The persica, or alligator pear-tree, is cultivated universally in the West Indies by all ranks of people. The fruit is pear-shaped, and from one to two pounds in weight. On removing a green skin or covering, we come to a yellow butyraceous substance; and in the heart find a large round seed or stone, which is unequal in the surface, and exceedingly hard and woody. This fruit is ripe in August and September, and constitutes one of the most agreeable articles of diet for six or eight weeks to the negroes. These pears, with a little salt and a plantain or two, afford a hearty meal. They are also served up at the tables of white people as choice fruit. When the pear is ripe, the yellow or eatable substance is firmer than butter, and tastes somewhat like butter or marrow: hence it is called by some the vegetable marrow. But however excellent this fruit is when ripe, it is very dangerous when pulled and eaten before maturity. Dr Wright says, he has repeatedly known it to produce fever and dysentery, which were removed with difficulty. The leaves of this tree, and those of the bead vine or wild liquorice, are made into pectoral decoctions by the common people. The large stone is used for marking linen. The cloth is tied or held over the stone, and the letters are pricked out by a needle through the cloth and into the seed. The stain is a reddish brown, which never washes out.—The buds of the alligator tree are said to be used with success in pisans against the venereal disease. An infusion of them in water, drank in the morning fasting, is strongly recommended for dislodging coagulated blood in the stomach, produced by a fall or a severe stroke on that important entrail. “The wild boars in the East Indies (says Labat) eat greedily of the mammee and avocado pears, which give their flesh a luscious and most agreeable savour.”

Cassia. The bark of this species is known in the shops by the name of cassia lignea. This bark, which is imported from different parts of the East Indies and from China, has a very near resemblance to the cinnamon; though distinguishable from it by being of a thicker thicker and coarser appearance, and by its breaking short and smooth, while the cinnamon breaks fibrous and shivery. It resembles cinnamon still more exactly in its aromatic flavour than in its external appearance; and seems only to differ from it in being somewhat weaker, in abounding more with a viscous mucilaginous matter, and in being less astringent. Accordingly, it has not only a place in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but is also the basis of a distilled water. It is perhaps surprising that the London college have given it no place in their lists. But although it does not enter their Pharmacopoeia, yet we may venture to assert, that it will not be neglected by the apothecaries. At present it is very common with many of them to substitute the cassia in every case for the more expensive article cinnamon; and indeed almost the whole of what is at present sold under the title either of simple or spirituous cinnamon water is entirely prepared from cassia; and not even entirely from the bark, but from a mixture of the bark and buds.

Cinnamon is the under bark of the *cinnamomum*. The best season for separating it from the outer bark, which is gray and rugged, is the spring, when the sap flows in the greatest abundance. It is cut into thin slices, and exposed to the sun, and curls up in drying. The old trees produce a coarse kind of cinnamon; the spice is in perfection only when the trees are not older than three or four years. When the trunk has been stripped of its bark, it receives no further nourishment; but the root is still alive, and continues to throw out fresh shoots. The fruit of the tree is shaped like an acorn, but is not so large. Its seed, when boiled in water, yields an oil which swims at top, and takes fire. If left to cool, it hardens into a white substance, of which candles are made, which have an agreeable smell, and are reserved for the use of the king of Ceylon. The cinnamon is not reckoned excellent unless it be fine, smooth, brittle, thin, of a yellow colour, inclining to red, fragrant, aromatic, and of a poignant yet agreeable taste. The connoisseurs give the preference to that, the pieces of which are long but slender. That which comes to us is generally mixed with the cassia bark; but this last is easily distinguished. Cinnamon splinters in breaking, and has a roughness along with its aromatic flavour; while the cassia breaks over smooth, and has a mucilaginous taste. Cinnamon is a very elegant and useful aromatic, more grateful both to the palate and stomach than most other substances of this class. By its astringent quality it likewise corroborates the viscera, and proves of great service in several kinds of alvine fluxes, and immoderate discharges from the uterus.

The cinnamon plant, with other valuable ones, was taken in a French ship by Admiral Rodney in the last war, and presented by him to the assembly of Jamaica. One of the trees was planted in the botanic garden in St Thomas in the East; the other by Hinton East, Esq. in his noble garden at the foot of the Blue Mountains. From these parent trees some hundreds of young trees are already produced from layers and cuttings, and dispersed to different parts of the country, in all which it thrives luxuriantly with little trouble: we may therefore hope it will soon be a valuable addition to our commerce. Upon comparing the parts of the tree with the description and figure given by Burman and other botanists, it appears to be the real Ceylon cinnamon, and of the best kind, called by the natives *Rasile Coronde*; but the specimens of bark taken put it out of all doubt, being, in the opinion of the best judges, of an equal, if not superior, quality to any imported from India. The smallest bit of the bark, Dr Wright assures us, is quite a cordial. The cinnamon we have from Holland, he observes, is often inert, and gives room to suspect that it has been subjected to a slight process in distillation.

In regard to the trees growing in Jamaica, Dr Danzer informs us, in his paper already quoted, that "The best cinnamon bark, according to the different trials I have made, is taken from the small branches, of about an inch diameter, the larger limbs not being so easily decorticated, and not yielding so good or so strong a cinnamon. The smaller twigs, or those that have not acquired a cineritious bark, are too full of sap and mucilage, and have little aroma. It is the liber, or inner bark, that constitutes the cinnamon; from which the two external barks must be carefully and entirely separated, or they vitiate the flavour of the cinnamon; to do which with dexterity, and to raise the bark from the wood, requires some practice. The bark being separated, the smaller pieces are to be placed within the larger; which, by exposure to the sun or the air, presently coil up, and require no further preparation. A dry season is the proper one for taking the bark, as it is found to be weakened after long or heavy rains. Cinnamon, though more retentive of its virtues than any of the other spices, yet requires to be protected when taken, from the air and moisture, by close packing in cedar chests. The leaves of this tree, whether recent or dried, are so strongly impregnated with an aroma, as to afford a good succedaneum for the bark both in cookery and medicine. Distilled, they give an excellent simple and spirituous water, and an essential oil. Powdered, they are a good aromatic species, or mareschal perfume."

Camphor, though solid, is the essential oil of the *laurus camphora*; and is obtained from it by distillation in the East Indies. (See the article CAMPHORA.)—The tree is another of the captured plants given to the inhabitants of Jamaica; and, if cultivated with care, will also be an useful acquisition.

The abbé Grosier informs us, that in China some of these trees are found above 100 cubits in height, and so thick that 20 persons cannot enclose them. The tree is there called *tehong*; and it is said that the trunk, when old, emits sparks of fire, but of so subtle a nature as not even to injure the hair of those who are near it. Common camphire costs only a penny the ounce at Pe-king; but it is inferior to that of Borneo, in the judgment even of the Chinese.

The manner in which some authors have spoken of camphire (the abbé observes), gives us reason to conclude that they have been entirely ignorant of the process employed to obtain this salutary gum. The camphire does not drop to the earth, like the gums of certain resinous trees, which are preserved by discharging that part of their substance which is too oily; neither does it distil from the top to the bottom of the tree through an incision made in it. The Chinese would practise this method could it be employed with success; for it is very common in China to make such kind kind of incisions in resinous trees. The method used by the Chinese for obtaining camphire is as follows.—They take some branches fresh from the tchang, chop them very small, and lay them to steep in spring-water for three days and three nights. After they have been soaked in this manner, they are put into a kettle, where they are boiled for a certain time, during which they keep continually stirring them with a stick made of willow. When they perceive that the sap of these small chips adheres sufficiently to the stick in the form of white frost, they strain the whole, taking care to throw away the dregs and refuse. This juice is afterwards poured gently into a new earthen bason well varnished, in which it is suffered to remain one night. Next morning it is found coagulated, and formed into a solid mass. To purify this first preparation, they procure some earth from an old earthen wall, which, when pounded, and reduced to a very fine powder, they put into the bottom of a bason made of red copper; over this layer of earth they spread a layer of camphire, and continue thus until they have laid four strata. The last, which is of very fine earth, they cover up with the leaves of the plant po ho, or pennyroyal; and over the whole they place another bason, joining it very closely to the former by means of a kind of red earth that cements their brims together. The bason thus prepared is put over a fire, which must be managed so as to keep up an equal heat: experience teaches them to observe the proper degree. But above all they must be very attentive lest the plaster of fat earth which keeps the basons together should crack or fall off; otherwise the spirituous part would evaporate, and ruin the whole process. When the basons have been exposed to the necessary heat, they are taken off and left to cool; after which they are separated, and the sublimated camphire is found adhering to the cover. If this operation be repeated two or three times, the camphire is found purer and in larger pieces. Whenever it is necessary to use any quantity of this substance, it is put between two earthen vessels, the edges of which are surrounded with several bands of wet paper. These vessels are kept for about an hour over an equal and moderate fire: and when they are cool, the camphire is found in its utmost perfection and ready for use. This method of procuring camphire, even from the heart of the tree, may be practised in all seasons of the year; which would not be the case (our author observes), were it extracted like other resinous substances that only flow during a certain short space of time. Besides, by lopping the branches of the camphire tree, less hurt is done to it than by making incisions, which are always hazardous.

799. Anacardium, or Cashew-nut, or Acojout. One species; viz. occidentale. E. and W. Indies.

800. Panke. Two species; viz. tinctoria, sonchifolia. Chili.

801. Plegorrhiza. One species; viz. adstringens. Chili.

802. Cassyta. Two species; viz. filiformis, corniculata. Egypt, E. Indies, S. America.

Order II. TRIGYNYIA.

803. Rheum, or Rhubarb. Eight species; viz. rhabpoticum, undulatum, palmatum, compactum, tartaricum, ribes, hybridum, leucorrhizum. Siberia, Levant, Tartary, India, China.

The rheum palmatum, which is of the dock kind, grows spontaneously in China, and endures the colds of our own climate. Two sorts of rhubarb are met with in the shops. The first is imported from Turkey and Russia, in roundish pieces, freed from the bark, with a hole through the middle of each; they are externally of a yellow colour, and on cutting, appear variegated with lively reddish streaks. The other, which is less esteemed, comes principally from China, in longish pieces, harder, heavier, and more compact than the foregoing. The first sort, unless kept very dry, is apt to grow mouldy and worm-eaten; the second is less subject to these inconveniences. Some of the more industrious artists are said to fill up the worm holes with certain mixtures, and to colour the outside of the damaged pieces with powder of the finer sorts of rhubarb, and sometimes with cheaper materials; this is often so nicely done, as effectually to impose upon the buyer, unless he very carefully examines each piece. The marks of good rhubarb are, that it be firm and solid, but not flinty; that it be easily pulverable, and appear, when powdered, of a fine bright yellow colour; that upon being chewed, it impart to the spittle a saffron tinge, without proving slimy or mucilaginous in the mouth. Its taste is subacid, bitterish, and somewhat astringent; the smell lightly aromatic.

Rhubarb is a mild cathartic, which operates without violence or irritation, and may be given with safety even to pregnant women and to children. In some people, however, it always occasions severe griping. Besides its purgative quality, it is celebrated for an astringent one, by which it strengthens the tone of the stomach and intestines, and proves useful in diarrhoea, and disorders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres. Rhubarb, in substance, operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the preparations of it. Watery tinctures purge more than the spirituous ones; whilst the latter contain, in greater proportion, the aromatic, astringent, and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb. The dose, when intended as a purgative, is from a scruple to a dram or more.

The Turkey rhubarb is, among us, universally preferred to the East India sort, though this last is, for some purposes, at least equal to the other; it is manifestly more astringent, but has somewhat less of an aromatic flavour. Tinctures drawn from both, with rectified spirit, have nearly the same taste; on distilling off the menstruum, the extract left from the tincture of the East India rhubarb, proved considerably the strongest. They are both the produce of the same climate, and probably the roots of the same plant, taken up at different times, or cured in a different manner.

Rhubarb is now raised in Britain equal to any that is imported.

The officinal preparations of this drug are a watery and and a vinous infusion, a simple and compound tincture. It is also an ingredient in different compositions, such as the elixir ex aloe et rheo, the pilulae stomachicae, and some others.

ORDER III. HEXAGYNIA.

804. BUTOMUS, or Flowering rush. One species; viz. * umbellatus.

CLASSIS X.

DECANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. Flores polypetali irregulares.

805. SOPHORA. Cor. papilion. vexillo adscendente. Lomentum moniliforme. 806. PODALYRIA. Cor. papilion. vexillo adscendente. Legumen ventricosum polyspermum. 807. PULTEAE. Cor. papilion. Alae vexillo breviores. Legumen dispermum. 808. ANAGYRIS. Cor. papilion. vexillo brevi recto. Carina alis longiore. 809. CERCIS. Cor. papilion. alis vexilliformibus. Nect. gland. styliformis, sub germine.

810. BAUHINIA. Cor. patens, unguiculata, adscendens. Petala lanceolata. 811. HYMENEA. Cor. subaequalis. Legum. lignosum, pulpa farinosa. 829. MYROXYLON. Cor. petalo superno latiore. Legumen 1-spermum, apice dilatum. 812. PARKINSONIA. Cor. petalo infimo reniformi. Legum. teres, tortuosum. 815. CESALPINIA. Cor. petalo infimo pulchriore. Cal. laciniis inaequales. Legum. compressum. 828. TOLUIFERA. Cor. petalo infimo majore. Cal. campanulatus. 813. CASSIA. Cor. inequalis. Anth. rostratæ. Lomentum planum. 814. CUBEÆA. Cor. subaequalis, petalis 2 deflexis. Legumen coriaceum, ventricosum. Semina subreniformia. 816. GUILANDINA. Cor. subaequalis, calyci insidens. Legum. rhomboeum. Sem. ossea. 817. HYPERANTHERA. Cor. subaequalis. Legumen 3-valve. Sem. alata. 837. GAERTNERA. Cor. subaequalis. Cal. 4-partitæ. Samara quadrilateralis. 851. GOMPHIA. Cor. subaequalis. Baccæ plures receptaculo magno insertæ. 824. DICTAMNUS. Cor. patula. Filam. pulveracea. Caps. 5, connexæ. Sem. arillata. 866. RHODORA. Cor. inaequalis tripetala. Cal. 5-dentatus. Caps. 5-loculares.

* B.—Neither cows, horses, sheep, swine, or goats, umbel will eat it. It is an ornament to the banks of our rivers and marshy ditches. Europe.

In the class Enneandra are

7 Genera, including 49 Species, of which one only is found in Britain.

CLASS X.

DECANDRIA:

ORDO I. MONOGYNYA.

Sect. I. Flores polypetalous, irregular.

S. Cor. papilionaceous or butterfly-shaped. The standard ascending. The lomentum bracelet-shaped. P. Cor. papilionaceous. The standard ascending. A leguminous plant, bellied, many-seeded. P. Cor. papilionaceous. Wings shorter than the standard. A leguminous plant, 2-seeded. A. Cor. papilionaceous. A short straight standard. The keel of the wing long. C. Cor. papilionaceous; with standard-shaped wings. The glands of the nectary style-shaped, under the ger- men. B. Cor. expanding, clawed, ascending. Petals spear- shaped. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, woody, with a farinaceous pulp. M. Cor. with the last leaf broader. Leguminous, 1-seeded, dilated at the extremity. P. Cor. with the lowest petal kidney-shaped. Legu- minous, tapering, twisted. C. Cor. with the lowest petal beautiful. Cal. unequal segments. Leguminous, compressed. T. Cor. lowest leaf larger. Cal. bells-shaped. C. Cor. unequal. Anthers beaked. Lomentum flat. C. Cor. nearly equal, with 2 leaves bent downwards. Leguminous, bark-like, bellied. Seeds nearly kidney-shaped. G. Cor. nearly equal, sitting in the cal. Legumi- nous, diamond-shaped. Seeds bony, i.e. shining. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, 3-valved. Seeds winged. G. Cor. nearly equal. Cal. 4-partite. Seed-vessel 4-winged. G. Cor. nearly equal. Berries, several inserted in a large receptacle. D. Cor. open. Filaments dusty. Caps. 5, connected. Seeds coated. R. Cor. unequal, 3-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Caps. 5-celled.

Sect. Sect. II. Flores polypetali, aquales.

820. Cynometra. Cal. 4-phyllus; lacin. oppos. major. Legum. 1-spermum, carnosum.

831. Prosopis. Cal. hemisphericus, 4-dentatus. Legum. polyspermum.

818. Schotia. Cal. 5-fidus, aqualis. Legum. compressum, polyspermum.

832. Cadia. Cal. 5-fidus. Petala obcordata. Legum. polyspermum.

836. Adenanthera. Antheris glandula insidens. Leg. compressum membranaceum.

830. Hematoxylon. Pistilli stigma emarginatum. Legumen valvis navicularibus.

839. Gilbertia. Nectar. tubulosum truncatum. Antherae sessiles. Caps. 4-localaris.

840. Trichilia. Nectar. tubulosum, 5-dentatum. Caps. 3-localaris, 3-valvis. Sem. baccata.

841. Turrea. Nectar. tubulosum, 10-dentatum. Caps. 5-cocca. Sem. bina.

845. Melia. Nect. tubulosum, 10-dentatum. Drupa nuce 10-localari.

842. Sandoricum. Nect. tubulosum, 10-dentatum. Drupa nucibus 5.

843. Swietenia. Nect. tubulosum, 10-dentatum. Caps. lignosa, 5-valvis. Sem. imbricata, margine membranaceo.

819. Guaiacum. Cal. laciniis 2 exteriore minores. Caps. carnosae, 3 s. 5-localaris, angulata.

827. Ruta. Germen punctis 10 melliferis. Caps. 5-fida, 5-localaris, polysperma.

848. Tribulus. Pistilli stylus nullus. Caps. 5, connexae, polyspermiae.

847. Fagonia. Cor. unguis calyci insertae. Caps. 5-localaris, 10-valvis, 1-sperma.

846. Zygophyllum. Nect. squamae 10 staminifere. Caps. 5-localaris, polysperma.

850. Zwingera. Caps. 5, coriaceae, non-dehiscens.

849. Quassia. Caps. 5, bivalves, 1-spermiae, inseritae receptaculo carnosio.

861. Ceratopetalum. Cor. 5-petala, pinnatifida. Cal. 5-fidus, staminiferus. Caps. 2-localaris.

852. Thryallis. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. tricocca.

835. Ekebergia. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca 5-sperma.

857. Schousboea. Cor. 5-petala calyci inserta. Bacca inserta 5-gona monosperma.

826. Petaloma. Cor. 5-petala inter calycis laciniis inserta. Bacca 1-localaris.

853. Limonia. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3-sperma.

844. Cookia. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 5-localare, loculis monospermis.

858. Heisteria. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa insidens calyci colorato grandiflora.

859. Quisqualis. Cor. 5-petala, calyci insidens filiformis.

854. Monotropa. Cal. corollinus, basi gibbus. Caps. 5-localaris, monosperma.

872. Clethra. Pistilli stigmata tria. Caps. 3-localis, polysperma.

873. Pyrola. Antherae sursum bicornes. Caps. 5-localis, polysperma.

865. Ledum. Cor. plana, 5-partita. Caps. 5-localis, polysperma.

Vol. IV. Part I.

Sect. II. Flowers polypetalous, equal.

C. Cal. 4-leaved; largest segments opposite. Leguminous, 1-seeded, fleshy.

P. Cal. hemispherical, 4-toothed. Leguminous, many-seeded.

S. Cal. 5-cleft, equal. Leguminous, compressed, many-seeded.

C. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals heart-shaped reversed. Leguminous, many-seeded.

A. Gland sitting in the anthers. Leguminous, compressed, membranaceous.

H. Stigma of the pistil notched at the end. Leguminous, with boat-shaped valves.

G. Nectary tubular lopped. Anthers sitting. Caps. 4-celled.

T. Tubular nectary, 5-toothed. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds herried.

T. Nectary tubular, 10-toothed. Caps. 5-celled. Seeds double.

M. Nectary tubular, 10-toothed. Drupe with a 10-celled nut.

S. Nectary tubular, 10-toothed. Drupe with 5 nuts.

S. Nectary tubular, 10-toothed. Caps. woody, 5-valved. Seeds tiled, with a membranous border.

G. Two outer segments of the cal. small. Caps. fleshy, 3 or 5-celled, angular.

R. Germen with 10 honey-bearing points. Caps. 5-cleft, 5-celled, many-seeded.

T. No style of the pistil. Caps. 5, connected, many-seeded.

F. Claws of the cor. inserted in the cal. Caps. 5-celled, 10-valved, 1-seeded.

Z. Nectary of 10 stamen-bearing scales. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded.

Z. Caps. 5, bark-like, not gaping.

Q. Caps. 5, 2-valved, 1-seeded, inserted in a fleshy receptacle.

C. Cor. 5-petaled, wing-cleft. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the stamens. Caps. 2-celled.

T. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 3-celled.

E. Cor. 4-petaled. Berry 5-seeded.

S. Cor. 5 petals inserted in the calyx. Berry inferior, 5-gon, 1-seeded.

P. Cor. 5 petals inserted between the segments of the cal. Berry 1-celled.

L. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 3-seeded.

C. Cor. 5-petaled. Apple 5-celled, with 1-seeded cells.

H. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe sitting in the cal. coloured, enlarged.

Q. Cor. 5-petaled, sitting in a thread-shaped cal.

• M. Cal. corol-like, bulging at the base. Caps. 5-celled, 1-seeded.

• C. 3 stigmas of the pistil. Caps. 3-celled, many-seeded.

• P. Anthers 2-horned upwards. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded.

L. Cor. flat, 5-partite. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded.

Z 855. Dionæa. Cal. 5-phyllus. Stigma fimbriatum. Caps. 1-locularis. Semi. basi capsulae.

853. Muraya. Baccæ 1-sperma. Cor. 5-petala. Nectarium margine eingens germin.

834. Bergera. Baccæ 2-sperma. Cor. 5-petala. Stigma turbinatum.

862. Melastoma. Cor. calyci insidens. Anthera refractæ. Baccæ 2-locularis, calyce vestita.

863. Meriania. Cor. calyci insidens. Antheræ refractæ. Caps. 5-locularis, disseipimentis contrariis.

856. Jussieuæ. Cor. 4 s. 5-petala. Caps. infera.

His confundenda sunt Rhexia nonnullæ. Conocarpus racemosa. Combretum decandrum, alternifolium. Jacquinia racemosa. Amyris decandra. Gerania aliquot. Lythrum cordifolium, ciliatum. Melanium. Grisea tomentosa. Anacardium occidentale.

Sect. III. Flores monopetali, aquales.

822. Panzeræ. Petalum unicum laterale. Cal. 4-partitus. Legumen.

825. Nicandra. Cor. tubulosa, 10-fida. Cal. 4-fidus, inaequalis. Baccæ 3-locularis.

823. Codon. Cor. campanulata, 10-fida. Cal. 10-partitus. Caps. polysperma.

875. Inocarpus. Cor. tubulosa, 5-fida. Cal. 2-fidus. Drupa 1-sperma.

838. Strigilia. Cor. 5-fida. Nectar. 10-partitum. Fructus 6-locularis.

*868. Andromeda. Cor. campanulata, rotunda. Caps. 5-locularis.

867. Rhododendron. Cor. infundibulif. Stam. declinata. Caps. 5-locularis.

864. Kalmia. Cor. limbo subtus 4-corniculato. Caps. 5-locularis.

869. Epigæa. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus. Interior 5-phyllus. Caps. 5-locularis.

870. Gualtheria. Cal. exterior, 2-phyllus. Interior 5-fidus. Caps. 5-locl. calyce baccato.

*871. Arbutus. Cor. ovata, basi diaphana. Baccæ 5-locularis.

874. Styrax. Cor. infundibulif. Drupa disperma.

Vaccinia nonnulla. Gardenia Thunbergia.

Sect. IV. Flores apetali, seu incompleti.

860. Dais. Cor. 1-petala. Involver. 4-phyllum, multilorum.

878. Aquilaria. Cal. 5-fidus. Nectar. 5-fidum, lobis bifidis. Caps. 2-locularis, 2-valvis.

879. Augea. Cal. 5-partit. Nect. 10-dentatus. Caps. 10-locl.

876. Samyda. Cal. 5-partitus. Nectar. 10-fidum. eingens germin staminiferum. Caps. baccata, unilocularis, 4-valvis.

877. Casearia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Nect. 5-phyllum, foliolis cum filamenti alternantibus. Caps. baccata, 1-locl. 3-valvis.

881. Bucida. Cal. 5-partitus. Baccæ 1-sperma.

821. Crudia. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. o. Samara orbiculata.

D. Cal. 5-leaved. Stigma fringed. Caps. 1-celled. Seeds at the base of the caps.

M. Berry 1-seeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectary surrounding the germin with a border.

B. Berry 2-seeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigma turbated.

M. Cor. sitting in the cal. Anthers bent back. Berry 2-celled, covered with a cal.

M. Cor. sitting in the cal. Anthers bent back, Caps. 5-celled, with partitions opposite.

J. Cor. 4 or 5-petaled. Caps. inferior.

Sect. III. Flowers 1-petaled, equal.

P. One lateral petal. Cal. 4-partite. Leguminous.

N. Cor. tubular, 10-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft, unequal. Berry 3-celled.

C. Cor. bell-shaped, 10-cleft. Cal. 10-partite. Caps. many-seeded.

I. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft. Cal. 2-cleft. Drupe 1-seeded.

S. Cor. 5-cleft. Nectary 10-partite. Fruit 6-celled.

* A. Cor. bell-shaped, round. Caps. 5-celled.

R. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stamens bent downward. Caps. 5-celled.

K. Cor. with a border beneath. Caps. 5-celled.

E. Exterior cal. 3-leaved. Interior 5-leaved. Caps. 5-celled.

G. Exterior cal. 2-leaved. Interior 5-cleft. Caps. 5-celled, with a berried cal.

* A. Cor. oval, with a transparent base. Berry 5-celled.

S. Cor. funnel-shaped. Drupe 2-seeded.

Sect. IV. Flowers without petals, or incomplete.

D. Cor. 1-petaled. Involverum 4-leaved, many-flowered.

A. Cal. 5-cleft. Nectary 5-cleft, with cleft lobes. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved.

A. Cal. 5-partite. Nectary 10-toothed. Caps. 10-celled.

S. Cal. 5-partite. Nectary 10-cleft, surrounding a germin bearing the stamens. Caps. berried, 1-celled, 4-valved.

C. Cal. 5-leaved. Nect. 5-leaved, leaflets alternating with the filaments. Caps. berried, 1-celled, 3-valved.

B. Cal. 5-partite. Berry 1-seeded.

C. Cal. 4-partite. No cor. Seed-vessel round and flat. 880. Copaifera. Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala. Legumen 1-spermum.

Stellera chamaejasme. Conocarpus racemosa. Forskolea.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

890. Scleranthus. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus, infertus. Sem. 2.

885. Trianthema. Cor. o. Caps. circumscissa.

886. Chrysosplenium. Cor. o. Cal. superus. Caps. 2-locularis, 2-rostris.

882. Royena. Cor. 1-petala. Cal. ventricosus. Caps. 4-sperma, 4-valvis.

883. Hydrangea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, superus. Caps. 2-locul. 2-rostris, circumscissa.

887. Saxifraga. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Caps. 1-locularis, 2-rostris.

888. Tiarella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. corolliferus. Caps. bivalvis, alterna majore.

889. Mitella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. corolliferus. Caps. bivalvis. Petala pectinata.

884. Cunonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllos. Caps. 2-locularis, acuta.

891. Gypsophila. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partit. campanulatus. Caps. 1-locul. globosa.

892. Saponaria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulosus, basi nodos. Caps. 1-locul. oblonga.

893. Dianthus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulosus, basi squamosus. Caps. 1-locul. oblonga.

Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.

900. Brunnichia. Caps. 1-sperma. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus.

907. Arenaria. Caps. 1-locul. Pet. integra, patenta.

906. Stellaria. Caps. 1-locul. Pet. 2-partita, patenta.

899. Deutzia. Caps. 3-locul. 3-rostrata. Pet. integra.

894. Cucubalus. Caps. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, faucis nuda.

895. Silene. Caps. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, faucis coronata.

898. Cherleria. Caps. 3-locul. Nectar. petaloidea calyce minora.

901. Garidella. Caps. 3, distinctae. Pet. calycina. Nectar. bilabiata.

906. Erythroxylon. Drupa 1-sperma. Pet. basi squama instructa.

902. Malpighia. Drupa 3-sperma. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. glandulosus.

903. Banisteria. Samarce 3, unialate. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. glandulosus.

904. Hiraea. Samarce, 3, alis binis oppositis, s. ata circumdatae. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. glandulosus.

905. Triofteris. Samarce 3, 3 s. 4-alate. Pet. unguiculata. Cal. glandulosus.

Tamaris Germanica.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

S. No cor. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Seeds 2.

T. No cor. Cal. cut round.

C. No cor. Cal. superior. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks.

R. cor. 1-petaled. Cal. bulging. Caps. 4-seeded, 4-valved.

H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft, superior. Caps. 2-celled, 2-beaked, cut round.

S. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite. Caps. 1-celled, 2-beaked.

T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Caps. 2-valved, unequal valves.

M. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Caps. 2-valved. Petals comb-shaped.

C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 2-celled, acute.

G. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite, bell-shaped. Caps. 1-celled, globular.

S. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular, naked at the base. Caps. 1-celled, oblong.

D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular, scaly at the base. Caps. 1-celled, oblong.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

B. Caps. 1-seeded. No cor. Cal. 5-cleft.

A. Caps. 1-celled. Petals entire, expanding.

S. Caps. 1-celled. Pet. 2-partite, expanding.

D. Caps. 3-celled, 3-beaked. Petals entire.

C. Caps. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a naked mouth.

S. Caps. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a crowned mouth.

C. Caps. 3-celled. Nectary petal-like, less than the calyx.

G. 3 distinct capsules. Petals cup-like. Nectary 2-lipped.

E. Drupe 1-seeded. Pet. at the base, scaled.

M. Drupe, 3-seeded. Petals 5, clawed. Cal. glandular.

B. Seed-vessels 3, one-winged. Pet. 5, clawed. Cal. glandular.

H. Seed-vessels 3, pairs opposite, or surrounded with a wing. Pet. 5, clawed. Cal. not glandular.

T. 2 seed-vessels, 3 or 4-winged. Petals clawed. Cal. glandular. Ordo IV. PENTAGYNIA.

911. ONESTIS. Caps. 5, monospermic. Cor. 5-petala. * 912. COTYLEDON. Caps. 5 ad nectaria. Cor. 1-petala. * 913. SEDUM. Caps. 5 ad nectaria. Cor. 5-petala. 914. PENTHORUM. Caps. 5-loba. Cor. petala rariiora. 915. BERGIA. Caps. 5-locul. 5-valvis; valvis horizontaliter descendentibus. 908. IONQUETIA. Caps. 1-locul. 5-sperma. Pet. integra. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 922. SPERGULA. Caps. 1-locul. polysperma. Pet. integra. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 921. CERASTIUM. Caps. 1-locul. Pet. 2-fida. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 919. AGROSTEMMA. Caps. 1-locul. oblonga. Cal. tubulosus, coriaceus. * 920. LYCHNIS. Caps. 3-locul. oblonga. Cal. tubulosus, membranaceus. * 918. OXALIS. Caps. 5-locularis, angulata. Cor. basi subcoherens. 910. ROBERGHIA: Drupa nuce 1-loculari. Cal. 1-phyllus. 909. Spondias. Drupa nuce 5-loculari. Cal. 1-phyllus. 907. AVERRHOA. Pomum 5-loculare. Cal. 5-phyllus. 917. GRIELUM. Sem. 5 distincta mutica. Cor. 5-petala. Styli nulli. 916. SURIANA. Sem. 5, subrotunda. Cor. 5-petala. Styli filiformes, laterales. Adoxia. Coriaria. Gerania. Drosera Lusitanica.

Ordo V. DECAGYNIA.

923. NEURADA. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 10-cocca. 924. PHYTOLACCA. Cal. 5-phyllus, corollinus. Cor. nulla. Bacca 10-cocca.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

805. SOPHORA. Nine species; viz. tetraptera, microphylla, flavescens, alopecuroides, tomentosa, occidentalis, japonica, heptaphylla, monosperma. Levant, Africa, West Indies, New Zealand.

806. PODALYRIA. 15 species; viz. capensis, aurea, argentea, genistoides, ternata, australis, tinctoria, alba, lupinoides, trifoliata, calyptrata, biflora, myrtillifolia, hirsuta, buxifolia.

807. PULTEA. Six species; viz. stipularis, palceae, binophylla, juncea, villosa, daphnoides.

Order V. DECAGYNIA.

N. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 10-cell-ed. P. Cal. 5-leaved, corol-like. Cor. none. Berry 10-celled.

808. ANAGYRIS, or Stinking-bean Trefoil. One species; viz. foetida. Spain, Italy.

809. CERCIS, or Judas-tree. Two species; viz. siliquastrum, canadensis. S. Europe, Levant, N. America.

810. BAUMINIA, or Mountain Ebony. 15 species; viz. scandens, parviflorum, racemosa, aculeata, divaricata, aurita, porrecta, ungulata, variegata, candida, purpurea, tomentosa, acuminata, guajensis, rubescens. Egypt, E. and W. Indies.

811. HYMENEA, or Locust-tree. Three species; viz. courbaril, venosa, verrucosa. W. Indies.

812. PARKINSONIA, or Jerusalem Thorn. One species; viz. aculeata. W. Indies. 813. Cassia, or Wild Senna.

50 species; viz. diphylla, absus, vininea, bacillaris, tagera, tora, bicapsularis, emarginata, obtusifolia, sennoides, acuminata, corymbosa, longisiliqua, falcata, servicea, occidentalis, planisiliqua, patula, lineata, atomaria, pilosa, arborescens, senna, ruscifolia, biflora, chinensis, multiglandulosa, hirsuta, tomentosa, serpens, mexicana, angustifolia, ligustrina, florida, stipulacea, alata, marilandica, fastigiata, frondosa, tenissima, virgata, sophera, bracteata, auriculata, brevifolia, mollis, javanica, grandis, nigricans, polyphylla, chamæcrista, glandulosa, mimosoides, microphylla, flexuosa, capensis, fistula, niititan, procumbens. Egypt, East and West Indies, America.

The fruit of the cassia fistula is a cylindrical pod, scarcely an inch in diameter; a foot or more in length. The outside is a hard brown bark; the inside is divided by thin transverse woody plates, covered with a soft black pulp, of a sweetish taste, with some degree of acrimony. There are two sorts of this drug in the shops; one brought from the East Indies, the other from the West; the canes or pods of the latter are generally large, rough, thick-rinded, and the pulp nauseous; those of the former are less, smoother, the pulp blacker, and of a sweeter taste; this sort is preferred to the other. Such pods should be chosen as are weighty, new, and do not make a rattling noise (from the seeds being loose within them) when shaken. The pulp should be of a bright shining black colour, and a sweet taste, not harsh, which happens from the fruit being gathered before it has grown fully ripe, or sourish, which it is apt to turn upon keeping. It should neither be very dry nor very moist, nor at all mouldy, which from its being kept in damp cellars, or moistened, in order to increase its weight, it is very subject to be. Greatest part of the pulp dissolves both in water and in rectified spirit, and may be extracted from the cane by either. The shops employ water, boiling the bruised pod therein, and afterwards evaporating the solution to a due consistence.

The pulp of cassia is a gentle laxative medicine, and frequently given, in a dose of some drams in costive habits. Some direct a dose of two ounces, or more as a cathartic, in inflammatory cases where the more acrid purgatives have no place; but in these large quantities it generally nauseates the stomach, produces flatulencies, and sometimes griping of the bowels, especially if the cassia be not of a very good kind; these effects may be prevented by the addition of aromatics, and exhibiting it in a liquid form. Some say it does excellent service in the painful tension of the belly, which sometimes follows the imprudent use of antimonials; and that it may be advantageously acuated with the more acrid purgatives or antimonial emetics, or employed to abate their force. Vallianieri relates, that the purgative virtue of this medicine is remarkably promoted by manna: that a mixture of four drams of cassia, and two of manna, purges as much as 12 drams of cassia, or 32 of manna alone. Sennertus observes, that the urine is apt to be turned of a green colour, by the use of cassia, and sometimes, where a large quantity has been taken, blackish. This drug gives name to an officinal electuary, and is an ingredient also in another.

814. Corea.

Two species; viz. paniculata, trigona. Guiana.

815. Caesalpinia, or Brasiletto.

Nine species; viz. bijuga, pulcherrima, elata, coriaria, brasiliensis, echinata, sappan, crista, mimosoides. E. and W. Indies.

816. Guilandina, or Bondue, or Nickar-tree.

Five species; viz. bondue, bonducella, nuga, paniculata, axillaris. E. and W. Indies.

817. Hyperanthera, or Nephritic-wood.

Four species; viz. decandra, moringa, semidecandra, cochinchinensis. Egypt, Ceylon, N. America.

818. Schotia.

One species; viz. speciosa. C. of G. Hope.

819. Gualacum, or Lignum-vitæ, Pockwood.

Three species; viz. dubium, officinale, sanctum. Africa, China, W. Indies.

The wood of the guaiacum officinale is very ponderous, of a close compact texture; the outer part is of a yellow colour, the heart of a deep blackish green, or variegated with black, green, pale, and brown colours; the bark is thin, smooth, externally of a dark greyish hue: both have a lightly aromatic, bitterish, pungent taste; the bark is somewhat the weakest. The resin, which exudes from incisions made in the trunk of the tree, is brought to us in irregular masses, usually friable, of a dusky greenish, and sometimes of a reddish cast, with pieces of the wood among them: its taste is more acid and pungent than that of the wood or bark.

Their general virtues are those of a warm stimulating medicine: they strengthen the stomach and other viscera; and remarkably promote the urinary and cuticular discharge. Hence, in cutaneous defecations, and other disorders, proceeding from obstructions of the excretory glands, and where sluggish serous humours abound, they are eminently useful; rheumatic and other pains have often been relieved by them. They are also laxative. The resin is the most active of these drugs; and the efficacy of the others depends upon the quantity of this part contained in them. The resin is extracted from the wood in part by watery liquors, but much more effectually by spirituous ones. The watery extract of this wood kept in the shops, proves not only less in quantity, but considerably weaker, than one made with spirit. This last extract is of the same quality with the native resin, and differs from that brought to us only in being purer. The gum or extracts are given from a few grains to a scruple or half a dram; which last dose proves, for the most part, considerably purgative. The officinal preparations of guaiacum are, an extract of the wood, a solution of the gum in rectified spirit of wine, and a solution in volatile spirit, and an empyreumatic oil distilled from the wood.

Guaiac, in form of decoction, has been said to cure the venereal disease; and in this country it is frequently used as an adjuvant to mercury. The resin, dissolved in rum, or combined with water by means of mucilage or the yolk of eggs, or in the form of volatile tincture or elixir, is much employed in gout, and chronic rheumatism. The tincture or elixir has been given to the extent of half an ounce twice a day, and is sometimes usefully combined with laudanum.

820. Cynometra. Two species; viz. cauliflora, ramiflora.

821. Crudia. Two species; viz. spicata, aromatica. Guiana.

822. Panzera. One species; viz. falcatia. Carolina.

823. Codon. One species; viz. roseni. C. of G. Hope.

824. Dictamnus, or Fraxinella, White Dittany. One species; viz. albus. Germ. France, Italy. The dictamnus albus grows wild in the mountainous parts of France, Italy, and Germany. From thence the cortical part of the root, in a dry state, rolled up in little quills, is sometimes brought to us. It is of a white colour, of a weak, not very agreeable smell, and of a durable bitter, slightly pungent taste. It has been recommended as an alexipharmac, a tonic, and an anthelmintic; but it is very seldom used, and has no place in the London Pharmacopoeia.

825. Nicandra. One species; viz. amara. Guiana.

826. Petaloma. Two species; viz. myrtilloides, muriri. W. Indies, Guiana.

827. Ruta, or Rue. Seven species; viz. graveolens, montana, chalepensis, pinnata, patavina, linifolia, fruticulosa. S. Eur. Africa. The ruta graveolens is a small shrubby plant met with in gardens, where it flowers in June, and holds its green leaves all the winter. We frequently find in the markets a narrow-leaved sort, which is cultivated by some in preference to the other, on account of its leaves appearing variegated during the winter with white streaks. Rue has a strong ungrateful smell, and a bitterish penetrating taste. The leaves, when in full vigour, are extremely acrid, insomuch as to inflame and blister the skin if much handled. With regard to their medicinal virtues, they are powerfully stimulating, attenuating, and detergent. And hence, in cold phlegmatic habits, they quicken the circulation, dissolve tenacious juices, open obstructions of the excretory glands, and promote the fluid secretions. The writers on the materia medica, in general, have entertained a very high opinion of the virtues of this plant. Boerhaave is full of its praises; particularly of the distilled oil and the distilled water, cohobated or re-distilled several times from fresh parcels of the herb: after somewhat extravagantly commending other waters prepared in this manner, he adds, with regard to that of rue, that the greatest commendations he can bestow upon it fall short of its merit. "What medicine (says he) can be more efficacious for promoting sweat and perspiration, for the cure of the hysteric passion and of epilepsies, and for expelling poison." Whatever service rue may be of in the two last cases, it undoubtedly has its use in the others; the cohobated water, however, is not the most efficacious preparation of it. An extract, made by rectified spirit, contains, in a small compass, the whole virtues of the rue; this menstruum taking up by infusion all the pungency and flavour of the plant, and elevating nothing in distillation. With water its peculiar flavour and warmth arise; the bitterness, and a considerable share of the pungency, remaining behind. The only official preparation of rue now retained in our pharmacopoeias is the extract; but it is an ingredient in the compound powder of myrrh and some other compositions.

828. Toluifera, or Balsam of Tolu tree. One species; viz. balsamum. Carthagena. The toluifera balsamum flows from a tree growing in Tolu in the Spanish West Indies; from whence the balsam is brought to us in little gourd shells. It is of a yellowish brown colour inclining to red; in consistence thick and tenacious; by age it grows hard and brittle, without suffering any great loss of its more valuable parts. The smell of this balsam is extremely fragrant, somewhat resembling that of lemons; its taste warm and sweetish, with little of the pungency, and nothing of the nauseous relish, which accompany the other balsams. It has the same general virtues with the balsamum rahasiri, but is much milder; and for some purposes, particularly as a corroborant in griefs and seminal weaknesses, is supposed to be more efficacious.

829. Myroxylon, or Balsams of Peru. Three species; viz. peruferrum, pedicellatum, frutescens. Mexico, Peru. The myroxylon peruferrum, as brought to us, is nearly of the consistence of thin honey, of a reddish brown colour, inclining to black, an agreeable aromatic smell, and a very hot biting taste. Distilled with water, it yields a small quantity of a fragrant essential oil of a reddish colour; and in a strong fire, without addition, a yellowish red oil. Balsam of Peru is a very warm aromatic medicine, considerably hotter and more acrid than copaiva. Its principal effects are to warm the habit, to strengthen the nervous system, and attenuate viscid humours. Hence its use in some kinds of asthmas, gonorrhoeas, dysenteries, suppressions of the uterine discharges, and other disorders proceeding from a debility of the solids, or a sluggishness or inactivity of the juices. It is also employed externally for cleansing and healing wounds and ulcers, and sometimes against palsies and rheumatic pains. This balsam does not unite with water, milk, expressed oils, animal fats or wax; it may be mingled in the cold with this last, and likewise with the sebaceous substance called expressed oil of mace; but if the mixture be afterwards liquefied by heat, the balsam separates and falls to the bottom. It may be mixed with water into the form of an emulsion, after the same manner as the balsam of Copaiva. Alkaline lixivia dissolve great part of it; and rectified spirit the whole. It is an ingredient in several officinal compositions, in some of which it has rather a bad than a good effect. There is another sort of balsam of Peru of a white colour, and considerably more fragrant than the former. This is very rarely brought to us. It is said to be the produce of the same plant which yields the common or black balsam, and to exude from incisions made made in the trunk; while the former is alleged to be obtained by boiling. Besides the white, there is also a third kind, commonly called the red or dry. This is supposed to obtain a different state from the white, merely in consequence of the treatment to which it is subjected, after it is got from the tree. In its fragrance it in some degree approaches to the balsam of Gilead, held in so high esteem among the eastern nations; but it is very rarely in use in Britain, and almost never to be met with in our shops.

830. HEMATOXYLON, or Logwood.

One species; viz. campechianum. Campeachy, S. America.—This species is brought chiefly from Campeachy in the bay of Honduras. It is usually in large logs, very compact and hard, of a red colour, and an astringent sweet taste. It has been for a long time used by the dyers, but not till very lately as a medicine; a decoction of it, and the extract, are in use in our hospitals, and said to have proved very serviceable in diarrhoea. It frequently tinges the stools, and sometimes the urine. The extract is now received into the shops, and it is found to be a very useful astringent.

831. PROSOPIS.

One species; viz. spicigera. India.

832. CADIA.

One species; viz. purpurea. Arabia.

833. MURRAYA.

One species; viz. exotica. E. Indies, New Guinea.

834. BERGERA.

One species; viz. koenigii.

835. EKEBERGIA.

One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

836. ADENANTHERA, or Base Flower-fence.

Three species; viz. pavonina, falcata, scandens. India.

837. GAERTNERA.

One species; viz. racemosa. India.

838. STRIGILIA.

One species; viz. racemosa. Peru.

839. GILIBERTIA.

Four species; viz. decandra, ovata, heterophylla, oppositifolia. Isles of Bourbon and Mauritius.

840. TRICHILIA.

12 species; viz. hirta, spondoides, emetica, glabra, pallida, moschata, spectabilis, alliacea, heterophylla, trifoliata, nervosa, spinosa. Jam. Hisp. S. Amer.

841. TURREA.

Five species; viz. virens, pubescens, maculata, sericea, lanceolata. E. Indies.

842. SANDORICUM.

One species; viz. indicum. India.

843. SWIETENIA, or Mahogany Tree.

Three species; viz. mahogoni, febrifuga, chloroxylon. W. Indies.

844. COOKIA.

One species; viz. punctata. New Holland, China.

845. MELIA, or Bead-tree.

Four species; viz. azedarach, sempervivens, composita, azadirachtah. Spain, Syria, E. Indies.

846. ZYGOPHYLLUM, or Bean-caper.

14 species; viz. simplex, cordifolium, labago, fettidum, maculatum, coccineum, album, morgiana, microphyllum, sessilifolium, spinosum, retusans, lanatum, arboreum. Syria, Cape, Caucasus, S. America.

847. FAGONIA.

Four species; viz. cretica, hispanica, arabica; indica. Spain, Crete, Arabia, India.

848. TRIBULUS, or Caltrop.

Four species; viz. maximus, lanuginosus, terrestris, cistoides. S. of Europe, Cape, Jamaica.

849. QUASSIA, or Simarouba Bark.

Three species; viz. amara, simaruba, excelsa. W. Indies, Cayenne, Guiana.

850. ZWINGERA.

One species; viz. amara. Guiana.

851. GOMPHIA.

Five species; viz. angustifolia, nitida, jabotapita, laevigata, laurifolia. W. Indies.

852. THYALLIS.

One species; viz. brasiliensis. Brazil.

853. LIMONIA.

Eight species; viz. monophylla, trifoliata, acidissima, lucida, mauritiana, pentaphylla, madagascarensis, minuta. E. Indies.

854. MONOTROPA, or Birds-nest.

Two species; viz. *hypopithus, uniflora. N. of Europe, N. America.

855. DIONEA, or Venus's Fly-trap.

One species; viz. muscipula. N. America.

856. JUSSIEUA, or Tree-primrose.

12 species; viz. repens, tenella, linearis, linifolia, peruviana, hirta, pubescens, octovalvis, sulfruticosa, acuminate, inclinata, erecta. India, America.

857. SCHOUSBOEA.

One species; viz. coccinea. Martinico.

858. HEISTERIA.

One species; viz. coccinea. Martinico.

859. QUISQUALIS.

One species; viz. indica. India.

860. DAIR.

Three species; viz. conitfolia, disperma, octandra. Cape, India.

861. CERATOFETALUM.

One species; viz. gummiiferum.

862. MELASTOMA, or American Gooseberry.

85 species; viz. calyptrata, crocea, patens, crenata, rigida, decassata, montana, procura, ascendens, aspera, ledifolia, strigosa, holosericea, velutina, sessilifolia, ramiflora, glabra, chrysophylla, quadrangularis, trinervia, repens, grossularioides, parviflora, succosa, arborescens, longiflora, prasina, agrestis, scandens, alata, flavescens, hirta, spicata, acinodendron, cynosa, grandiflora, elegans, rufescens, rubra, majeta, heterophylla, physiphora, purpurea, argentea, elata, impetiolaris, fragilis, coriacea, grossa, malabathrica, strigillosa, tumonca, albicans, capitata, splendens, levigata, crispata, hirsuta, microphylla, micrantha, capillaris, rubens, glabrata, glandulosa, hirtella, triflora, octandra, divaricata, tetandra, fascicularis, angustifolia, pururasceens, purascens, alpina, verticillata, acuminata, lateriflora, eleocharoides, scabrosa, virgata, umbrosa, hispida, sessiliflora, pilosa, discolor, coccinea. America, West Indies.

863. Meriania. Two species; viz. leucantha, purpurea.

864. Kalmia, or Dwarf American Laurel. Four species; viz. latifolia, angustifolia, glauca, hirsuta. N. Amer.

865. Ledum, or Marsh Cistus. Three species; viz. palustre, latifolium, buxifolium. N. Eur. N. Amer.

866. Rhodora. One species; viz. canadensis. N. Amer.

867. Rhododendron, or Dwarf Rose-bay. 10 species; viz. ferrugineum, dauricum, cantschaticum, hirsutum, chamescistus, caucasicum, chrysanthum, ponticum, maximum, punctatum. Siberia, Alps, Gibraltar, Levant, N. Amer.

The rhododendron chrysanthum is a native plant of Siberia, where a weak infusion of it is used as tea. The Siberians use a kind of decoction of it in rheumatism and gout. They put about two drams of the dried shrub in an earthen pot with about ten ounces of boiling water, keeping it near a boiling heat for a night, and this they take in the morning. It is said to occasion heat, thirst, a degree of delirium, and a peculiar creeping-like sensation in the parts affected. The use of liquids is not allowed during its operation, as this is apt to induce vomiting. In a few hours the pain and disagreeable symptoms are relieved; and it is said, two or three doses generally complete the cure. The powder has also been used in doses of a few grains.

Hitherto it has been so little employed in Britain, that it has no place in the London Pharmacopoeia: but in some cases, in which it has been used at Edinburgh, it has been productive of good effects; and accordingly it is now introduced into the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, as well as into the Pharmacopoeia Rossica, where it had first a place.

868. Andromeda, or Base Heath. 26 species; viz. tetragona, ericoides, hypnoides, lycoptodoides, empetrifolia, myrsinites, mariana, ferruginea, fasciculata, jamaicensis, octandra, pulverulenta, polifolia, salicifolia, buxifolia, japonica, paniculata, arborescens, racemosa, catesbii, axillaris, coriacea, acuminata, rupestris, anastomosans, calyculata. N. Eur. Amer. Cape, Jam.

869. Epigaea, or Trailing Arbutus. Two species; viz. repens, cordifolia. Virginia, Canada.

870. Gaultheria. Two species; viz. procumbens, antipoda.

871. Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. 18 species; viz. unedo, laurifolia, andrachne, ferruginea, acadiensis, alpina, uva ursi, mucronata, microphylla, pumila. Europe, N. America, Terra del Fuego.

A. stem tree-like; leaves smooth, bluntly serrated; panicle terminating; berries with many seeds.—It is a beautiful ornament to our shrubberies, not only on account of its foliage and flowers, but of its fruit, which is pleasing to the eye, though not grateful to the taste. The country people, however, in Ireland eat it, but always drink water after.

A. stem trailing; leaves wrinkled, somewhat serrated, and fringed with hairs.—The berries have something of the flavour of black currants, but they are not so good. Goats refuse it.

A. stems trailing; leaves oblong egg-shaped, very entire, veined like net-work underneath.—The berries of this plant are insipid, pulpy, and mealy. The plant is much used in Sweden, to dye an ash colour, and to tan leather. Half a dram of the powdered leaves, given every, or every other day, has been found useful in calculous cases. It was first used for this purpose at Montpellier, and afterwards by Dr De Haen at Vienna, who relates several cases, in which it proved of the greatest service. Its success in England has been uncertain. Sometimes the patients found no relief, but thought their complaints rather aggravated than alleviated; while, in other calculous and nephritic cases, the symptoms have been almost entirely removed. Perhaps, upon the whole, we shall find it no better than other vegetable astringents; some of which have been long used by the country people in gravelly complaints, and with very great advantage, though hitherto unnoticed by the regular practitioners. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep, refuse it.

872. Clethra. Four species; viz. aluifolia, paniculata, arborea, tifinfolia. N. Amer. Jam. Madeira.

873. Pyrola, or Winter-green. Six species; viz. * rotundifolia, * minor, * secunda, umbellata, maculata, * uniflora. N. Europe, Asia, America.

874. Styrax, or Storax-tree. Four species; viz. * officinale, grandifolium, benzoin, lavigatum. Italy, Levant, S. Carolina.

The styrax officinale is an odoriferous resinous substance, exuding from a tree growing in the warmer climates.

It has been customary to distinguish three sorts of storax, though only one is usually met with in the shops.

1. Styrax calomita, or storax in the cane; so called from its having been formerly brought inclosed in reeds from Pamphylia. It is either in small distinct tears, of a whitish or reddish colour, or in larger masses composed of such.

2. Storax in the lump, or red storax. This is in masses of a uniform texture, and yellowish red or brownish colour; though sometimes, likewise, interspersed with a few whitish grains. Of this sort, there has been some lately to be met with in the shops, under the name of storax in the tear.

3. The common storax of the shops, is in large masses, considerably lighter and less compact than the foregoing; it appears, upon examination, to be composed of a resinous juice, mixed with saw-dust. For what purpose this addition is made, it is difficult to say; but it can scarcely be supposed to be done with any fraudulent view, since the saw-dust appears at sight. This common storax is much less esteemed than the two first sorts; though, when freed from the woody matter, it proves superior in point of fragrance to either of them. Rectified spirit, the common menstruum of resins, dissolves the storax, leaving the wood behind; nor does this tincture lose considerably of its valuable parts, in being impassified to a solid consistence; whilst aqueous liquors elevate almost all the fragrancy of the storax.

Storax is one of the most agreeable of the odoriferous resins, and may be exhibited to great advantage in languors, and debilities of the nervous system; it is not, however, much used in common practice.

875. INOCARPUS. One species; viz. edulis. Otaheite.

876. SAMYDA. Nine species; viz. nitida, macrophylla, multiflora, villosa, glabrata, spinescens, pubescens, serrulata, polyandra. West Indies, S. America.

877. CASEARIA. 12 species; viz. spinosa, nitida, ramiflora, hirta, parviflora, parvifolia, sylvestris, macrophylla, serrulata, elliptica, ovata, hirsuta. Jamaica, S. America.

878. AQUILLARIA. One species; viz. ovata. West Indies.

879. AUGEA. One species; viz. capensis.

880. COPAIFERA, or Balsam of Copiwi Tree. One species; viz. officinalis. Brazil, Antilles. The tree which produces this balsam is a native of the Spanish West India islands, and of some parts of the continent of South America. It grows to a large size, and the balsamum copaiva flows, under the form of a resinous juice, from incisions made in the trunk.

The juice is clear and transparent, of a whitish or pale yellowish colour, an agreeable smell, and a bitterish pungent taste. It is usually about the consistence of oil, or a little thicker; when long kept, it becomes nearly as thick as honey, retaining its clearness; but has not been observed to grow dry or solid, as most of the other resinous juices do. We sometimes meet with a thick sort of balsam of copaiva, which is not at all transparent, or much less so than the foregoing, and generally has a portion of turbid watery liquor at the bottom. This sort is probably either adulterated by the mixture of other substances, or has been extracted by coccion from the bark and branches of the tree; its smell and taste are much less pleasant than those of the genuine balsam.

Pure balsam of copaiva dissolves entirely in rectified spirit, especially if the menstruum be previously alkalinized; the solution has a very fragrant smell. Distilled with water, it yields a large quantity of a limpid essential oil, and in a strong heat, without addition, a blue oil.

The balsam of copaiva is a useful corroborating detergent medicine, accompanied with a degree of irritation. It strengthens the nervous system, tends to loosen the belly; in large doses proves purgative, promotes urine, and cleans and heals exulcerations in the urinary passages, which it is supposed to perform more effectually than any of the other balsams. Fuller observes, that it gives the urine an intensely bitter taste, but not a violet smell, as the turpentines do.

This balsam has been principally celebrated in gleets and the fluor albus, and externally as a vulnerary.

The author above mentioned recommends it likewise in dysenteries, in scorbutic cachexies, in diseases of the breast and lungs, and in an acrimonious or patrescent state of the juices: he says, he has known very dangerous coughs, which manifestly threatened a consumption, cured by the use of this balsam alone; and, that notwithstanding its being hot and bitter, it has good effects, even in hectic cases. Most physicians seem now, however, to consider balsams and resins too stimulant to be ventured on in phthisical affections.

The dose of this medicine rarely exceeds 20 or 30 drops, though some direct 60, or more. It may be conveniently taken in the form of an elocossaccharum, or in that of an emulsion, into which it may be reduced by triturating it with almonds, or rather with a thick mucilage of gum arabic, till they are well incorporated, and then gradually adding a proper quantity of water.

881. BUCIDA. Two species; viz. buceras, capitata. Jamaica.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

882. ROYENA, or African Bladder-nut. Seven species; viz. lucida, villosa, pallens, glabra, hirsuta, polyandra, angustifolia. C. of G. Hope.

883. HYDRANGEA. Four species; viz. arborescens, hortensis, radiata, quercifolia. Virginia, Carolina.

884. CUNONIA. One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

885. TRIANTHEMA, or Horse Purslain. Seven species; viz. monogyna, crystallina, pentandra, fruticosa, humifusa, anceps, decandra. Egypt, India, Jamaica.

886. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, or Golden Saxifrage. Two species; viz. * alternifolium, * oppositifolium N. Europe, Canada.

887. SAXIFRAGA, or Saxifrage. 49 species; viz. cotyledon, aizoon, mutata, pennsylvanica, hieracifolia, androsacea, caesia, burseriana, sedoides, tenella, brystides, bronchealis, * stellaris, crassifolia, * nivalis, bellardi, davurica, sarmentosa, punctata, * umbrosa, hirsuta, cuneifolia, geum, * oppositifolia, aspera, * hirculus, * aizoides, autumnalis, rotundifolia, * granulata, bulbifera, * cernua, rivularis, geranioides, ajugifolia, sibirica, rupestris, * tridactylites, petrae, * ascendens, * moschata, muscodoides, cespitosa, tricospidata, cymbalaria, hederacea, orientalis, cuneata, * hypnoides.

888. TIARELLA, or American Sanicle. Two species; viz. cordifolia, trifoliata. North of Asia and America.

889. MITELLA, or Base American Sanicle. Three species; viz. diphylla, cordifolia, nuda. N. of Asia, America.

890. SCLERANTHUS, or Knauel, German Knot-grass. Three species; viz. * annuus, * perennis, * polycarpus. Europe. * S. calyx, segments thornless, tapering to a point, annuus. are said to receive the vapour arising from a decoction of it into their mouths to cure the toothache. Goats and sheep eat it; cows refuse it.

perennis.

S. cal. segments blunt, closed when the fruit is ripe.

The Polish cochineal (coccus polonicus) is found upon the roots in the summer months.

891. GYPSOPHILA.

13 species; viz. repens, prostrata, paniculata, viscosa, ascendens, altissima, arenaria, struthium, fastigiata, perfoliata, muralis, rigida, saxifraga. Europe.

892. SAPONARIA, or Soapwort.

Nine species; viz. officinalis, vaccaria, cretica, porrigens, illyrica, ocyroides, orientalis, lutea, bellidifolia. Europe.

The saponaria officinalis grows wild, though not very common, in low wet places, and by the sides of running waters; a double-flowered sort is frequent in our gardens. The leaves have a bitter not agreeable taste; agitated with water, they raise a saponaceous froth, which is said to have nearly the same effects with solutions of soap itself in taking out spots from clothes and the like. The roots taste sweetish, and somewhat pungent, and have a light smell like those of liquorice; digested in rectified spirit, they yield a strong tincture, which loses nothing of its taste or flavour in being inspissated to the consistence of an extract. This elegant root has not come much into practice among us, though it promises from its sensible qualities to be a medicine of considerable utility. It is much esteemed by the German physicians as an aperient, corrosoriant, and sudorific, and preferred by the college of Würtemberg, by Stahl, Neumann and others, to sarsaparilla.

893. DIANTHUS, or Pink, Carnation.

32 species; viz. barbatus, carthusianorum, atrorubens, ferrugineus, armeria, japonicus, prolifer, diminutus, caryophyllus, sylvestris, pomeridianus, deltoides, albens, crenatus, chinensis, nonspicatus, libanotis, plumarius, crinitus, superbus, attenuatus, purgens, virgineus, arenarius, repens, caesius, cespitosus, scaber, alpinus, pumilus, arborescens, juniperinus. Europe, Cape, China, America.

Of the species called caryophyllus, or clove julyflower, a great variety is met with in our gardens; those made use of in medicine ought to be of a deep crimson colour and a pleasant aromatic smell, somewhat like that of cloves; many sorts have scarce any smell at all. The caryophyllus rubra are said to be cardiac and alexipharmac. Simon Pauli relates that he has cured many malignant fevers by the use of a decoction of them, which he says powerfully promotes sweat and urine, without greatly irritating nature, and also raises the spirits and quenches thirst. At present the flowers are chiefly valued for their pleasant flavour, which is entirely lost even by light coction; hence the college direct the syrup, which is the only officinal preparation of them, to be made by infusion.

ORDER III. TRIGYNIA.

894. CUCUBALUS, or Berry-bearing Chickweed.

18 species; viz. behen, sabarius, viscosus, stellatus, segyptiacus, italicus, multiflorus, fruticulosus, tartarius, sibiricus, catholicus, mollissimus, olites, parviflorus, reflexus, saxifragus, spergulifolius, polygonoides. Europe, Egypt, and North America.

C. cal. nearly globular, smooth, with a net-work of behen veins; leaves egg-spear-shaped, glaucous, smooth.

The leaves boiled have something of the flavour of pease, and proved of great use to the inhabitants of the island of Minorca in the year 1685, when a swarm of locusts had destroyed the harvest. The Gothlanders apply the leaves to erysipelasous eruptions.

895. SILENE, or Viscous Campion.

56 species; viz. anglica, lusitanica, quinquevulnera, ciliata, sericea, nocturna, gallica, cerastoides, mutabilis, chlorantha, nutans, amoena, paradoxa, fruticosa, bupleuroides, longiflora, gigantea, crassifolia, vidiflora, conoidea, conica, bellidifolia, dichotoma, vespertina, behen, stricta, pendula, baccifera, maritima, procumbens, noctiflora, ornata, undulata, virginica, antirrhina, sedoides, apetala, rubella, inaperta, clandestina, portensis, cretica, muscipula, polyphylla, armeria, orchidea, segyptica, catesbeii, cordifolia, chloroflorea, alpestris, rupestris, saxifraga, vallesin, pulmila, acaulis. Eur. Persia, Africa, N. Amer.

896. STELLARIA, or Greater Chickweed.

17 species; viz. nemorum, dichotoma, radians, bulbosa, holostea, graminea, palustris, crassifolia, alpine, undulata, cerastoides, multicaulis, humifusa, biflora, grenlandica, arenaria, scapigera. Eur. N. America.

897. ARENARIA, or Sandwort.

36 species; viz. peploides, tetraqueta, biflora, lateriflora, trinervia, ciliata, balearica, multicaulis, serpillifolia, procumbens, polygonoides, triflora, montana, rubra, medin, bavarica, gypsophiloides, cucubaloides, dianthoides, saxatilis, cespitosa, verna, hispida, verticillata, juniperina, tenuiflora, laricifolia, recurva, lanceolata, striata, filifolin, fasciculata, astrica, grandiflora, limonaria, gerardi. Europe.

898. CHERLERIA.

One species; viz. sedoides. Alps of Austria, Switzerland.

899. DEUTZIA.

One species; viz. scabra. Japan.

900. BRUNNICHIUM.

One species; viz. cirrhosa. Bahama isles.

901. GARIDELLA, or Cretan Fennel flower.

One species; viz. nigellastrum. S. France, Italy, Crete.

902. MALPIGHIUM, or Barbadoes Cherry.

20 species; viz. glabra, biflora, punicifolia, faginea, glandulosa, tuberculata, nitida, armeniaca, dubia, urens, angustifolia, canescens, crassifolia, spicata, altissima, verbascifolia, lucida, coriacea, aquifolia, coccifera. W. Indies, America.

903. BANISTERIA.

24 species; viz. angulosa, palmata, sagittata, auriculata, ciliata, emarginata, quaepara, sinemariensis, purpurea, microphylla, chrysophylla, laurifolia, longiflora, dichotoma, ovata, fulgens, heterophylla, brachiata. W. Indies, Guiana.

904. HIRSEA.

Three species; viz. reclinata, odorata, pinnata. Carthagena. 925. **Triopterus**.

Eight species; viz. jamaicensis, indica, ovata, rigida, acutifolia, acuminate, buxifolia, citrifolia. Jamaica, Hispaniola.

926. **Erythroxylon**.

12 species; viz. aricolatum, hypericifolium, buxifolium, ferrugineum, rufum, havanense, coca, sideroxyloides, squamatum, macrophyllum, laurifolium, longifolium. West Indies.

**Order IV. PENTAGYNIA.**

907. **Averrhoa**.

Two species; viz. bilimbi, carambola. India.

908. **Jonquetia**.

One species; viz. paniculata. Guiana.

929. **Spindias**, or Hog-plumb.

Four species; viz. mombin, myrobalanus, mangifera, dolcis. West Indies, South America.

910. **Robergia**.

One species; viz. frutescens. Guiana.

911. **Onestis**.

Four species; viz. glabra, polyphylla, corniculata, triflora. Isle of Madagascar.

912. **Cotyledon**, or Navel-wort.

24 species; viz. orbiculata, paniculata, fascicularis, cuneata, spuria, purpurea, teretifolia, cacalioides, reticulata, pupillaris, mammillaris, hemispherica, triflora, coccinea, malacophyllum, serrata, *umbilicus*, *lutea*, lanceolata, lanciniata, alternans, nudicaulis, hispanica, viscosa. Sib. France, Spain, Cape, East Indies.

913. **Sedum**, or Lesser Houseleek, Stonecrop.

29 species; viz. verticillatum, telephium, anacampseros, divaricatum, aizoon, hybridum, populifolium, stellatum, albinifolium, caeca, libanoticum, dasyphyllum, reflexum, virens, rupestre, saxatile, quadrifidum, hispanicum, lineare, coeruleum, album, acre, sexangulare, anglicum, annum, pubescens, villosum, atratum, nudum. Europe, Madeira, Japan.

* S. leaves flattish, serrated; corymbus leafy; stem upright.—A decoction of the leaves in milk is a formidable diuretic. It has been given with success to cure the piles. Cows, goats, sheep, and swine, eat it. Horses refuse it.

* S. leaves nearly egg-shaped, growing to and sitting, bulging, nearly upright, alternate; tuft with three divisions.—This species of sedum is a small perennial, succulent, evergreen plant; growing in great abundance on the tops of walls and roofs of houses. It has a faint smell, and at first an herbaceous taste; but it afterwards shows considerable acrimony, exciting a sense of biting heat in the mouth and fauces. In its recent state it shows very active powers, proving emetic, purgative, and diuretic. The expressed juice taken, to the quantity of a table spoonful, has been said to prove a very drastic medicine; but the plant in its dried state shows little or no activity. In this country it is hardly employed, and has no place in our pharmacopoeias. Its activity, however, points it out as a subject deserving attention. Goats eat it; cows, horses, sheep, and swine, refuse it.

* S. leaves awl-shaped in five rows, crowded, loose at rupestre, the base; flowers in tufts.—Both this and the S. reflexum are cultivated in Holland and Germany, to mix with lettuces in salads. It is acid to the taste.

914. **Penthorum**.

One species; viz. sedoides. Virginia.

915. **Bergia**.

Two species; viz. verticillata, glomerata. Cape of Good Hope.

916. **Soriana**.

One species; viz. maritima. Jamaica.

917. **Grielum**.

One species; viz. tenuifolium. Ethiopia.

918. **Oxalis**, or Wood-sorrel.

93 species; viz. monophylla, lepidia, rostrata, asimina, lanceolata, leporina, crispa, fabecfolia, laburnifolia, sanguinea, ambigua, undulata, fuscata, glandulosa, tricolor, rubro-flava, flaccida, exaltata, variabilis, grandiflora, sulphurea, purpurea, breviscapa, speciosa, acetosella, magellanica, marginata, pulchella, obtusa, lata, truncatula, strumosa, punctata, luteola, macrogonya, fallax, tenella, minuta, pusilla, compressa, sericea, megalorrhiza, tetraphylla, violacea, caprina, cervina, dentata, livida, ciliaris, arcuata, linearis, cuneata, cuneifolia, glabra, bifida, filicaulis, longiflora, nutans, convexula, versicolor, elongata, reclinata, polyphylla, tenifolua, macrostylis, hirta, tubiflora, secunda, multiflora, rubella, rosacea, repens, reptatrix, disticha, incarnata, conorrhiza, crenata, lateriflora, dillenii, stricta, corniculata, plumieri, pentantha, rhomboflora, rosea, barbierii, burmanni, tomentosa, lupiniflora, pectinata, flabelliflora, flava, sensitiva. S. Europe, Cape, North America.

* O. stalk with one flower; leaves three together; acetosella, leaflets inversely heart-shaped, hairy.—An infusion of the leaves is an agreeable liquor in ardent fevers, and boiled with milk they make an agreeable whey. Sheep, goats, and swine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses refuse it. The juice is gratefully acid. The London college directs a conserve to be made of the leaves, beaten with thrice their weight of fine sugar. The expressed juice depurated, properly evaporated, and set in a cool place, affords a crystalline acid salt in considerable quantity, which may be used whenever vegetable acids are wanted. It is employed to take iron moulds out of linen, and is sold under the name of essential salt of lemons. We are lately assured, that the leaves and stalks wrapped in a cabbage leaf, and macerated in warm ashes until reduced to a pulp, have been successfully applied to scrophulous ulcers. This poultice should remain on the sore 24 hours, and be repeated four times. Afterwards the ulcer is to be dressed with a poultice made of the roots of the meadow-sweet bruised, and mixed up with the scum of sour butter-milk.

919. **Agrostemma**, or Rose Campion, Wild Lychnis.

Four species; viz. githago, coronaria, flos jovis, cceli-rosa. Europe.

920. **Lychnis**, or Campion.

11 species; viz. chalcedonica, flos cuculis, coronata, quadridentata, viscaria, alpina, magellanica, A a 2 sibirica, sibirica, leota, * dioica, apetala. Russia, Alps of Europe, China.

921. Cerastium, or Mouse-ear Chickweed. * 20 species; viz. perfoliatum, * vulgatum, anomalam, viscosum, * semidecandrum, pentandrum, * arvense, lineare, dichotomum, longifolium, * alpinum, repens, strictum, suffruticosum, maximum, * aquaticum, dioic- um, * latifolium, * tomentosum, manticum. Eur.

922. Spergula, or Spurrey. Seven species; viz. * arvensis, pentandra, nodosa, la- ricina, saginoides, * subulata, glabra. Europe.

arvensis. * S. leaves in whorls; flowers with more than five sta- mens; stems thick at the joints.—Poultry are fond of the seeds; and the inhabitants of Finland and Norway make bread of them when their crops of corn fail. Ex- perience shows it to be very nutritious to the cattle that eat it. Horses, sheep, goats, and swine eat it. Cows refuse it.

ORDER V. DECAGYNIA.

923. Neurada. One species; viz. procumbens. Numidia, Egypt.

924. Phytolacca, or American Nightshade. Six species; viz. octandra, stricta, abyssinica, de- candra, icosandra, dioica. East Indies, Africa, Ame- rica.

In the class Decandria are 119 Genera, which include 987 Species. Of these 84 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XI.

DODECANDRIA (A).

ORDO I. MONOGYNIA.

927. Bocconia. Cor. o. Cal. 2-phylus, inferus. Caps. 2-valvis, 1-sperma.

925. Asarum. Cor. o. Cal. 3-fidus, superus. Caps. 6-locularis.

955. Sterculia. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partit. Nectar- staminiferum. Germen pedicellatum. Caps. 5.

931. Rhizophora. Cor. 4-partita. Cal. 4-parti- tus, inferus. Sem. 1, clavatum, receptaculo carnoso.

938. Garcinia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllos, inferus. Bacca 8-sperma, coronata.

943. Cratæva. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, in- ferus. Bacca 2-locularis, pedicellata.

928. Dodecas. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 1-locul. 4-valvis.

932. Crenæa. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Caps. 5-locularis, polysperma.

939. Halesia. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-dentatus su- perus. Pericarp. 4-spermum, 4-angulatum.

933. Apactis. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. o. Stam. 16.

926. Tornex. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. o. Involu- crum 4 s. 5-phyllo, 5-12-florum. Bacca 1-sperma.

945. Eurya. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. duplex. Caps. 5-locularis.

944. Triumphetta. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllos, inferus. Caps. 4-locul. 2-sperma, muricata.

946. Peganum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllos, inferus. Caps. 3-locul. Stam. 15.

954. Kleinhofia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyl-

CLASS XI.

DODECANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNIA.

B. No cor. Cal. 2-leaved, inferior. Caps. 2-valved, 1-seeded.

* A. No cor. Cal. 3-cleft, superior. Caps. 6-cell- ed.

S. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Nectary bearing the stamens. Germ. on a pedicle. Caps. 5.

R. Cor. 4-parted. Cal. 4-parted, inferior. Seed 1, club-shaped, in a fleshy receptacle.

G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. Berry 8-seeded, crowned.

C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Berry 2-celled, with a pedicle.

D. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 4-valved.

C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded.

H. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-toothed, superior. Seed- vessel 4-seeded, 4-angled.

A. Cor. 4-petaled. No cal. Stam. 16.

T. Cor. 5-petaled. No cal. Involucrum 4 or 5- leaved, 5-12-flowers. Berry 1-seeded.

E. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. double. Caps. 5-celled.

T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved, inferior. Caps. 4-celled, 2-seeded, covered with sharp points.

P. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved, inferior. Caps. 3-celled. Stamens 15.

K. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Nectary bear-

(a) Thus far the classes have received their denomination from the number of stamens contained in the flowers. The name given to the present class would seem to imply, that the flowers arranged under it contained only 12 stamens: but it is in fact an assemblage of plants, whose flowers contain from 11 to 19 stamens, inclusive. Dodecandra.

Nectar staminiferum. Germen pedicillatum. Caps. ing stamens. Germ. on a pedicle. Caps. 5-angular, inflated.

948. Nitharia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, infusus. Drupa 1-sperma. Stam. 15.

941. Aristotelia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Baccia 3-locularis.

937. Grangeria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus. Drupa monosperma.

936. Vatica. Cal. 5-petala. Anth. 15, quadriloculares; loculis interioribus brevioribus.

947. Hudsonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-phyllos, infusus. Caps. 1-locularis, 3-valvis, 3-sperma.

942. Canella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-lobus, infusus. Baccia 1-locul. 2 s. 4-sperma. Nectarium antheriferum.

949. Portulaca. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-fidus, infusus. Caps. 1-locul. circumscissa.

950. Talinum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-phyllos. Caps. 1-locularis, trivalvis. Sem. arillata.

951. Lythrum. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, infusus. Caps. 2-locularis.

952. Cuphea. Cor. 6-petala, inaequalis. Cal. 6-dentatus, inaequalis. Caps. 1-locul. ante maturitatem dehiscens.

953. Ginoria. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-fidus, infusus. Caps. 1-locul. 4-valvis.

934. Blakea. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllos. Flos superus, indivisus. Caps. 6-locularis. Antherae connexae.

929. Agathophyllum. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. truncatus. Drupa monosperma.

935. Beffaria. Cor. 7-petala. Stam. 14. Baccia exsiccata, 7-locularis.

930. Bassia. Cor. 8-fida. Stam. 16. Drupa 5-sperma.

940. Decumaria. Cor. 10-petala. Cal. 10-phyllos, superus.

Cleome viscosa dodecandra. Chlora dodecandra. Samyda pubescens, serrulata. Rivina octandra. Passerina capitata.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

956. Hellocarpus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllos. Caps. 2-locul. 1-sperma, compresso-radiata.

957. Agrimonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus. Sem. 1 s. 2.

Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.

958. Reseda. Cor. petalis multifidis. Cal. partitus. Caps. 3-locularis, hians.

960. Visnea. Cor. petalis ellipticis. Cal. 5-phyllos. Nux.

959. Euphorbia. Cor. petalis peltatis. Cal. ventricosus. Caps. 3-cocca.

Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA.

962. Aponogeton. Cor. o. Cal. o. Caps. 4.

961. Calligonum. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Nux monosperma.

Tormentilla erecta. Reseda aliquot.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

H. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. 2-celled, seed, compressed, radiated.

A. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Seeds 1 or 2.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

R. Cor. with many-cleft petals. Cal. partite. Caps. 3-celled, gaping.

V. Cor. with elliptical petals. Cal. 5-leaved. A nut.

E. Cor. with target-shaped petals. Cal. bellied. Caps. 3-celled.

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.

A. No cor. No cal. Caps. 4.

C. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. A 1-seeded nut. ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA.

963. GLINUS. Cor. o. nisi setulæ. Cal. 5-phyllus. Caps. 5-locul.

964. BLACKWELLIA. Cor. 15-petala. Cal. 5-fid. Caps. 1-locul. polysperma.

Reseda purpurascens.

ORDO VI. DODECAGYNIA.

965. SEMPERVIVUM. Cor. 12-petala. Cal. 12-partitus. Caps. 12.

Alisma cordifolia.

ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.

925. ASARUM, or Asarabacca.

Three species; viz. europæum, canadense, virginicum. Europe, N. America.

europæum. A. leaves kidney-shaped, blunt, in pairs.—This is a very low plant, growing naturally in France, Italy, and other warm countries. It grows readily in our gardens, and although the dried roots have been generally brought from the Levant, those of our own growth do not seem to be weaker. Both the roots and leaves have a nauseous, bitter, acrimonious, hot taste. Their smell is strong, and not very disagreeable. Given in substance from half a dram to a dram, they evacuate powerfully both upwards and downwards. It is said, that tinctures made in spirituous menstrua, possess both the emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant: that the extract, obtained by inspissating these tinctures, acts only by vomiting, and with great mildness: that an infusion in water proves cathartic, rarely emetic: that aqueous decoctions, made by long boiling, and the watery extract, have no purgative or emetic quality, but prove good diaphoretics, diuretics, and emmenagogues. The principal use of this plant among us is as a sternutatory. The root of asarum is perhaps the strongest of all the vegetable errhines, white hellebore itself not excepted. Snuffled up the nose in the quantity of a grain or two, it occasions a large evacuation of mucus, and raises a plentiful spitting. The leaves are considerably milder, and may be used to the quantity of three, four, or five grains. Geoffrey relates, that after snuffling up a dose of this errhine at night, he has frequently observed the discharge from the nose to continue for three days together; and that he has known a paralysis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dose. He recommends this medicine in stubborn disorders of the head, proceeding from viscid tenacious matter, in palsies, and soporific distempers. The leaves are the principal ingredient in the pulvis sternutatorius, or pulvis asari compositus, as it is now termed, of the shops.

926. TORNEX.

Three species; viz. japonica, tetranthera, sebifera. Arabia.

ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA.

G. No cor. except little bristles. Cal. 5-leaved. Caps. 5-celled.

B. Cor. 15-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.

ORDO VI. DODECAGYNIA.

S. Cor. 12-petaled. Cal. 12-partite. Caps. 12.

927. BACCONIA.

Two species; viz. frutescens, cordata.

928. DODECAS.

One species; viz. surinamensis. Surinam.

929. AGATHOPHYLLUM.

One species; viz. aromaticum. East Indies.

930. BASSIA.

Three species; viz. longifolia, latifolia, obovata. Malabar.

931. RHIZOPHORA, or Mangrove-candle of India.

Five species; viz. conjugata, gymorrhiza, candel, mangle, cylindrica. India, Malabar, Molucca.

932. CRENEA.

One species; viz. maritima. Guiana.

933. APACTIS.

One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

934. BLAKEA.

Three species; viz. trimervia, triplinervia, pulverulenta. Jamaica, Surinam.

935. BEFARIA.

Two species; viz. resinosa, testuans. New Granada.

936. VATICA.

One species; viz. chinensis. China.

937. GRANGERIA.

One species; viz. borbonica. Isle of Bourbon.

938. GARCINIA, or Mangostan.

Four species; viz. mangostana, celebica, cambogia, cornea. East Indies.

939. HALESIA, or Snow-drop Tree.

Two species; viz. tetraptera, diptera. Carolina.

940. DECUMARIA.

Two species; viz. barbara, sarmentosa. Carolina.

941. ARISTOTELLA.

One species; viz. macqui. Chili.

942. CANELLA, or White Cinnamon.

One species; viz. alba. West Indies.

The bark of the canella alba is brought to us rolled into into long quills, thicker than cinnamon, and both outwardly and inwardly of a whitish colour, lightly inclining to yellow. It is the produce of a tall tree, growing in great plenty in the low lands in Jamaica, and other American islands. Infusions of it in water are of a yellowish colour, and smell of the canella; but they are rather bitter than aromatic. Tinctures in rectified spirit have the warmth of the bark, but little of its smell. Proof spirit dissolves the aromatic, as well as bitter matter of the canella, and is therefore the best menstruum. The canella is the interior bark, freed from an outward thin rough one; and dried in the shade. The shops distinguish two sorts of canella, differing from each other in the length and thickness of the quills; they are both the bark of the same tree, the thicker being taken from the trunk, and the thinner from the branches. This bark is a warm pungent aromatic, not of the most agreeable kind, nor are any of the preparations of it very grateful. *Canella alba* is often employed where a warm stimulant to the stomach is necessary, and as a corrigent of other articles. It is now, however, little used in composition by the London college, the only officinal formula which it enters being the *pulvis aloeticus*; but with the Edinburgh college it is an ingredient in the *tinctura amara, vinum amarum, vinum rhei*, &c. It is useful as covering the taste of some other articles.

943. *Crataeva*, or Garlick-pear.

Five species; viz. gynandra, tapia, obovata, religiosa, marmelos. E. and W. Indies.

944. *Triumfetta*, or Bur-bark Tree.

11 species; viz. lappula, glandulosus, bartramia, velutina, procumbens, hirta, semitriloba, grandiflora, macrophylla, rhombesfolia, annua. E. and W. Indies, Brazil.

945. *Eurya*.

One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

946. *Peganum*, or Wild Syrian Rue.

Four species; viz. harmala, crithmifolium, retusum, zauricum. Siberia, Spain, Syria.

947. *Hudsonia*.

One species; viz. ericoides. Virginia.

948. *Nitraria*.

Two species; viz. schoberi, tridentata. Siberia.

949. *Portulaca*, or Purslane.

Five species; viz. oleracea, pilosa, quadrifida, halimoides, meridiana. Europe, Cape, India, Amer.

The *portulaca oleracea* is cultivated in gardens for culinary uses. The seeds are ranked among the lesser cold seeds, and have sometimes been employed in emulsions and the like, along with the others of that class.

950. *Tabinum*.

Seven species; viz. triangulare, crassifolium, anacampseros, patens, cuneifolium, decumbens, fruticosum.

951. *Lythrum*, or Willow-herb.

16 species; viz. *salicaria*, virgatum, acuminatum, triflorum, verticillatum, petiolatum, racemosum, ciliatum, pempis, dipetalum, lineare, parsonia, melanum, cordifolium, *hyssopifolia*, thymifolia. Europe, N. America, W. Indies.

952. *Cuphea*.

One species; viz. viscosissima. America.

953. *Ginoria*.

One species; viz. americana. America.

954. *Kleinhofia*.

One species; viz. hospita. E. Indies.

955. *Sterculia*.

Eight species; viz. lanceolata, balanghas, crinita, cordifolia, colorata, urens, platanifolia, fortida. Arabia, East and West Indies, China.

**Order II. DIGYNIA.**

956. *Heliocharpus*, or Sun-weed.

One species; viz. americana. Vera Cruz.

957. *Agrimonia*, or Agrimony.

Five species; viz. *eupatoria*, odorata, repens, parviflora, agrimonoides. Europe, N. America.

* A stem-leaves winged, the odd leaflet on a leafstalk; eupatoria-frut hispid.—The Canadians are said to use an infusion of the roots in burning fevers, and with great success. An infusion of six ounces of the crown of the root; in a quart of boiling water, sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it drank three times a-day, Dr Hill says, is an effectual cure for the jaundice. He advises to begin with a vomit, afterwards to keep the bowels soluble, and to continue the medicine as long as any symptoms of the disease remain. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it. The flowers fresh gathered smell like apricots.

**Order III. TRIGYNIA.**

958. *Reseda*, or Mignonette, Base-rocket.

13 species; viz. *luteola*, canescens, glauca, dipetala, purpurascens, sesamoides, fruticulosus, alba, undata, *lutea*, phyteuma, mediterranea, odorata. S. Europe, Egypt, Cape.

* R. leaves spear-shaped, entire, with a tooth on each luteola-side the base; cal. 4-cleft.—This plant affords a most beautiful yellow dye for cotton, woollen, mohair, silk, and linen, and is that which is most commonly used by the dyers for that purpose, as it gives the brightest dye. Blue cloths dipped in a decoction of it become green. The yellow colour of the paint called Dutch pink is got from this plant. The colouring quality resides in the stems and roots, and it is cultivated in sandy soils, rich soil making the stalk hollow and not so good. Cattle will not eat it, but sheep sometimes browse it a little.

959. *Euphorbia*, or Burn, Thorny-plant, Spurge.

124 species; viz. antiquorum, canariensis, virosa, heptagona, mammillaris, cereiformis, officinarum, triaculeata, nereifolia, hystrix, tribuloides, stellata, cucumerina, meloformis, caput medusa, tuberculata, anaantha, clava, bupleurifolia, lophogona, mauritanica, piscatoria, balsamifera, tirucalli, laurifolia, pyrifolia, lithymaloides, heterophylla, cyathophora, nudiflora, cotinifolia, mollifera, glabrata, linearifolia, linifolia, cuneata, ocymoidea, leavigata, origanoideae, atoto, hyperricifolia, ricifolia, prostrata, rosea, maculata, scordifolia, picta, hirta, pilulifera, brasiliensis, hyssopifolia, thymifolia, parviflora, canescens, chamæcyce, granulata, peplos, polygonifolia, linearis, graminea, ipecacuanhae, portulacoides, adiantoides, myrtifolia, imbricata, elliptica, rubra, bernariifolia, peplus, falcatia, exigua, oblitterata, spatulata, micrantha, dracunculoides, tuberosa, lathyris, terracina, diffusa, apios, keta, genistoides, spinosa, epiphytoides, villosa, doleis, ambigua, carniolica, angulata, pithyusa, portlandica, saxatilis, paralias, juncea, aleppica, pinea, segetalis, provincialis, helioscopia, pubescens, serrata, verrucosa, glauca, punicea, corollata, cornilloides, pilosa, orientalis, squamosa, platyphyllus, literata, esula, gerardiana, cyprissima, nicaccensis, myrsinites, palustris, pallida, emarginata, hiberna, salicifolia, dendroides, amygdaloides, sylvatica, characias. Eur. Asia, Afr. Am.

The *Euphorbia officinarum*, or gummi-resinous substance, is a spontaneous exudation from a large oriental tree. It is brought to us immediately from Barbary, in drops of an irregular form, some of which, upon being broken, are found to contain little thorns, small twigs, flowers, and other vegetable matters; others are hollow, without anything in their cavity. The tears are in general of a pale yellow colour externally, somewhat white within side; they easily break between the fingers. Slightly applied to the tongue, they affect it with a very sharp biting taste; and upon being held for some time in the mouth, prove vehemently acrimonious, inflaming and ulcerating the fauces, &c. Euphorbium is extremely troublesome to pulverize, the finer part of the powder, which flies off, affecting the head in a violent manner. The acrimony of this substance is so great, as to render it absolutely unfit for internal use; several correctors have been contrived to abate its virulence, but the best of them are not to be trusted to; and as there seems to be no real occasion for it, unless for some external purposes, some think that it ought to be expunged from the catalogue of internal medicines; and accordingly, it has now no place in the London or Edinburgh pharmacopoeias; but it is still retained in most of the foreign ones, and is sometimes used as a sternutatory.

* E. umbel with many spokes, spokes forked; involucellums perforated, notched at the end; leaves very entire; stem shrub-like.—The powdered leaves in doses of 15 to 25 grains operate as a purge. The juice of every species of spurge is so acrid, that it corrodes and ulcerates the body wherever it is applied; so that physicians have seldom ventured to use it internally. Warts or corns anointed with the juice presently disappear. A drop of it put into the hollow of a decayed and aching tooth, destroys the nerve, and consequently removes the pain. Some people rub it behind the ears, that it may blister and by that means give relief.

960. VISNEA.

One species; viz. mocanera. Canary isles.

ORDER IV. TETRAGYNYIA.

961. CALLIGONUM.

Three species; viz. polygonoides, comosum, pallosia. Russia, Siberia.

962. APONOGETON.

Four species; viz. monostachyon, crispum, distachyon, angustifolium. Cape, E. Indies.

ORDER V. PENTAGYNYIA.

963. GLINUS.

Three species; viz. lotoides, setiflorus, dictamnoides. Spain, Levant, Egypt.

964. BLACKWELLIA.

Three species; viz. integifolia, paniculata, axillaris. W. Indies.

ORDER VI. DODECAGYNYIA.

965. SEMPERVIVUM, or House-leek.

14 species; viz. arboreum, canariense, glutinosum, glandulosum, tectorum, globiferum, villosum, tortuosum, stellatum, arachnoideum, hirtum, montanum, sediforme, monanthos. Eur. Canaries, Madeira.

* S. leaves fringed; offsets expanding.—The juice of this plant either applied by itself, or mixed with cream, gives present relief to burns, and other external inflammations. Mixed with honey, it is a useful application in aphthous cases. Sheep and goats eat it.

In the class Dodecandra are

41 Genera, including 273 Species, of which 18 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XII.

ISOCANDRIA (B).

ORDO I. MONOGYNYIA.

966. CACTUS. Cal. superus, 1-phyllus. Cor. multifa. Bacc 1-locl. polysperma.

CLASS XII.

ICOSANDRIA.

ORDO I. MONOGYNYIA.

C. Cal. superior, 1-leaved. Cor. many-cleft. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded.

(b) Although this is called the class of twenty stamens, because the flowers arranged under it generally contain about 972. Eugenia. Cal. superus, 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca 1-local. 1-sperma.

967. Philadelphus. Cal. superus, 5 s. 4-partitus. Cor. 5 s. 4-petala. Stigma 4-fidum. Caps. 5-locul. polysperma.

968. Leptospermum. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Petala 5-unguiculata, staminibus longiora. Stigma capitatum. Caps. 4 s. 5-locularis.

969. Fabricia. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Petala 5 sessilia. Stigma capitatum. Caps. multilocularis.

970. Metrosideros. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Petala 5. Stam. longissima exserta. Stigma simplex. Caps. 3 s. 4-locularis.

971. Psidium. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 1-local. polysperma.

973. Myrtus. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. sub 5-petala. Bacca 3-local. polysperma.

980. Punica. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 10-loculare, polyspermum.

985. Robinsonia. Cal. superus, 5-dentatus. Petala 5. Bacca striata, 7-local.

974. Calyptranthes. Cal. superus, truncatus, operculo tectus. Cor. o. Bacca 1-local. 1-sperma.

975. Eucalyptus. Cal. superus, truncatus, operculo tectus. Cor. o. Caps. 4-local. polysperma.

978. Foetidia. Cal. superus, 4-fidus. Cor. o. Caps. 4-local. lignosa.

986. Sonneratia. Cal. inferus, 6-fidus. Pet. 6. Bacca multilocularis, loculis polyspermis.

981. Amygdalus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor 5-petala. Drupa, nucleo foraminoso.

982. Prunus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa, nucleo integro.

984. Chrysobalanus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa sulcata.

976. Banara. Cal. inferus, 4-fidus. Petala 4. Bacca 1-local. polysperma.

977. Antherylum. Cal. inferus, 5-partitus. Petala 4. Caps. 1-locularis, 3-valvis, polysperma.

979. Scolopia. Cal. inferus, 3 s. 4-partitus. Pet. 3 s. 4. Bacca 1-locularis. Semina arillata.

Cleome icosandra.

Ordo II. DIGYNIA.

* 987. Crataegus. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 2-sperma.

988. Waldsteinia. Cal. 10-fidus, lacinii alter- nis. Petala 5. Semina 2, obovata.

Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.

* 989. Sorbus. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3-sperma.

990. Sesuvium. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. nulla. Caps. 3-locularis, circumscissa.

† Spiraea opulifolia.

E. Cal. superior, 4-partite. Cor. 4-petaled. Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded.

P. Cal. superior, 5 or 4-partite. Cor. 5 or 4-petaled. Stigma 4-cleft. Caps. 5 or 4-celled, many-seeded.

L. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Petals 5-clawed, longer than the stamens. Stigma with a little head. Caps. 4 or 5-celled.

F. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Petals 5, sitting. Stigma with a little head. Caps. many-celled.

M. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Very long protruded stamens. Stigma simple. Caps. 3 or 4-celled.

P. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded.

M. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. nearly 5-petaled. Berry 3-celled, many-seeded.

P. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. An apple, 10-celled, many-seeded.

R. Cal. superior, 5-toothed. Petals 5. Berries striped, 7-celled.

C. Cal. superior, lopped, covered with a lid. No cor. Berry 1-celled, 1 to 4-seeded.

E. Cal. superior, truncated, covered with a lid. No cor. Caps. 4-celled, many-seeded.

F. Cal. superior, 4-cleft. No cor. Caps. 4-celled, woody.

S. Cal. inferior, 6-cleft. Petals 6. Berry many-celled, with many-seeded cells.

A. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with a kernel full of holes.

P. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with an entire kernel.

C. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe furrowed.

B. Cal. inferior, 4-cleft. Petals 4. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded.

A. Cal. inferior, 4-partite. Petals 4. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

S. Cal. inferior, 3 or 4-partite. Petals 3 or 4. Berry 1-celled. Seeds coated.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

C. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 2-seeded.

W. Cal. 10-cleft, with alternate segments. Petals 5. Seeds 2, nearly oval.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

S. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 6-petaled. Berry 3-seeded.

S. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. o. Caps. 3-celled, cut round.

Ordo Ordo IV. PENTAGYNIA.

993. TETRAGONIA. Cal. superus, 5 s. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Peric. nucleo 5 s. 4-loeulari.

991. MESIFLUS. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacc. 5-sperma.

992. PYRUS. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 5-loculare, polyspermum.

994. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Cal. superus, 5-fidus. Cor. multifida. Caps. carnosia, locularis, polysperma.

995. AZOON. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. plures congestae.

996. SPIREA. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. plures congestae.

Ordo V. POLYGYNIA.

997. ROSA. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. baccatus, polyspermus.

998. RUBUS. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacc. composita.

1001. TORMENTILLA. Cal. 8-fidus. Cor. 4-petala. Sem. 8, mutica.

1003. DRYAS. Cal. 8-fidus. Cor. 8-petala. Sem. plurima arista lanata.

999. FRAGARIA. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima supra receptaculum baccatum, decidua.

1000. POTENTILLA. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima mutica.

1002. GEUM. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima. Arista geniculata.

1004. COMARUM. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. plurima supra receptaculum carnosum, persistens.

1005. CALYCANTHUS. Cal. squamosus, corollinus. Cor. o. Sem. candata calyce.

Spiraea filipendula, ulmaria. Phytolacea icosandra. Mesembryanthema aliquot.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

966. CACTUS, or Melon Thistle.

24 species; viz. mamillaris, melocactus, pitajaya, heptagonus, tetragonus, hexagonus, pentagonus, repandus, lanuginosus, peruvianus, royenii, grandiflorus, flagelliformis, parasiticus, triangularis, moniliformis, opuntia, ficus indica, tuna, cochenillifer, curassavicus, phyllanthus, peresia, portulacifolius. West Indies, America.

967. PHILADELPHUS, or Mock Orange, Syringa.

Two species; viz. coronarius, inodorus. S. Eur., Carolina, New South Wales.

968. LEPTOSPERMUM

Has 12 species; viz. scoparium, thea, flavescens, attenuatum, lanigerum, pubescens, parvifolium, arachnoideum, juniperinum, baccatum, ambiguum, virgatum. New Holland.

969. FABRICIA

Has two species; viz. myrtifolia, laevigata. New Holland.

Order IV. PENTAGYNIA.

T. Cal. superior, 5 or 4-cleft. No cor. A seed vessel with a kernel 5 or 4-celled.

M. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 5-seeded.

P. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. An apple, 5-celled, many-seeded.

M. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Cor. many-cleft. Caps. fleshy, celled, many-seeded.

A. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. several, heaped together.

S. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. several heaped together.

Order V. POLYGYNIA.

R. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. berry-like, many-seeded.

R. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry compound.

T. Cal. 8-cleft. Cor. 4-petaled. Seeds 8, awnless.

D. Cal. 8-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, with a woolly awn.

F. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, upon a berried receptacle, deciduous.

P. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, awnless.

G. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, awn-knee-jointed.

C. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, above a fleshy receptacle, permanent.

C. Cal. scaly, corol-like. No cor. Seeds with a tailed cup.

970. METROSIDEROS.

14 species; viz. hispida, floribunda, costata, diffusa, villosa, florida, glomulifera, angustifolia, ciliata, linearis, lanceolata, saligna, viminalis, capitata. N. Holland, N. Zealand, C. of G. Hope.

971. PSIDIUM, or Guara, or Bay Plum.

Three species; viz. pyriflum, pomiferum, decaspernum. East and West Indies.

972. EUGENIA, or Pomey Rose, Yumbo.

Seven species; viz. malaccensis, jambos, pseudo-psidium, uniflora, cotinifolia, acutangula, racemosa. E. Indies, Jamaica, S. America.

973. MYRTUS, or Myrtle.

14 species; viz. communis, brasiliana, biflora, angustifolia, levis, lucida, cumini, dioica, chytraculia, zuzyginum, zeylanica, androstemonoides, caryophyllata, pimenta. S. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.—The myrtus communis is an evergreen shrub, growing in Italy, and cultivated in our botanic gardens. The leaves and berries have been sometimes made use of as astringents, astringents, but not at present regarded. The pimento is the fruit of a large tree growing spontaneously in the mountainous parts of Jamaica, called by Sir Hans Sloane, myrtus arborea aromatica, foliis laurinae. The smell of this spice resembles a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs; its taste approaches to that of cloves, or a mixture of the three foregoing; whence it has received the name of all-spice. The shops have been for some time accustomed to employ this aromatic as a succedaneum to the more costly spices, and from them it has been introduced into our hospitals.

Pimento is now in our pharmacopoeias the basis of a distilled water, a spirit, and an essential oil; and these are not unfrequently employed, where aromatics are indicated.

974. Calyptranthes. Six species; viz. suzygium, guineensis, caryophyllifolia, jambolana, chrytraculia, rigida. Jamaica, Guinea, East Indies.

975. Eucalyptus. 12 species; viz. robusta, pilularis, tereticornis, resini-fera, capitellata, saligna, botryoides, heemastoma, piperti, obliqua, corymbosa, paniculata. N. Holland.

976. Banara. One species; viz. fagifolia. Cayenne.

977. Antherylium. One species; viz. rohrii. W. Indies.

978. Foetidia. One species; viz. mauritiana. Isle Mauritius.

979. Scolopia. One species; viz. pussilla. Ceylon.

980. Punica, or Pomegranate-tree. Two species; viz. granatum, nana. Spain, Italy, Barb. W. Indies.—The pomegranate is a low tree, or rather shrub, growing wild in Italy, and other countries in the south of Europe: it is sometimes met with in our gardens; but the fruit, for which it is chiefly valued, rarely comes to such perfection as in warmer climates. This fruit has the general qualities of the other sweet summer fruits, allaying heat, quenching thirst, and gently loosening the belly. The rind is a strong astringent, and as such, is occasionally made use of. The flowers are of an elegant red colour, in appearance resembling a dried red rose. Their taste is bitterish and astringent. They are recommended in diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and other cases where astringent medicines are proper.

981. Amygdalus, or Almond-tree. Four species; viz. persica, communis, pumila, nana. Persia, Jordan, Barbary.—The flowers of the amygdalus persica have an agreeable smell, and a bitterish taste. Distilled without any addition, by the heat of a water bath, they yield one-sixth their weight, or more, of a whitish liquor; which, as Mr Bolduc observes, communicates to a large quantity of other liquids, a flavour like that of the kernels of fruits. An infusion in water, of half an ounce of the fresh-gathered flowers, or a dram of them when dried, sweetened with sugar, proves for children an useful laxative and anthelmintic; the leaves of the tree are, with this intention, somewhat more efficacious, though less agreeable. The fruit has the same quality with the other sweet fruits, that of abating heat, quenching thirst, and gently loosening the belly.

The almond of the amygdalus communis, is a flattish kernel, of a white colour, covered with a thin brownish skin, of a soft sweet taste, or a disagreeable bitter one. The skins of both sorts are unpleasant, and covered with an acrid powdery substance; they are very apt to become rancid on keeping, and to be preyed on by a kind of insect which eats out the internal part, leaving the almond to appearance entire. To these circumstances regard ought to be had, in the choice of them.

The fruit which affords these kernels, is the produce of a tree nearly resembling the peach. The eye distinguishes no difference betwixt the trees which produce the sweet and bitter, or betwixt the kernels themselves; it is said that the same tree has, by a difference in culture, afforded both.

Both sorts of almonds yield, on expression, a large quantity of oil, which has no smell, or any particular taste; this oil separates, likewise, upon boiling the almonds in water, and is gradually collected on the surface; but on triturating the almonds with water, the oil and water unite together, by the mediation of the other matter of the kernel, and form an unctuous milky liquor.

Sweet almonds are of greater use in food than as medicines, but they are reckoned to afford little nourishment; and when eaten in substance, are not easy of digestion, unless thoroughly comminuted. They are supposed, on account of their soft unctuous quality, to obviate acrimonious juices in the prime vis. Peeled sweet almonds, eaten six or eight at a time, sometimes give present relief in the heartburn.—Bitter almonds have been found poisonous to dogs, and sundry other animals; and a water distilled from them, when made of a certain degree of strength, has had the same effects. Nevertheless, when eaten, they appear innocent to men, and have been not unfrequently used as medicines. Boerhaave recommends them in substance, as diuretics which heat but moderately, and which may therefore be ventured upon in acute diseases.

The oils obtained by expression from both sorts of almonds, are in their sensible qualities the same. The general virtues of these oils are, to blunt acrimonious humours, and to soften and relax the solids; hence their use, internally, in tickling coughs, heat of urine, pains and inflammations; and externally in tension, and rigidity of particular parts.—The milky solutions of almonds in watery liquors, commonly called emulsions, contain the oil of the subject, and participate in some degree of its emollient virtue; but have this advantage above the pure oil, that they may be given in acute or inflammatory disorders, without danger of the ill effects which the oil might sometimes produce; since emulsions do not turn rancid or acrimonious by heat, as all the oils of this kind in a little time do. Several unctuous and resinous substances, of themselves not miscible with water, may, by trituration with almonds, be easily mixed with it into the form of an emulsion; and are thus excellently fitted for medicinal use. In this form camphor and the resinous purgatives may be commodiously taken. The only officinal preparations of almonds, are the expressed oil and emulsion. The com- mon emulsion, or the lac amygdala, as it is now called by the London college, is prepared from the sweet almond alone; but in the emulsion of the Edinburgh college, a small proportion of bitter almonds is added, which has a much better effect in improving its taste, than the sugar added by the London college.—An emulsion formed entirely of bitter almonds, taken to the quantity of a pint or two daily, is said to have been given in obstinate intermittents with success.

982. Prunus, or Plum-tree.

22 species; viz. *padus, virginiana, canadensis, lusitanica, lauro-cerasus, elliptica, paniculata, mahaleb, armeniaca, sibirica, pumila, *cerasus, *avium, pennsylvanica, *domestica, *insititia, *spinosia, aspera, japonica, glandulosa, incisa, tomentosa. Europe, N. Amer. W. Indies.

* P. flowers in bunches; leaves deciduous with two glands at the base on the under side.—This plant grows well in woods, groves, or fields, but not in a moist soil. It bears lopping, and suffers the grass to grow under it. The fruit is nauseous; but bruised and infused in wine or brandy, it gives it an agreeable flavour. A strong decoction of the bark is used by the Finns to cure venereal complaints, which practice is corroborated by the testimony of M. Brocierian. He directs six ounces of the dry, or eight of the fresh bark, to be boiled in eight to four pints of water. The dose is four ounces, four times a-day. It alone cures the slighter infections, and combined with mercury facilitates the cure of the severer states of the disease; and a decoction of the berries is sometimes given with success in the dysentery. The wood being smooth and tough, is made into handles for knives and whips. Sheep, goats, and swine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses refuse it.

cerasus.

* P. umbels mostly on short fruitstalks; leaves egg-spear-shaped, smooth, doubled together.—This plant loves a sandy soil and an elevated situation. The gum that exudes from this tree is equal to gum arabic. It is said, that more than 100 men during a siege were kept alive for near two months, without any other sustenance than a little of this gum taken into the mouth sometimes and suffered gradually to dissolve. The common people eat the fruit either fresh or dried; and it is frequently infused in brandy for the sake of its flavour. The wood is hard and tough. It is used by the turner, and is formed into chairs, and stained to imitate mahogany. This tree is the original stock from which many of the cultivated kinds are derived.

domestica.

* P. fruitstalks mostly solitary; leaves spear-egg-shaped, smooth, coiled; branches thornless.—This plant loves a lofty exposure, and is favourable to pasturage. The varieties have probably originated from the red and white cultivated plums, either sown by design or accident. The cultivated garden plums are derived from this species. The bark dyes yellow. Its medical effects are to abate heat and gently loosen the belly; which they perform by lubricating the passage, and softening the excrement. They are of considerable service in costiveness, accompanied with heat and irritation, which the more stimulating cathartics would tend to aggravate. Where prunes are not of themselves sufficient, their effects may be promoted by joining with them a little rhubarb or the like; to which may be added some carminative ingredient, to prevent their occasioning flatulencies.

* P. fruitstalks in pairs; leaves egg-shaped, slightly felt woolly, coiled; branches with thorns.—The fruit is acid, but so tempered by a sweetness and roughness, as not to be unpleasant, particularly after it is mellowed by the frosts. A conserve is prepared by mixing the pulp with thrice its weight of sugar. The bark of the root and branches is considerably styptic. An infusion of the flowers, sweetened with sugar, is a mild purgative, not improper for children.

* P. fruitstalks solitary; leaves spear-shaped, smooth; branches thorny.—This plant is not well adapted to grow in hedges, because it spreads its roots wide, and encroaches upon the pasturage; but it makes a good dead fence. The wood is hard and tough, and is formed into teeth for rakes and walking-sticks. From some effects which have been repeatedly observed to follow the prick of the thorns, there is reason to believe there is something poisonous in them, particularly in autumn. The tender leaves dried are sometimes used as a substitute for tea, and are thought the best substitute that has yet been tried. The fruit bruised and put into wine, gives it a beautiful red colour, and a pleasant subacid roughness. An infusion of a handful of the flowers is a safe and easy purge. The bark powdered, in doses of two drams, will cure some agues. Letters written upon linen or woollen with the juice of the fruit will not wash out. Sheep, goats, and horses eat the leaves. The different species of Prunus furnish nourishment to various insects.

983. Plinia.

Two species; viz. crocea, pendunculata. Surinam, Brazil.

984. Chrysobalanus, or Cocoa Plum.

One species; viz. icaco. W. Indies, S. America.

985. Robinsonia.

One species; viz. melanthifolia. Guiana.

986. Sonneratia.

One species; viz. acida. East Indies, China.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

987. Crataegus, or Wild Service Tree.

15 species; viz. *avia, *terminalis, coccinea, viridis, punctata, crus galli, tomentosa, indica, *oxyacantha, monogyna, azarolus, maura, villosa, levis, glabra. Europe, India, N. America.

* C. leaves egg-shaped, cut, serrated, cottony underneath.—It loves dry hills and open exposures, and flourishes either in gravel or clay. It bears lopping, and permits the grass to grow. The wood, being hard, tough, and smooth, is used for axle-trees, wheels, walking sticks, carpenters and other tools. The fruit is eatable when mellowed by the autumnal frosts, and an ardent spirit may be distilled from it. It seldom bears a good crop of fruit two years together. Sheep and... and goats eat it. The wood affords an excellent charcoal for the makers of gunpowder.

C. leaves mostly 3-claft; segments blunt, serrated.—Upon account of the stiffness of its branches, the sharpness of its thorns, its roots not spreading wide, and its capability of bearing the severest winters without injury, this plant is universally preferred for making hedges, whether to clip or to grow at large. The wood is tough, and is formed into axle-trees and handles for tools. The berries are the winter food of thrushes and many other birds. Its different species afford nourishment to various insects.

988. WALDSTENIA.

One species; viz. geoides. Hungary.

ORDER III. TRIGYNYIA.

989. SORBUS, or Service-tree.

Three species; viz. *ancuparia, *hybrida, *domestica. Europe.

S. leaves winged, smooth on both sides.—It grows either in woods or open fields, but best on the sides of hills and in fertile soil. It will not bear lopping. Plants grow well in its shade. The wood is soft, tough, and solid. It is converted into tables, spokes for wheels, shafts, chairs, &c. The roots are formed into handles for knives and wooden spoons. The berries, dried and reduced to powder, make wholesome bread; and an ardent spirit may be distilled from them, which has a fine flavour, but it is small in quantity. The berries too, infused in water, make an acid liquor somewhat like perry, which is drank by the poorer people in Wales. In Germany, the fowlers use the berries to entice the redwings and fieldfares into nooses of hair, suspended in the woods; hence its trivial name.

S. leaves winged, woolly underneath.—The fruit is mealy and austere, not much unlike the medlar. The wood is valuable for making mathematical rulers and excisemen's gauging sticks.

990. SESUVIUM.

One species; viz. portulacastrum. W. Indies.

ORDER IV. PENTAGYNYIA.

991. MESPILUS, or Medlar-tree.

Eight species; viz. pyracantha, *germanica, arbustifolia, amelanchia, chamae-mespilus, canadensis, japonica, gotoncaster. Europe, N. America.

M. thornless; leaves spear-shaped, cottony underneath; flowers solitary, sitting.—Many people are fond of the fruit when it becomes soft by keeping; it is somewhat austere, and binds the bowels.

992. PYRUS, or Pear-tree.

Nine species; viz. *communis, polveria, *malus, baccata, coronaria, cydonia, nivalis, salicifolia, japonica.

P. leaves serrated, smooth; flowers forming a corymbus.—This plant loves a fertile soil and sloping ground; but will not thrive well in moist bottoms. It stands the severest winters, and does not destroy the grass. The wood is light, smooth, and compact; it is used by turners, and to make joiners tools; and for picture frames to be stained black. The leaves afford a yellow dye, and may be used to give a green to blued cloths. The fruit is austere; but when cultivated, highly grateful, as is proved by the great variety of excellent pears, which the industry of mankind has raised, for they all originate from this. The juice of the fruit fermented, is called perry, large quantities of which are raised in Worcestershire and Herefordshire for that purpose. The Squash, the Oldfield, and the Barland perrys are reckoned the best, and are little inferior to wine. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat the leaves, which afford nourishment to various insects.

P. leaves serrated; flowers in umbels, sitting.—This malus plant flourishes better on declivities and in shady places, than in open exposures or boggy lands. Grass, and even corn, will grow beneath it. It is much used as a stock, on which to ingraft the better kind of apples, because its fruits are neither killed by frost nor eaten by field-mice. The bark affords a yellow dye. The wood is tolerably hard; it turns very clean, and when made into cogs for wheels obtains a polish and wears a long time. The acid juice of the fruit is called by the country people verjuice, and is much used in sprains and in other cases, as an astringent or repellent. With a proper addition of sugar, it is probable, that a very grateful liquor might be made with the juice, but little inferior to old hock. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eat it. Swine are very fond of the fruit.

The fruit of the pyrus cydonia have a very austere acid taste; taken in small quantity, they are supposed to restrain vomiting and alvine fluxes, and, more liberally, to loosen the belly. The seeds abound with a mucilaginous substance of no particular taste, which they readily impart to watery liquors; an ounce will render three pints of water thick and ropy, like the white of an egg. A mucilage of the seeds is kept in the shops. A syrup of the fruit had formerly a place, but is now rejected.

993. TETRAGONIA.

Seven species; viz. fruticosa, herbacea, ivafolia, hirsuta, spicata, expansa, japonica. Cape, Peru, New Zealand.

994. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, or Fig-marygold.

50 species; viz. nodiflorum, crystallinum, coppticum, geniculiforme, noctiflorum, splendidus, umbellatum, expansum, tripolium, calamiforme, apetalum, criniflorum, cordifolium, bellidifolium, deltoides, barbatum, hispidum, villosum, scabrum, emarginatum, uncinate, spinosum, tuberosum, tenuifolium, stipulaceum, crassifolium, glomeratum, lorem, filamentosum, falcatum, forficatum, edule, bicolorum, serratum, micans, glaucum, corniculatum, tortuosum, pomeridiana, veruculatum, papulosum, pinnatifidum, rostratum, ringens, delabriforme, diffforme, albidum, lignuiforme, pugioniforme, capillare. Greece, Cape, New Zealand.

995. AIZOON.

Ten species; viz. canariense, hispanicum, lanceolatum, sarmentosum, paniculatum, perfoliatum, glinoides, secundum, fruticosum, rigidum. Spain, Cape, Canary.

996. SPIREA, or Spiked Willow, Dropwort.

18 species; viz. leavigata, *salicifolia, tomentosa, callosa, callosa, hypericifolia, chamaedrifolia, incisa, crenata, argentea, triloba, opulifolia, sorbifolia, aruncus, filipendula, ulmaria, lobata, palmata, trifoliata. Europe, N. America.

filipendula* S. leaves interruptedly winged; leaflets strap-spear-shaped, irregularly serrated, very smooth; flowers in tufts.—The tuberous pea-like roots of this plant, dried and reduced to powder, make a kind of bread, which in times of scarcity is not to be despised. Hogs are very fond of them. When expanded and enlarged by cultivation, it is a beautiful addition to the flower-garden.

ulmaria* S. leaves interruptedly winged; leaflets egg-shaped, double serrated, hoary underneath; flowers in tufts.—The flowers, infused in boiling water, give it a fine flavour, which rises in distillation. Sheep and swine eat it. Goats are extremely fond of it. Cows and horses refuse it.

ORDER V. POLYGYNIA.

997. Rosa, or Rose.

21 species; viz. eglanteria, rubiginosa, cinnamomea, arvensis, pimpinellifolia, spinosissima, rugosa, carolina, villosa, sinica, sempervivens, centifolia, gallica, pomila, alpina, canina, collina, indica, pendulina, alba, multiflora. Europe, Persia, China, N. America.

spinosissima* R. germens and fruitstalks smooth; stem and leafstalks fully set with straight prickles; leaflets circular, smooth.—The ripe fruit is eaten by children; it has a grateful subacid taste. The juice of it, diluted with water, dyes silk and muslin of a peach colour, and, with the addition of alum, a deep violet; but it has very little effect on woollen and linen. Its dwarfish growth, and the singular elegance of its little leaves, which resemble those of the upland burnet, entitle it to a place in the flower-garden.

canina* R. germens and footstalks smooth; stem and leafstalks prickly.—A perfumed water may be distilled from the blossoms. The pulp of the berries, beat up with sugar, makes the conserve of hips of the London dispensatory. Mixed with wine, it is an acceptable treat in the north of Europe. Several birds feed upon the berries. The leaves of every species of rose, but especially of this, are recommended as a substitute for tea, giving out a fine colour, a sub-astringent taste, and a grateful smell, when dried, and infused in boiling water. It is a difficult matter to say, which are species, and which are varieties only, in this genus; some think that there are no certain limits prescribed by nature. Various insects are nourished by the different species; and those mossy prickly excrescences which are frequently found upon the branches of roses, especially upon the last species, are the habitations of the cynips rosea. This excrescence was formerly in repute as a medicine, and was kept in the shops under the name of bedeguar. An infusion of the full blown blossoms of all the roses, especially the paler kinds, is purgative; but the petals of the red roses, gathered before they expand, and dried, are astringent.

The rosa centifolia is an elegant flower, common in our gardens. Its smell is very pleasant and almost universally admired; its taste bitterish and subacid. In distillation with water, it yields a small portion of butyraeuous oil, whose flavour exactly resembles that of the roses. This oil, and the distilled water, are very useful and agreeable cordials. Hoffman strongly recommends them as of a singular efficacy for raising the strength, cheering and recruiting the spirits and allaying pain; which they perform without raising any heat in the constitution, rather abating it when inordinate. Damascus roses, besides their cordial aromatic virtue, which resides in their volatile parts, have a mildly purgative one, which remains entire in the decoction left after the distillation; this with a proper quantity of sugar forms an agreeable laxative syrup, which has long kept its place in the shops.

The rosa gallica has very little of the fragrance of the foregoing pale sort, and instead of its purgative quality, a mild gratefully astringent one, especially before the flower has opened: this is considerably improved by hasty exsiccation; but both the astringency and colour are improved by slow drying. In the shops there are prepared a conserve, an infusion, a honey, and a syrup of this flower.

998. Rubus, or Raspberry.

25 species; viz. idaeus, occidentalis, hispidus, parvifolius, jamaicensis, triphyllus, cecus, fruticosus, canadensis, odoratus, moluccanus, palmatus, villosum, incisus, japonicus, trifidus, saxatilis, arcticus, chamomorus, dalibarda. North Europe, Asia, America.

R. leaves winged with five or three leaflets; stem idaeus prickly; leaf-stalk channelled.—The fruit of this plant is extremely grateful as nature presents it, but made into a sweetmeat with sugar, or fermented with wine, the flavour is improved. It is fragrant, subacid, and cooling. It dissolves the tartaric concretions of the teeth; but for this purpose it is inferior to the strawberry. The white berries are sweeter than the red, but they are generally contaminated by insects. The fresh leaves are the favourite food of kids.

R. leaves winged with three or five leaflets; stem and leaf-stalks prickly; panicle oblong.—The berries when ripe are black, and do not eat amiss with wine. The green twigs are of great use in dyeing woollen, silk, and mohair black. Cows and horses eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Silk worms will sometimes feed upon the leaves in defect of those of the mulberry.

R. leaves simple, lobed; stem without prickles, with chamois one flower; male and female flowers on different plants, rupicola.—The berries are not unpleasant, and held to be an excellent antiscorbutic. The Norwegians pack them up in wooden vessels and send them to Stockholm, where they are served up in desserts or made into tarts. The Laplanders bury them under the snow, and thus preserve them fresh from one year to another. They bruise and eat them with the milk of the rein deer. In the Highlands of Scotland also they are sometimes brought to table with the dessert.

999. Fragaria, or Strawberry.

Three species; viz. vesca, monophylla, sterilis. North of Europe, America.

F. leaves three together; runners creeping.—The crimson berries eaten either alone or with sugar, or with milk, are universally esteemed a most delicious fruit. They are grateful, cooling, subacid, juicy, and have a delightful smell. Taken in large quantities, they seldom disagree. disagree with the stomach. They promote perspiration, impart a violet scent to the urine, and dissolve the tartarous incrustations upon the teeth. People afflicted with the gout or stone, have found great relief from using them largely. The bark of the root is astringent. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

1002. Geum, or Avens, Herb-bennet.

Eight species; viz. virginianum, * urbanum, canadense, japonica, * rivale, hybridum, montanum, repens. Europe, North America.

* G. flowers upright; fruit globular, woolly; awns urbanum hooked, bare; root-leaves lyre-shaped; stem-leaves in threes.—The roots gathered in the spring before the stem grows up, and put into ale, give it a pleasant flavour, and prevent its growing sour. Infused in wine it is a good stomachic. Its taste is mildly astringent and aromatic, especially when it grows in a warm dry situation; but in shady and moist places it has little virtue. Cows, goats, sheep, and swine, eat it.

* G. flowers nodding, fruit oblong; awns feathered, rivale twisted; petals blunt, round, wedge-shaped; leaves winged.—The powdered root will cure tertian agues, and is daily used for that purpose by the Canadians. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses, and swine are not fond of it. It is made use of to cure ropy malt liquor.

1003. Dryas.

Three species; viz. anemonoides, geoides, * octopetalata. Alps of Europe, Kamtschatka.

1004. Comarum, or Marsh-cinquefoil.

One species; viz. * palustre. Europe.

* C. leaves winged, petals smaller than the calyx. palustre. The root dyes a dirty red. The Irish rub their milking pails with it, and it makes the milk appear thicker and richer. Goats eat it. Cows and sheep are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

1005. Calycanthus, or Carolina All-spice.

Two species; viz. floridos, praecox. Carolina, Florida, Japan.

In the class Icosandra are

39 Genera, including 346 Species, of which 42 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XIII.

POLYANDRIA (c).

Ordo I. MONOGYNIA.

Sect. I. Monopetali.

1054. Swartzia. Cal. 4-partitus. Petalum plumatum laterale. Legumen.

S. Cal. 4-partite. A flat lateral petal. Leguminous.

(c) The flowers of this class have, as its title implies, many stamens, that is from 20 to 1000 or more; so that it is unnecessary to attempt to count them farther, than to be satisfied that they amount to 20 or upwards. The stamens... 1006. MARCGRAVIA. Cal. 6-phyllus, imbricatus. Cor. 1-petala, clausa. Bacca multilocularis.

1007. TERNSTROEMIA. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. ro-tata, limbo campanulato, 5-partito. Bacca exsucce, bilocularis.

Sect. II. Tripetali.

1008. TRILIX. Cal. 3-phyllus. Bacca 5-locularis, polysperma.

† Sterbeckia latiflora. Tetracera nonnulla.

Sect. III. Tetrapetali.

1023. MAMMEA. Cal. 2-phyllus. Bacca 1-locu-laris. Sem. callosa.

* 1015. PAPAVER. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 1-locul-coronata.

* 1014. CHELIDONIUM. Cal. 2-phyllus. Silqua.

1022. SPARREMANIA. Cal. 4-phyllus. Caps. penta-gona quinque-locularis, loculis dispermis.

1010. CAPPARIS. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca pedicel-lata, corticosa.

* 1017. ACTEA. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca 1-locularis. Sem. gemino ordine.

1026. CALOPHYLLUM. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa globosa. Nucleus subglobosus.

1025. GRIAS. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa 1-sperma. Nucleus 8-sulcatus.

Vallea stipularis. Legnotis elliptica. Cleome cheledonia, felina. Tetracera nitida.

Sect. IV. Pentapetali.

1044. STERBECKIA. Caps. cylindracea corticosa. Semina imbricata in pulpa nidulanta.

1043. LOASA. Caps. semi-infera, 1-locularis, semi-trivalvis, polysperma.

1042. MENTZELIA. Caps. infera, 1-locularis, 3-valvis, polysperma.

1050. BONNETIA. Caps. supera, 3-locularis, 3 valvis, polysperma. Cal. 5-partitus.

1049. VALLEA. Caps. supera, 4 s. 5-angularis, uni-locularis, polysperma.

1036. LEGNOTIS. Caps. supera, 3-locularis, 3-valvis. Sem. solitaria. Cal. 5-fidus.

1046. FREZIERA. Bacca exsucce, 3-locularis. Cal. 5-phyllus.

1034. MARILA. Caps. 4-locularis, 4-valvis, poly-sperma. Cal. 5-phyllus.

* 1048. CISTUS. Caps. subrotunda. Cal. 5-phyllus, foliola, 2 minor.

1038. LEMNISCA. Pericarp. 5-loculare. Cal. 5-dentat. Nectarium cyathiforme.

1052. CORCHORUS. Caps. sub-5-locularis. Cal. 5-phyllus, longitudine corollae, deciduous.

1018. SARRACENIA. Caps. 5-locularis. Stigma cly-peatum. Cal. exter, 3-phyllus, super. 5-phyllus.

M. Cal. 6-leaved, tiled. Cor. 1-petaled, closed. Berry many-celled.

T. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. wheel-shaped, with a bell-shaped border, 5-partite. Dry, 2-celled berry.

Sect. II. Three-petaled.

T. Cal. 3-leaved. Berry 5-celled, many-seeded.

Sect. III. Four-petaled.

M. Cal. 2-leaved. Berry 1-celled. Seeds callous.

* P. Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 1-celled, crowned.

* C. Cal. 2-leaved. A long pod.

S. Cal. 4-leaved. Caps. a 5-celled pentagon, 2 seeds in each cell.

C. Cal. 4-leaved. Berry pedicled, i.e. with a foot-stalk, bark-like.

* A. Cal. 4-leaved. Berry 1-celled. Seeds in a double row.

C. Cal. 4-leaved. Globular drupe. Kernel nearly globular.

G. Cal. 4-cleft. Drupe 1-seeded. Kernel 8-furrowed.

Sect. IV. Five-petaled.

S. Caps. cylindrical, bark-like. Seeds tiled, dispersed in the pulp.

I. Caps. half-inferior, 1-celled, half 3-valved, many-seeded.

M. Caps. inferior, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

B. Caps. superior, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Cal. 5-parted.

V. Caps. superior, 4 or 5-angular, 1-celled, many-seeded.

I. Caps. superior, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds solitary. Cal. 5-cleft.

F. Berry dry, 3-celled. Cal. 5-leaved.

M. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Cal. 5-leaved.

* C. Caps. nearly round. Cal. 5-leaved, 2 leaflets small.

I. Pericarp. 5-celled. Cal. 5-toothed. Nectary glass-shaped.

C. Pericarp. 5-celled. Cal. 5-leaved, of the length of the corolla, deciduous.

S. Caps. 5-celled. Stigma shield-like. Cal. exterior, 3-leaved, superior 5-leaved.

stamens stand upon the receptacle. If the exact situation of the stamens may be readily perceived by carefully and slowly pulling off the petals and segments of the calyx, if the stamens remain in their place they may then be considered as growing upon the receptacle. Very many plants of this class are poisonous. Tilia. Caps. 5-locul. coriacea, 1-sperma. Cal. deciduous.

Aubletia. Caps. echinata, 10-locularis, polysperma. Cal. coloratus.

Ochna. Baccae 5, in receptaculo carnosio. Petala unguibus elongatis.

Asicum. Baccae unilocularis, polysperma. Cal. 5-phyllus.

Grewia. Drupa 4-loba, 4-locularis. Cal. 5-phyllus.

Muntingia. Baccae 5-locularis, umbilicata. Cal. partitus.

Elaeocarpus. Drupa nuce crispa. Petala lacera.

Microcos. Drupa nuce triloculari. Petala linearia.

Delphinium consolida. Ajacis. Aconiti. Latia completa.

Sect. V. Hexapetali.

Argemone. Cal. 3-phyllus. Caps. 1-locularis, semivalvis.

Lagerstroemia. Cal. 6-fidus. Stam. 6, exteriora majora. Caps. 6-locul. polysperma.

Alangium. Cal. 10-dentatus, superus. Petala 6 s. 10. Baccae corticos, 2-3-sperma.

Thea. Cal. 5 s. 6-phyllus. Petala 6 s. 9. Caps. 3-locularis. Sem. solitaria.

Lecythos. Cal. 6-phyllus. Stam. nectario lingulato connata. Caps. circumscissa.

Ternstramia meridionalis.

Sanguinaria. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 2-valvis, polysperma.

Podophyllum. Cal. 2-phyllus. Caps. 2-valvis, polysperma.

Bixa. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, duplex. Caps. 2-valvis.

Alangium decapetalum.

Nymphaea. Baccae multilocul. corticos. Cal. magnus.

Prockia. Cal. 3-phyllus. Pericarp. 5-loculare.

Merua. Cal. 4-fidus, tubo nectarifero. Pericarp. pedicellatum.

Ludia. Cal. 4 s. 9-partitus. Pericarp. uniloculare, polyspermum.

Sloanea. Cal. 5-9-fidus. Pericarp. echinatum, 3-6-loculare, 3-6-valve. Semina arillata.

Sect. X. Apetali.

Caps. 3-celled, leather-like, 1-seeded. Cal. deciduous.

Caps. prickly, 10-celled, many-seeded. Cal. coloured.

Berries 5, in a fleshy receptacle. Petals with long claws.

Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Cal. 5-leaved.

Drupe 4-lobed, 4-celled. Caps. 5-leaved.

Berry 5-celled, dimpled. Cal. parted.

Drupe with a curled nut. Petals ragged.

Drupe with a 3-celled nut. Petals strap-shaped.

Sect. V. Six-petaled.

Cal. 3-leaved. Caps. 1-celled, half-valved.

Cal. 6-cleft. Outer stamens greater. Caps. 6-celled, many-seeded.

Cal. 6 to 10-toothed, superior. Petals 6 or 10. Berry barklike, 2-3-seeded.

Cal. 5 or 6-leaved. Petals 6 or 9. Caps. 3-celled. Seeds solitary.

Cal. 6-leaved. Stamens united at the base to a tongue-shaped nectary. Caps. cut round.

Sect. VI. Eight-petaled.

Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded.

Sect. VII. Nine-petaled.

Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded.

Sect. VIII. Ten-petaled.

Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled, double. Caps. 2-valved.

Sect. IX. Many-petaled.

Berry many-celled, barklike. Cal. large.

Sect. X. No petals.

Cal. 3-leaved. Pericarp 3-celled.

Cal. 4-cleft, with a honey-bearing tube. Pericarp pedicled.

Cal. 4 or 9-parted. Seed-vessel 1-celled, many-seeded.

Cal. 5-9-cleft. Seed-vessel prickly, 3-6-celled, 3-6-valved. Seeds coated. 1030. **RYANIA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Pericarp. uniloculare, polyspermum. Semina arillata.

1029. **LACTIA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Peric. 1-loculare, 3-valve, polyspermum.

1033. **SEGUIERIA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Peric. 1-spermum, alatum.

*Crataeva marincolos, tetracera sarmentosa.*

**Ordo II. DIGYNIA.**

1057. **FOTHERGILLA.** Cal. integerrimus. Cor. nulla. Caps. 2-locularis. Sem. bina.

1056. **CURATELLA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 4-petala. Caps. 2-partita, 2-sperma.

1055. **PEONIA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. polysperma. Sem. colorata.

1058. **TRICHOCARPUS.** Cal. 4 s. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Caps. setosa, polysperma.

1059. **LACIS.** Cal. o. Cor. o. Caps. 2-valvis, polysperma.

*Tetracera levis.*

**Ordo III. TRIGYNIA.**

*1061. **DELPHINIUM.** Cal. nullus. Cor 5-petala, supremo petalo cornuto. Nectar. 2-fidum, sessile.

1062. **ACONITUM.** Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala, supremo galeate. Nectar. 2-pedicellata.

1060. **HOMALIUM.** Cal. 6-7-partitus. Cor. 6-7-petala. Stamina per tria aggregata.

Reseda luteola. *Corchorus aestuans.*

**Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA.**

1063. **WINTERA.** Cal. integer. Cor. 6-petala. Bacca 4, 4-sperma.

1067. **CIMICIFUGA.** Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. nectariis 4, urceolatis. Caps. 4. Sem. squamosa.

1066. **WAHLBOMIA.** Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 4-petala. Peric. 4-rostrata.

1064. **TETRACERA.** Cal. 6-phyllus. Caps. 4, monospermae. Stamina dilatata utrinque antherifera.

1065. **CARYOCAR.** Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala, Drupa nucibus 4.

**Ordo V. PENTAGYNIA.**

*1068. **AQUILEGIA.** Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Nectaria 5, inferne cornuta.

1069. **NIGELLA.** Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Nectar. 8, supernè 2-labiata.

1070. **REAMURIA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, nectaris 10, adnatis, ciliatis. Caps. 5-locularis, polysperma.

*Aconita et Delphinia nonnulla.*

**Ordo VI. POLYGYNIA.**

1091. **HYDRASTIS.** Cal. nullus. Cor. 3-petala, Bacca composita acinis 1-spermis.

**Order II. DIGYNIA.**

F. Cal. entire. No cor. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds 2.

C. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 4-petaled. Caps. 2-parted, 2-seeded.

P. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. many-seeded. Seeds coloured.

T. Cal. 4 or 5-parted. No cor. Caps. bristly, many-seeded.

L. No cal. No cor. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded.

**Order III. TRIGYNIA.**

*D. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, the last petal horn-shaped. Nectar 2-cleft, sitting.

A. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, the last helmet-shaped. Nectar. 2-pedicled.

H. Cal. 6-7-partite. Cor. 6-7-petaled. Stamens incorporated by threes.

**Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.**

W. Cal. entire. Cor. 6-petaled. Berries 4, 4-seeded.

C. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. with 4 pitcher-shaped nectaries. Caps. 4. Seeds scaly.

W. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-petaled. Seed-vessels 4-beaked.

T. Cal. 6-leaved. Caps. 4, 1-seeded. Stamens dilated on both sides bearing the anthers.

C. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with 4 nuts.

**Order V. PENTAGYNIA.**

*A. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectaries 4, horned beneath.

N. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectaries 8, two-lipped above.

R. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, with 10 nectaries connected, fringed. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded.

**Order VI. POLYGYNIA.**

H. No cal. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry compound, with 1-seeded granulations. **Order I. MONOGYNYA.**

1006. MARCOGRAVIA.

Two species; viz. umbellata, coriacea. West Indies.

1007. TERNSTROEMIA.

Five species; viz. meridionalis, elliptica, punctata, japonica, dentata. Jap. W. Ind. Guiana.

1008. TRILIX.

One species; viz. lutea. Carthagena.

1009. LUDIA.

Three species; viz. heterophylla, myrtifolia, sessili-flora. Isle of Mauritius.

1010. CAPPARIS, or Caper-bush.

30 species; viz. spinosa, ovata, aegyptia, tomentosa, acuminata, zeylanica, horrida, erythrocarpos, sepiaria, citrifolia, corymbosa, mariana, panduriformis, badduc-ea, torulosa, longifolia, frondosa, ferruginea, grandis, jamaicensis, odoratissima, verrucosa, amplissima, cyno-phallophora, saligna, pulcherrima, tenuisilqua, linearis, breynia, hastata. S. Europe, East and West Indies, South America.—The bush of the *capparis spinosa* is a low prickly bush, found wild in Italy and other countries; it is raised with us by sowing the seeds upon old walls, where they take root between the bricks, and endure for many years. The bark of the root is pretty thick, of an ash-colour, with several transverse wrinkles on the surface; cut in slices and laid to dry, it rolls up into quills. This bark has a bitterish acrid taste; it is reckoned aperient and diuretic, and recommended in several chronic disorders for opening obstructions of the viscera. The buds pickled with vinegar, &c. are used at table. They are supposed to excite appetite and promote digestion; and to be particularly useful, as detergents and aperients, in obstructions of the liver and spleen. Their taste and virtues depend more upon the saline matter introduced into them, than on the caper buds.

1011. ACTEA, or Herb-christopher.

Three species; viz. * spicata, racemosa, japonica. Europe, N. Amer. Japan.

* A. bunch egg-shaped; fruit berry-like.—The plant is a powerful repellent. The root is useful in some nervous cases, but it must be administered with caution. The berries are poisonous in a very high degree. It is said that toads, allured by the fetid smell of this plant, resort to it; but it grows in shady places, and toads are fond of damp and shady situations. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses and swine refuse it.

1012. SANGUINARIA, or Puccoon, Blood-root.

One species; viz. canadensis. N. Amer.

1013. PODOPHYLLUM, or Duck's-foot, or May-apple.

Two species; viz. peltatum, diphyllum. North America.

1014. CHELIDONIUM, or Celandine.

Five species; viz. * majus, japonicum, * glaucium, * corniculatum, * hybridum. Eur. Egypt. Jap.

* C. fruitstalks forming umbels.—This plant grows upon old walls, among rubbish, and in waste shady places. The bark is of a bluish green colour; the root of a deep red; both contain a gold-coloured juice. Their smell is disagreeable, the taste somewhat bitterish, very acrid, biting and burning the mouth; the root is the most acrid. The juice of celandine has long been celebrated in disorders of the eyes; but it is too sharp, unless plentifully diluted, to be applied with safety to that tender organ. It has been sometimes used, and it is said with good success, for extirpating warts, cleansing old ulcers, and in cataplasm for the herpes miliaris. This acrimonious plant is rarely given internally. The virtues attributed to it are those of a stimulating aperient, diuretic, and sudorific: it is particularly recommended in the slow kind of jaundice, where there are no symptoms of inflammation, and in dropsies. Some suppose the root to have been Helmont's specific in the hydrops ascites. Half a dram or a dram of the dry root is directed for a dose; or an infusion in wine of an ounce of the fresh root.

1015. PAPAVER, or Poppy.

Nine species; viz. * hybridum, * argemone, alpinum, nudicaule, rhoeas, dubium, somniferum, * cambricum, orientale. Europe.

* P. capsules smooth, urn-shaped; stem hairy, many-flowered; leaves wing-cleft, jagged.—The petals give out a fine colour when infused, and a syrup prepared from the infusion is kept in the shops. It partakes in a small degree of the properties of opium.

* P. calyx and capsules smooth; leaves embracing the stem, jagged.—Opium is the juice of this plant. This juice has of late been collected by way of experiment, by certain individuals, from poppies cultivated in Great Britain, and has been found not inferior in quality to that brought from the warmer climates. It is obtained by making wounds with a small sharp instrument in the smooth capsule of the plant when nearly ripe, and thereafter collecting the juice that exudes from the wounds. It is probable, however, that the high price of labour will scarcely permit the rearing of British opium to become an important object of agriculture. Egypt, Persia, and Hindostan, have hitherto supplied us with this commodity: in those countries large quantities of poppies are cultivated for this purpose. The opium prepared about Thebes in Egypt, hence named Thebaic opium, has been usually esteemed the best; but this is not now distinguished from that collected in other places. This juice is brought to us in cakes or loaves covered with leaves and other vegetable matters, to prevent their sticking together: it is of a solid consistence, yet somewhat soft and tenacious, of a dark reddish-brown colour in the mass, and when reduced into powder yellow; of a faint disagreeable smell, and a bitterish taste, accompanied with a pungent heat and acrimony.

In the province of Bahar in the East Indies, it is said, the poppy seeds are sown in October or November, at about eight inches distance; and are well watered till the plants are about half a foot high, when a compost of nitrous earth, dung, and ashes, is spread over the areas; and a little before the flowers appear they are again watered profusely till the capsules are half grown: and then the opium is collected; for, when fully ripe, they yield little juice. Two longitudinal incisions, from below upwards, without penetrating the cavity, are made at sunset for three or four successive evenings; and then they are allowed to ripen their seeds. In the morning the juice is scraped off with an iron scoop, and worked in an earthen pot, in the sun's heat, till it be of a consistence to be formed into thick cakes of about four pounds weight, which are covered over with the leaves of poppy or tobacco, and dried. It is said to be adulterated with various unknown substances, with the extract of the poppy plant procured by boiling, and even with cow-dung. It is purified by reducing it to a pulp with hot water, and strongly pressing it while hot through a linen cloth from its impurities. It is then evaporated by a water-bath, or other gentle heat, to its original consistence. This extract is found to contain a resin, a kind of essential oil, a principle of odour, an essential salt, and a soapy extract.

Opium has a reddish brown colour, a strong peculiar smell, a taste at first nauseous and bitter, but soon becoming acrid, with a slight warmth: and it appears to have some astringency, as a watery tincture of it forms an ink with a chalybeate solution.

The external and internal effects of opium appear to be various in different constitutions, and in the same at different times. By some, when applied to the tongue, the nose, the eye, or any part deprived of skin, it has been said to stimulate, and to induce, in the eye in particular, a slight degree of redness. But if this effect do take place, it is at the utmost extremely inconsiderable, particularly when compared with the effect of volatile alkali, ardent spirit, or a variety of other articles applied to the same organ. And there can be no doubt, that in a very short time the sensibility of the part to which it is applied, even when there has not taken place the slightest mark of preceding stimulus or inflammation, is very considerably diminished. Some allege, that when applied to the skin, it allays pain... and spasm, procures sleep, and produces all the other salutary or dangerous effects which result from its internal use; while others allege, that thus applied, it has little or no effect whatever. This variety probably arises from differences in the condition of the subcutaneous nerves, and of the sensibility of the surface, as being more or less defended. But there is no doubt that when mixed with caustic, it diminishes the pain, which would otherwise ensue, probably by deadening the sensibility of the part. It sometimes allays the pain from a carious tooth; and a watery solution of it has been used in various ulcers, certain ophthalmias, and virulent gonorrhoea, when pain and inflammation have before that given very great distress.

Opium, when taken into the stomach to such an extent as to have any sensible effect, gives rise to a pleasant serenity of mind, in general proceeding to a certain degree of languor and drowsiness. The action of the sanguiferous system is diminished, the pulse becoming for the most part softer, fuller, and slower than it was before. There often take place swelling of the subcutaneous veins, and sweating; both probably the consequences of a diminution of resistance at the surface, from a diminution of muscular action, as is particularly exemplified in its effect of binding the belly. Opium taken into the stomach in a large dose, gives rise to confusion of head and vertigo. The power of all stimulating causes, as making impressions on the body, is diminished; and even at times, and in situations, when a person would naturally be awake, sleep is irresistibly induced. In still larger doses, it acts in the same manner as the narcotic poison, giving rise, not only to vertigo, headache, tremours, and delirium, but to convulsions also; and these terminating in a state of stupor, from which the person cannot be roused. This stupor is accompanied with slowness of the pulse, and with stertor in breathing; and the scene is terminated in death, attended with the same appearances as take place in apoplexy.

From these effects of opium, in a state of health, it is not wonderful that recourse should have been had to it in disease, as mitigating pain, inducing sleep, allaying inordinate action, and diminishing morbid sensibility. That these effects do result from it is confirmed by the daily experience of every observer; and as answering one or other of these intentions, most, if not all, of the good consequences derived from it in actual practice are to be explained. If, therefore, by a sedative medicine, we mean an article capable of allaying, assuaging, mitigating, and composing, no substance can have a better title to the appellation of sedative than opium.

As answering the purposes of mitigating pain, inducing sleep, allaying inordinate action, and diminishing sensibility, it naturally follows, that opium may be employed with advantage in a great variety of different diseases. Indeed there is hardly any affection in which it may not, from circumstances, be proper; and in all desperate cases, it is the most powerful means of alleviating the miseries of patients.

Some practitioners are averse to its use where there takes place an active inflammation; but others have recourse to it in such cases, even at an early period, especially after blood-letting; and where such affections are attended, not only with pain and spasm, but with watchfulness and cough, it is often productive of the greatest benefit. Opium, combined with calomel, has of late been extensively employed in every form of active inflammation, and with the greatest success. It is found also to be of very great service in allaying the pain and preventing the symptomatic fever liable to be induced by wounds, fractures, burns, or similar accidents.

In intermittents, it is said to have been used with good effect before the fit, in the cold stage, in the hot stage, and during the interval. Given even in the hot stage, it has been observed to allay the heat, thirst, headache and delirium; to induce sweat and sleep; to cure the disease with the less bark, and without leaving abdominal obstructions or dropsy.

It is often of very great service in fevers of the typhoid type, when patients are distressed with watchfulness or diarrhoea. But where these or similar circumstances do not indicate its use, it is often distressing to patients, by augmenting thirst and constipation.

In smallpox, when the convulsions before eruption are frequent and considerable, opium is liberally used. It is likewise given from the fifth day onwards; and is found to allay the pain of suppuration, to promote the ptyalism, and to be otherwise useful.

In dysentery, after the use of gentle laxatives, or along with them, opium, independently of any effect it may have on the fever, is of consequence in allaying the torments and tenesmus, and in obviating that laxity of bowels which is so frequently a relick of that disease.

In diarrhoea, the disease itself generally carries off any acrimony that may be a cause, and then opium is used with great effect. Even in the worst symptomatic cases it seldom fails to alleviate.

In cholera and pyrosis it is almost the only thing trusted to. In cholera it is employed with laxatives; and no doubt often prevents ileus and inflammation, by relieving the spasm. Even in ileus, and in incarcerated hernia, it is often found to allay the vomiting, the spasms, the pain, and sometimes to diminish the inflammation, and prevent the gangrene of the strangulated gut. It is given to allay the pain, and favour the descent of calculi, and to relieve in jaundice and dysuria proceeding from spasm.

It is of acknowledged use in the different species of tetanus, affords relief to the various spasmodic symptoms of dyspepsia, hysteria, hypochondriasis, asthma, rabies canina, &c. and has been found useful in some kinds of epilepsy.

Of late, in doses gradually increased to five grains, three, four, or even six times a-day, it has been used in syphilis; and some instances are recorded in which it would seem, that by this remedy alone a complete cure had been obtained: In other instances, however, after the fairest trial for a considerable length of time, it has been found ineffectual; and upon the whole, it seems rather to be useful in combating symptoms, and in counteracting the effects resulting from the improper use of mercury, than in overcoming the venereal virus.

It is found useful in certain cases of threatened abortion and lingering delivery, in convulsions during parturition, in the after pains and excessive flooding.

The only form perhaps necessary for opium, is that of pill; and as it is so soluble in every menstruum, there seems the less occasion for the addition of either gum or soap. This form is more apt to sit on the stomach than any liquid form, but requires rather more time to produce its effects. The administration of opium to the unaccustomed, is sometimes very difficult. The requisite quantity of opium is wonderfully different in different persons, and in different states of the same person. A quarter of a grain will, in one adult, produce effects, which ten times the quantity will not do in another; and a dose that might prove fatal in cholera or colic, would not be perceptible in many cases of tetanus or mania. The lowest fatal dose to the unaccustomed, as mentioned by authors, seems to be four grains; but a dangerous dose is so apt to puke, that it has seldom time to occasion death. When given in too small a dose, it is apt to produce disturbed sleep and other disagreeable consequences; and in some cases, it seems impossible to be made agree in any dose or form. Often, on the other hand, from a small dose, sound sleep and alleviation of pain will be produced, while a larger one gives rise to vertigo and delirium. Some prefer the repetition of small doses, others the giving of a full dose at once. In some, it seems not to have its proper effect till after a considerable time. The operation of a moderate dose is supposed to last, in general, about eight hours from the time of taking it.

Pure opium is partially soluble in water and in rectified spirit, and totally in proof spirit, wine, or vinegar. Water, rubbed with opium, and decanted repeatedly till it come off colourless, yields, on gentle evaporation, an extract which some use and recommend as one of the best preparations of this substance, and which requires to be given in double the dose of common opium.

It is said that alkalies diminish its soporific effects; that the fixed render it diuretic, the volatile determine it to the skin; and that acids destroy its activity almost entirely. But when conjoined with acids, particularly the diluted vitriolic acid, it often sits easily on the stomach, when it would not otherwise be retained, and afterwards produces all its sedative effects.

The chief officinal preparations of opium are, the opium purificatum, pilulae ex opio, pulvis opiatum, tinctura opii, and tinctura opii camphorata. Besides this, it enters a great variety of different compositions, as the pulvis sudorificus, balsamum anodynum, electuarium japonicum, pulvis creta compositus, &c.

The occasional bad effects of opium may result from the same power, by which in other states of the system it proves beneficial. The methods, therefore, proposed of correcting these by roasting, fermentation, long-continued digestion, repeated solutions and distillations, have not succeeded.

1016. Argemone, or Prickly Poppy. Three species; viz. mexicana, armeniaca, pyrenaica. W. Indies, Mexico, Pyrenees.

1017. Muntingia. One species; viz. calabura. W. Indies.

1018. Sarracenia, or Side-saddle-flower. Four species; viz. flava, minor, rubra, purpurea. N. America.

1019. Nymphaea, or Water Lily. Seven species; viz. * lutes, advena, * alba, odorata, stellata, lotus, pubescens. Europe, India, Africa, America.

* N. leaves heart-shaped, very entire; cal. 5-leaved, lutea much larger than the petals.—The roots rubbed with milk destroy crickets and cockroaches. Swine eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Cows, sheep, and horses refuse it. An infusion of a pound of the fresh root, to a gallon of water, taken in the dose of a pint night and morning, cured a leprosy eruption of the arm.

* N. leaves heart-shaped, very entire; calyx 4-cleft, alba. —It extends itself by long runners, which form a root at the end, and send up leafstalks in deep water. The root is bulbous. It is one of the most beautiful of the English plants, and may be propagated by transplanting the bulbous roots in winter. The petals gradually lessen as they approach the centre of the flower, where the outer filaments expanding in breadth, gradually assume the form of petals, as is generally the case in the double flowers of our gardens. The roots are used in Ireland, and in the island of Jura, to dye a dark brown. Swine eat it. Goats are fond of it. Cows and horses refuse it.

1020. Bixa, or Anatto. One species; viz. orellana. W. Indies.

1021. Sloanea, or Apeiba of the Brazils. Three species; viz. dentata, massoni, sinuariensis. Brazil, Caribbee isles.

1022. Aubletta. Four species; viz. tibourbon, petonmo, aspera, la-vis. Guiana.

1023. Mammea, or Mammeec-tree. Two species; viz. americana, humilis. Jamaica, Hispaniola.

1024. Ochna. Two species; viz. squamosa, parvifolia. Africa, E. and W. Indies.

1025. Grias. One species; viz. cauliflora. Jamaica.

1026. Calophyllum. Two species; viz. inophyllum, calaba. E. and W. Indies.

1027. Sparmannia. One species; viz. africana. Africa.

1028. Tilia, or Lime-tree. Four species; viz. * europaea, americana, pubescens, alba. Eur. N. Amer.

* T. flowers without a nectary; berry 4-celled.—europae This plant flourishes best on the side of hills, but it will live very well in meadow grounds. It is easily transplanted, and grass grows beneath it: it is useful to form shady walks and clipped hedges. The wood is soft, light, and smooth; close grained, and not subject to the worm. It makes good charcoal for gunpowder and for designers. It is used for leather-cutters boards, and for carved works. It is also employed by the turner. The leaves are dried in some countries as winter food for sheep and goats. Cows eat them in the autumn; but they give a bad taste to the milk. The bark, macerated in water, may be made into rope. ropes and fishing nets. The flowers are fragrant, and afford the best honey for bees. The sap, inspissated, affords a quantity of sugar.

1029. Lætia.

Four species; viz. apetala, guidonia, thamnia, completa. Jamaica.

1030. Ryania.

One species; viz. speciosa.

1031. Grewia.

11 species; viz. occidentalis, populifolia, orientalis, mallococeae, laevigata, glandulosa, hirsuta, excelsa, asiatica, tilifolia, velutina. Asia, Cape, Amer. S. sens.

1033. Microcos.

One species; viz. paniculata.

1034. Marila.

One species; viz. racemosa. West Indies.

1035. Elaeocarpus.

Five species; viz. serratus, dentatus, dicens, integrifolius, copalliferus. India, New Zealand.

1036. Legnotis.

Two species; viz. elliptica, cassinopera. West Indies, Guiana.

1037. Myrodenium.

One species; viz. ampliflora. Guiana.

1038. Lemniscia.

One species; viz. floribunda. Guiana.

1039. Asclum.

One species; viz. violaceum. Guiana.

1040. Lecythis.

Eight species; viz. ollaria, minor, grandiflora, amara, zabucajo, idatimon, parviflora, bracteata. America.

1041. Alangium.

Two species; viz. decapetalum, hexapetalum. Coast of Malabar.

1042. Mentzelia.

Two species; viz. aspera, hispida. America.

1043. Loasa.

Six species; viz. hispida, contorta, acanthifolia, grandiflora, chenopodisia, nitida.

1044. Stereochia.

One species; viz. lateriflora.

1045. Lagerstroemia.

Five species; viz. indica, reginae, hirsuta, munchehauzia, parviflora. East Indies, China.

1046. Freziera.

Two species; viz. thecodoides, undulata.

1047. Thea, or Tea-tree.

Two species; viz. bohea, viridis. China, Japan.

The several sorts of tea met with among us, are the leaves of this same genus collected at different times, and cured in somewhat different manners; the small young leaves, very carefully dried, are the finer green, the older afford the ordinary green and bohea. The two first have a sensible flavour of violets, the other of roses; the former is the natural odour of the plant, the latter, as Neumann observes, is probably introduced by art. Some of the dealers in this commodity in Europe, are not ignorant that bohea tea is imitable by the leaves of certain plants, artificially tinctured and impregnated with the rose flavour. The taste of both sorts is lightly bitterish, subastringent, and somewhat aromatic. The medical virtues attributed to these leaves are sufficiently numerous, though few of them have any foundation; little more can be expected from the common infusions than that of a diluent acceptable to the palate and stomach; the diuretic, diaphoretic, and other virtues for which they have been celebrated, depend more on the quantity of warm fluid, than any particular qualities which it gains from the tea. Nothing arises in distillation from either sort of tea with rectified spirit; water elevates the whole of their flavour.

Good tea, in a moderate quantity, seems to refresh and strengthen; but if taken in a recent highly flavoured state, and in considerable quantity, its use is apt to be succeeded by weakness and tremors, and other similar consequences, resulting from the narcotic vegetables; yet it is highly probable that many of the bad, as well as good effects, said to result from it, are consequences of the warm water.

1048. Cistus, or Rock-rose.

79 species; viz. capensis, villosus, populifolius, lanifolius, vaginatus, ledon, ladaniferus, monspeliensis, laxus, salviifolius, heterophyllus, incanus, creticus, parviflorus, albidus, sericeus, hybridus, crispus, formosus, halimifolius, elongatus, libanotis, umbellatus, lavipes, calycinus, fumana, canus, scabrosus, cinereus, ocyminoides, italicus, marifolius, origanifolius, mollis, dichotomus, * anglicus, vinaceus, * clandicus, alternifolius, globularifolius, tuberarius, plantagineus, serratus, * guttatus, canadensis, punctatus, ledifolius, * salicifolius, nioticus, * egyptiacus, squamatus, lippii, sessilifolius, ellipticus, * surrejanus, polyanthos, glaucos, nummularius, canariensis, serpillifolius, violaceus, linearis, levis, strictus, glutinosus, thymifolius, pilosus, lavandulifolius, racemosus, ciliatus, angustifolius, * helianthemum, mutabilis, foetidus, crocus, hirtus, apenninus, * polifolius, arabicus. Alps, S. Europe, Egypt, Cape.

1049. Vallea.

One species; viz. stipularis. New Granada.

1050. Bonnetia.

One species; viz. palustris. Guiana.

1051. Prockia.

Four species; viz. crucis, serrata, thesiformis, integrifolia. Isle of Santa Cruz.

1052. Corchorus, or Jute-mallow.

14 species; viz. olitorius, triblocularis, tridenis, vestans, acutangulus, fascicularis, capsularis, scandens, serratus, hirsutus, japonicus, flexuosus, hirtus, siliquosus.

1053. Seguieria.

One species; viz. americana.

1054. Swartia.

Six species; viz. simplicifolia, grandiflora, dodecandra, triphylla, pinnata, alata. Caribbee isles, Guiana.

ORDER II. DIGYNIA.

1055. Paeonia, or Peony.

Seven species; viz. officinalis, corallina, albiflora, humilis, anomala, hybrida, tenuifolia. Switz. Ukraine. The *Paeonia officinalis* is cultivated in our gardens on account of the beauty of its flowers. The female peony, which is the largest and most elegant, and for this reason the most common, is the only one with which the shops are supplied. In quality they are scarce sensibly different; and hence they may be taken promiscuously. The roots and seeds of peony have, when recent, an unpleasant scent, approaching to that of the narcotic plants, and a somewhat glutinous subacid taste, with a light degree of bitterness and astringency; the leaves also discover an astringent quality, both to the taste, and by changing chalybeate solutions of a purple colour; the flowers have little taste, and a very faint not agreeable smell. The parts which have chiefly been used for medicinal purposes, are the roots and seeds. These are looked upon as emollient, corroborant, and lightly anodyne, and supposed to be of service in some kinds of obstructions, erosions of the viscera, heat of urine, pains in the kidneys, and the like. The virtue they are chiefly celebrated for, is that of curing spasmodic and epileptic complaints, which many have been absurd enough to believe, that the root of this plant would do by being only worn about the neck.

1056. CURATELLA. One species; viz. americana. America.

1057. FOTHERGILLA. One species; viz. alnifolia. N. America.

1058. TRICHOCARPUS. One species; viz. laurifolia. Guiana.

1059. LACIS. One species; viz. fluviatilis. Guiana.

ORDER III. TRIGYNYIA.

1060. HOMALIUM. Two species; viz. racemosum, racouba. Jamaica, Guiana.

1061. DELPHINIUM, or Larkspur. 14 species; viz. *consolida*, ajacis, acositi, ambiguum, peregrinum, grandiflorum, intermedium, elatum, hybridum, exaltatum, urceolatum, puniceum, staphisagria, pentagynum. Europe, N. America.

* D. capsule single; nectary of one leaf; stem subdivided.—The expressed juice of the petals, with the addition of a little alum, makes a good blue ink; the seeds are acid and poisonous. When cultivated, the blossoms often become double. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses are not fond of it. Cows and swine refuse it.

1062. ACONITUM, or Wolfsbane, Monkshood. 15 species; viz. lycocotonum, japonicum, pyrenaicum, ochroleucum, anthora, album, septentrionale, napellus, neomontanum, tauricum, volubile, cornuom, variegatum, cammarum, uncinatum. Europe, N. America, Japan.

ORDER IV. TETRAGYNYIA.

1063. WINTERA, or Winter's Bark. Three species; viz. aromatica, granadensis, axillaris. New Granada, S. seas.

1064. TETRACERA. 12 species; viz. sarmentosa, tomentosa, aspera, dolioarpus, stricta, calinea, obovata, nitida, euryandra, volubilis, lievis, alnifolia. Ceylon, West Indies, South sea isles.

1065. CARYOCAR. Three species; viz. nuciferum, butyrosorum, tomentosum. Barbary.

1066. WAHLBOMIA. One species; viz. indica.

1067. CIMICIFUGA. One species; viz. foetida. Siberia.

ORDER V. PENTAGYNYIA.

1068. AQUILLEGIA, or Columbine. Five species; viz. viscosa, * vulgaria, alpina, canadensis, viridiflora*. A. nectaries bowed inwards, nearly equal to the petalals; leaflets all on leafstalks; lobes distant, roundish, bluntish.—The beauty of its flowers has long introduced it into our flower borders. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it.

1069. NIGELLA, or Fennel-flower. Five species; viz. damascena, sativa, arvensis, hispanica, orientalis. Germany, S. Europe, Egypt.

1070. REAUMURIA. Two species; viz. verniculata, hypericoides. Sicily, Syria, Egypt.

ORDER VI. POLYGYNYIA.

1071. DILLENA. Eight species; viz. scandens, integra, speciosa, elliptica, serrata, pentagyna, retusa, dentata. India.

1072. ILLICIUM, or Aniseed-tree. Two species; viz. anisatum, floridanum. Florida, China, Japan.

1073. LIRIODENDRON, or Tulip-tree. Four species; viz. tulipifera, coco, figo, lillifera. Ambayna, N. America.

1074. MAGNOLIA, or Laurel-leaved Tulip-tree. Eight species; viz. grandiflora, plumieri, glauca, obovata, tomentosa, acuminate, tripetala, auriculata. N. America.

1075. NELUMBNIUM. Four species; viz. speciosum, luteum, pentapetalum, reniforme.

1076. MICHELIA. Two species; viz. champaea, tsiampea. Indies.

1077. UVARIA. 11 species; viz. zeylanica, lanceolata, cerusoides, suberosa, tomentosa, odorata, monosperma, lutea, ligularis, longifolia, japonica. Ceylon, Japan, Jamaica, Surinam.

1078. ANNONA, or Custard-apple. 18 species; viz. muricata, tripetala, squamosa, paludosa, longifolia, punctata, hexapetala, palustris, glabra, triloba, triloba, asiatica, ambotay, africana, pygmaea, obovata, grandiflora, amplexicaulis. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, America.

1079. XYLOPIA, or Bitter-wood. Three species; viz. muricata, frutescens, glabra. America.

1080. UNONA. Four species; viz. discreta, tomentosa, discolor, concolor.

1081. ANEMONE, or Wind-flower. 29 species; viz. hepatica, patens, cornua, vernalis, halleri, pulsatilla, pratensis, alpina, apiifolia, coronaria, hortensis, palmata, sibirica, baldensis, sylvestris, virginiana, decapetala, triternata, pensylvanica, dichotoma, trifolia, quinquefolia, nemorosa, apennina, reflexa, ranunculoides, narcissiflora, umbellata, thalictroides. Europe, N. America.

* A. leaves double-winged; petals the ends turned back.—This is the most acrid of the anemonies; and is recommended by Dr Stoerk in the quantity of half an ounce of the distilled water, or five grains of the extract, twice or thrice a-day, in venereal nodes, pains, ulcers with caries, chronic eruptions, amenorrhoea, various chronic affections of the eye, particularly blindness from obscurities of the cornea. Its common effects are nausea or vomiting, an augmented discharge of urine, diarrhoea, and increased pain at first in the affected part.

* A. leaves doubly winged; petals straight.—The whole plant is acrid, and blisters the skin. The juice of the petals stains paper green. Goats and sheep eat it. Horses, cows, and swine, refuse it.

* A. seeds pointed; leaflets snipt; petals roundish; stem mostly 2-flowered.—The flowers fold up in a curious manner against rain. The whole plant is acrid. When sheep are unaccustomed to eat it, it brings on a bloody flux. Goats and sheep eat it. Horses, cows, and swine, refuse it. This plant is sometimes found with yellow dots on the under surface of the leaves.

1082. ATRAGENE. Six species; viz. alpina, ochotensis, japonica, capensis, tenuifolia, zeylanica. Alps of Europe, Ceylon, Cape.

1083. CLEMATIS, or Virgin's-bower. 24 species; viz. cirrhosa, florida, viticella, viorna, crispa, calycina, orientalis, glauca, hexapetala, triflora, virginiana, japonica, trifoliata, dioica, indivisa, paniculata, vitalba, chinensis, flammula, maritima, angustifolia, erecta, ochroleuca, integriflora. Europe, N. America.—The clematis erecta is introduced into but few of the modern pharmacopoeias, and has never been found in Britain. As well as many other active articles, supposed to be of a poisonous nature, it was some time ago recommended to the attention of practitioners by Dr Stoerk of Vienna. Its leaves and flowers are so acrid as to blister. Dr Stoerk recommends it in venereal, cancerous, and other cutaneous affections, in those headaches, pains of the bones, and wastings of the habit, the consequences of lues venereae. Externally the acrid powder is sprinkled on the ulcers, and the forms for internal use are those of infusion and extract.

1084. THALICTRUM, or Meadow-rue. 23 species; viz. alpinum, foetidum, tuberosum, cornutum, dioicum, elatum, majus, medium, minus, rugosum, sibiricum, squarrosum, purpurascens, angustifolium, flavum, nigricans, simplex, lucidum, aquilegfolium, contortum, petaloideum, styloideum, japonicum. Europe, N. America.

* T. stem furrowed, leafy; leaflets acute, 3-cleft; pinnate much branched, upright, compact; flowers upright.—A cataplasm made of the leaves has been known to give relief in the sciatica. The root dyes wool yellow. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep, eat it. Swine are not fond of it.

1085. ADONIS, or Pheasants Eye. Eight species; viz. festivalis, autumnalis, flammea, vernalis, apennina, filia, capensis, vesicatoria. S. Europe, Cape.

1086. RANUNCULUS, or Crow-foot. 61 species; viz. flamnula, reptans, lingua, nodiflorus, gramineus, pyrenaeus, parnassifolius, ophioglossoides, amplexicaulis, bullatus, salugineus, ficaria, frigida, thorn, creticus, cassubicus, auricomus, abortivus, trilobus, scleratus, aconitifolius, plataniolius, spicatus, illyricus, flabellatus, asiaticus, japonicus, rutefolius, glaciatus, seguieri, nivalis, montanus, gonani, alpestris, lapponicus, hyperboreus, monspeliacus, pennsylvanicus, ternatus, bulbosus, philonotis, polyrhizos, repens, polyanthemos, acris, cappadocius, lanuginosus, cherophyllus, millefoliatus, parvulus, oxysermus, arvensis, muricatus, parviflorus, orientalis, grandiflorus, falcatus, polyphyllus, hederaceus, aquatilis, flavitilis. Europe, Asia, N. America.

* R. leaves heart-shaped, angular, on leaf-stalks; stem ficaria. flowered; flowers with eight petals; calyx with three leaves.—This is a very small plant, found in most meadows, and by hedge sides. The roots consist of slender fibres with some little tubercles among them, which are supposed to resemble the hemorrhoids; from thence it has been concluded, that this root must needs be of wonderful efficacy for the cure of that distemper. To the taste it is little other than mucilaginous; and although still retained in several of the foreign pharmacopoeias, it is hardly in use in this country.

* R. leaves egg-spear-shaped, on leaf-stalks; stem de-flammula. clining.—This plant is very acrid; applied externally, it inflames and blisters the skin. Horses eat it. Cows, sheep, goats, and swine refuse it. Its acrimony rises in distillation. Some years ago, a man travelled in several parts of England administering vomits, which, like white vitriol, operated the instant they were swallowed. The distilled water of this plant was his medicine. It is said, that in the case of poison being swallowed, or other circumstances occurring, in which it is desirable to make a patient vomit instantaneously, it is preferable to any other medicine yet known, and does not excite those painful contractions in the upper part of the stomach, which the white vitriol sometimes does, thereby defeating the intention for which it was given.

* R. lower leaves hand-shaped, the upper fingered; scleratus, fruit oblong.—The whole plant is very corrosive; and beggars are said to use it to ulcerate their feet; which they expose in that state to excite compassion. Goats eat it. Cows, horses, and sheep refuse it.

* R. cal. expanding; fruit-stalks cylindrical; leaves acris, with three divisions, and many clefts, the uppermost strap- strap-shaped.—Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it. Cows and horses leave this plant untouched, though their pasture be ever so bare. It is very acrid, and easily blisters the skin.

* R. seeds prickly; upper leaves doubly compound, strap-shaped.—It has lately been said that cows, horses, and sheep, in Italy, eat it greedily, though it is so acrid as to poison the latter. Three ounces of the juice killed a dog in four minutes. Its growing chiefly, if not solely, in corn-fields where cattle are excluded, may possibly be the reason why we have not heard of mischief being done by it in this country.

1087. Trollius, or Globe-ranunculus.

Two species; viz. * europaeus, asiaticus. Europe, Asia.

1088. Isopyrum.

Three species; viz. fumarioides, thalictroides, aquilegioides. Siberia, Alps of Austria, Italy.

1089. Helleborus, or Black Hellebore.

Eight species; viz. hyemalis, ranunculinus, niger, * viridis, orientalis, * foetidus, lividus, trifolius. Austria, Italy, Canada.

* H. stem many-flowered; leafy; leaves bird-footed. Bearsfoot, or Helleboraster.—The leaves of this plant, taken in several different forms, have been by some recommended as a very powerful anthelmintic. They are particularly extolled by Dr Bissett, in his essay on the medical constitution of Great Britain, especially under the form of syrup, made by moistening the leaves of the fresh herb in vinegar, and then pressing out their juice, which was formed into a syrup with coarse sugar. Of this syrup, Dr Bissett gave to children from two to six years of age, one tea-spoonful at bed-time, and another in the morning, for two or three days successively. The dose was increased or diminished according to the strength of the patient; and in this way he found it very successful in the expulsion of lumbrici.

Where the helleboraster is to be employed, this form is perhaps the best, and we doubt not that it may succeed where others have failed; but it should not, we apprehend, be employed till safer anthelmintics have been tried in vain. For we have heard of some instances where the imprudent administration of it has been attended even with fatal consequences.

The species called helleborus niger, black hellebore or melampodium, grows wild in the mountainous parts of Switzerland, Austria, and Styria; the earliness of its flowers, which sometimes appear in December, has gained it a place in our gardens. In some parts of Germany, a species of black hellebore has been made use of, which not unfrequently produced violent and sometimes deleterious effects; this the Wurtemburg college particularly caution against, though without mentioning any marks by which it may be distinguished, or even giving the precise name of the plant. It appears to be the foetid hellebore of Linnæus, called in England, where it grows, settlerwort, settlewort, or bastard hellebore; the roots of this may be distinguished from the officinal sort by their being less black. The roots of the poisonous aconites resemble in appearance those of the black hellebore; and in the Breslaw collections we find some instances of fatal effects occasioned by mistaking the former for the latter:

these also are happily discoverable by their colour; the aconitum being lighter coloured than even the palest of the black hellebores. The faculty of Paris, by allowing the use of one of the paler hellebores (the green-flowered which grows wild in England, and is called by our farriers peg-root) have in some degree deprived the shops of the benefit of this criterion. Since, therefore, the two noxious roots which the buyer is most apt to mistake for this, are distinguishable from it by their colour, but have no other external mark by which they may be with certainty known, particular regard ought to be had to this circumstance; only the deepest black being chosen, and all the paler roots rejected.

The taste of the hellebore is acrid and bitter. Its acrimony is first felt on the tip of the tongue, and then spreads immediately to the middle, without being much perceived on the intermediate part; on chewing it for a few minutes the tongue seems benumbed and affected with a kind of paralytic stupor, as when burnt by eating any thing too hot; the fibres are more acrimonious than the head of the root from which they issue. Black hellebore root, taken from fifteen grains to half a dram, proves a strong cathartic, and as such has been celebrated for the cure of maniacal and other disorders proceeding from what the ancients called the atra-bilis; in these cases medicines of this kind are doubtless occasionally of use, though they are by no means possessed of any specific power. It does not however appear, that our black hellebore acts with so much violence as that of the ancients, whence many have supposed it to be a different plant; and indeed, the descriptions which the ancients have left us of their hellebore, do not agree to any of the sorts usually taken notice of by modern botanists. Another species has been discovered in the Eastern countries, which Tournefort distinguishes by the name of black oriental hellebore, with a large leaf, a lofty stem, and purplish flower; and supposes to be the true ancient hellebore, from its growing in plenty about Mount Olympus, and in the island of Anticyra, celebrated of old for the production of this antimaniacal drug; he relates that a scruple of this sort given for a dose, occasioned convulsions.

Our hellebore is at present looked upon principally as an alterative; and in this light is frequently employed in small doses, for attenuating viscid humours, promoting the uterine and urinary discharges, and opening inveterate obstructions of the remoter glands; it often proves a very powerful emmenagogue in plethoric habits, where steel is ineffectual or improper. An extract made from this root with water, is one of the mildest, and, for the purposes of a cathartic, the most effectual preparations of it: this operates sufficiently, without occasioning the irritation which the pure resin is accompanied with. A tincture drawn with proof spirit contains the whole virtue of the hellebore, and seems to be one of the best preparations of it when designed for an alternative; this tincture and the extract are kept in shops.

The melampodium is the basis of Bacher's tonic pills for the dropsy. The root is ordered to be macerated in rectified spirit of wine; the liquor expressed is repeatedly mixed with water, and duly evaporated. This is made up into pills, with an extract of myrrh and and powder of carduus benedictus. They are said to be cathartic and diuretic, and at the same time strength- eners of the solids.

1090. Caltha, or Marsh-marygold. Two species; viz. palustris, natans. Europe. C. the flowers of this plant gathered before they ex- pand, and preserved in salted vinegar, are a good sub- stitute for capers. The juice of the petals, boiled with a little alum, stains paper yellow. The remark- able yellowness of butter in the spring has been sup- posed to be caused by this plant: but cows will not eat it, unless compelled by extreme hunger, and then, as some say, it occasions such an inflammation that they generally die. Upon May-day the country people in England strew the flowers before their doors.

1091. Hydrastis, or Yellow-root. One species; viz. canadensis. Carolina, Canada.

In the class Polyandra are 85 Genera, including 563 Species, of which 50 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XIV. DIDYNAMIA (D).

Ordo I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

Sect. I. Calyces subquinquefidi.

1102. Perilla. Styli duo. Stam. distantia. 1103. Glecoma. Antherarum paria cruciata. 1096. Hyssopus. Filam. distantia, recta. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore tripartito, subcrenato. 1098. Elsholtzia. Filam. distantia, recta. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore indiviso. 1101. Bystropogon. Filam. distantia, recta. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore trilobo. 1102. Mentha. Filam distantia, recta. Cor. sub- sequalis. 1104. Hyptis. Filam. declinata. Cor. ringens; labio sup. bifido, inferiore trifido, lacinia media con- cava. 1100. Sideritis. Stigma alterum vaginans alte- rum. 1099. Lavandula. Corolla resupinata. 1093. Teucrium. Cor. labium superius nullum, sed fissura loco labii. 1092. Ajuga. Cor. lab. superius staminibus bre- vius. 1113. Phlomis. Cor. lab. superius hirtum, com- pressum. 1112. Leonurus. Cor. labium superius erectum, indivisum, planum. Stamina faucis longiora. 1108. Betonica. Cor. lab. superius planum, ad- scendens, tubo cylindrico. Stam. longitudine faucis. 1106. Lamium. Cor. lab. inferius utrinque dente setaceo. 1107. Galeopsis. Cor. lab. inferius lateribus re- flexum. Stam. deflorata ad latera deflexa.

(D) The essential character of this class consists of the flowers of the plants which it contains having four sta- mens, two of which are long, and two short. The short stamens stand next together, and adjoining to the style of the pistil. They are covered by the corolla or blossom, which is irregular in its shape.

CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA, OR TWO STAMENS LONGER.

Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA, or Seeds naked.

Sect. I. The Calyxes or Cups nearly 5-cleft.

P. Styles 2. Stamens far asunder. G. Pairs of anthers cross-shaped. H. Filaments asunder, straight. Cor. gaping, with the inferior lip 3-cleft, nearly scolloped. E. Filaments far asunder, straight. Cor. gaping, with the inferior lip undivided. B. Filaments far asunder and straight. Cor. gaping with the inferior lip 3-lobed. M. Filaments far asunder and straight. Cor. nearly equal. H. Filam. declining. Cor. gaping; the superior lip 2-cleft, the inferior 3-cleft, the middle segments con- cave. S. The one stigma sheathing the other. I. Cor. horizontally turned upside down. T. Cor. with no superior lip, but a fissure in place of a lip. A. Cor. having the upper lip shorter than the sta- mens. P. Cor. the upper lip rough-haired, compressed. L. Cor. the upper lip erect, undivided, flat. The sta- mens longer than the mouth. B. Cor. the upper lip flat, ascending with a cylindri- cal tube. Stamens of the length of the mouth. L. Cor. the inferior lip on both sides with a bristle- shaped tooth. G. Cor. the inferior lip bent back to the sides. The stamens bent to the sides after the anthers have shed their pollen.

Dd 2

1097. 1097. *NEPETA.* Cor. lab. inferius crenatum. Faux margine reflexo.

1094. *SATYREIA.* Cor. laciniis subequalibus. Stam. remota.

1110. *BALLOTA.* Cal. 10-striatus. Cor. labium superius forniciatum.

1111. *MARRUBIUM.* Cal. 10-striatus. Cor. lab. superior rectum.

1114. *MOLLUCCELLA.* Cal. campanulatus. Corolla amplior, dentibus spinosis.

Verbenae species aliquot. Monarda didyma.

Sect. II. *Calyces bilabiati.*

1124. *SCUTELLARIA.* Cal. fructiferus, operculatus.

1117. *THYMUS.* Cal. faucis villis clausus.

1122. *PLECTRANTHUS.* Cor. resupinata basi sursum calcarata. Filamenta subulata.

1121. *OCIMUM.* Cor. resupinata basi nuda. Filamenta bina, basi processu.

1125. *PRUNELLA.* Filamenta omnia apice bifurca.

1126. *CLEONIA.* Filamenta bifurca, apici altero antherifero. Stigma quadrifidum.

1123. *TRICHOSTEMA.* Filamenta longissima.

1119. *DRACOCEPHALUM.* Corollae faux inflato-dilatata.

1116. *ORIGANUM.* Strobilus calyces colligens.

1115. *CLINOPODIUM.* Involucrum calyces colligens.

1095. *THYMBRA.* Calyx utrinque linea ciliata carinatus. Stylos semibifidus. Cor. labia plana.

1120. *MELITTIS.* Cal. tubo corolla amplior. Corolla lab. superioris planum, integrum. Antherae cruciate.

1118. *MELISSA.* Cal. angulatus, scariosus, labio superiore adscendente.

1127. *PRASIUM.* Semina baccata.

1128. *PHYRYMA.* Sem. unicum. Cor. ringens.

1129. *SELAGO.* Sem. unicum. Corolla limbo quinquefido inaequali.

Ordo II. ANGIOSPERMIA.

Sect. I. *Calyces indivisi.*

1185. *ÆGINETIA.* Caps. multilocularis. Cor. campanulata. Cal. indivisus, spatheaceus.

1161. *TAXÆCIUM.* Baccæ corticosa. Cor. tubulosa, subequalis. Cal. tubulosus, truncatus.

Sect. II. *Calyces bifidi.*

1184. *OBOLARIA.* Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. campanulata, 4-fida. Filam. ex divisionibus corollæ.

1186. *OROBANCHE.* Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. subequalis, 4-fida. Glandula sub basi germinis.

1172. *HEBENSTREITIA.* Caps. 2-sperma. Cor. 1-labiate, 4-fida. Stam. margini laterali corollæ inserta.

1149. *TORENIA.* Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata. Filam. duo bifida.

1205. *CASTILLEIA.* Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. bilabiata, labio inferiore brevissimo. Cal. unilabiatus, bidentatus.

N. Cor. the inferior lip scolloped. The mouth with a border bent back.

S. Cor. with segments nearly equal. Stamens remote.

B. Cal. 10-striped. Cor. the superior lip vaulted.

M. Cal. 10-striped. Cor. the upper lip straight.

M. Cal. bell-shaped. Cor. large, with prickly teeth.

Sect. II. *Calycæ 2-lipped.*

S. Cal. fruit-bearing, covered with a lid.

T. Cal. with a mouth shut with soft hairs.

P. Cor. horizontally turned upside down at the base, upwards, having a spur. Filaments awl-shaped.

O. Cor. naked, horizontally turned up at the base. Filaments 2, with an enlargement at the base.

P. Filaments all with a 2-forked top.

C. Filaments 2-forked. The alternate apex bearing an anther. Stigma 4-cleft.

T. Filaments very long.

D. Mouth of the cor. inflate-dilated.

O. A cone collecting the calyxes.

C. Involucrum collecting the cups.

T. Cal. keeled on both sides with a fringed line. Style half 2-cleft. Cor. flat lips.

M. Cal. with a tube larger than the cor. the upper lip of the cor. flat, entire. Anthers cross-shaped.

M. Cor. angled, skinny, the upper lip ascending.

P. Seeds berry-like.

P. Seed 1. Cor. gaping.

S. Seed 1. Border of the cor. unequal, 5-cleft.

Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA, or with Seeds in a Capsule.

Sect. I. *Caps undivided.*

Æ. Caps. many-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Cal. undivided, chaffy.

T. Berry barked. Cor. tubular, nearly equal. Cal. tubular, lopped.

Sect. II. *Caps two-cleft.*

O. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Filam. from the divisions of the corolla.

O. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. nearly equal, 4-cleft. Gland under the base of the germen or seed-bud.

H. Caps. 2-seeded. Cor. 1-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens inserted in the lateral margin of the cor.

T. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Filam. 2, two-cleft.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, under lip very short. Cal. 1-lipped, 2-toothed. 1211. Acanthus. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. 1-labiata, 3-fida. Antherae villosae.

1164. Premna. Drupe 1-sperma, nuce 4-loculari. Cor. 4-fida, inaequalis.

1165. Crescentia. Bacca 1-locularis, corticosa. Cor. tubo campanulata. Germen pedicellatum.

Sect. III. Calycet trifidi.

1159. Halleria. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. 4-fida, labio superiore longiore.

Sect. IV. Calycet quadrifidi.

1189. Lippia. Caps. 2-sperma, 2-locularis. Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. compressus.

1134. Lathrea. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. personata. Glandula sub germinis.

1130. Bartisia. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata. Cal. colorator.

*1132. Euphrasia. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata. Antherae inferiores spinosae.

*1131. Rhinanthus. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata. Caps. compressa.

*1133. Melampyrum. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata. Sem. bina gibbosa.

1135. Schwalbea. Caps. 2-locularis? Cor. personata. Cal. laciniis superioribus sensim minores.

1196. Barleria. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. infundibul. Sem. bina. Caps. elasta.

1168. Loeselia. Caps. 3-locular. Cor. lacinis secundis. Stam. petalo adversa.

1162. Gmelina. Drupe nuce 2-locul. Cor. bilabiata. Antherae binae crassiores, bipartite.

1165. Lantana. Drupe nuce 2-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma uncinatum.

Sect. V. Calycet quinquefidi.

1209. Avicennia. Caps. 1-locularis, coriacea. Cor. labio superiore quadrato. Sem. unicum.

1136. Tozzia. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Sem. unicum.

1179. Phaylopsis. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. ringens, labio superiore minimo. Semina quatuor.

*1178. Limosella. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. campan. regular. Sem. plurima.

1175. Browallia. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Sem. numerosa.

1151. Brunfelsia. Caps. 1-locul. baccata. Cor. infundibuliformis.

1193. Holmskioldia. Caps. 1-locul.? Cor. ringens. Cal. ampliat.

1170. Lindernia. Caps. 1-locular. Cor. ringens. Stam. inferiora dente terminali.

1182. Conobea. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. ringens. Stylos pilosus.

1210. Columnea. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. ringens, supra basin gibba. Antherae connexae.

1180. Vandellia. Caps. 1-locul. Cor. ringens. Stam. inferiora disco labii enata.

1181. Russelia. Caps. 1-locularis. Cor. bilabiata.

1213. Alectra. Caps. 2-locularis didyma. Cor. infundibuliformis. Filamenta barbata. Semina solitaria.

A. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. 1-lipped, 3-cleft. Anthers woolly.

P. Drupe 1-seeded, with a 4-celled nut. Cor. 4-cleft, unequal.

C. Berry 1-celled, bark-like. Cor. with a bell-shaped tube. Germen on a pedicle or footstalk.

Sect. III. Cups 3-cleft

H. Berry 2-celled. Cor. 4-cleft; the upper lip longer.

Sect. IV. Cups 4-cleft.

I. Caps. 2-seeded, 2-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Cal. flattened.

L. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping. A gland under the seed-bud.

B. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Cal. coloured.

*E. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior anthers thorny.

*R. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Caps. compressed.

*M. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Seeds 2, bulging.

*S. Caps. 2-celled? Cor. gaping. Upper segments of the cor. gradually less.

B. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped. Seeds 2. Caps. elastic.

L. Caps. 3-celled. Cor. with segments pointing one way. Stamens opposite to the petals.

G. Drupe, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. 2-lipped. Two coarse anthers, 2-parted.

L. Drupe, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. salver-shaped. Stigma hooked at the end.

Sect. V. Cups 5-cleft.

A. Caps. 1-celled, leather-like. Cor. with an upper lip squared. Seed 1.

T. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Seed 1.

P. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping, upper lip small. Seeds 4.

*L. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. bell-shaped, regular. Seeds many.

B. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Seeds numerous.

B. Caps. 1-celled, berry-like. Cor. funnel-shaped.

H. Caps. 1-celled? Cor. gaping. Cal. enlarged.

L. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior stamens with a terminal tooth.

C. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping. Style hairy.

C. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping, bulged above the base. Anthers connected.

V. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior stamens rising from the surface of the lip.

R. Caps. 1-celled. Cor. 2-lipped.

A. Caps. 2-celled, double. Cor. funnel-shaped. Filam. bearded. Seeds solitary. 1143. Gesneria. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. supera incurvata.

1144. Cyrrilla. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. supera declinata. Rudimentum filamenti quinti.

1152. Scrophularia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. resupinata. Lab. segmento intermedio interno.

1183. Sternodia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. inaequalis. Stam. bifida. Anthera geminae.

1190. Achimenes. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. subaequalis, 4-fida.

1153. Celsia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. rotata. Filamenta lanata.

1154. Hemimeris. Caps. 2-locular. Cor. rotata, ringens.

1177. Sithorbia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. rotata. Stam. 2, et 2 approximata.

1160. Capraria. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. campanula. Stigm. cordatum, bivalve.

1155. Digitalis. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. campan. subtus ventricosa. Stam. declinata.

1157. Bignonia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. campanula. Sem. alata, imbricata. Rudimentum filamenti quinti.

1156. Incarvillea. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. infundibuliformis. Semina alata. Rudimentum filamenti quinti nullum.

1195. Ruelia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. campanulata. Stam. per paria approximata.

1174. Buchnera. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Limbi laciniis obcordatis aequalibus.

1173. Erinus. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. bilabiata; labio superiore brevissimo, reflexo.

1163. Petrea. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. rotata, calyce colorata minor. Sem. solitaria.

1171. Manulea. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. limbus 5-partitus; lacinia infima profendiore, reflexa.

1144. Antirrhinum. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. personata, subtus nectario prominente.

1145. Anarrhinum. Caps. 2 locularis, multivalvis. Cor. bilabiata, sauce pervia.

1138. Gerardia. Caps. 2 locul. Cor. hypocraterinqua. Caps. basi dehiscens.

1137. Pedicularis. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. personata. Sem. tunicata.

1194. Mimulus. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. personata. Cal. prismaticus.

1188. Dodartia. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. personata; labio superiori brevi adscendente.

1139. Chelone. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. personata, inflata, clausa. Rudiment. filamenti quinti glabrum.

1140. Pentstemon. Caps. 2-locularis. Cor. bilabiata, ventricosa. Rudimentum filamenti quinti barbatum.

1191. Sesamum. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. campan. inaequal. Rudim. filam. quinti.

1142. Gloxinia. Caps. semibilocularis. Cor. campanulata. Rudiment. quinti filamenti cum reliquis receptaculo insertum.

1147. Tourettia. Caps. 4-locularis, hamata. Cor. unilabiata.

1148. Martynia. Caps. 4-locul. Cor. campanulata. Rudim. filam. quinti.

1204. Maurandia. Capsule 2, coalite apice, semi-

G. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bent inwards above.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. at the upper part bent downwards. Rudiment of a fifth filament.

S. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. horizontally turned upside down. Lip, with an internal intermediate segment.

S. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. unequal. Stamens 2-cleft. Anthers in pairs.

A. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. nearly equal, 4-cleft.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-shaped. Filaments cottony.

H. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-shaped, gaping.

S. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stam. 2, and 2 approximated.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma heart-shaped, 2-valved.

D. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped, underneath bellied. Stamens declining.

B. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Seeds winged, tiled. Rudiment of a fifth filament.

I. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-shaped. Seeds winged. No rudiment of a fifth filament.

R. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Stamens near together by pairs.

B. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. salver-shaped. Segments of the border equal, inversely heart-shaped.

E. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped; upper lip very short, turned back.

P. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-shaped, less than the coloured cal. Seeds solitary.

M. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. with a 5-parted border, lower segment deeper, bent back.

A. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping, a nectary prominent from underneath.

A. Caps. 2-celled, many-valved. Cor. 2-lipped, with an open mouth.

G. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. salver-shaped, unequal. Caps. open at the base.

P. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Seeds coated.

M. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Cal. prismatic.

D. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping; upper short lip ascending.

C. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. gaping, inflated, shut. Smooth rudiment of a fifth filament.

P. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, bellied. Barbed rudiment of a fifth filament.

S. Caps. 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped, unequal. Rudim. of a fifth filament.

G. Caps. half 2-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Rudim. of a fifth filam. inserted with the rest in the receptacle.

T. Caps. 4-celled, hooked. Cor. 1-lipped.

M. Caps. 4-celled. Cor. bell-shaped. Rudiment of a fifth filament.

M. Two capsules united at the point, half 5-valved. quinquevalves. quinquevalves. Cor. campanulata, inaequalis. Filamenta basi callosa.

1200. MALLINGTONIA. Sijqua? Corolla regularis, quadrifida. Anthere deformis.

1192. TORTULA. Nucæ 2, biloculares, externæ, rugosæ. Corollæ tubus spiralis.

1214. PEDALIUM. Nux bilocularis.

1176. LINNÆA. Bacca 3-locularis, sicca. Cor. campan. Cal. superus.

1167. CORNTIA. Bacca 1-sperma. Cor. ringens. Stylus longissimus.

1169. OVIEDA. Bacca 4-sperma. Cor. longissima; limbo 3-fido. Cal. fructiferus, campanulatus.

1207. AMAZONIA. Bacca 4-sperma. Cor. subæqualis.

1150. BESLERIA. Bacca polysperma, unilocularis. Cor. inaequalis.

1208. BONTIA. Drupa monosperma. Cor. labium inferius revolutum. Sem. plicatum.

1166. SPIELMANNIA. Drupa monosperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. hypocrateriformis.

1206. VITEX. Drupa monosperma, nuce 4-loculari. Cor. ringens, labio superiori 3-fido.

1198. MYOFORUM. Drupa disperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. campanulata, subæqualis.

1138. CITHEREXYLON. Drupa disperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. infundibuliformis, subæqualis.

1201. VOLKAMERIA. Drupa disperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. hypocrateriformis, laciniis secundis.

1202. CLERODENDRON. Drupa tetrasperma, nuce uniloculari. Cor. bilabiata.

1197. DURANTA. Drupa tetrasperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. subæqualis, tubo curvo.

Gratiola Monnieria.

Sect. VI. Calycæ multifidi.

1187. HYOBANCHE. Caps. 2-locul. Car. unilabiata. Cal. heptaphyllus.

1212. LEFIDAGATHIS. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. bilabiata. Cal. 2, polyphylli, imbricati.

1146. CYMBARIA. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. ringens. Cal. 10-dentatus.

1203. THUNBERGIA. Caps. 2-locul. Cor. campanulata. Cal. duplex, exterior diphyllos, interior 12-dentatus.

Sect. VII. Polypetali.

1215. MELIANTHUS. Caps. 4-locul. 4-loba. Cor. 4-petal. Labium inferius constituenis.

ORDER I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

1092. AJUGA, or Bugle.

10 species; viz. orientalis, decumbens, * pyramidalis, alpina, * genevensis, * reptans, * champeithys, chia, iva, salicifolia. Europe.

A. Leaves 3-cleft, strap-shaped, very entire; flowers sitting, lateral, solitary; stem spreading.—This plant has a degree of bitterness and acrimony; but its real use is far from being ascertained. It stands recommended in the gout, jaundice, and intermitting fevers.

1093. TEUCRIUM, or Germander.

64 species; viz. campanulatum, levigatum, orientale, parviflorum, botrys, nissolianum, trifidum, pseudochampeithys, fruticans, brevisfolium, creticum, marum, quadratum, multiflorum, regium, laxmanni, sibiricum, asiaticum, cubense, arduini, canadense, virginicum, guicum, japonicum, inflatum, villosum, hyrcanicum, abutiloides, * scorodonia, pseudo-scorodonia, betonicum, resupinatum, massilense, salviastrum, * scordium, scardoides, * chamaedrys, heterophyllum, bracteatum, lucidum, nitidum, flavum, montanum, supinum, thy- mifolium, pyrenaicum, rotundifolium, buxifolium, aureum, flavescens, gnaphalodes, achemenis, polium, trifoliatum, pseudhyssopus, valentinum, capitatum, lusitanicum, pycnophyllum, verticillatum, libanitis, pul- milum, angustissimum, coeleste, spinosum. Europe, Persia, N. America, W. Indies.

* T. leaves heart-shaped, serrated, on leaf-stalks; flowers in lateral bunches, pointing one way; stem upright.—The people of Jersey are said to make use of this plant in brewing. It possesses the bitterness and a good deal of the flavour of hops; but, upon trial, it gave too much colour to the liquor.

scorodonia.

* T. leaves oblong, sitting, toothed, nakedish; flowers in pairs, on fruitstalks, axillary; stem pubescent, spreading.—The fresh leaves of this plant are bitter, and somewhat pungent. Powdered, they destroy worms. A decoction of this plant is a good fomentation in gangrenous cases. If cows eat it, when compelled by hunger, their milk gets a garlic flavour. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses, cows, and swine, refuse it.

chamaedrys.

* T. leaves wedge-egg-shaped, cut, scoloped, on leaf-stalks; flowers 3 together; stems somewhat hairy.—This plant is bitter, with a degree of aroma, and may be used with advantage in weak and relaxed constitutions. It is an ingredient in the celebrated gout powders.

The teucrium chamapithys is a low hairy plant, clammy to the touch, of a strong aromatic resinous smell, and a little roughish taste. It is an aperient and vulnerary, and is used also in gouty and rheumatic pains.

The teucrium marum is a small shrubby plant, growing spontaneously in Syria, Candy, and other warm climates, and cultivated with us in gardens. The leaves have an aromatic bitterish taste, and, when rubbed betwixt the fingers, a quick pungent smell, which soon affects the head and occasions sneezing. Distilled with water, they yield a very acrid, penetrating essential oil, resembling one obtained by the same means from scurvy grass. These qualities sufficiently point out the uses to which this plant might be applied: at present, it is little otherwise employed than in cephalic snuffs.

1094. Satureja, or Savory.

11 species; viz. juliana, nervosa, thymbra, gracea, filiformis, montana, rupestris, hortensis, capitata, spisoa, viminea. S. Europe, Jamaica.—The herb of the satureja hortensis is raised annually in gardens for culinary purposes. It is a very warm aromatic, and affords in distillation with water, a subtile essential oil, of a penetrating smell, and very hot acrid taste. It yields little of its virtues by infusion to aqueous liquors; rectified spirit extracts the whole of its taste and smell, but elevates nothing in distillation.

1095. Thymbra, or Mountain-Hyssop.

Three species; viz. spicata, verticillata, ciliata. Spain, Italy, Levant.

1096. Hyssopus, or Hyssop.

Four species; viz. officinalis, lophanthus, nepetoides, scrophularifolius. Siberia, S. Europe, N. America.—The leaves of hyssop have an aromatic smell, and a warm pungent taste. Besides the general virtues of aromatics, they are particularly recommended in humoral asthmas, coughs, and other disorders of the breast and lungs, and said to promote expectoration; but so little dependence is put upon any property of this kind, that hyssop has now no place in the Pharmacopoeia of the London college.

1097. Nepeta, or Nep, or Cat-mint.

29 species; viz. * cataria, angustifolia, crispa, heliotropifolia, pannonica, cornelia, violacea, incana, japonica, ucrainica, nepetella, nuda, melissifolia, hirsuta, italica, multibracteata, reticulata, tuberosa, lanata, scordotis, virginica, malabarica, indica, ambionica, madagascariensis, multifida, botryoides. Europe, India, N. America.

* N. flowers in spikes; whirled on short fruit-stalks; cataria leaves on leaf-stalks, heart-shaped, tooth serrated.—An infusion of this plant is deemed a specific in chlorotic cases. Two ounces of the expressed juice may be given for a dose. Cats are so delighted with this plant that they can hardly be kept out of the garden wherein it grows. Mr Miller says, that cats will not meddle with it if it is raised from seeds; and in support of this opinion quotes an old saying, "If you set it, the cats will eat it; if you sow it, the cats will not know it." It cannot well be planted without being more or less bruised. Sheep eat it; cows, horses, goats, and swine, refuse it.

1098. Elsholtzia.

Two species; viz. cristata, paniculata.

1099. Lavandula, or Lavender.

Eight species; viz. spica, stachas, viridis, dentata, pinnata, multifida, abrotanoides, carnosa. S. Europe, Madeira, E. Indies.

There are different varieties of the lavandula spica, particularly the narrow and broad leaved. The flowers of both have a fragrant smell, to most people agreeable, and a warm pungent bitterish taste; the broad-leaved sort is the strongest in both respects, and yields in distillation thrice as much essential oil as the other; its oil is also hotter and specifically heavier: hence in the southern parts of France, where both kinds grow wild, this only is made use of for the distillation of what is called oil of spike. The narrow-leaved is the sort commonly met with in our gardens.

Lavender is a warm stimulating aromatic. It is principally recommended in vertigoes, palsies, tremors, suppression of the menstrual evacuations; and in general in all disorders of the head, nerves, and uterus. It is sometimes also used externally in fomentations for paralytic limbs. The distilled oil is particularly celebrated for destroying various cutaneous insects. If soft spongy paper, dipped in this oil, either alone or mixed with that of almonds, be applied at night to the parts infested by the insects, they will certainly be all found dead in the morning. The officinal preparations of lavender are, the essential oil, a simple spirit, and a compound tincture.

The Lavendula stachas is a shrubby plant, considerably smaller than the common lavender. The flowery heads are brought from Italy and the southern parts of France; France; they are very apt to grow mouldy in the passage; and even when they escape this inconvenience, are generally much inferior to those raised in our gardens. The best stochas which we receive from abroad has no great smell or taste: Pomet affirms, that such as the shops of Paris are supplied with is entirely destitute of both; whilst that of our own growth, either when fresh, or when carefully dried, has a very fragrant smell, and a warm, aromatic, bitterish, subacrid taste: distilled with water, it yields a considerable quantity of a fragrant essential oil; to rectified spirit it imparts a strong tincture, which inspissated proves an elegant aromatic extract. This aromatic plant is rarely met with in prescription; the only officinal compositions into which it was admitted were the mithridate and theriaca.

There is another plant called stochas, which from the beauty and durability of its flowers has of late years had a place in our gardens, and whose aromatic qualities render it worthy of attention; this is the gnaphalium arenarium, the golden stochas, goldilocks, or yellow cassidony: its flowers stand in umbels on the tops of the branches; they are of a deep shining yellow colour, which they retain in perfection for many years; their smell is fragrant and agreeable, somewhat of the musky kind; their taste warm, pungent, and subastringent; they impart their flavour to water in distillation, and by infusion to rectified spirit.

1100. SIDERITIS, or Iron-wort.

20 species; viz. canariensis, candicans, cretica, montana, elegans, romana, syriaca, taurica, distans, perfoliatata, ciliata, incana, virgata, glauca, hyssopifolia, scordoides, spinosa, hirsuta, ovata, lanata. S. Europe, Canary, Madeira.

1101. BYSTROPOGON.

Seven species; viz. pectinatum, sidexfolium, suaveolens, plumosum, origanifolium, canariense, punctatum. Madeira, Canary, Japan.

1102. MENTHA, or Mint.

22 species; viz. auricularia, * sylvestris, nemorosa, gratissima, niliaca, glabrata, * viridis, * rotundifoliza, crispa, * hirsuta, * aquatica, citrata, * piperita, sativa, dentata, * gentilis, * arvensis, austriaca, canadensis, * pulegium, cervina, periloides. Europe, Egypt, Canada.

* M. spikes oblong; leaves spear-shaped, naked, serrated, sitting; stamens longer than the blossom.—The flavour of this species being more agreeable than that of the others, it is generally preferred for culinary and medicinal purposes. A conserve of the leaves is very grateful; and the distilled waters, both simple and spirituous, are universally thought pleasant. The leaves are used in spring salads; and the juice of them, boiled up with sugar, is formed into tablets. The distilled waters, and the essential oil, are often given to stop retching, and frequently with success. Dr Lewis says, that dry mint digested in rectified spirit of wine, gives out a tincture which appears by daylight of a fine dark green, but in candle light of a bright red colour. The fact is, that a small quantity of this tincture is green, either by daylight, or by candle light; but a large quantity of it seems impervious to common day-

light; however, when held between the eye and a candle, or between the eye and the sun, it appears red; so that if put into a flat bottle, it appears either green or red, as it is viewed through the flat side or through the edge of the bottle.

* M. leaves egg-shaped, on leafstalks; stamens short-piperita, er than the blossom.—The stem and leaves of it are beset with numbers of very minute glands, containing the essential oil, which rises plentifully in distillation. Peppermint-water is well known as a carminative and antispasmodic. The essence of peppermint is an elegant medicine, and possesses the most active properties of the plant.

* M. leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrated; stamens as arvensis, long as blossoms.—This species prevents the coagulation of milk; and when cows have eaten it, as they will do largely at the end of summer when the pastures are bare, and hunger distresses them, their milk can hardly be made to yield cheese; a circumstance which sometimes puzzles the dairy-maids. Horses and goats eat it; sheep are not fond of it; cows and swine refuse it.

* M. leaves egg-shaped, blunt, somewhat scolloped; pulegium, stems roundish, creeping; stamens longer than the blossom.—The expressed juice of this plant, with a little sugar, is not a bad medicine in the hooping cough. A simple and a spirituous water, distilled from the dried leaves, are kept in the shops. They are prescribed in hysterical affections, and are not without considerable antispasmodic properties. An infusion of the plant may be used with the same intention.

1103. PERILLA.

One species; viz. ocymoides. India.

1104. HYPTIS.

Four species; viz. verticillata, capitata, radiata, chamdrys.

1105. GLECHOMA, or Gill, or Ground-Ivy.

One species; viz. hederacea. N. of Europe.

G. leaves kidney-shaped, scolloped.—The leaves of this plant, thrown into the vat with ale, clarify it and give it a flavour. Ale thus prepared is often drank as an antiscorbutic. The expressed juice, mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and evening, destroys the white specks upon horses eyes. The plants that grow near it do not flourish. It is said to be hurtful to horses if they eat much of it. Sheep eat it; horses are not fond of it; cows, goats, and swine, refuse it. Little protuberances, composed of many cells, are sometimes found upon the leaves, and are occasioned by insects.

1106. LAMIUM, or Dead-nettle.

13 species; viz. ovata, kevigatum, rugosum, garigatum, maculatum, * album, molle, * purpureum, incisum, bifidum, tomentosum, * amplexicaule, multifidum. Europe.

* L. leaves heart-shaped, tapering to a point, serrated, album, on leafstalks; flowers about 20 in a whorl.—This plant grows wild in hedges; and flowers in April and May. The flowers have been particularly celebrated in uterine flours, and other female weaknesses, and also in disorders of the lungs; but they appear to be of very weak virtue, and are at present little used in Britain. 1107. Galeopsis, or Hedge-nettle.

Four species; viz. * ladanum, * grandiflora, * te- trahit, * canaibina. Europe.

1108. Betonica, or Betony.

Eight species; viz. * officinalis, stricta, incana, ori- entalis, alopecuros, hirsuta, grandiflora, heraclea. * B. spike interrupted; blossoms, upper lip entire; lower lip, the upper segment notched; calyxes smooth- ish.—This is a low plant, growing in woods and shady places, in several parts of England; the flowers come forth in June or July; they are of a purplish colour, and stand in spikes on the top of the stalks. The leaves and flowers have an herbaceous, roughish, some- what bitterish taste, accompanied with a very weak aromatic flavour. This herb has long been a favourite among writers on the materia medica, who have not been wanting to attribute to it abundance of good qua- lities. Experience does not discover any other virtue in betony than that of a mild corroboration; as such, an infusion or light decoction of it may be drank in tea, or a saturated tincture in rectified spirit given in suit- able doses, in laxity and debility of the viscera, and dis- orders proceeding from thence. The powder of the leaves, snuffed up the nose, provokes sneezing; and hence betony is sometimes made an ingredient in ster- nutatory powders: this effect does not seem to be ow- ing, as is generally supposed, to any peculiar stimula- ting quality in the herb, but to the rough hairs which the leaves are covered with. The roots of this plant differ greatly in quality from the other parts; their taste is bitter, and very nauseous; taken in a small dose, they vomit and purge violently, and are supposed to have somewhat in common with the roots of heliobore. It is pretty singular, if true, that betony affects those who gather any considerable quantity of it, with a dis- order resembling drunkenness, as affirmed by Simon Pauli and Bartholinus. From these sensible qualities and operative effects, although it has now no place in our pharmacopoeias, yet it is perhaps to be considered as a vegetable deserving farther attention.

1109. Stachys, or Base Horehound.

26 species; viz. * sylvatica, circinata, coccinea, palustris, alpina, * germanica, intermedia, lanata, cretica, heraclea, tenuifolia, glutinosa, spinosa, orient- alis, palestina, maritima, ethiopica, hirta, lavandul- folia, rugosa, recta, arenaria, annua, * arvensis, lati- folia, artemisia. Europe, Barbary, Cape, Carolina.

S. six flowers in a whirl; leaves heart-shaped, on leaf-stalks.—It will dye yellow. The whole plant has a foetid smell, and toads are thought to be fond of living under its shade. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

1110. Ballota, or Black Horehound.

Four species; viz. * nigra, alba, lanata, disticha. Europe, East Indies.

Nigra. B. leaves heart-shaped, undivided, serrated; calyx, teeth tapering to a point.—It stands recommended in hysterical cases. The Swedes reckon it almost an uni- versal remedy in the diseases of their cattle. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats refuse it.

1111. Marrubium, or Horehound.

14 species; viz. alyssum, astracanicum, peregrinum, creticum, candidissimum, superium, catarrhifolium, * vul-

gare, africanum, crispum, hirsutum, hispanicum, pseudo- dictamnus, acetabulosum.

M. teeth of the calyx bristle-shaped, hooked.—It is vulgar, very bitter to the taste, and not altogether unpleasant to the smell. It was a favourite medicine with the ancients in obstructions of the viscera. In large doses it loosens the belly. It is a principal ingredient in the negro Caesar's remedy for vegetable poisons. A young man who had occasion to take mercurial medicines, was thrown into a salivation which continued for more than a year. Every method that was tried to remove it ra- ther increased the complaint. At length Linnaeus pre- scribed an infusion of this plant, and the patient got well in a short time. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats refuse it.

1112. Leonurus, or Lion's-tail.

Seven species; viz. crispus, * carduca, marrubias- trum, galeobdolon, supinus, tataricus, sibiricus. Rus- sia, Siberia, Austria.

L. stem-leaves spear-shaped, 3-lobed.—The leaves carduca have a strong but not agreeable smell, and a bitter taste. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

1113. Phlomis, or Jerusalem Sage.

27 species; viz. fruticosa, purpurea, italica, nissolii, armenica, lychnites, laciniata, samia, crinita, biloba, pungens, herba venti, alpina, tuberosa, zeylanica, mar- tinicensis, urticifolia, decemdentata, biflora, chinensis, indica, moluccoides, glabrata, alba, nepetifolia, leonu- rus, leonites. South Europe, Cape, East and West Indies.

1114. Moluccella, or Molucco-Balm.

Six species; viz. spinosa, laxis, tuberosa, persica, frutescens, grandiflora. Siberia, Levant, India.

1115. Clinopodium, or Field Basil.

Three species; viz. * vulgare, aegyptiacum, inca- num. Europe, Egypt, North America.

1116. Origanum, or Wild Marjoram.

16 species; viz. aegyptiacum, dictamnus, sipyleum, tournefortii, ciliatum, benghalense, creticum, smyr- nenum, heracleoticum, * vulgare, glandulosum, onites, syriacum, maru, majorana, majoranoides. S. Europe, Egypt, Carolina.

O. spikes roundish, panicled, clustered; floral leaves vulgar egg-shaped, longer than the calyx.—The whole plant is a warm aromatic. The dried leaves, used instead of tea, are exceedingly grateful. The essential oil of this plant is so acrid, that it may be considered as a caustic, and is much used with that intention by farriers. A little cotton wool moistened with it, and put into the hollow of an aching tooth, frequently relieves the pain. The country people use the tops to dye purple. Goats and sheep eat it. Horses are not fond of it. Cows refuse it.

The origanum dictamnus is a kind of origanum said to grow plentifully in the island of Candy, in Dalmatia, and in the Morea; it has been found hardy enough to bear the ordinary winters of our climate. The leaves, which are the only part in use with us, come from Italy. The best sort are well covered over with a thick white down, and now and then intermixed with purplish flowers. In smell and taste they somewhat resemble lemon thyme: but have more of an aromatic flavour, flavour, as well as a greater degree of pungency. When fresh they yield a considerable quantity of an excellent essential oil; but they have now no place either in the London or Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias.

The origonum majorana is raised annually in our gardens for culinary as well as medicinal uses; the seeds are commonly procured from the southern parts of France, where the plant grows wild. It is a moderately warm aromatic, yielding its virtues both to aqueous and spirituous liquors by infusion, and to water in distillation. It is principally used in disorders of the head and nerves, and in the humoral asthmas and catarrhs of old people. An essential oil of the herb is kept in the shops. The powder of the leaves proves an agreeable erthine, and enters the officinal sternutatory powder.

1117. THYMUS, or Thyme.

22 species; viz. * serpyllum, lamuginosus, levigatus, vulgaris, lanceolatus, nemidicus, zygis, marshallianus, inodorus, * acinos, patavinus, alpinus, montanus, pipereila, brownii, filiformis, cephalotus, striatus, villosus, mastichina, tragoricanum, virginicus. Europe, N. America, Jamaica.

* T. flowers in heads, stems creeping; leaves flat, blunt, fringed at the base.—The whole plant is fragrant, and yields an essential oil that is very heating. An infusion of the leaves removes the headache occasioned by the debauch of the preceding evening. A general opinion prevails, that the flesh of sheep that feed upon aromatic plants, particularly upon thyme, is much superior in flavour to common mutton: but some say this is a vulgar error, that sheep are not fond of aromatic plants; that they will carefully push aside the thyme to get at the grass growing beneath it; and that they never touch it unless when walking asleep, and then they will catch at any thing. The attachment of bees to this and other aromatic plants is well known. Sheep and goats eat it. Swine refuse it.

1118. MELISSA, or Balm.

Seven species; viz. officinalis, grandiflora, * calamintia, * nepeta, pyrenaica, cretica, fruticosa. South of Europe.

The melissa officinalis, when in perfection, has a pleasant smell, somewhat of the lemon kind, and a weak roughish aromatic taste. The young shoots have the strongest flavour; the flowers, and the herb itself when old, or produced in very moist rich soils, or rainy seasons, are much weaker both in smell and taste. Balm, the herb of this plant is appropriated by the writers on the materia medica, to the head, stomach, and uterus: and in all disorders of these parts is supposed to do extraordinary service. So high an opinion have some of the chemists entertained of balm, that they have expected to find in it a medicine which should prolong life beyond the usual period. The present practice, however, holds it in no great esteem, and ranks it, where it certainly deserves to be, among the weaker corroborants. In distillation it yields an elegant essential oil, but in very small quantity; the remaining decoction tastes roughish. Strong infusions of the herb, drank as tea, and continued for some time, have done service in a weak lax state of the viscera; these liquors, lightly acidulated with juice of lemons, turn of a fine reddish colour, and prove an useful, and to many a very grateful, drink in dry parching fevers.

1119. DRACOCEPHALUM, or Dragon's-head.

18 species; viz. virginianum, denticulatum, canariense, pinnum, origanoides, palpatum, peregrinum, fruticulosum, austriacum, ruyschiana, grandiflorum, altaiense, sibiricum, moldavica, canescens, peltatum, nutans, thymiflorum. N. Europe, N. America, Canaries.

1120. MELITTIS, or Base-balm.

Two species; viz. * melissophyllum, japonica.

1121. OCIMUM, or Basil.

27 species; viz. thrysiflorum, inflexum, virgatum, monachorum, gratissimum, album, tomentosum, grandiflorum, basilicum, minimum, integerrimum, sanctum, rugosum, crispum, scabrum, americanum, verticillatum, acutum, tenidiorum, polystachyon, serpyllifolium, menthoideis, molle, adscendens, scutellaroides, prostratum, capitellatum. Persia, E. Indies, Japan, Chili.

1122. PLECTRANTHUS.

Six species; viz. fruticosus, galeatus, nudiflorus, forskoeli, crassifolius, punctatus. Africa.

1123. TRICHOSTEMA.

Two species; viz. dichotoma, brachiata. North America.

1124. SCUTELLARIA, or Skull-cap.

17 species; viz. orientalis, albida, alpina, lupulina, latiflora, * galericulata, hastifolia, * minor, integrifolia, havanaensis, purpureascens, hyssopifolia, peregrina, columnae, indica, altissima, cretica. Europe, China, N. America.

* S. leaves heart-spear-shaped; scolloped flowers axil-galericulary.—When the blossom falls off, the cup closes upon lata. The seeds, which when ripe, being still smaller than the cup, could not possibly open its mouth, or overcome its elastic force, as the down of the seeds do in the compound flowers, and must consequently remain useless, without a possibility of escaping. But nature, ever full of resources, finds a method to discharge them. The cup grows dry, and then divides into two parts; so that the seeds, already detached from the receptacle, fall to the ground. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it; horses and swine refuse it.

1125. PRUNELLA, or Self-heal.

Three species; viz. * vulgaris, grandiflora, hyssopifolia. Europe, Barbary.

1126. CLEONIA.

One species; viz. lusitanica. Spain, Portugal.

1127. PRASIUM, or Shrubby Hedge-nettle.

Two species; viz. majus, minus. Spain, Italy, Carolina.

1128. PHRYMA.

Two species; viz. leptostachia, dehisces. North America.

1129. SELAGO.

20 species; viz. corymbosa, cinerea, polystachya, verbenacea, rapunculoides, spuria, hirta, rotundifolia, fasciculata, polygaloides, ovata, coccinea, canescens, geniculata, divaricata, capitata, triquetra, fruticosa, hispida, ciliata. C. of G. Hope. ORDER II. ANGIOSPERMIA.

1130. BARTSIA. Five species; viz. coccinea, pallida, * viscosa, gymnandra, * alpina. Alps of Europe, Hudson's Bay.

1131. RHINANTHUS, or Elephants-head. 10 species; viz. orientalis, elephas, * crista-galli, trixago, maximus, versicolor, capensis, indicus, virginiacus, trifidus. Europe, Cape, India, Virginia.

1132. EUPHRASIA, or Eye-bright. 12 species; viz. latifolia, * officinalis, salisburgensis, tricuspidata, cuneata, * odontites, lutea, linifolia, viscosa, purpurea, longiflora, aspera. Europe.

* E. leaves egg-shaped, serrated, sharply toothed.—It is a weak astringent, and was formerly in repute as a remedy for impaired vision. It will not grow but when surrounded by plants taller than itself. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine refuse it.

1133. MELAMPYRUM, or Cow-wheat. Seven species; viz. * cristatum, * arvense, barbatum, nemorosum, * pratense, * sylvaticum, lineare. Eur.

* M. spikes conical, loose; floral leaves, with bristle-shaped teeth, coloured.—The seeds when ground with corn give a bitterish and grayish cast to the bread, but do not make it unwholesome. Cows and goats eat it. Sheep refuse it.

* M. flowers lateral, pointing one way; leaves in distant pairs; blossoms closed.—Where this plant abounds, the butter is yellow and uncommonly good. Swine are very fond of the seeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are very fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

1134. LATHERNA. Three species; viz. clandestina, aublatum, * squamaria. Europe.

1135. SCHWALBEA. One species; viz. americana. N. America.

1136. TOZZIA. One species; viz. alpina. Alps of Austria, Italy, Pyrenees.

1137. PEDICULARIS, or Rattle-cowcomb. 34 species; viz. * palustris, * sylvatica, emprasioides, myriophylla, spicata, resupinata, sceptrum carolinum, tristis, lapponica, asplenifolia, flava, striata, sudetica, recutita, elata, foliosa, canadensis, groenlandica, incarnata, uncinata, interrupta, verticillata, acaulis, flammea, hirsuta, rosea, rostrata, tuberosa, gyrophlexa, fasciculata, rubens, compacta, achilleifolia, comosa. Europe, N. America.

* P. stem branched; calyx crested with callous dots; lip of the blossom slanting.—This plant is an unwholesome guest in meadows, being very disagreeable to cattle. Goats eat it. Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it. Swine are not fond of it.

* P. stem branched; calyx oblong, angular, smooth; lip of the blossom heart-shaped.—The expressed juice, or a decoction of this plant, has been used with advantage as an injection for sinuous ulcers. It is said, that if the healthiest flock of sheep be fed with it, they become scabby and scurfy in a short time; the wool will get loose, and they will be overrun with vermine. Cows and swine refuse it.

1138. GERARDIA. 12 species; viz. tuberosa, delphinifolia, purpurea, tenuifolia, tubulosa, nigra, flavia, scabra, pedicularia, japonica, glutinosa, sessilifolia. E. Indies, China, Japan, N. America.

1139. CHELONE, or Humming-bird Tree. Four species; viz. glabra, obliqua, ruellioides, barbata. N. America.

1140. PENTSTERNON. Four species; viz. hirsuta, pubescens, kevigata, campanulata. N. America.

1141. CYRILLA. One species; viz. pulchella. Jamaica.

1142. GLOXINIA. One species; viz. maculata. Guiana.

1143. GESNERIA. 11 species; viz. humilis, corymbosa, acaulis, pumila, craniolaria, grandis, tomentosa, scabra, exserta, calcina, ventricosa. Jamaica, Hispan. S. America.

1144. ANTIRRHINUM, or Snop-dragon, Calce-snot. 70 species; viz. * cymbalaria, pilosum, lanigerum, dentatum, heterophyllum, * elatine, elatinoides, * spurium, cirrhosum, egyptiacum, fruticosum, hexandrum, tripollium, latifolium, virgatum, triornithophorum, purpureum, versicolor, linarioides, * repens, monspesulanum, sparteum, bipunctatum, amethystinum, laxiflorum, triste, helava, thymifolium, supinum, simplex, * arvense, pelisserianum, parviflorum, flavum, saxatile, micranthum, viscosum, aparinoides, multicale, reticulatum, marginatum, glaucum, alpinum, aphyllum, bicorne, macrocarpum, villosum, origanifolium, flexuosum, * minus, dalmaticum, hirtum, genistifolium, junceum, * lineare, linifolium, lagopedioides, canadense, chalepense, reflexum, pedunculatum, majus, siculum, sempervirens, * orontium, papilionaceum, assarina, molle, pinnatum, unilabiatum. Europe, Egypt, Barbary, Cape.

* A. leaves heart-shaped, 5-lobed, alternate; stems trailing.—Its trailing branches, variously interwoven, often cover old moist walls with a thick tapestry, and when in blossom, make a beautiful appearance.

* A. leaves halberd-shaped, alternate; stems trailing.—This is considerably more bitter than the other species, and is said to have been used successfully in cases of foul ulcers, and in cutaneous eruptions.

* A. leaves spear-strap-shaped, crowded; stem upright; * linaria-spikes terminating, sitting.—An infusion of the leaves is diuretic and purgative. An ointment, prepared from them, gives relief in the piles. The expressed juice, mixed with milk, is a poison to flies, as is likewise the smell of the flowers. Cows, horses, and swine, refuse it. Sheep and goats are fond of it.

* A. blossom without a spur; flowers in spikes; cups majus-rounded.—Though the seeds of this plant vegetate on any ground, it is only in dry soils and situations that the plant continues to live long enough to produce flowers.

1145. ANARRHINUM. Five species; viz. bellidifolium, pedatum, fruticosum, crassifolium, tenellum.

1146. CYMBARIA. One species; viz. daurica. Dauria. 1147. Tourettia. One species; viz. laplacea. Isle of Bourbon.

1148. Martynia. Four species; viz. diandra, carniolaria, proboscidea, longiflora. Cape, America.

1149. Torenia. Two species; viz. asiatica, hirsuta. India.

1150. Besleria. Eight species; viz. multiflora, lutea, violacea, incarnata, serrulata, cristata, coccinea, bivalvis. West Indies, S. America.

1151. Brunfelsia. Two species; viz. americana, undulata. W. Indies.

1152. Scrophularia, or Fig-wort. 26 species; viz. marilandica, nodosa, aquatica, auriculata, appendiculata, scorodonia, glabrata, betonicifolia, orientalis, frutescens, rupestris, heterophylla, altaica, vernalis, arguta, trifoliata, sambucifolia, mellifera, hispida, canina, lucida, variegata, chinensis, meridionalis, coccinea, peregrina. Europe, Barb. Madeira, America.

* S. leaves oblong heart-shaped, 3-fibred at the base; corners of the stem acute.—This plant is hardly known in modern practice; but the rank smell and bitter taste of the leaves seem to indicate some active properties. Swine that have the scab are cured by washing them with a decoction of the leaves. Goats eat it. Cows, horses, sheep, and swine refuse it.

1153. Celsia. Five species; viz. orientalis, arcturus, coromandeliana, cretica. Crete, Levant, E. Indies.

1154. Hemimeris. Five species; viz. montana, sabulosa, diffusa, urticifolia, coccinea. C. of G. Hope.

1155. Digitalis, or Fox-glove. 12 species; viz. purpurea, minor, thapsi, parviflora, lutea, ambigua, ferruginea, orientalis, lanata, obscura, canariensis, sceptrum. S. Europe, Canary, Madeira.

* D. segments of the calyx egg-shaped, acute; blossom blunt, upper lip nearly entire.—This species is certainly a very active medicine, and merits more attention than modern practice till very lately bestowed upon it. It grows wild in woods and on uncultivated heaths; the elegant appearance of its purple flowers (which hang in spikes along one side of the stalk), has gained it a place in some of our gardens. The leaves have been strongly recommended, externally, against scrophulous tumours, and likewise internally, in epileptic disorders; what service they may be capable of doing in these cases, is not ascertained by accurate experiments. Several examples are mentioned by medical writers of their occasioning violent vomiting, hypercatarhis, and disordering the whole constitution; insomuch that Boerhaave accounts them poisonous. Their taste is bitter, and very nauseous. Digitalis, however, has lately been employed with great success in other diseases. A treatise has lately been published by Dr Withering, professedly on the subject of its use in medicine, and containing many important and useful observations.

An infusion of two drams of the leaf, in a pint of water, given in half-ounce doses every two hours or so, till it begin to puke or purge, is recommended in dropsy, particularly that of the breast. It is said to have produced an evacuation of water so copious and sudden, in ascites, by stool and urine, that the compression of bandages was found necessary. The plentiful use of diluents is ordered during its operation. The remedy, however, is inadmissible in many weakly patients. But besides being given in infusion, it has also been employed in substance; and when taken at bed-time, to the extent of one, two, or three grains of the dried powder, it often in a short time operates as a very powerful diuretic, without producing any other evacuation. Even this quantity, however, will sometimes excite very severe vomiting; and that too, occurring unexpectedly. During its operation, it has often very remarkable influence in rendering the pulse slower; and it frequently excites very considerable vertigo, and an affection of vision.

Besides dropsy, digitalis has of late been employed in some instances of haemoptysis, of phthisis, and of mania, with apparent good effects. But its use in these diseases is much less common than in dropsy.

1156. Incarvillea. One species; viz. sinensis.

1157. Bignonia, or Trumpet-flower. 54 species; viz. catalpa, longissima, tomentosa, linearis, sempervirens, tenuiflora, cassinoides, obtusifolia, microphylia, unguis, staminea, sequoioides, alliacea, spectabilis, lauriflora, rigescens, lactiflora, paniculata, elongata, corymbifera, crucigera, grandiflora, capreolata, pubescens, villosa, echinata, heterophylla, triphylla, mollis, hirsuta, pentaphylla, orbiculata, chrysanthia, flavitilis, leucoxylon, serratifolia, radiata, radicans, grandiflora, stans, africana, bijuga, racemosa, compressa, spatulacea, chelonoides, variabilis, alba, peruana, indica, longifolia, procura, corulea, brasilianna. E. and W. Ind. Amer.

1158. Chitharexylon, or Fiddlewood. Six species; viz. cinereum, caudatum, villosum, subserratum, quadrangulare, melanocardium. W. Ind.

1159. Halleria, or African Fly-honeysuckle. Two species; viz. lucida, elliptica. Cape of Good Hope.

1160. Crescentia, or Calabash Tree. Two species; viz. cujete, cucurbitina. Virginia, Jamaica, Brazil.

1161. Tanecium. Three species; viz. parasiticum, jaroba, pinnatum. Jamaica.

1162. Gmelina. One species; viz. asiatica. Asia.

1163. Petrea. One species; viz. volubillis. S. Amer.

1164. Premna. Three species; viz. integrifolia, tomentosa, serratifolia. E. Indies.

1165. Lantana, or American Viburnum. 15 species; viz. mista, trifolia, viburnioides, annua, stricta, radula, camara, involucrata, recta, odorata, lavandulacea, salvifolia, melissifolia, scabrida, aculeata. W. Ind. S. Amer. 1166. SPIELMANNIA. One species; viz. africana. C. of G. Hope.

1167. CORNUTIA. Two species; viz. pyramidata, punctata. W. Ind.

1168. LOESELIA. One species; viz. ciliata. Vera Cruz.

1169. CAPRARIA, or Sweet-weed. Six species; viz. biflora, lucida, lanceolata, semi-serrata, undulata, humilis. E. and W. Indies, Cape, S. America.

1170. LINDERNIA. Three species; viz. pyxidaria, dianthera, japonica. Jap. Virg. Hispan.

1171. MANULEA. 17 species; viz. cheiranthus, corymbosa, altissima, pinnatifida, plantaginis, capitata, antirrhinoides, thyrsoflora, argentea, tomentosa, rubra, capillaris, cuneifolia, cerulea, heterophylla, integrifolia, microphylla. C. of G. Hope.

1172. HEBENSTREITIA. Six species; viz. dentata, ciliata, integrifolia, erioides, fruticosa, cordata. C. of G. Hope.

1173. ERINUS. Seven species; viz. alpina, maritimus, africanus, lychnidea, fragrans, peruvianus, tristis. Alps, Pyrenees, Cape, Peru.

1174. BUCHNERA. 14 species; viz. americana, elongata, cernua, cucullifolia, cordifolia, grandiflora, ethiopica, viscosa, capsensis, humifusa, asiatica, euphrasioides, gesnerioides, pinnatifida. Cape, Ceylon, China, America.

1175. BROWALLIA. Three species; viz. demissa, clata, alienata. South America.

1176. LINNÆA. One species; viz. *borcalis. N. Europe, Asia, and America.

1177. SIETHORPIA, or Base Moneywort. One species; viz. europæa. Europe, Africa.

1178. LIMOSELLA, or Mud-weort. Two species; viz. *aquatica, diandra. North of Europe.

1179. PHAYLOPSIS. One species; viz. parviflora.

1180. VANDELLIA. Two species; viz. diffusa, pratensis. Isle of St Thomas.

1181. RUSSELLIA. One species; viz. sarmentosa.

1182. CONOBEA. One species; viz. aquatica. Guiana.

1183. STERNODIA. Five species; viz. maritima, durantifolia, ruderalis, camphorata, aquatica. Jamaica.

1184. OBOLARIA. One species; viz. virginica. N. America.

1185. ÆGINETIA. One species; viz. indica.

1186. ORORANGE, or Broom-rapese. 18 species; viz. *major, foetida, caryophyllacea, ceruleascens, elatior, purpurea, minor, alba, gracilis, americana, virginiana, uniflora, cerulea, phleypoa, tinctoria, cernua, *ramosa, coccinea. Europe, Malabar, N. Amer.

1187. HYOBANCHE. One species; viz. sanguinea. Cape of Good Hope.

1188. DODARTIA. Two species; viz. orientalis, indica. Lev. Ind.

1189. LIPPIA. Five species; viz. americana, hirsuta, umbellata, cynosa, hemispherica. Cape, America.

1190. ACHIMENES. One species; viz. sesamoides. East Indies.

1191. SESAMUM, or Oily Purging-grain. Four species; viz. orientale, luteum, indicum, laciniatum. E. Indies.

1192. TORTULA. One species; viz. aspera.

1193. HOLMSKIOEDIA. One species; viz. sanguinea.

1194. MIMULUS, or Monkey-flower. Four species; viz. ringens, glutinosus, alatus, luteus. Virginia, Canada, Peru.

1195. RUPELLIA. 46 species; viz. blechum, blechioideae, angustifolia, ovata, streps, patula, pallida, fragrans, lactea, clandestina, violacea, rubra, macrophylla, guttata, umbellata, aristata, intrusa, paniculata, tuberosa, tentaculata, biflora, crispa, fasciculata, mollissima, undulata, involucrata, repanda, ringens, coecinea, repens, uliginosa, pilosa, hirta, depressa, cordifolia, secunda, repens, japonica, alopecuroidea, barbata, balsamea, salicifolia, longiflora, difformis, rupestris, scabrosa. Egypt, E. and W. Ind. Jap. Amer.

1196. BARLERIA. 13 species; viz. longiflora, solanifolia, hystrix, prionitis, trispinosa, bispinosa, buxifolia, nodiflora, acanthoides, cristata, strigosa, pungens, longiflora.

1197. DURANTA. Three species; viz. plumieri, ellisia, mutisii. W. Ind. S. Amer.

1198. MYOFORUM. Four species; viz. letum, pubescens, crassifolium, tenuifolium. South sea isles.

1199. OVIEDA. Two species; viz. spinosa, mitis. Java, W. Indies.

1200. MALLINGTONIA. One species; viz. hortensis.

1201. VOLKAMERIA. Eight species; viz. aculeata, legustrina, inermis, capitata, serrata, scandens, japonica, kempferi. E. and W. Indies, Japan.

1202. CLERODENDRUM. Eight species; viz. infortunatum, fortunatum, calamitosum, phlomoides, squamatum, trichotomum, diversifolium, paniculatum. E. Indies, Japan.

1203. **TETRADYNAMIA. (e)**

**ORDO I. SILICULOSÆ.**

Sect. I. *Silicula integra, nec apice emarginata.*

- **1225. Draba.** Silic. valvulis planiusculis. Stylus nullus.

- **1234. Lunaria.** Silic. valvulis planis, pedicellata. Stylus exsertus.

- **1224. Subularia.** Silic. valvulis semiovatis. Stylus brevior silicula.

- **1216. Myagrum.** Silic. valvulis concavis. Stylus persistens.

---

In the flowers of this class of plants there are six stamens, four of them long and two short. It is also most worthy of notice, that the flowers of this class have uniformly four petals, a circumstance which renders it easy to distinguish them. The difference in length of the stamens is not always very obvious, but as the Hexandra class contains no plants with four petals, this last circumstance readily distinguishes the plants of the present class. The orders are two, and are distinguished by the figure of the seed-vessel, which in the first order is a broad and short pouch; that is, a roundish flat seed-vessel furnished with a style, which is sometimes as long as the seed-vessel itself. In the second order, the seed-vessel is a long pod; that is, a very long seed-vessel, without any remarkable style. This is a natural rather than an artificial class. The plants belonging to it are called *antiscorbutic*, and their taste is acrid and watery; They lose most of their virtues by drying: None of them are... 1222. VELLA. Silic. valvulis dissepimento dimidio breviioribus.

1219. CAKILE. Silic. lanceolata biarticulata, articulis monospermis, articulo supremo secendente.

1218. PUGIONIUM. Silic. transversalis utrinque rostrata, evalvis, monosperma.

1217. BUNIAS. Silic. tetraedra, evalvis, bis quadrilocularis, rugosa.

1220. CRAMBE. Silic. globosa, unilocularis, monosperma, evalvis.

Sect. II. Silicula emarginata apice.

1229. IBERIS. Petala duo exteriora majora.

1130. ALYSUM. Filamenta quaedam lateri interiore dente notata. Sil. bilocularis.

1131. CLYPEOLA. Silic. orbiculata, valvulis plaus, decidua.

1232. PEKTARIA. Silic. orbiculata, compresso-plana, non dehiscens.

1228. COCHLEARIA. Silic. cordata, valvulis obtusis, gibbis.

1226. LEPIDIUM. Silic. cordata, valvulis acutè carinatis.

1227. THLAFSI. Silic. obcordata, valvulis margi- nato carinatis.

1221. ISATIS. Silic. obcordata, valvulis carinatis, bipartibilis, sperma, dissepimento fenestrato.

1233. BISCUTELLA. Silic. biloba supra infraque, margine carinato.

1223. ANASTATICA. Silic. retusa. Valvulis dissepimento mucronato longioribus.

Ordo II. SILIQUOSÆ.

Sect. I. Calyx clausus foliolis longitudinaliter conniventibus.

1247. RAPHANUS. Siliq. articulata.

1239. ERYSIMUM. Siliq. tetragona.

1220. CHEIRANTHUS. Siliq. germine utrinque glandula notato.

1242. HESPERIS. Glandula intra stamina breviora. Pet. obliqua.

1143. ARABIS. Glandulae 4 intra foliola calycina. Stigma simplex.

1245. BRASSICA. Glandulae 2 intra stamina breviora, 2 extra stamina longiora.

1248. CORDYLOCARPUS. Siliq. torulosa, semine suprema inarticulo discreto.

1244. TURRITIS. Petala erecta.

1256. DENTARIA. Siliq. valvis revolutis debiscen- tibus.

1236. RICOTIA. Siliq. unilocularis.

Sect. II. Calyx bianus, foliolis superne distantibus.

1249. CLEOME. Siliq. dehiscens, unilocularis.

* V. Pouch with valves shorter by half than the partition.

C. Pouch spear-shaped, 2-jointed, with 1-seeded joints, the last joint retiring.

P. Pouch placed crossways, beaked on both sides, no valves, 1-seeded.

B. Pouch 4-sided, without valves, 2 or 4-celled, wrinkled.

C. Pouch bulging, 1-celled, 1-seeded, without valves.

Sect. II. Pouch with a notched end.

L. Two outer petals large.

A. Some filaments in the inner side toothed. Pouch 2-celled.

C. Pouch round and flat, with flat valves, deciduous.

P. Pouch round and flat, compressed plane, not opening.

C. Pouch heart-shaped, with blunt bulging valves.

L. Pouch heart-shaped, with valves sharply keeled.

T. Pouch heart-shaped, reversed; valves keel bordered.

I. Pouch heart-reversed; keeled valves, divisible into 2, 1-seeded; window-shaped partition.

B. Pouch 2-lobed above and beneath, with a keel-shaped border.

A. Pouch bluntly notched at the end. Valves long, with a dagger-pointed partition.

Order II. SILIQUOSÆ, or those having a long Pod.

Sect. I. Calyx shut by leaflets closing lengthwise.

R. A jointed pod.

E. Pod 4-gon.

C. Pod, with a seed-bud marked on both sides with a gland.

H. A gland between the shorter stamen. Petals oblique.

A. Four glands between the leaflets of the calyx. Stigma undivided.

B. Two glands betwixt the shorter stamens, 2 beyond the longer stamens.

C. Pod a little swelling out, with the last seed in a separate joint.

T. Petals erect.

D. Pod with valves rolled back, open.

R. Pod 1-celled.

Sect. II. Calyx open, with leaflets distant above.

C. Pod open, 1-celled.

are poisonous. It is not a little singular, that they are most acrimonious in moist situations, and wet seasons. Thus the cochlearia armoracia (horse radish), growing near water, is so very acrimonious that it can hardly be used; and the brassica rapa (turnip) whose root in a dry sandy soil is succulent and sweet, in stiff wet lands is hard and acrimonious. Order I. SILICULOSÆ.

1216. MYAGRUM, or Gold of Pleasure. 12 species; viz. perenne, orientale, rugosum, hispanicum, perfoliatum, chloroefolium, sativum, dentatum, austriacum, paniculatum, saxatile, egyptium. Europe, Egypt.

1217. BUNIAS, or Sea Rocket. 11 species; viz. spinosa, erucago, aspera, orientalis, cochlearoides, tatarica, syriaca, myagroides, egyptiana, balearica, prostrata. Europe, Africa, America.

1218. PUGIONIUM. One species; viz. cornutum.

1219. CAKILE. Two species; viz. maritima, egyptiaca.

1220. CHAMBE, or Sea-cabbage, or Kale. Eight species; viz. * maritima, tatarica, orientalis, hispanica, reniformis, filiformis, fruticosa, strigosa. Sea shores of Europe, Madeira.

C. leaves and stem smooth.—The young and tender plants are boiled as cabbage; but when full grown they occasion giddiness. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine eat it.

1221. ISATIS, or Woad. Four species; viz. * tinctoria, lusitanica, armena, alpina. Sea shores of Europe, Egypt.

C. root-leaves scolloped; stem-leaves arrow-shaped; pouches oblong.—With the juice of this plant, it is said, the ancient Britons painted their bodies, to render themselves more terrible to their enemies. It is much used by the dyers for its blue colour, and it is the basis of many other colours. It is cultivated for their use. Cows eat it; horses, sheep, and goats refuse it.

1222. VELLA, or Spanish Cress. Two species; viz. * annua, pseudo-cytisus. Siberia, Spain.

1223. ANASTATICA, or Rose of Jericho. One species; viz. hierochuntica. Austria, Levant.

1224. SUBULARIA, or Awl-root. Two species; viz. * aquatica, alpina. N. of Europe, Arabia.

1225. DRABA, or Whillow-grass. 16 species; viz. aizoides, rigida, ciliaris, alpina, hispida, * verna, caroliniana, nivalis, * stellata, androsacea, pyrenaica, * muralis, nemoralis, hirta, * incana, magellanica. Alps of Europe, N. America.

G. Pod open, with valves rolled back.

S. Pod open. Cal. horizontally expanding.

S. Pod open, with valves rather straight. Cal. open.

H. Pod open. Nectaries 2, bent back.

D. stalks naked; leaves sparingly serrated; petals verna divided.—This is one of our earliest flowering plants. It is good as a salad. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it; cows are not fond of it; swine refuse it.

1226. LEPIDIUM, or Dittander. 29 species; viz. perfoliatum, vesicarium, nudicaule, procumbens, alpinum, calycinum, * petraeum, cardamines, spinosum, sativum, lyratum, crassifolium, * latifolium, amplexaule, glastifolium, oleraceum, piscidium, subulatum, gramminifolium, apetalum, sulfuricosum, didymum, * ruderal, virgincum, divaricatum, iberis, pollichii, bonariense, chalcepsene. Europe, Cape, America, New Zealand.

L. leaves egg-spear-shaped, entire, serrated.—This is latifolium one of the antiscorbutics, and was formerly used in the place of horse-radish. An infusion of it excites vomiting.

1227. THLASPI, or Treacle-mustard. 14 species; viz. peregrinum, arabicum, * arvensc, alliacum, psychine, saxatile, hirtum, * campestre, montanum, alpinum, * perfoliatum, * alpestre, * bursa pastoris, ceratocarpum. Europe.

Two sorts of the thlaspi arvense are used promiscuously; they both grow wild; their seeds have an acrid biting taste like common mustard, with which they agree in medical qualities.

The thlaspi bursa pastoris is common in waste places, and is found in flower all the summer. Shepherd's-purse, or the leaf, has long been celebrated as an astringent, and strongly recommended in diarrhoeas, dysenteries, uterine flours, and in general in all diseases where astringents of any kind can avail. Some have esteemed it so powerful a styptic as scarcely to be safely exhibited internally. Others have thought it to be of a hot fiery nature, and supposed it to stop fluxes and hemorrhages by coagulating the juices like alcohol, and burning or searing the orifices of the vessels. The sensible qualities of shepherd's purse discover little foundation for either of these opinions: it has no perceptible heat, acrimony, pungency, and scarcely any astringency: the taste is almost merely herbaceous, so as sufficiently to warrant the epithet given to this plant, fatuum. It is hardly in use in Britain.

1228. COCHLEARIA, or Scurvy-grass. 11 species; viz. * officinalis, * danica, * anglica, groenlandica, sibirica, acaulis, * coronopus, * armadilla, macrocarpa, glastifolium, draba. Europe.

C. root-leaves heart-circular; stem-leaves oblong, a officinalis little indented.—Notwithstanding this plant is a native of the sea coast, it is cultivated in our gardens without any sensible alteration of its properties. It possesses a considerable considerable degree of acrimony, and this acrimony seems to reside in a very subtle essential oil. Its effects as an antiscorbutic are universally known, and it is a powerful remedy in the pituitous asthma, and in what Sydenham calls the scorbutic rheumatism. A distilled water and a conserve are prepared from the leaves, and its juice is prescribed along with that of oranges, by the name of antiscorbutic juices. It may be eaten as a salad. Cows eat it. Horses, goats, and sheep, refuse it.

* C. root-leaves spear-shaped, scoloped; stem-leaves snipt.—The root of this plant, scraped, is in common use in England as a condiment for fish, roast beef, &c., and it is used for many other culinary purposes. An infusion of it in cold milk makes one of the softest and best cosmetics. In paralytic and dropsical cases, it is a useful stimulant and diuretic. A strong infusion of it excites vomiting. A distilled water is prepared from it. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine refuse it.

* C. all the leaves egg-spear-shaped. This is a pungent stimulating medicine; capable of dissolving viscid juices, opening obstructions of the viscera and the more distant glands, and promoting the fluid secretions; it is particularly celebrated in scurvy, and is the principal herb employed in these kinds of disorders in the northern countries.

1230. IBERIS, or Candy-tuft.

18 species; viz. semperflorens, cappadocica, sempervirens, gibraltarica, saxatilis, vermiculata, rotundifolia, ceprefolia, carnosa, ciliata, parviflora, nana, umbellata, * amara, linifolia, odorata, * nudicaulis, pinnata. S. Europe, Arabia, Persia.

1231. CLYPEOLA, or Treacle-mustard.

One species; viz. jonthlaspi. Italy, France, Carolina.

1232. PELTARIA.

Three species; viz. alliacea, garcini, capensis. Cape.

1233. BISCUTELLA, or Buckler-mustard.

Ten species; viz. auriculata, apula, lyra, raphanifolia, coronopifolia, * leavigata, subspathulata, montana, sempervirens, peruviana. Europe, N. Amer.

1234. LUNARIA, or Moon-wort, Honesty.

Two species; viz. rediviva, annua. N. of Eur.

ORDER II. SILIQUOSÆ.

1235. RICOTIA.

One species; viz. aegyptiaca. Egypt.

1236. DENTARIA, or Tooth-wort.

Seven species; viz. enneaphylla, glandulosa, laciniata, * bulbifera, microphylla, pinnata, pentaphyllos. Alps of Austria, S. Europe.

1237. CARDAMINE, or Lady's-smock.

22 species; viz. * bellidifolia, alpina, asarifolia, nudicaulis, nivalis, resedifolia, trifolia, secata, africana, chelidonia, thalictroides, macrophylla, * impatiens, parviflora, pensylvanica, greca, * hirsuta, latifolia, * praensis, * amara, granulosa, virginica. Europe, America.

* C. leaflets of the root-leaves roundish, those of the stem-leaves spear-shaped, very entire.—This is a perennial plant which grows in meadow grounds, sends forth purplish flowers in the spring, and in its sensible qualities resembles the nasturtium aquaticum. Long ago it was employed as a diuretic, and of late it has been introduced in nervous diseases. A dram or two of the powder is given twice or thrice a-day. It has little sensible operation, except that it sometimes sweats. Goats and sheep eat of it. Horses and swine refuse it. Cows are not fond of it.

* C. leaves winged; leaflets from the bosom of the amara leaves; leaflets of the stem-leaves angular, sitting.—Sheep eat it. Cows are not fond of it. The young leaves are acid and bitterish, but do not taste amiss in salads. They are much used for that purpose in Lancashire. The leaves are pungent, bitter, and aromatic, in such a degree as to promise very considerable uses.

1238. SISSYERIUM, or Water-cresses.

53 species; viz. * nasturtium, * sylvestre, palustre, * amphibium, pyrenaicum, tanacetifolium, ceratophyllum, coronopifolium, tenuifolium, sagittatum, ampliexanele, supinum, polyceratum, filifolium, bursifolium, torulosum, * murale, * monense, repandum, tillieri, vinimene, barrelleri, arenosum, valentinum, parra, asperum, kevigatum, millefolium, * sophia, album, cinereum, altissimum, echarlsbergense, pannonicum, erysimoides, * irio, columnae, loeseli, obtusangulum, orientale, barbaree, lyratum, catholicum, heterophyllum, glaciace, strictissimum, pendulum, hispanicum, pumilum, salsginosum, integrifolium, indicum, hispidum. Europe, Canaries, India.

* S. leaves winged; leaflets egg-shaped.—This plant is very universally used as an early and wholesome spring time salad. It is an excellent antiscorbutic and stomachic, with less acrimony than the scurvy-grass. It is an ingredient in the antiscorbutic juices. It is recommended as of singular efficacy for accelerating the circulation, strengthening the viscera, opening obstructions of the glands, promoting the fluid secretions, and purifying the blood and humours; for these purposes the expressed juice, which contains the peculiar taste and pungency of the herb, may be taken in doses of an ounce or two, and continued for a considerable time.

* S. pods oblong egg-shaped; leaves wing-cleft, serrated; petals longer than the cup.—The ends of the stems general fruitstalks are often swollen into a cauliflower-like substance, purplish, and containing small grubs of the same colour. Cows refuse it. Sheep and goats are not fond of it.

* S. petals smaller than the cups; leaves doubly compound, winged.—The pods retain the seeds all winter, and small birds feed upon them. The plant has been sometimes prescribed in hysterical and dysenteric cases; and the seeds are given to destroy worms. Sheep and cows eat it. Horses and goats are not fond of it. Swine refuse it. 1239. **Erysimum**, or Hedge-mustard.

14 species; viz. officinale, barbarea, proceox, alaria, repandum, cheiranthoides, hieracifolium, odoratum, virgatum, diffusum, angustifolium, junceum, bicornae, quadriflorum. Europe, Barbary, Canary, Carolina.

* officinale. E. pods pressed to the spike-stalks; leaves notched.—This plant is warm and acid to the taste; and when cultivated is used as a spring pot-herb. Birds are fond of the seeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horses, and swine refuse it. By means of it a hoarseness, occasioned by loud speaking, is said to have been cured in three days by Rondelius.

* barbarea. E. pods indistinctly four-cornered; leaves lyre-shaped, the terminating segment circular.—The common people in Sweden are said to use this plant in salads, early in the spring, and late in the autumn; they also boil them as kale. It is sown in gardens as an early spring salad; and also in England, where it is called French cress. Cows eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. Goats and sheep are not fond of it.

* E. leaves heart-shaped.—The Prussians are said to eat the leaves along with salted meats in the spring. They are used with lettuce and the colder salads. The seeds excite sneezing. Cows and goats eat it. Horses, sheep, and swine refuse it. When it grows in poultry yards the fowls eat it, and it gives an intolerably rank taste to their flesh. In Wales it is much used as a frying herb.

* E. stem very much branched; leaves spear-shaped, oblique, waving, and toothed; pods expanding.—The country people give the seeds of this plant to destroy worms, and with good effect. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine, eat it.

1240. **Cheiranthus**, or Stock July-flower.

34 species; viz. erysimoides, helveticus, alpinus, lanecolatus, cheiri, fruticulosus, callosus, strictus, tenuifolius, mutabilis, apricus, chius, maritimus, parviflori, salinus, bicuspispidatus, incanus, fenestratis, annuus, littoreus, contortuplicatus, leucanthenus, tristis, trilobus, pulchellus, pinnatifidus, tricuspidatus, tomentosus, odoratissimus, sinuatus, taraxacifolius, cuspidatus, quadrangulus, farssetia. Alps, S. Europe, Egypt, Madeira.

* C. leaves spear-shaped, acute, smooth; branches angular; stem shrub-like.—This plant has found place in our gardens, where it has produced a considerable number of varieties, but none which have a more delightful scent than the wild one. The flowers have a pleasant smell, and a subacid, bitterish, not agreeable taste; they are said to be cordial, anodyne, aperient, and emmenagogue, but are wholly neglected in the present practice.

1241. **Heliohila**.

12 species; viz. integrifolia, incana, circosoides, amplexicaulis, flava, canescens, pusilla, filiformis, pendula, pinnata, coronopifolia, digitata. C. of G. Hope.

1242. **Hesperis**, or Dame's-violet, Rocket.

Ten species; viz. tristis, lanciniata, matronalis, odorata, tatarica, africana, ramosissima, arenaaria, verna, lacera. Siberia, S. Europe, Africa.

1243. **Arabia**, or Base Tower-mustard.

21 species; viz. alpina, grandiflora, thaliana, crantziana, recta, serpillifolia, reptans, coerulea, bellidiflora, nutans, lyrata, hispida, stricta, halleri, evivensis, canadensis, lucida, pendula, turrita, saxatilis, aspera. N. Europe, N. America.

1244. **Turritis**, or Tower-mustard.

Eight species; viz. glabra, leavigata, stricta, hirsuta, patula, pubescens, ciliata, alpina. Europe.

1245. **Brassica**, or Cabbage.

24 species; viz. orientalis, austriaca, campestris, arvensis, alpina, napus, rapa, oleracea, richerii, cretica, suffruticosa, chinensis, violacea, sublastata, polymorpha, teretifolia, erucastrum, eruca, pinnatifida, elongata, cheiranthus, vessicaria, lyrata, crassifolia. Europe, China.

* B. the root a regular continuation of the stem, spinoporus, elle-shaped.—The roots of the cultivated variety may be eaten like the turnip, but they have a strong taste; and its seeds, which are called cole-seed, afford a large quantity of expressed oil, called rope oil: what remains after expressing the oil, is called oil-cake, and is used for fattening oxen. In Norfolk, the cakes are broken to pieces, and strewed on the land as a manure. It is thought to be a very efficacious one, and is sold from 4l. to 6l. per ton. About half a ton is laid on an acre. Cows, goats, and swine eat it.

* B. the root a regular continuation of the stem, cylindric, fleshy. Turnip.—The roots of it are eaten either raw, boiled, or roasted. Pepper is commonly used with them. They relax the bowels, and are supposed to sweeten the blood. They are hurtful to pregnant and hysterical women, and to those who are subject to flatulencies. The juice well fermented affords by distillation an ardent spirit. The rind is acrimonious. If the roots are kept in sand, or in a cellar, during the winter, they send out white shoots, and yellowish leaves, which being rather sweet, and not unpleasing to the palate, are used as salad, when other esculent plants are not to be had. But the greatest use of turnips is in feeding oxen and sheep in the winter.

* B. the root a regular continuation of the stem, cylindric, fleshy. Sea and Common Cabbage.—Early in the spring, the sea-cabbage is preferred to the cultivated kinds, but when gathered on the sea-coast, it must be boiled in two waters, to take away the saltiness. The roots may be eaten like those of the preceding species, but they are not so tender. The different varieties of cultivated garden cabbage originate from this, all of which are much in use at our tables. The red cabbage is chiefly used for pickling. In some countries they bury the white cabbage when fully grown in the autumn, and thus preserve it all winter. The Germans cut them to pieces, and along with some aromatic herbs and salt press them close down in a tub, where they soon ferment, and are then eaten under the name of sour-croft. If cabbages are sowed or planted for several years together in the same soil, the heads become smaller, and the roots knotty. This is occasioned by the larvae of flies. Horses eat the leaves, but do not seem fond of them. Cows grow fat upon them.

The brassica eruca was formerly much cultivated in gardens, for medical use, and for salads; but is at present less common. In appearance it resembles mustard, but it is easily distinguishable, by the smoothness of its leaves and its disagreeable smell. The seeds have a pungent taste of the mustard kind, but weaker; they have have long been celebrated as aphrodisiacs; and may probably have in some cases a title to this virtue, in common with other acrid plants.

1246. Sinapis, or Mustard.

19 species; viz. * arvensis, orientalis, brassicata, * alba, * nigra, pyrenaica, pubescens, hispida, chinensis, juncea, allioni, erucoides, cornua, hispanica, japonica, incana, frutescens, radicata, levigata. Europe, China, Madeira.

* S. pods with many angles, swollen and bunched out by the seeds; smooth, longer than the 2-edged beak.—The Scandinavians are said to boil and eat it as a cabbage, and in Ireland the tender tops are collected for the same purpose. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Sheep are very fond of it. Horses generally refuse it.

* S. pods rough with hair; beak very long, slanting, sword-shaped.—It is sown in the winter and early in the spring, to supply our tables with salading. The seeds have nearly the same properties as those of the next species.

* S. pods smooth, laid flat to the spike-stalk.—The seeds of this plant, reduced to powder, make the common mustard so much in request at our tables. They yield a considerable quantity of expressed oil, which partakes but little of the acrimony of the plant. The seeds when unbruised impart but little taste to boiling water. Taken inwardly, in the quantity of a table spoonful or more, they gently loosen the bowels, and are of service in asthma, chronic rheumatism, and palsy. The powdered seeds curdle milk, and give a strong impregnation to boiling water. This infusion taken in considerable quantity vomits, in smaller doses it is an useful aperient and diuretic. Cataplasms formed with crumb of bread, vinegar, and powdered mustard seed, are very commonly applied to the soles of the feet, as stimulants, in fevers that require such treatment; they are used with advantage, topically applied, in fixed rheumatic and sciatic pains. Upon the whole, wherever we want a strong stimulus, that acts upon the nervous system, without exciting much heat, we know none preferable to mustard seed. Its acrimony consists in an essential oil.

1247. Raphanus, or Radish.

Eight species; viz. sativus, candatus, * raphanistrum, sibiricus, tenellus, arcuatus, lanceolatus, pilosus. Europe, Egypt, China.

* R. pods round, jointed, smooth, of one cell.—In raphan: wet seasons it grows in great quantity amongst the bar-trum, ley in Sweden, and the common people who eat barley bread, are afflicted with very convulsive complaints, in those provinces, and in those seasons, wherein this plant abounds. Horses eat it. Cows refuse it.

1248. Cordylocarpus.

Two species; viz. muricatus, levigatus.

1249. Cleome, or Base Mustard.

23 species; viz. juncea, heptaphylla, pentaphylla, triphylla, polygama, icosandra, viscosa, dodecandra, felina, chelidonii, gigantea, aculeata, spinosa, serrata, ornithopodioides, violacea, arabica, tenella, filifolia, gujanensis, monophylla, capensis, procumbens. Portugal, Cape, East and West Indies.

In the class Tetradyamia are

34 Genera, including 436 Species, of which 58 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XVI.

MONADELPHIA (F).

ORDO I. TRIANDRIA.

1253. Galaxia. Monogyna. Spatha 1 s. 2-phyl-la. Cor. 1-petala, 6-fida.

1251. Sisyrinchium. Monogyna. Spatha 2-phyl-la. Petala 6, subaequalia.

CLASS XVI.

MONADELPHIA.

ORDER I. TRIANDRIA, or 3 Stamens.

G. One pistil. Sheath 1 or 2-leaved. Cor. 1-petaled, 6-cleft.

S. One pistil. Sheath 2-leaved. Petals 6, nearly equal.

1252.

(F) In this class the filaments are all united together at the bottom, but separate at the top. The union at the bottom gives rise to the name Monadelphia or one brotherhood. The orders are determined by the number of stamens. The plants of this class were considered by Tournefort as having only one petal. But all the petals are distinct at the base; though, by the intervention of the united filaments, they cohere all together as one body; on which account they may properly be considered as having five petals. Linnæus remarks, that the fruit does not afford sufficient marks whereby to distinguish the genera in this class; but that the calyx is of the utmost importance, as it furnishes invariable characters. Withering observes, that the petals are truly a continuation of the cylindrical sheath formed by the united filaments, which incloses the styles and germens as it descends; when rising upwards it spreads out into petals. Ferraria. Monogyna. Spatha 2-phylla. Petala 6, tribus exterioribus latioribus.

Aphyteia. Monogyna. Cal. 3-fidus. Petala 3. Baccas polysperma.

Tamarindus. Monogyna. Cal. 4-partitus. Petala 3. Legumen.

Ordo II. PENTANDRIA.

Erodium. Monogyna. Arilli 5, monospermii, ad basin receptaculi rostrati. Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5-petala. Nect. squame 5.

Symphonia. Monogyna. Baccas 5-locularis, 5-sperma. Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5-petala.

Ozophyllum. Monogyna. Caps. 5-locularis. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, infundibuliformis.

Ochroma. Monogyna. Caps. 5-locularis. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Antherae anfractuosae.

Lerchea. Monogyna. Caps. 3-locularis, polysperma. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 1-petala.

Walteria. Monogyna. Caps. 1-locularis, 1-sperma. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala.

Passiflora. Trigyna. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala, calyci inserta. Nectar. filamentosum.

Hermannia. Pentagyna. Caps. 5-locularis. Cal. 5-fidus. Petala 5, cucullata, obliqua. Filamenta dilatata.

Melochia. Pentagyna. Caps. 5-locularis, 1-sperma. Cal. sub-duplex. Petala 5, patentia. Filamenta subulata.

Linum, Anagallis, Lysimachia, Pelargonium betonicum, &c. Geranium pusillum. Mahernia, Leea, Agenia, Butteneria.

Ordo III. HEPTANDRIA.

Pelargonium. Monogyna. Arilli 5, monospermii, ad basin receptaculi rostrati. Cal. 5-partitus, nectariferus. Cor. 5-petala, inaequalis.

Ordo IV. OCTANDRIA.

Aitonia. Monogyna. Baccas sicca, unilocularis. Cal. 4-partitus. Petala 4.

Pistia. Monogyna. Caps. 1-locul. Cal. spatheaceus, 1-phyllus. Cor. o.

Erica monadelphia; Guarea, Persoonia.

Ordo V. DECANDRIA.

Geranium. Monogyna. Arilli 5, monospermii, ad basin receptaculi rostrati. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala.

Senecio. Monogyna. Caps. 5-locularis. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala.

Chinodendrum. Monogyna. Caps. unilocularis, trisperma. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala.

Conarus. Monogyna. Caps. 1-sperma. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala.

Hugonia. Pentagyna. Drupa 1-sperma. Cal. 5-part. inaequalis. Cor. 5-petala.

Oxalis et nonnulla Papilionaceae, Gardneria, Trichilia, Turraea, Sandoricum, Swietenia, Strigilia, Melia, Samyda, Cassaria, Erythroxylon, Malpighia, Banisteria, Hiraea, Tropopteris, Averrhoa.

Order II. PENTANDRIA, or 5 Stamens.

One pistil. Seed-coats 5, 1-seeded at the base of a beaked receptacle. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nect. 5 scales.

One pistil. Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled.

One pistil. Caps. 5-celled. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled, funnel-shaped.

One pistil. Caps. 5-celled. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled. Anthers turning.

One pistil. Caps. 3-celled, many-seeded. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 1-petalled.

One pistil. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled.

Three pistils. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petals inserted in the cal. Nectary like a filament.

Five pistils. Caps. 5-celled. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals 5, cone-shaped, oblique. Filaments dilated.

Five pistils. Caps. 5-celled, 1-seeded. Cal. nearly double. Petals 5, expanding. Filaments awl-shaped.

Order III. HEPTANDRIA, or 7 Stamens.

One pistil. Seed-coats 5, 1-seeded, beaked at the base of the receptacle. Cal. 4-parted, bearing the nectary. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal.

Order IV. OCTANDRIA, or 8 Stamens.

One pistil. Berry dry, celled. Cal. 4-parted. Petals 4.

One pistil. Caps. 1-celled. Cal. sheath-like, 1-leafed. No cor.

Order V. DECANDRIA, or 10 Stamens.

One pistil. Seed-coats 5, 1-seeded, beaked at the base of the receptacle. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled.

One pistil. Caps. 5-celled. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled.

One pistil. Caps. 1-celled, 3-seeded. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled.

One pistil. Caps. 1-seeded. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled.

Five pistils. Drupe 1-seeded. Cal. 5-parted, unequal. Cor. 5-petaled. Ordo VI. ENDECANDRIA.

1272. Brownea. Monogyna. Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. exterior, 5-fida; interior 5-petala. Legumen.

Ordo VII. DODECANDRIA.

1274. Monsonia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, dentata. Arilli 5, monospermii, ad basin receptaculi rostrati.

1276. Helicteris. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5, spirales.

1275. Plagianthus. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Baccia.

1273. Acia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa.

1281. Pterospermum. Monogyna. Cal. simplex. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5-localaris. Semina alata.

1277. Cienfuegia. Monogyna. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 3-localaris, 3-sperma.

1280. Pentapetes. Monogyna. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 3-localaris, dissepimentis contrariis.

1279. Dombeya. Monogyna. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5, bivalves, coalitae.

1278. Assonia. Pentagyna. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5, bivalves, coalitae.

Halesia, Styrax, Sterculia, Kleinhofia.

Ordo VIII. POLYANDRIA.

1282. Carolinea. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, sub-truncatus. Caps. lignosa, 1-local. polysperma.

1301. Gordonia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-phyllus. Caps. 5-localaris. Sem. bina, alata.

1305. Morisonia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 2-fidus. Baccia capsularis, pedicellata. Petala 4.

1309. Gustavia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 4s. 6-fidus. Baccia sicca, 4 s. 5-local. polysperma. Petala 4 s. 6.

1307. Crossostylis. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 4-partitus. Baccia unilocul. polysperma.

1304. Myrodia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, rum-pens. Drupa 2 s. 3-localaris. Petala 5.

1308. Barringtonia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 2-phyllus. Drupa nuce tetragona. Petala 4.

1303. Mesua. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 4-phyllus. Nux tetragona, 1-sperma. Petala 4.

1306. Poureaia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-partitus. Drupa sicca, 1-sperma, 5-alata. Petala 5.

1300. Stuartia. Pentagyna. Cal. simplex, patens. Caps. 5-localaris. Sem. solitaria.

1287. Palavia. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-fidus. Capsulae monospermæ, conglomerate absque ordine.

1285. Lagunæa. Monogyna. Cal. simplex, 5-fidus. Caps. 5-localaris, dissepimentis contrariis.

1286. Sida. Submonogyna. Cal. simplex, angu-latus. Caps. multilocularis, 1-sperma.

1284. Bomrax. Monogyna. Cal. simplex. Caps. 5-localaris, polysperma. Stylus indivisus. Semina in-nata.

Order VI. ENDECANDRIA, or 11 Stamens.

B. One pistil. Cal. 2-cleft. Outer cor. 5-cleft; inner 5-petaled. Leguminous.

Order VII. DODECANDRIA, or 12 Stamens.

M. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, toothed. Seed-coats 5, 1-seeded, beaked at the base of the receptacle.

H. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 5, spiral.

P. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. A berry.

A. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe.

P. One pistil. Cal. simple. Cor. 5-petaled, Caps. 5-celled. Seeds winged.

C. One pistil. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded.

P. One pistil. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 5-celled, with opposite partitions.

D. One pistil. Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled. Capsules 5, 2-valved, united.

A. Five pistils Cal. double. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. 5, 2-valved, united.

Order VIII. POLYANDRIA, or many Stamens.

C. One pistil. Cal. simple, nearly lopped. Caps. woody, 1-celled, many-seeded.

G. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-leaved. Caps. 5-celled. Seeds 2, winged.

M. One pistil. Cal. simple, 2-cleft. Capsular berry, pedicled. Petals 4.

G. One pistil. Cal. simple, 4 or 6-cleft. Berry dry, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded. Petals 4 or 6.

C. One pistil. Cal. simple, 4-parted. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded.

M. One pistil. Cal. simple, breaking. Drupe 2 or 3-celled. Petals 5.

B. One-celled. Cal. simple, 2-leaved. Drupe with a 4-gon nut. Petals 4.

P. One pistil. Cal. simple, 4-leaved. Nut 4-gon, 1-seeded. Petals 4.

P. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-parted. Drupe dry, 1-seeded, 5-winged. Petals 5.

S. Five pistils. Cal. simple, expanding. Caps. 5-celled. Seeds solitary.

P. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-cleft. Caps. 1-seeded, incorporated without order.

L. One pistil. Cal. simple, 5-cleft. Caps. 5-celled, with opposite partitions.

S. Nearly 1 pistil. Cal. simple, angular. Caps. many-celled, 1-seeded.

B. One pistil. Cal. simple. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded. Style undivided. Seeds cottony. Order I. TRIANDRIA.

1250. TAMARINDUS, or Tamarind-tree. One species; viz. indica. Egypt, E. and W. Indies.—The fruit of this species is a pod resembling that of a bean, including several hard seeds, together with a dark-coloured viscid pulp of a pleasant acid taste: the East India tamarinds are larger than the West Indian sort; the former containing six or seven seeds each, the latter rarely above three or four. The pulp of these fruits, taken from the quantity of two or three drams to an ounce or more, proves gently laxative or purgative; and at the same time by its acidity quenches thirst, and allays immoderate heat. It increases the action of the purgative sweets, cassia and manna, and weakens that of the resinous cathartics. Some have supposed it capable of abating the virulence of antimonial preparations; but experience shows that it has rather a contrary effect, and that all vegetable acids augment their power. Tamarinds are an ingredient in the electuary of cassia, the lenitive electuary, and decoction of tamarinds with senna.

1251. SISSYRINCHIUM, or Bermudiana. Eight species; viz. elegans, collinum, grandiflorum, bermidiana, aceps, micranthum, palmifolium, striatum. Bermuda, W. Indies.

1252. FERRARIA. Four species; viz. undulata, ferrariola, pavonia, ixioides. Cape, Mexico.

1253. GALAXIA. Three species; viz. ovata, graminea, narcissoides. C. of G. Hope.

1254. APHYTEJA. One species; viz. hydnora. C. of G. Hope.

Order II. PENTANDRIA.

1255. OZOPHYLLUM. One species; viz. trifoliatum.

1256. SYMPHONIA. One species; viz. globulifera. Surinam, Guiana.

1257. LERCHEA. One species; viz. longicauda. E. Indies.

1258. WALTHERIA. Six species; viz. americana, indica, lophanthus, ovata, angustifolia, elliptica. E. and W. Indies, S. America.

1259. HERMANNIA. 30 species; viz. altheifolia, plicata, candicans, disticha, salviifolia, micans, involucrata, scordifolia, denudata, disermefolia, almifolia, cuneifolia, holosericea, hirsuta, scabra, multiflora, flammnea, angularis, hyssopifolia, folia, trifurcata, odorata, lavandulifolia, linifolia, filifolia, trifoliata, tripylla, procumbens, vesicaria, grossulariifolia, incisa. C. of G. Hope.

1260. MELOCHIA.

14 species; viz. pyramidata, tomentosa, crenata, depressa, truncata, venosa, hirsuta, concatenata, odorata, lupolina, caracasana, nodiflora, corchorifolia, supina. E. and W. Indies, Brazil.

1261. OCHROMA, or Down-tree, or Cork-wood.

One species; viz. lagopus. Jam. Hispan.

1262. PASSIFLORA, or Passion-flower.

46 species; viz. serratifolia, pallida, adulterina, cuprea, tiliceola, maliformis, quadrangularis, alata, laurifolia, coccinea, mucronata, glandulosa, multiflora, perfoliata, rubra, normalis, lunata, murucuja, vestitilla, oblongata, capsularis, rotundifolia, orbiculata, punctata, lutea, angustifolia, minima, soberosa, peltata, hederaea, glauca, holosericea, hirsuta, fœtida, ciliata, serrulata, aurantia, concinfolia, incarnata, tomentosa, mixta, cerulea, filamentosa, serrata, pedata, heterophylla. West Indies, S. America.

1263. ERODIUM.

34 species; viz. crassifolium, stephanianum, tataricum, supracanum, petreum, absinthoides, glandulosum, bipinnatum, alpinum, ciconum, cicatrum, pimpinellifolium, romanum, moschatum, precoce, pulverulentum, hirtum, laciniatum, gruinum, chium, asplenoides, hyomenodes, maricicum, guttatum, glaucophyllum, incarnatum, arduinum, ribifolium, arborescens, heliotropoides, malacoides, maritimum, malopoides, chamædrioides.

ORDER III. HEPTANDRIA.

1204. PELARGONIUM.

120 species; viz. longifolium, longiflorum, dipetalum, oxaloides, ficaria, ciliatum, auriculatum, auritum, hirtum, punctatum, bifolium, hirsutum, atrum, trifidum, heterophyllum, triphyllum, nervifolium, pinnatum, barbatum, melananthum, carneum, rapaceum, lobatum, triste, appendiculatum, flavum, crenothere, chamædriofolium, ovale, trichostomum, blattarium, eriostemon, elegans, stipulaceum, articulatum, tabulare, alchimiloides, odoratissimum, grossularioides, anceps, athroides, columbinum, coronopifolium, capillare, tricolor, seciedes, myrrhifolium, lacerum, multicaule, coriandriofolium, caucalisfolium, minimum, glaucum, diversifolium, betulinum, acetosum, scandens, stenopetalum, hybridum, zonale, inguinas, heterogamum, monstrum, crassicaule, peltatum, lateripes, tetragonum, cordatum, cucullatum, angulosum, acerifolium, papilionaceum, cortusifolium, fuscatum, saniculaefolium, patulum, grandiflorum, variegatum, cotyledonis, echinatum, australe, vitifolium, capitatum, glutinosum, hispidum, tomentosum, ribifolium, quercifolium, graveolens, asperum, balsameum, radula, denticulatum, bicolor, tricuspidatum, scabrum, spinosum, rigidum, crispum, hermannifolium, adulterinum, semitribolum, tripartitum, fulgidum, gibbosum, extipulatum, ternatum, levigatum, fragile, incisum, carnosum, ferulaceum, alternans, ceratophyllum, crithmifolium, ramosissimum, abrotanifolium, fruticosum, hirtum, tenuifolium.

ORDER IV. OCTANDRIA.

1265. PISTIA, or Water House-leek.

One species; viz. stratiotes. Asia, Africa, South America.

1266. AITONIA.

One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

ORDER V. DECANDRIA.

1267. CRINODENDRUM.

One species; viz. patagua. Chili.

1268. CONNARUS, or Ceylon Samach.

Seven species; viz. africanus, asiaticus, pentagynus, decumbens, pinnatus, santaloideis, mimosoides. Ceylon, Africa.

1269. HUGONIA.

Three species; viz. mystax, serrata, tomentosa. India.

1270. SENEXEA.

One species; viz. incana.

1271. GERANIUM, or Cranes-bill.

39 species; viz. spinosum, sessiliflorum, sibiricum, sanguineum, tuberosum, anemonifolium, macrorhizum, * phleum, fuscum, reflexum, lividum, * nodosum, striatum, angulatum, ibericum, * sylvaticum, paustre, asphodeloides, aconitifolium, collinum, * praire, maculatum, pilosum, canescens, incanum, argenteum, varium, * pyrenaicum, bohemicum, divaricatum, * lucidum, molle, carolinianum, * colombinum, * dissecum, * rotundifolium, pusillum, robertianum, purpureum. Europe, Africa, N. America.

ORDER VI. ENDECANDRIA.

1272. BROWNEA.

Four species; viz. coccinea, grandiceps, rosa de monte, pauciflora. S. America.

ORDER VII. DODECANDRIA.

1273. ACIA.

Two species; viz. dulcis, amara. Guiana.

1274. MONSONIA.

Five species; viz. tenuiflora, speciosa, lobata, ova ta, spinosa. C. of G. Hope.

1275. PLAGIANTHUS.

One species; viz. divaricatus. S. S. Isles.

1276. HELICITERIS, or Screw-tree.

Eight species; viz. baruensis, jamaicensis, isora, hirsuta, angustifolia, pentandra, carthaginensis, apetala. Malabar, China, Jamaica.

1277. CIENFUEGIA.

One species; viz. digitata. Senegal.

1278. ANSONIA.

One species; viz. populnea. Isle of Bourbon.

1279. DOMBEYA.

12 species; viz. palmata, acutangula, angulata, ti liacfolia, tomentosa, umbellata, ferruginea, erythroxylon, decanthera, velutina, ovata, punctata. Chili. 1280. PENTAPETES.

One species; viz. phoenicea. Arabia, India, St Helena.

1281. PTEROSPERMUM.

Two species; viz. suberifolium, acerifolium.

ORDER VIII. POLYANDRIA.

1282. CAROLINEA.

Two species; viz. princeps, insignis. W. Indies.

1283. ADANSONIA, or Sour-gourd, Monkey's-bread.

One species; viz. digitata. Senegal, Egypt.

1284. BOMBAX, or Silk Cotton-tree.

Six species; viz. pentandrum, erianthos, ceiba, heptaphyllum, globosum, gossypinum. E. and W. Indies, S. Amer.

1285. LAGUNEA.

Three species; viz. lobata, ternata, aculeata. Coast of Coromandel.

1286. SIDA, or Indian Mallow.

99 species; viz. linifolia, angustifolia, acuta, canariensis, lanceolata, spinosa, frutescens, carpinitfolia, jamaicensis, orientalis, glomerata, maculata, suberosa, capensis, microphylla, micans, pusilla, rhombifolia, caesecens, retusa, alnifolia, ciliaris, periplocifolia, excelsior, hernandioides, nudiflora, trigera, fragrans, lignosa, reflexa, humilis, repens, bivalvis, ulmifolia, multiflora, microperma, viscosa, fectida, calycina, crispa, persica, sylvatica, arborea, mauritiana, occidentalis, americana, abutilon, abutiloides, asiatica, populifolia, hirta, indica, mollissima, somniriana, pubescens, althecifolia, glutinosa, exstipularis, nutans, borbonica, flavescens, radicans, arguta, multicaulis, pilosa, rotundifolia, supina, truncata, herbacea, emarginata, alba, cordifolia, hederifolia, verticillata, urens, umbellata, pyramidata, paniculata, dumosa, ramosa, spicata, terminalis, vesicaria, crassifolia, biflora, obtusa, gigantea, javensis, hastata, cristata, dilleniana, triloba, ternata, pterosperma, ricinoides, jatrophioides, napaea, dioica, phyllanthus. E. and W. Indies, Cape, America.

1287. PALAVIA.

Two species; viz. malvifolia, moschata. Lima, Peru.

1288. MALACHRA.

Six species; viz. capitata, fasciata, alcefolia, radiata, bracteata, plumosa. W. Indies.

1289. ALTHAEA, or Marsh-mallow.

Nine species; viz. officinalis, narbonensis, cannabina, hirsuta, ludwigii, acaulis, rosea, pallida, ficifolia. Europe, Hispaniola.

* A. leaves undivided, angular, cottony. This plant grows wild in marshes and other moist places in several parts of England, though frequently cultivated for medicinal use in gardens. All the parts of it have a slimy taste, and abound with a soft mucilaginous substance which is readily extracted by water: the mucilage of the roots appears to be the strongest; and hence this part is generally made use of in preference to the others.

This plant has the general virtues of an emollient medicine, and proves serviceable where the natural mucus of the intestines is abraded. It is chiefly recommended in sharp defluxions upon the lungs, hoarseness, dysenteries, and likewise in nephritic and calculous complaints; not, as some have supposed, that this medicine has any particular power of dissolving or expelling the calculus, but as, by lubricating and relaxing the vessels, it procures a more free and easy passage. Althoea root is sometimes employed externally for softening and maturing hard tumours; chewed, it is said to give ease in difficult dentition of children.

1290. MALVA, or Mallow.

55 species; viz. spicata, polystachya, tomentosa, scoparia, gangetica, coromandeliana, americana, calycina, cuneifolia, angustifolia, subhastata, scabra, peruviana, limensis, capitata, bryonifolia, umbellata, abutiloides, abutilons, lobata, fastigata, bonariensis, stricta, lactea, opeculata, fragrans, capensis, balsamica, grossularifolia, virgata, miniata, retusa, tridactylides, althecoides, caroliniana, prostrata, cretica, parviflora, nicenensis, * rotundifolia, acaulis, sherardiana, * sylvestris, mauritiana, hispanica, verticillata, crispa, papaver, stipulacea, alcea, moschata, elegans, tournefortiana, * egypia, trifida. Europe, Barbary, Cape, China, America.

* M. stem rough; leaves 5 or 7-lobed; toothed; outer calyx leaflets partly united at the base.—The leaves of this plant have a somewhat mucilaginous sweetish taste. They are ranked the first of emollient herbs; they were formerly in some esteem as food of a laxative quality; at present decoctions of them are sometimes employed in dysenteries, heat and sharpness of urine, and in general for obtunding acrimonious humours; their principal use is in emollient glysters, cataplasm, and fomentations. The leaves enter the officinal decoction for glysters, and a conserve was formerly prepared from the flowers.

1291. LAVATERA, or Mallow-tree.

12 species; viz. * arborea, micans, hispida, olbia, triloba, lusitanica, maritima, thuringiaca, cretica, flavia, punctata, trimestris. Europe.

1292. RUIZIA.

Three species; viz. cordata, lobata, variabilis. Isle of Bourbon.

1293. MALOPE, or Base Mallow.

Three species; viz. malacoides, multiflora, trifida. Hetururia, Mauritania.

1294. KITAIBELIA.

One species; viz. vitifolia.

1295. URENA, or Indian Mallow.

Eight species; viz. lobata, reticulata, tricuspis, americana, sinuata, multiflora, procumbens, viminea. China, E. Indies, Surinam.

1296. GOSSEYPIUM, or Cotton-tree.

Ten species; viz. herbaceum, indicum, micranthum, arboreum, vitifolium, hirsutum, religiosum, latifolium, barbadense, peruvianum. Lev. E. and W. Indies.

1297. HIBISCUS, or Syrian Mallow.

66 species; viz. moscheutos, incanus, lasiocarpus, palustris, militaris, hastatus, ferrugineus, cordifolius, populneus, tiliaceus, elatus, lampas, membranaceus, lunarfolius, rosa sinensis, spiralis, brasiliensis, unilate-ralis, acuminatus, phoeniceus, ovalifolius, clandestinus, rigidus, rigidus, micranthus, gosypinus, ovatus, aethiopicus, microphyllus, urens, calycinus, mutabilis, syriacus, rhombifolius, liliflorus, bifurcatus, trilobus, diversifolius, domingensis, ficulneus, sabdariffa, speciosus, cannabinaus, fraternus, sororius, surrattensis, radiatus, manihot, digitatus, flavescens, spicatus, micans, abelmoschus, columnaris, pendunculatus, esculentus, longifolius, clypeatus, senegalensis, tubulosus, obtusifolius, vitifolius, tricuspidatus, virginicus, pentacarpus, vesicarius, trionum. Syria, Cape, E. and W. Indies, N. Amer.

The seeds of the *hibiscus abelmoschus* are the product of a plant indigenous in Egypt, and in many parts both of the East and West Indies. They are of a small size and reniform shape; they are very remarkable from possessing a peculiar and very fragrant odour; the smell which they give out may be compared to that of musk and amber conjoined; those brought from the island of Martinico are generally esteemed the most odorous, but we have seen some, the product of hot-houses in Britain, which in point of flavour seemed not inferior to any imported from abroad.

These seeds, although introduced into some of the foreign pharmacopoeias, have hitherto been used principally, if not only, as a perfume; and as their medical powers still remain to be ascertained, it is perhaps with propriety, that hitherto no place has been given them in the list either of the London or Edinburgh colleges. But their flavour as well as other sensible qualities point them out as a subject well deserving a particular investigation.

1298. **PAVONIA.**

15 species; viz. premorsa, leptocarpa, typhalea, hastata, spinifex, papilionacea, cancellata, racemosa, corymbosa, paniculata, odorata, coccinea, columella, urens, zeylanica. E. and W. Indies, Africa, S. America.

1299. **ACHANIA**, or *Base Hibiscus.*

Three species; viz. malvafascus, mollis, pilosa. Jamaica, S. America.

1300. **STUARTIA.**

Two species; viz. malachodendron, pentagyna.

1301. **GORDONIA**, or *Bobdolly-bay.*

Four species; viz. lasianthus, hematoxylon, pubescens, franklini. N. America.

1302. **CAMELLIA**, or *Japan-rose.*

Two species; viz. japonica, sasanqua. China, Japan.

1303. **MESUA**, or *Indian Rose-chesnut.*

One species; viz. terrea. Egypt, India.

1304. **MYRODIA.**

Two species; viz. turbinata, longiflora. Guiana.

1305. **MORISONIA.**

One species; viz. americana.

1306. **POURRETIA.**

One species; viz. arborea.

1307. **CROSSOSTYLIS.**

One species; viz. biflora. South sea isles.

1308. **BARRINGTONIA.**

One species; viz. speciosa. Chili, Moluc. South sea isles.

1309. **GUSTAVIA.**

One species; viz. angusta, fastuosa. Surinam, Cayenne.

In the class Monadelphia are

60 Genera, including 682 species, of which 16 are found in Britain.

---

**CLASSIS XVII.**

**DIADELPHIA (g).**

**ORDO I. PENTANDRIA.**

851. **MONNIERIA.** Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. ringens. Filamentum superus antheris 2, inferius 3. Capsule 5.

---

(g) This class comprehends the butterfly-shaped flowers, and the leguminous plants of some authors. Linnaeus takes the character of the class from the number of the stamens, and the character of the orders from their number. From the title of this class, Diadelphia or two brotherhoods, it might be supposed, that the filaments are always found in two sets. This, however, is by no means always correctly the case. The papilionaceous or butterfly shape of the corolla or blossom, as in a garden pea, will therefore be a surer guide. The class is not artificial, but perfectly natural, and the structure of the flowers extremely singular: their situation is generally obliquely pendent. The seeds of this class furnish food for men and other animals; they are farinaceous and flatulent. The leaves are food for cattle. None of them are poisonous. ORDO II. HEXANDRIA.

* 849. FUMARIA. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. ringens, basi gibbosa nectarifera. Filamenta antheris 3. 1267. SARACA. Cal. o. Cor. 4-fida. Filamenta utrinque 3, connexa.

ORDO III. OCTANDRIA.

* 850. POLYGALA. Cal. 2 laciniae, alaeformes. Cor. vexillum cylindricum. Stamina connexa. Caps. obcordata, 2-localis. 852. SECURIDÆA. Cal. 3-phyllus, Vexillum nulum. Legum 1-spermum, ala ligulata. 1461. DALBERGIA. Staminum filaments 2, apice 4-fida. Fructus pedicellatus, non dehiscens, leguminosus, membranaceo-compressus, seminiferus.

ORDO IV. DECANDRIA.

Sect. I. Stamina omnia connexa.

853. NISSOLIA. Legum. 1-spermum, terminatum ala ligulata. 854. PTEROCARPUS. Legum. foliaceum. Stamina bina trianthera. 861. AMORPHA. Alae carinae nullae. 855. ERYTHRINA. Alae carinae brevissimæ. Cal. poro mellifero. 1286. ABRUS. Filamenta 9, basi insima connexa, latere superiore distincta. Sem. sphaerica. * 858. SPARTIUM. Filamenta adherentia germini. Stigma adnatum, villosum. * 859. GENISTA. Pistillum deprimens carinam. Stigma involutum. 865. LUPINUS. Antheræ alternæ rotundæ; alternae oblongæ. Legum. coriaceum. * 864. ANTHYLLIS. Cal. turgidus, includens silique. 856. PISCIDIA. Legumen, alis 4 longitudinalibus. 857. BORBONIA. Legumen micronatum. Stigma emarginatum. * 881. ULEX. Cal. diphyllus. Legum. vix calyce longius. 876. ARACHIS. Cor. resupinata. Legum. coriaceum. 895. EBENUS. Cor. alis oblitteratis. Legum. mospermatum. 862. ASPALATHUS. Legumen muticum, ovatum, subdispermum. * 863. ONONIS. Legumen rhombeum, sessile. Vexillum striatum. 862. CROTALARIA. Legumen pedicellatum, turgidum.

Sect. II. Stigma pubescens (nec priorum note).

882. COLUTEA. Legumen inflatum, supra basin dehiscens. 866. PHASEOLUS. Carina stylusyue spirales. 867. DOLICHOS. Vexillum basi callis duobus.

ORDER II. HEXANDRIA.

* F. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. gaping, with a bulging base, nectariferous. Filaments with 3 anthers. S. No cal. Cor. 4-cleft. Filaments on both sides 3, connected.

ORDER III. OCTANDRIA.

* P. Cal. 2 segments, wing-shaped. Cor. standard cylindrical. Stamens connected. Caps. heart-shaped reversed, 2-celled. S. Cal. 3-leaved. No standard. Legume 1-seeded, wing strap-shaped. D. Filam. of the stamens 2, with the apex 4-cleft. Fruit pedicled, not open, leguminous, compressedly membranaceous, seed-bearing.

ORDER IV. DECANDRIA.

Sect. I. All the stamens connected.

N. A legume, i.e. leguminous plant, 1-seeded, terminated by a strap-shaped wing. P. Legume leafy. Two stamens, 3-anthered.

A. Wings and keel none. E. Wings and keel very short. Cal. with a mellerious little hole. A. Filam. 9, connected at the lowest base, on the upper side distinct. Seeds spherical. * S. Filam. adhering to the germen. Stigma connected, woolly. * G. Pistil depressing the keel. Stigma rolled inwards. L. Anthers alternately round and oblong. Legume leather-like. * A. Cal. swelling, including a pod. P. Legume, with 4 longitudinal wings. B. Legume dagger-pointed. Stigma notched at the end. * U. Cal. 2-leaved. Legume scarce longer than the calyx. A. Cor. horizontally turned upside down. Legume leather-like. E. Cor. with obscure wings. Legume 1-seeded. A. Legume awnless, oval, nearly 2-seeded. * O. Legume diamond-shaped, sitting. Standard streaked. C. Legume pedicled, turgid.

Sect. II. Stigma pubescent, i.e. downy (not marked like the above).

C. Legume inflated, open above the base. P. Keel and style spiral. D. Standard, with 2 calli or hardnesses at the base.

Gg2 * 871. 871. OROBUS. Stylus linearis, teretiusculus, supra villosus.

870. PISUM. Stylas supra carinatus villosusque.

872. LATHYRUS. Stylus supra planus villosusque.

873. VICIA. Stylus sub stigmate barbatus.

Sect. III. Legumen sub-biloculare (nec priorum).

892. ASTRAGALUS. Legum. 2-loculare, rotundatum.

893. BISSERRULA. Legum. 2-loculare, planum, dentatum.

891. PHACA. Legum. semibiloculare.

Sect. IV. Legumina submonosperma (nec priorum.)

894. PSORALEA. Cal. punctis glandulosis.

896. TRIFOLIUM. Legum. viz. calyce longius, 1 s. 2-spermum. Flores capitati.

882. GLYCERHIZA. Cal. 2-labiatus, superiore 3-fido.

Sect. V. Legumen subarticulatum.

888. AESCHYNOMENE. Legum. articulis monospermis. Cal. bilabiatus.

887. HEDYSARUM. Legum. articulis subrotundis compressis. Carina obtusissima.

883. CORONILLA. Legum. isthmis interceptum, rectum.

884. ORNITHOPUS. Legum. articulatum, arcuatum.

886. SCORPIURUS. Legum. isthmis interceptum, teretiusculum, involutum.

885. HIPPOCREPIS. Legum. compresso-membranaceum; altera sutura emarginat. ad medium excisa.

899. MEDICAGO. Legum. spirale membranaceo-compressum. Pistillum carinam deflectens.

Sect. VI. Legumen uniloculare polyspermum (nec priorum.)

893. TRIGONELLA. Vexillum alaeque patentes quasi tripetale. Carina minuta.

868. GLYCINE. Carina vexillum reflectens.

869. CLITORIA. Vexillum amplum, alas obtegens. Cor. resupinata.

879. ROBINIA. Vexillum reflexo-patens, subrotundum.

889. INDIGOFERA. Carina utrinque denticulo.

875. CICER. Calycis 4 laciniae superiores vexillo incumbentes.

874. ERVUM. Cal. 5-partitus, subaequalis, longitudine fere corollae.

1319. LUPARIA. Calycis lacinia infima elongata. Alae inferiores bilobae.

877. CYTISUS. Legum. pedicellatum. Cal. bilobatus.

1417. MULLERA. Pericarpium elongatum, carnosum, moniliforme, globulis monospermis.

890. GALEGA. Legum. lineare, striis oblique transversis.

897. LOTUS. Legum. teres, farctum seminibus cylindricis.

878. GEOFFROYA. Drupa, nucleo ligneo.

O. Style strap-shaped, rather tapering, woolly above.

P. Style keeled and woolly above.

L. Style above flat and woolly.

V. Style barbed under the stigma.

Sect. III. Legume nearly 2-celled (not marked as above.)

A. Legume 2-celled, rounded.

B. Legume 2-celled, flat, toothed.

P. Legume half 2-celled.

Sect. IV. Leguminous, nearly 1-seeded (not as above.)

P. Cal. with glandular points.

T. Legume scarce longer than the cal. 1 or 2-seeded. Flowers growing in heads.

G. Cal. 2-lipped, upper 3-cleft.

Sect. V. Legume nearly jointed.

AE. Legume, with 1-seeded joints. Cal. 2-lipped.

H. Legume with joints nearly round, compressed. Keel very obtuse.

C. Legume interrupted by necks, straight.

O. Legume jointed, bowed.

S. Legume interrupted by necks, tapering, rolled inwards.

H. Legume compressed, membranous; one seam notched, cut at the middle.

M. Legume spiral, membranous compressed. Pistil bending away the keel.

Sect. VI. Legume 1-celled, many-seeded (not as above.)

T. Standard and wings expanding, as if 3-petaled. Keel minute.

G. Keel bending back the standard.

C. Standard large, covering the wings. Cor. horizontally turned upside down.

R. Standard bent back, expanding, nearly round.

I. Keel toothed on both sides.

C. Four upper segments of the cal. leaning on the standard.

E. Cal. 5-parted, nearly equal, almost of the length of the cor.

L. Lower segments of the cal. long. Wings 2-lobed below.

C. Legume pedicled. Cal. 2-lobed.

M. Pericarp, elongated, fleshy, bracelet-shaped, with 1-seeded globules.

G. Legume strap-shaped, with streaks obliquely transverse.

L. Legume tapering, filled with cylindrical seeds.

G. Drupe, with a woody kernel.

ORDER Order I. PENTANDRIA.

851. Monniera. One species; viz. triflora.

Order II. HEXANDRIA.

1267. Saraca. One species; viz. indica. India.

849. Fumaria, or Fumitory. 14 species; viz. cucullaria, spectabilis, nobilis, bulbosa, sempervirens, lutea, sibirica, capnoides, encephylla, officinalis, capreolata, spicata, clavicalata, vesicaria. Europe, Barb. Cape, N. America.

* F. seed vessels in bunches, 1 seed in each; stem spreading.—Cows and sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. The leaves are succulent, saline, and bitter. The expressed juice, in doses of two or three ounces, is useful in hypochondriacal, scorbatic, and cachectic habits. It corrects acidity, and strengthens the tone of the stomach. Some prefer it to all other medicines as a sweetener of the blood. There is no doubt of its utility in obstructions of the viscera and the diseases arising therefrom. An infusion of the leaves is used as a cosmetic to remove freckles and clear the skin.

Order III. OCTANDRIA.

851. Polygala, or Milkwort. 38 species; viz. incarnata, aspalatha, brasiliensis, trichosperma, amara, vulgaris, major, monspeliaca, paniculata, sibirica, bracteolata, umbellata, myrtfolia, oppositifolia, spinosa, teretifolia, theezans, trinervia, penaea, diversifolia, microphylla, vestuans, chinensis, chambeauxus, alopecuroides, mixta, squarrosa, heisteria, stipulacea, senega, lutea, viridescens, triflora, glaucoides, ciliata, sanguinea, verticillata, cruciata. Europe, Cape, India, N. America.

* P. flowers in bunches; stems herbaceous, simple, trailing; leaves strap-spear-shaped.—This plant has been found to possess the properties of the Senega rattlesnake root (polygala senega), but in an inferior degree. The powdered root may be given in doses of half a dram. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine refuse it. An infusion of the herb, which is very bitter, taken in the morning fasting, about one fourth of a pint daily, promotes expectoration, and is good for a catarrhous cough.

The polygala senega grows spontaneously in Virginia, and bears the winters of our own climate. This root is usually about the thickness of the little finger, variously bent and contorted, and appears as if composed of joints, whence it is supposed to resemble the tail of the animal whose name it bears: A kind of membranous margin runs on each side, the whole length of the root. Its taste is at first acid, afterwards very hot and pungent.

The Senegavo Indians are said to prevent the fatal effects which follow from the bite of the rattlesnake, by giving it internally, and by applying it externally to the wound. It has been strongly recommended in pleurisies, peripneumonies, and other inflammatory distempers. Its more immediate effects are those of a diuretic, diaphoretic, and cathartic; sometimes it proves emetic: the two last operations may be occasionally prevented by giving the root in small doses along with aromatic simple waters, as that of cinnamon. The usual dose of the powder is 30 grains or more.

Some have likewise employed this root in hydropic cases and not without success. There are examples of its occasioning a plentiful evacuation by stool, urine, and perspiration; and by this means removing the disease, after the common diuretics and hydragogues had failed. Where this medicine operates as a cathartic it generally proves successful; if it acts by liquefying the blood and juices, without occasioning the due discharge, it should either be abstained from, or assisted by proper additions.

852. Securidea, or Hatchet-wetch. Two species; viz. erecta, volubilis. W. Indies.

1416. Dalbergia. Two species; viz. lanceolaria, monetaria. Surinam, Ceylon.

Order IV. DECANDRIA.

853. Nissolia. Two species; viz. arborea, fruticosa. S. Amer.

1286. Abrus, or Jamaica Wild Liquorice. One species; viz. precatorius. E. and W. Indies.

854. Pterocarpus, or Red Sanders. Five species; viz. draco, linatus, santalinus, ecas-taphyllum, buxifolius. E. and W. Indies.

855. Erythrina, or Coral Tree. Five species; viz. herbacea, corollodendrum, picta, crista galli, planisiliqua. Carolina, E. and W. Indies, Brazil.

856. Piscidia, or Dogwood Tree. Two species; viz. erythrina, carthaginensis. West Indies.

857. Borbonia. Six species; viz. ericiflora, levigata, trinervia, lanceolata, cordata, ternata. C. of G. Hope.

858. Spartium, or Broom. 16 species; viz. contaminatum, sepiarium, junceum, monospermum, sphacelarum, purgans, aphyllum, scorpius, angulatum, patens, supranulum, complicatum, scoparium, radiatum, cytisoides, spinosum. S. Europe, Barbary, Cape, Madeira.

* S. leaves in threes, and solitary; branches without prickles.—The young flowers are sometimes preserved as pickles. The plant, when burnt, affords a tolerable pure alkaline salt. Dr Mend relates the case of a dropsical patient, that was cured by taking half a pint of a decoction of green broom-tops, with a spoonful of whole mustard seed, every morning and evening. The patient had been tapped three times, and tried the usual remedies before. An infusion of the seeds, drank freely, has been known to produce similar happy effects; but whoever expects these effects to follow in every dropsical case, will be greatly deceived. A strong lixivium of the ashes was used in the Swedish army in the year 1759, to cure dropsies, consequential to a catarrhal epidemic fever. The urine became plentiful, and the dropsies soon disappeared. Some use the seeds... seeds toasted, so as to make a kind of coffee. The plant, when growing large, merits a place among our flowering-shrubs, on account of the profusion of its golden-coloured blossoms. Cows, horses, and sheep refuse it.

859. Genista, or Dyers Broom.

14 species; viz. canariensis, candicans, linifolia, sagittalis, tridentata, * tinctoria, sibirica, florida, * pilosa, humilisua, * anglica, germanica, hispanica, lusitanica. Europe, Canaries.

* G. branches scored, cylindrical, upright; leaves spear-shaped, smooth; legumen cylindrical.—A yellow colour may be prepared from the flowers; and for wool that is to be dyed green, the dyers prefer it to all others. A dram and a half of the powdered seeds operates as a mild purgative. A decoction of the plant is sometimes diuretic, and therefore has proved serviceable in dropsical cases. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep, eat it.

The wood or root of the genista canariensis is chiefly brought to us from the Canary islands. In the shops of the apothecaries it usually receives the appellation of lignum rhodium. It is in long crooked pieces full of knobs, which when cut, appear of a yellow colour like box, with a reddish cast. The largest, smoothest, most compact, and deepest coloured pieces, should be chosen; and the small, thin, or pale ones, rejected. The taste of this wood is lightly bitterish, and somewhat pungent; its smell very fragrant, resembling that of roses: long kept, it seems to lose its smell; but, on cutting or rubbing one piece against the other, it smells as well as at first. Distilled with water, it yields an odoriferous essential oil, in very small quantity. Rhodium is at present in esteem, only upon account of its oil, which is employed as a high and agreeable perfume in scenting pomatums and the like. But if we may reason from analogy, this odoriferous simple might be advantageously applied to more useful purposes; a tincture of it in rectified spirit of wine, which contains in small volume the virtues of a considerable deal of the wood, bids fair to prove a serviceable cordial, not inferior perhaps to any thing of this kind.

860. Aspalathus, or African Broom.

35 species; viz. spinosa, verrucosa, capitata, glomerata, astrotoides, chenopoda, albens, thymifolia, ericifolia, nigra, carmosa, ciliaris, genistoides, hystrix, galioides, reflexos, uniflora, araneosa, asparagoides, sericea, canescens, heterophylla, indica, ebenus, cretica, quinquefolia, tridentata, pilosa, anthylloides, laxata, argentea, callosa, orientalis, mucronata, pinnata. Crete, Cape, E. Indies.

881. Ulex, or Furze, Whins, Gorse.

Two species; viz. * europaeus, capensis. Germany, France, Cape.

* U. leaves woolly, acute; thorns scattered.—Gorse is in some respects a very hardy plant, and will make fences upon the bleakest mountains, and close to the sea-side, where the spray of the sea destroys almost every other shrub; but it is impatient of cold, is often destroyed by severe frost, and is rarely found in the northern parts of our island. In Cornwall, where fuel is scarce, it is cultivated to advantage, and it is generally cut to make faggots for heating ovens, which it does very soon, burning rapidly, and with a great degree of heat. The ashes are used to make ley. Team horses may be supported by this plant, if it is cut young and bruised in a mill to break the thorns. Goats, cows, sheep, and horses feed upon the tender tops.

861. Amorpha, or Shrubby Base Indigo.

One species; viz. fruticosa. Carolina.

862. Crotalaria, or Rattlewort.

23 species; viz. perforata, perfoliata, amplexicaulis, sagittalis, chinensis, juncea, imbricata, retusa, sessiliflora, triflora, verrucosa, biflora, opposita, linifolia, bifaria, latifolia, lunaris, laburnifolia, cordifolia, incana, incanescens, heterophylla, quinquefolia. E. and W. Indies, Africa, America.

863. Ononis, or Rest-harrow.

31 species; viz. antiquorum, * spinosa, * arvensis, repens, minutissima, mitissima, alopecuroides, variegata, pubescens, hircina, cornua, umbellata, argentea, involucrata, filiformis, capensis, prostrata, reclinata, cenisia, cherleri, viscosa, ornithopodioides, pinguis, natrix, tridentata, crispa, hispanica, fruticosa, rotundifolia, microphylla, mauritanica. Europe, Cape.

* O. flowers in bunches, solitary; leaves solitary or spinoso three together; branches thorny.—A decoction of the roots has been recommended in cases of stone and jaundice. Cows and goats eat it. Sheep are very fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. A horse is said to have refused the whole branch, but ate of the younger shoots when picked off.

864. Anthyllis, or Lady's Finger, Kidney vetch.

15 species; viz. tetraphylla, * vulneraria, montana, cornicina, lotoides, gerardi, quinquiflora, involucrata, linifolia, barba-jovis, heterophylla, viscidiflora, cytisoides, hermancea, erinacea. Europe.

* A. herbaceous; leaves winged, unequal; flowers in a double head.—The country people get a yellow dye from it. It makes an excellent pasturage for sheep. Where the soil was a reddish clay, Linnaeus observed the blossoms to be red, but in white clay white. Goats and cows eat it.

876. Arachis, or Ground Nut.

One species; viz. hypogea. Carolina, S. Amer.

895. Ebenus, or Ebony of Crete.

One species; viz. cretica. Crete, Lev. Barb.

865. Lupinus, or Lupine.

Seven species; viz. perennis, albus, varius, hirsutus, pilosus, angustifolia, luteus. S. Europe, Egypt, Virginia.

The seeds of the lupinus albus have a leguminous taste, accompanied with a disagreeable bitter one. They are said to be anthelmintic, both internally taken, and applied externally. Hoffman cautions against their internal use, and tells us that they have sometimes occasioned death. Simon Pauli also observes, that he saw a boy of eight or ten years of age, after taking a drachm of these seeds in powder, seized with exquisite pains of the abdomen, a difficulty of respiration, and almost total loss of voice; and that he was relieved from these complaints by a glyster of milk and sugar, which brought away a vast quantity of worms. But Mr Geoffroy observes, very justly, that either these symptoms were owing to the worms, and not to the medicine; or that these seeds, if they have any noxious quality, lose it, with their bitterness, in boiling, since they were commonly used among the Greeks as food, and recommended by Galen as very wholesome.

866. PHASEOLUS, or Kidney Bean.

17 species; viz. vulgaris, lunatus, bipunctatus, immaculatus, farinosus, vexillatus, helvulus, semierectus, alatus, caracalla, acutifolius, nanus, radiatus, max, mungo, lathyroides, sphaerospermus. E. and W. Indies, Africa, America.

887. DOLICHOS, or Cow-itch.

31 species; viz. benghalensis, lablab, sinensis, uncinatus, luteolus, unguiculatus, tranquebaricus, ensiformis, tetragonolobus, sesquipedalis, altissimus, pruriens, urens, minimus, lineatus, capensis, scarabaeoides, incurvus, bulbosus, trilobus, aristatus, filiformis, purpureus, regularis, lignosus, polystachios, ensiformis, saja, catang, biflorus, repens. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, Cape, America.

The dolichos pruriens is a plant growing in great abundance in warm climates, particularly in the West India islands, and there it is very troublesome to cattle and other domestic animals: for on account of the spicule of the seed-pod it excites, when touched, a very uneasy itching. These spicules have been long used in South America, in cases of worms; and have of late been frequently employed in Britain. The spicule of one pod, mixed with syrup or molasses, and taken in the morning fasting, is a dose for an adult. The worms are said to appear with the second or third dose; and by means of a purge in some cases, the stools are said to have consisted almost entirely of worms; and in cases of lumbrici it is said to produce a safe and effectual cure. Those who have used it most affirm, that they have never seen any inconvenience resulting from the internal use of it, notwithstanding the great uneasiness it occasions, on the slightest touch, to any part of the surface.

868. GLYCINE, or Kidney-bean tree.

15 species; viz. subterranea, monoica, triloba, villosa, javanica, comosa, tomentosa, bituminosa, nummularia, labialis, striata, suaveolens, apios, frutescens, monophylla. Cape, East and West Indies, North America.

869. CLITORIA.

Five species; viz. ternatea, brasiliaca, virginiana, mariana, galactea. East and West Indies, America.

870. PISUM, or Pea.

Four species; viz. sativum, arvense, maritimum, ochrus. Europe, North America.

P. leaf-stalks flattish above; stem angular; stipule arrow-shaped; fruitstalks many-flowered.—In 1555, during a time of great scarcity, the people about Oxford in Sussex were preserved from perishing by eating the seeds of this plant which grew there in great abundance upon the sea coast. Cows, horses, sheep, and goats eat it.

871. OROBUS, or Bitter Vetch.

12 species; viz. lathyroides, hirsutus, luteus, versus, tuberosus, sylvaticus, angustifolius, albus, caesecens, niger, pyrenaicus, sylvaticus. Europe.

O. leaves winged, spear-shaped; stipula half-arrow-shaped, very entire; stem simple.—The roots, when boiled, are savoury and nutritious; ground to powder they may be made into bread. They are held in high esteem by the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew them as our people do tobacco, and find that they prevent the uneasy sensation of hunger. They imagine that they promote expectoration, and are very efficacious in curing disorders of the lungs. They know how to prepare an intoxicating liquor from them. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it.

LATHYRUS, or Chickling Vetch.

21 species; viz. aplica, nissolia, amphicarpos, cicera, sativus, inconspicuous, setifolius, angulatus, articulatus, odoratus, annuus, tingitanus, clymenum, hirsutus, tuberosus, pratensis, sylvestris, latifolius, heterophyllus, palustris, pisiformis. Europe, Barbary, Ceylon.

L. tendrils with two leaves, quite simple, leaflets pratensis, spear-shaped.—This has been recommended as a new plant for the experiments of the farmers, and premiums have been offered for its cultivation. But it does not seem to be a plant at all agreeable to cattle, as where they have a choice of food they seldom touch it. Besides it produces very few seeds, and those are for the most part devoured by a species of curculio.

873. VICIA, or Vetch, Bean, Tare.

20 species; viz. pisiformis, dumetorum, sylvatica, cassubica, cracca, gerardi, onobrychoidea, nissoliana, biennis, benghalensis, sativa, lathyroides, lutea, hybrida, peregrina, sepium, bithynica, narbonensis, faba, serratiloba. Europe, Egypt, India.

V. legumens mostly in pairs, upright; leaflets in-sativa, versely spear-shaped, blunt, notched; stipule toothed; seeds compressed.—In Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, they sow it as pasturage for horses, and eat it off early enough to allow of turnips being sown the same year.—The seeds are excellent food for pigeons. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat it.

V. legumens mostly four together, upright; leaflets sepium, egg-shaped, very entire, the outer ones gradually smaller.—This plant shoots earlier in spring than any plant eaten by cattle; vegetates late in the autumn, and continues green all winter; but it is difficult to collect the seeds, as the pods burst and scatter them about, and moreover, hardly a third part of them will vegetate, being made the nidus of an insect. A patch of them sown in drills in a garden was cut five times in the course of the second year, and produced at the rate of 24 tons per acre of green food, which when dry would weigh near 4½ tons.

The seeds of the vicia faba, or common bean, are a strong flatulent food, sufficiently nutritious, but not easy of digestion, especially when growing old. A water distilled from the flowers has been celebrated as a cosmetic, and still retains its character among some female artists.

874. ERYSIUM, or Bitter Vetch.

Six species; viz. lens, tetraspermum, hirsutum, solonense, monanthos, ervilla. Europe, Asia.

E. fruitstalks many-flowered; seeds 2, globular.—hirsutum. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it. In wet seasons whole fields of corn have been overpowered and wholly destroyed by it. 875. CICER, or Chick-pease. One species; viz. arietinum. S. Eur. Lev.

1319. LIPARIA. Five species; viz. sphaerica, graminifolia, umbellata, villosa, sericea. C. of G. Hope.

876. CYTISUS, or Trefoil-tree. 17 species; viz. laburnum, nigricans, wolgaricus, sessilifolius, cajan, patens, hirsutus, capitatus, austriacus, supinus, prolifer, argenteus, pendulinus, purpureus, glaber, græcus, tener. Eur. Cape, E. Indies.

1417. MULLERA. One species; viz. moniformis. Surinam.

878. GEOFFROYA, or Base Cabbage-tree. One species; viz. spinosa. Jam. Brazil.

879. ROBINIA, or False Acacia. Nine species; viz. pseud-acacia, violacea, hispida, mitis, holodendron, caragana, spinosa, frutescens, pygmea. Siberia, Tartary, N. Amer. W. Indies.

880. COLUTEA, or Bladder-senna. Four species; viz. arborescens, frutescens, perennialis, herbacea. Austria, Italy, Levant, Africa.

882. GLYCIRRHIZA, or Liquorice. Four species; viz. echinata, glabra, hirsuta, aspera. Spain, Italy, Levant, Apulia.

883. CORONILLA, or Joint-podded Colutea. 11 species; viz. emerus, juncea, valentina, glauca, coronata, minima, argentea, securidixa, varia, cretica, scandens. S. Europe, Amer.

884. ORNITHOPUS, or Birds-foot. Four species; viz. perpusillus, compressus, scorpioides, tetraphyllus. S. Eur. Jam. Barbary.

885. HIPPOCREPIS, or Horse-shoe Vetch. Four species; viz. unisiliquosa, multisiliquosa, comosa, balearica. S. Europe.

886. SCORPIURUS, or Caterpillars. Four species; viz. verruculata, muricata, sulcata, subvillosa. S. Eur.

888. ÆSCHYNOEME, or Base Sensitive Plant. Eight species; viz. grandiflora, arborica, coccinea, aspera, americana, indica, sesban, pumila. Egypt, E. and W. Indies.

887. HEDYSARUM, or French honeysuckle. 97 species; viz. alhagi, bupleurifolium, linifolium, nummularifolium, moniliferum, styracifolium, reniforme, sororium, vespertilionis, gangeticum, muculatum, latibrosum, vaginale, imbricatum, triquetrum, strobiliferum, diphyllum, pulchellum, spartium, lineatum, retroflexum, umbellatum, biarticulatum, heterocarpum, viscidum, canadense, canescens, marilandicum, frutescens, viridiflorum, hirtum, junceum, violaceum, paniculatum, nidiflorum, repens, hamatum, triflorum, barbatum, lagopodioides, microphyllum, racemosum, caudatum, tomentosum, sericeum, virgatum, pilosum, striatum, volubile, gyrans, argentatum, alpinum, obscurum, coronarium, flexuosum, humile, spinosissimum, virginicum, fruticosum, pumilum, onobrychis, saxatile, capit galli, crista galli, crinitum, cornutum, inanum. S. Eur. E. and W. Indies, N. Amer.

* H. leaves winged; legumens with one seed prickly; awns wings as long as the calyx; stem growing long.—This plant is cultivated like clover for feeding cattle, and is particularly advantageous in dry hilly situations and chalky soils.

889. INDIGOFERA, or Indigo. 23 species; viz. sericea, ovata, trifoliata, psoraloides, procumbens, sarmentosa, denudata, mexicana, trita, filiformis, digitata, stricta, frutescens, enneaphylla, pentaphylla, glabra, cytisoides, hirsuta, angustifolia, anil, tinctoria, dispersa, argentea. Arabia, E. and W. Indies, Cape, Carolina.

890. GALEGA, or Goats-rue. 12 species; viz. officinalis, cinerea, littoralis, virginiiana, villosa, spinosa, maxima, purpurea, carbica, cerulea, tinctoria, senticosa. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America.

The galega officinalis was celebrated as an alexipharmac; but its sensible qualities discover no foundation for any virtues of this kind; the taste is merely leguminous, and in Italy, where it grows wild, it is said to be used as food.

891. PHACA, or Base Milk-vetch. Ten species; viz. betica, alpina, saluta, sibirica, australis, trifoliata, vesicaria, prostrata, microphylla, muricata. Lapland, Siber. S. Eur.

892. ASTRAGALUS, or Liquorice, or Milk-vetch. 45 species; viz. alopecuroides, christianus, capitatus, pilosus, sulcatus, galegiformis, chinensis, onobrychis, uliginosus, carolinianus, asper, canadensis, cicer, microphyllus, glycyphyllus, hamosus, contortuplicatus, barbatus, laxmanni, stella, sesameus, austriacus, leontinus, pentaglottis, epiglottis, hypoglottis, syriacus, arenarius, glaux, sinicus, alpinus, ammodytes, trimetris, verticillaris, montanus, vesicarius, physodes, caprinus, uralensis, monspessulanus, incanus, campestris, depressus, uncatus, exscapus. Europe, Egypt, Barbary.

893. BISSERULA, or Base Hatchet-vetch. One species; viz. pelecinus. S. Eur.

894. PSORALEA. 23 species; viz. rotundifolia, pinnata, aculeata, bracteata, spicata, axillaris, stachydes, aphylla, tenuifolia, capitata, hirta, repens, bituminosa, glandulosa, palatina, americana, tetragonalia, corylifolia, pentaphylla, prostrata, dalea, enneaphylla, laevigata. S. Europe, India, Africa, America.

896. TRIFOLIUM, or Trefoil, Clover. 46 species; viz. coerules, indica, messanense, polonica, officinalis, italica, cretica, ornithopodioides, lepina, reflexum, strictum, hybridum, repens, comosum, alpinum, subterraneum, globosum, cheliri, lappaceum, rubens, pratense, alpestre, pannonicum, squarrosum, incarnatum, ochroleucum, angustifolium, arvense,stellatum, clypeatum, scabrum, glomeratum, striatum, alexandrinum, uniflorum, spinosum, resupinatum, tomentosum, fragiferum, montanum, agrarium, spasticum, procumbens, filiforme, biflorum, suffocatum. Europe, India, Africa, N. America.

*T. capsules in bunches, often 2-seeded, wrinkled, acute; stem upright.—This plant is more fragrant when... when dry than when green. A water distilled from the flowers possesses but little odour in itself, but improves the flavour of other substances. Horses are extremely fond of it. Cows, goats, sheep, and swine eat it.

* T. heads like umbels; legumens 4-seeded; stem creeping.—Horses, cows, and goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Swine refuse it. The leaves stand upright against rain. Wherever this plant abounds spontaneously, it is considered as an indication of the goodness of the soil, and this is a thing well known to farmers. The richness of meadows and pastures is naturally owing to their abounding principally with the trefoils, and others of the same class, with a due mixture of the more acceptable grasses.

* T. spikes crowded; blossoms unequal; calyx with four of the teeth equal; stipulae awned; stems ascending.—In a great scarcity of provisions, bread has been made of the flowers. The heads are used in Sweden to dye woollen green. With alum they give a light, with copperas a dark green.

897. Lotus, or Birds-foot Trefoil.

13 species; viz. maritimus, filigosus, tetragonolobus, conjugatus, tetraphyllus, edulis, peregrinus, angustissimus, arabicus, ornithopodioides, jacobaeus, cretices, hirsutus, graecus, rectus, corniculatus, cytisoides, dorycnium. Europe, Arabia, Madeira.

L. heads of the flowers flatted at the top; stems herbaceous, trailing: legumens cylindrical, expanding.—The flowers of this plant become greenish when dried, in which respect they resemble the flowers of the plants which produce indigo. Cows, goats, and horses eat it. Sheep and swine are not fond of it. In Hertfordshire it is cultivated as pasturage for sheep. There is no doubt but it might be cultivated to great advantage. In moist meadows it grows to a great height, and makes extremely good hay.

898. Trigonella, or Fenugreek.

12 species; viz. ruthenica, platycarpus, striata, polyerta, hamosa, spinosa, corniculata, monspeliaca, la-

ciniata, foenum graecum, sylvestris, indica. Siberia, S. Europe, Egypt, India.

The trigonella foenum graecum is cultivated chiefly in the southern parts of France, Germany, and Italy; from whence the seeds are brought to us. They are of a yellow colour, rhomboidal figure, a disagreeable strong smell, and a mucilaginous taste. Their principal use is in cataplasmes, fomentations, and the like, and in emollient glysters.

899. Medicago, or Medick, Moon-trefoil.

24 species; viz. arbores, virginica, radiata, circinata, sativa, falcata, lupulina, marina, polymorpha, prostrata, orbicularis, scutellata, tornata, turbinate, intertexta, arabica, coronata, ciliaris, hirsuta, rigidula, minima, muricata, nigra, laciniata. Europe, North America.

M. flowers in bunches; legumens narrow, regular, sativa, twisted; stem upright, smooth.—Modern writers upon husbandry strongly recommend the cultivation of this plant, for the purpose of feeding cattle; but it is not yet generally adopted.

M. flowers in bunches; legumens crescent-shaped; falcata, stem prostrate.—In hot, dry, barren sandy places it is well worth the trouble of sowing for the purpose of making hay; a practice long since adopted in some parts of Sweden. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it.

M. spikes oval; seed-vessels kidney-shaped, with lupulina, cell and 1 seed; stems trailing.—Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it; but it is less grateful to them than the other species. It is cultivated in Norfolk under the name of nonsuch, and is usually sown mixed with rye-grass. The crop is then called black and white nonsuch. It has been sown in the isle of Wight. It is sometimes sown along with clover and rye grass.

In the class Diadelphia are

56 Genera, including 710 Species, of which 59 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XVIII.

POLYADELPHIA (H).

ORDO I. PENTANDRIA.

900. THEOBROMA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, nectaris 5. Stam. 5. Anther. 3. Pistill. 3.

1418. ABROMA. Pentagyna. Caps. 5-locularis, 1-valvis, apice dehiscens. Semina reniformia, receptaculo hirsuto.

T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectaries 5. Stam. 5. Anthers 3. Pistils 3.

A. Pistils 5. Caps. 5-celled, 1-valved, open at the extremity. Seeds kidney-shaped. Receptacle shaggy.

ORDO

(H) This class comprehends the plants whose flowers have stamens united by the filaments into three or more sets. The orders depend upon the number of stamens. There is only a single genus of British plants belonging to this class, viz. the hypericum.

Vol. IV. Part I. ORDO II. DODECANDRIA.

1268. Monsonia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. Anther 3. Pistill. 5-fidum.

ORDO III. ICOSANDRIA.

901. Citrus. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 20, in cylindrum passim connata. Pistill. 1. Bacca locularis, pulpa vesiculari.

ORDO IV. POLYANDRIA.

1269. Melaleuca. Cal. 5-partitus superus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. semivestita calyce baccato.

1270. Hopea. Cal. 5-fidus, superus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa nucleo 3-loculari.

Duriol. Cal. 5-fidus, unicolatus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala, parva. Stylus 1. Stam. phalanges 5, ex septem. Pommum 5-loculare.

1320. Glabaria. Cal. 5-fidus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala. Stylus 1. Stam. phalanges 5 ex senis. Drupa.

1321. Munchhausenia. Cal. inferus, 6-fidus. Cor. 6-petala. Caps. 6-locularis.

677. Symplegma. Cal. 5-fidus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 4-plici serie corollae adnata.

902. Hypericum. Cal. 5-partitus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala. Styli 1, 3, s. 5. Caps. locularis.

903. Ascyrum. Cal. 2-phyllus, inferus. Cor. 4-petala. Styli 2. Caps. 2-valvis.

ORDER I. PENTANDRIA.

900. Theobroma, or Chocolate-nut Tree.

Two species; viz. cacao, guamma. Jamaica, S. America.—The nuts of the theobroma cacao are the fruit of an American tree resembling the almond. The tree, though small, bears a large fruit, shaped like a cucumber, which contains 30 or more of the nuts. These, by pressure, yield a considerable quantity of a fluid oil. Boiled in water, they give out a large portion of a sebaceous matter, which congeals on the surface of the liquor as it cools. The principal use of these nuts is for the preparation of the dietetic liquor chocolate. This is a mild, unctuous, nutritious fluid, capable of softening acrimonious humours, and of great service in consumptive disorders, especially if made with milk; and with only a small proportion of aromatics.

1418. Abroma.

One species; viz. augusta. California.

ORDO II. DODECANDRIA.

1268. Monsonia.

Three species; viz. filia, speciosa, lobata. C. of G. Hope.

ORDER II. DODECANDRIA.

M. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. Anthers 3. Pistil. 5-cleft.

ORDER III. ICOSANDRIA.

C. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 20, everywhere united into a cylinder. Pistil 1. Berry celled, in a vesicular pulp.

ORDO IV. POLYANDRIA.

M. Cal. 5-parted superior. Cor. 5-petaled. Caps. half covered with a berry-like cal.

H. Cal. 5-cleft superior. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with a 3-celled nut.

D. Cal. 5-cleft, pitcher-shaped, inferior. Cor. 5-petaled, small. Style 1. Stam. phalanxes 5 of 7. Apple many-celled.

G. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Cor. 5-petaled. Style 1. Stam. phalanxes 5 of 6. Drupe.

M. Cal. inferior, 6-cleft. Cor. 6-petaled. Caps. 6-celled.

S. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. connected with the corol. by a 5-fold series.

* H. Cal. 5-parted inferior. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 1, 3, or 5. Caps. celled.

A. Cal. 2-leaved, inferior. Cor. 4-petaled. Styles 2. Caps. 2-valved.

ORDER III. ICOSANDRIA.

901. Citrus, or Lemon-orange, Shaddock.

Four species; viz. medica, aurantium, decumana, japonica. Asia, India.

The citron, or the citrus medica, is an evergreen tree or shrub, of the same genus with the orange and lemon: it was first brought from Assyria and Media (whence the fruit is called mola assyria, mala medica) into Greece, and thence into the southern parts of Europe, where it is now cultivated. Citrons are rarely made use of among us; they are of the same quality with lemons, except that their juice is somewhat less acid. They are with us frequently employed as a condiment.

The juice of lemons is similar in quality to that of oranges, from which it differs little otherwise than its being more acid. The yellow peel is an excellent aromatic, and is frequently employed in stomachic tinctures and infusions: it is considerably less hot than orange peel, and yields in distillation with water a less quantity of essential oil; its flavour is nevertheless more perishable, yet does not arise so readily with spirit of wine; for a spirituous extract made from lemon peel possesses the aromatic taste and smell of the subject, in much greater perfection than an extract prepared in the same manner from the peel of oranges. In the shops a syrup is prepared from the juice, and the peel is candied; the peel is an ingredient in the bitter infusions and wines: the essential oil enters the volatile aromatic spirit, or *spiritus ammoniacus compositus*, as it is now called, and some other formulae.

The orange or the *citrus aurantium* is a beautiful evergreen tree, or rather shrub; it is a native of the warmer climates, and does not easily bear the winters of this.

The flowers are highly odoriferous, and have been for some time past in great esteem as a perfume; their taste is somewhat warm, accompanied with a degree of bitterness. They yield their flavour by infusion to rectified spirit, and in distillation both to spirit and water: the bitter matter is dissolved by water, and on evaporating the decoction, remains entire in the extract. An oil distilled from these flowers is brought from Italy, under the name of *oleum* or *essentia neroni*.

Orange flowers were at one time said to be an useful remedy in convulsive and epileptic cases; but experience has not confirmed the virtues attributed to them. The leaves of the orange have also been recommended for the same purpose, but have by no means answered the expectations entertained by some.

The outer yellow rind of the fruit is a grateful aromatic bitter; and proves an excellent stomachic and carminative, promoting appetite, warming the habit, and strengthening the tone of the viscera. Orange peel appears to be very considerably warmer than that of lemons, and to abound more with essential oil: to this circumstance, therefore, regard ought to be had in the use of these medicines. The flavour of the first is likewise supposed to be less perishable than that of the other; hence the London college employ orange-peel in the spirituous bitter tincture, which is designed for keeping; whilst in the bitter watery infusion, lemon-peel is preferred. A syrup and distilled water are for the same reason prepared from the rind of oranges in preference to that of lemons.

The outer rind of the orange is the basis of a conserve both in the Edinburgh and London pharmacies; and this is perhaps one of the most elegant and convenient forms for exhibiting it.

The juice of oranges is a grateful acid liquor, of considerable use in febrile or inflammatory distempers, for allaying heat, abating exorbitant commotions of the blood, quenching thirst, and promoting the salutary excretions; it is likewise of use in genuine scorbutus or sea-scurvy. Although the Seville or bitter orange, as it is called, has alone a place in our pharmacopoeias, yet the juice of the China or sweet orange, is much more employed. It is more mild and less acid; and it is employed in its most simple state with great advantage, both as a cooling medicine, and as an useful antiseptic in fevers of the worst kinds, as well as in many other acute diseases, being highly beneficial in alleviating thirst.

**ORDER IV. POLYANDRIA.**

1320. *Glabraria.* One species; viz. tersa. E. Indies.

1321. *Munchhausenia.* One species; viz. speciosa.

**DURIO.**

One species; viz. zibethinus. E. Indies.

1269. *Melaleuca,* or *Cupputi-tree.* Seven species; viz. leucadendron, latifolia, angustifolia, lucida, villosa, scoparia, virgata. New S. Wales, New Zealand.

1270. *Hopea.* One species; viz. tinctoria. Carolina.

677. *Symplocos.* One species; viz. martinicensis. Jamaica, Martinico.

902. *Hypericum,* or *St John's Wort.* 42 species; viz. balearicum, kalmanum, cayennense, bacciferum, calycinum, guineense, petiolatum, patulum, ascyron, *androsceum, olympicum, petiolatum, canariense, hircinum, segyptium, orientale, scabrum, repens, proliferum, oricoides, canadense, virginicum, mexicanum, reflexum, *quadrangulare, perforatum, humifusum, crisipum, montanum, barbatum, hirsutum, tomentosum, perfoliatum, elodes, pulchrum, nummularium, japonicum, erectum, coris, mutillum, setosum, monogynum. Europe, Azores, China, North America.

*H.* stem 2-edged; leaves blunt; with pellucid dots.—This plant has long held a place in the materia medica, but its use is very much undetermined. The semitransparent dots on the leaves are the receptacles of an essential oil. The leaves given in substance are said to destroy worms. The flowers tinge spirits and oils of a fine purple colour, which is probably derived from the little glands upon the anther, and upon the edges of the petals. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses and swine refuse it.

903. *Ascyrum,* or *St Peter's Wort.* Three species; viz. crux andreae, hypericoides, villosum. N. America.

In the class *Polyadelphia* are

12 Genera, which include 65 species. Of these 8 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XIX.

SYGENESIS (1).

ORDO I. POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS.

Sect. I. Semifloriculi Tournesortii, corellis ligulatis omnibus.

922. SCOLYMUS. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus nulus. Cal. imbricatus, spinosus.

921. CICORIUM. Recept. subpaleaceum. Pappus sub 5-dentatus. Cal. calyculatus.

920. CATANANCHE. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus aristatus, sessilis. Cal. imbricatus, scariosus.

917. SERIOLA. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus sub-pilosus. Cal. simplex.

918. HYPOCHERIS. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus plumosus. Cal. imbricatus.

904. GEROPOGON. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus plumosus disci, 5-aristatus radii. Cal. simplex.

915. ANDRYALA. Recept. villosum. Pappus pilosus, sessilis. Cal. subaequalis, rotundatus.

905. TRAGOFOGON. Recept. nudum. Pappus plumosus, stipitatus. Cal. simplex.

907. PICRIS. Recept. nudum. Pappus plumosus, stipitatus. Cal. calyculatus.

912. LEONTODON. Recept. nudum. Pappus plumosus, stipitatus. Cal. imbricatus squamis laxis.

906. SCORZONERA. Recept. nudum. Pappus plumosus, stipitatus. Cal. imbricatus, margine scarioso.

914. CREPIS. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus. Cal. calyculatus, squamis firmibus.

910. CHONDRIIIA. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus, stipitatus. Cal. calyculat. multiflorus.

911. PRENANTHES. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus. Cal. calyculat. sub 5-florus.

909. LACTUCA. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus, stipitatus. Cal. imbricatus, margine scarioso.

CLASS XIX.

SYGENESIS, OR COMPOUND FLOWERS.

ORDER I. POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS, or with both stamens and pistils in the same florets.

Sect. I. Semiflora of Tournesort, all the florets ligulate, or strap-shaped.

S. Recept. chaffy. No down. Cal. tiled, prickly.

C. Recept. nearly chaffy. Down nearly 5-toothed. Cal. calycled, i.e. having a double calyx.

C. Recept. chaffy. Down awned, sitting. Cal. tiled, skinny.

S. Recept. chaffy. Down somewhat hairy. Cal. simple.

H. Recept. chaffy. Down feathered. Cal. tiled.

G. Recept. chaffy. Down of the disc feathered, of the radius 5-awned. Cal. simple.

A. Recept. woolly. Down hairy, sitting. Cal. nearly equal, rounded.

T. Recept. naked. Down feathered, pedicled. Cal. simple.

P. Recept. naked. Down feathered, pedicled. Cal. calycled.

L. Recept. naked. Down feathered, pedicled. Cal. tiled with loose scales.

S. Recept. naked. Down feathered, pedicled. Cal. tiled, with a skinny border.

C. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. calycled, with irregular scales.

C. Recept. naked. Down hairy, pedicled. Cal. calycled, many-flowered.

P. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. calycled, nearly 5-flowered.

L. Recept. naked. Down hairy, pedicled. Cal. tiled, with a skinny border.

(1) This class comprehends those flowers which botanists have very generally agreed to call compound. The essential character of a compound flower, consists in the anthers being united so as to form a cylinder, and a single seed being placed upon the receptacle under each floret. The dandelion and thistle are compound flowers; that is, each of these flowers is composed of a number of small flowers called florets. The plants of this class are supposed to have various specific virtues. Most of them are bitter; almost none of them are poisonous. The lactuca virosa, when growing in shady situations, is however said to be an exception to this last rule.

The elasticity of the calyx in the picris, carduus, and many other genera, is too remarkable to pass unnoticed by the slightest observer. It seems as if the expansion of the plants first burst the calyx open, and when these wither it closes again. The downy hairs that crown the seeds, before upright, now begin to expand, and by this expansion again open the leaves of the calyx, and bend them quite back. The seeds now escape, and the calyx, becoming dry and withered, no longer retains its elastic power.

The hairy or downy appendages of the seeds occasion them to be wafted about in the air, and disseminated far and wide. The structure of this down deserves our notice; there is hardly a child that is insensible to its curious and beautiful appearance in the leontodon or dandelion.

In this class the orders are determined by the state of the florets with regard to stamens and pistils. 913. Hieracium. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus, sessilis. Cal. imbricatus, ovatus.

928. Sonchus. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus, sessilis. Cal. imbricatus, gibbus.

919. Lapsana. Recept. nudum. Pappus nullus. Cal. calyculatus.

916. Hyoseris. Recept. nudum. Pappus calyculo coronatus. Cal. subaequalis.

Sect. II. Capitati.

930. Atractylis. Corolla radiata.

1410. Barnadesia. Cor. radiata. Cal. nudus, imbricatus, pungens. Pappus radii plumosus; disci setosus, retrofractus.

929. Carlina. Cal. radiatus, radius coloratus.

926. Cnicus. Cal. bracteis obvallatus.

923. Arctium. Cal. squamis spicis incurvato-hamosis.

931. Carthamus. Cal. squamis squarrosus foliacis.

928. Cynara. Cal. squamis squarrosus canaliculatis, spinosis.

925. Carduus. Cal. squamis spinosis, ventricosus.

927. Onopordon. Cal. squamis ventricosus spinosis. Recept. favosum.

924. Serratula. Cal. squamis acutiusculis mutatis imbricatus, subcylindricus.

Sect. III. Discoidei.

934. Ethulia. Recept. nudum. Pappus nullus. Cal. sequalis.

936. Ageratum. Recept. nudum. Pappus aristatus. Cal. subaequalis. Corollulae 4-fidae.

933. Bacalia. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus. Cal. calyculus.

939. Chrysocoma. Recept. nudum. Pappus pilosus. Cal. imbricatus. Pist. brevisima.

935. Eupatorium. Recept. nudum. Pappus plausus. Cal. imbricatus. Pist. longissima.

942. Santolina. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus nullus. Cal. imbricatus, hemisphericus.

941. Caulea. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus pilosus. Cal. imbricatus.

943. Athanasia. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus paleaceus. Cal. imbricatus.

1287. Spilanthus. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus bidentatus. Cal. subaequalis.

932. Bidens. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus arista tus. Cal. imbricatus.

938. Staelhelia. Recept. paleaceum. Pappus plumosus, ramosus. Antherae candate.

937. Pteronia. Recept. setis partitis. Pappus subplumosus. Cal. imbricatus.

940. Trachonanthus. Recept. pilosum. Pappus pilosus, vestiens. Cal. turbinatus, monophyllus.

Ordo II. Polygamia Superflua.

Sect. I. Discoidei.

945. Artemisia. Recept. subnudum. Pappus nullus. Cor. radii nulla.

H. Recept. naked. Down hairy, sitting. Cal. tiled, oval.

S. Recept. naked. Down hairy, sitting. Cal. tiled, bulged.

L. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. calycled.

H. Recept. naked. Down crowned with a calycle. Cal. nearly equal.

Sect. II. Capitate, or growing in heads.

A. Cor. radiated.

B. Cor. radiated. Cal. naked, tiled, pungent. Down of the radius feathered; of the disc bristly, broken backwards.

C. Cal. radiated (or with the outer different from the central florets); radii (outer florets) coloured.

C. Cal. surrounded by floral leaves.

A. Cal. with scales hooked, curved at the point.

C. Cal. scurfy, with leafy scales.

C. Cal. scurfy, with channelled scales, thorny.

C. Cal. bellied, with thorny scales.

O. Cal. bellied, with thorny scales. Recept. honeycombed.

S. Cal. tiled with sharp awnless scales, nearly cylindrical.

Sect. III. Discoid (florets tubular).

E. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. equal.

A. Recept. naked. Down 5-awned. Cal. nearly equal. Cor. 4-cleft.

B. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. calycled.

C. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. tiled. Pist. very short.

E. Recept. naked. Down feathered. Cal. tiled. Pist. very long.

S. Recept. chaffy. No down. Cal. tiled, hemispherical.

C. Recept. chaffy. Down hairy. Cal. tiled.

A. Recept. chaffy. Down chaffy. Cal. tiled.

S. Recept. chaffy. Down 2-toothed. Cal. nearly equal.

B. Recept. chaffy. Down awned. Cal. tiled.

S. Recept. chaffy. Down feathered, branched. Anthers tailed.

P. Recept. with parted bristles. Down nearly feathered. Cal. tiled.

T. Recept. hairy. Down hairy, covering. Cal. turban-like, 1-leaved.

Order II. Polygamia Superflua.

(See p. 66.)

Sect. I. Discoid (without ligulate florets).

A. Recept. nearly naked. No down. No cor. in the florets of the radius. 948. CARPESIUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cor. radii 5-fidiae.

944. TANACETUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. submargine. Cor. radii 3-fidiae.

968. COTULA. Recept. subnudum. Papp. marginatus. Cor. disci 4-fidiae.

949. BACCHARIS. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. femineae hermaphroditis mixte.

950. CONYZA. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. radii 3-fidiae.

946. GNAPHALIUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. plumosus. Cal. scariosus, squam. concavis.

947. XERANTHEMUM. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. sub-setaceus. Cal. scariosus, radio explanato.

969. ANACYCLUS. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Sem. marginata, emarginata.

Sect. II. Semifloraules, sub-bilabiati.

960. PERDICUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. trifidae, exteriore majore, 3-loba.

Sect. III. Radiati.

962. BELLIS. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. squamis squamulosis simplex.

967. MATRICARIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. squamis imbricatus acutis.

966. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. squamis intimis scariosis.

1420. UNXIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. 5-phyllus. Flores radii et disci quinque.

959. DORONICUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Pappus radii nullus.

958. ARNICA. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Stamina radii castrata.

956. INSULA. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Antherae basi bisetae.

951. ERIGERON. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. radii capillares.

955. SOLIDAGO. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. radii subsensi, remoti.

957. CINERARIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cal. squamis simplex.

953. SENEIO. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. squamis apice sphacelatis.

952. TUSILAGIO. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cal. squamis sub-membranaceis.

954. ASTER. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cal. sub-squarrosus.

1421. MUTISIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. plumosus. Cal. cylindricus imbricatus. Corollae radii oval-oblongae; disci trifidae.

1322. BELLUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. arista-tus, 8-phyllisique. Cal. simplex.

964. TAGETES. Recept. nudum. Papp. arista-tus. Cal. 1-phyllus. Radius 5-florus.

961. HELENIUM. Recept. seminudum. Papp. 5-arista-tus. Cal. multipartitus. Radius cor. 3-fidis.

965. PECTIS. Recept. nudum. Papp. arista-tus. Cal. 5-phyllus. Radius 5-florus.

963. LEYSERA. Recept. semipaleaceum. Papp. plumosus. Cal. scariosus.

C. Recept. naked. No down. Cor. of the outer florets 5-cleft.

T. Recept. naked. Down with a slight border. Cor. of the ray 3-cleft.

C. Recept. nearly naked. Down with a border. Cor. of the disc 4-cleft.

B. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. female, mixed with hermaphrodites.

C. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray 3-cleft.

G. Recept. naked. Down feathered. Cal. skinny, with concave scales.

X. Recept. chaffy. Down a little bristly. Cal. skinny, the ray flattened.

A. Recept. chaffy. No down. Seeds bordered and not bordered.

Sect. II. Florets half tubular, nearly 3-lipped.

P. Down hairy. Cor. 3-cleft, the outer largest, 3-lobed.

Sect. III. Radiate.

B. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. simple with equal scales.

M. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. tiled with sharp scales.

C. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. inner scales skinny.

U. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. 5-leaved. Flowers of the ray and disc (extremity and centre) five.

D. Recept. naked. Down hairy. No down of the ray.

A. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Stamens of the ray without anthers.

I. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Anthers at the base 2-bristled.

E. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray hairy-like.

S. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray nearly in sixes, remote.

C. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. equal, simple.

S. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. with scales, brittle at the point.

T. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. with scales nearly membranous.

A. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. nearly scurfy.

M. Recept. naked. Down feathered. Cal. cylindrical, tiled. Cor. of the ray oval-oblong, of the disc 3-cleft.

B. Recept. naked. Down awned, and 8-leaved. Cal. simple.

T. Recept. naked. Down awned. Cal. 1-leaved. Ray 5-flowered.

H. Recept. half naked. Down 5-awned. Cal. many-parted. Cor. with 3-cleft rays.

P. Recept. naked. Down awned. Cal. 5-leaved. Ray 5-flowered.

L. Recept. half chaffy. Down feathered. Cal. skinny. 973. SIGESBECKIA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Radius dimidiatius.

1321. ECLIPTA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Cor. disci 4-fidae.

975. ANTHEMIS. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Cal. hemisphericus.

971. ACHILLEA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Radius sub 3-florus. Cal. oblongus.

977. BUERTHALMUM. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. marginitatus. Stigma hermaphrodit. simplex.

978. AMELLUS. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. pilosus. Cal. imbricatus.

972. TRIDAX. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. pilosus. Cor. radii 3-partite.

975. VERBESINA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. arista tus. Flosculi radii circiter 5.

974. ZINNIA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. arista tus. Radius 5-florus, persistens. Cal. imbricat.

Tetragonotheca, vide Polyommum.

ORDO III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

SCLEROCARPUS. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. sulcatus.

982. GORTERIA. Recept. nudisculum. Papp. pilosus. Radius corollae ligulatus.

984. CENTAUREA. Recept. setosum. Papp. pilosus. Radius corollae tubulosus.

1271. ZOECEA. Recept. setosum. Papp. setaceus. Radius corollae ligulatus.

980. RUBDECKIA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. mar ginatus. Cal. serie duplice.

981. COREOPSIS. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. arista tus. Cal. calyculatus.

979. HELIANTHUS. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. arista tus. Cal. squarrosus.

983. OSMITES. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. obsoletus. Cal. imbricatus.

ORDO IV. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.

995. FILAGO. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Flosc. femin. inter squamas calycis.

996. MICROPUS. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Flosc. femin. squamis calycis vaginati.

985. MILLERIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Flosc. femineus subsolitarius.

1323. BALTIMORA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Cal. cylindricus. Radius 5-florus.

993. OTTHONNA. Recept. nudum. Papp. pilosus. Cal. monophyllus.

1224. HIPPIA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Sem. glabra, compresso-marginata. Radius obsoletus.

992. OSTEOSPERMUM. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Sem. globosa, osca.

990. CALENDULA. Recept. nudum. Papp. nullus. Sem. membranacea.

991. ARCTOTIS. Recept. subpilosum. Papp. 5-phyllus. Sem. tomentosa.

ERIOCERHALUS. Recept. villosum. Papp. nullus. Flosc. radii quini.

987. POLYMNIA. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. nullus. Cal. 5-phyllus.

989. MELAMPODIUM. Recept. paleaceum. Papp. valvatus. Cal. 5-phyllus.

S. Recept. chaffy. No down. Ray extending half round.

E. Recept. chaffy. No down. Cor. of the disc 4-cleft.

A. Recept. chaffy. No down. Cal. hemispherical.

A. Recept. chaffy. No down. Ray nearly 5-flowered. Cal. oblong.

B. Recept. chaffy. Down bordered. Stigm. her maphrodite, simple.

A. Recept. chaffy. Down hairy. Cal. tiled.

T. Recept. chaffy. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray 3-parted.

V. Recept. chaffy. Down awned. Florets of the ray about 5.

Z. Recept. chaffy. Down awned. Ray 5-flowered, permanent. Cal. tiled.

ORDER III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

S. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. furrowed.

G. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray strap-shaped.

C. Recept. bristly. Down hairy. Cor. of the ray tubular.

Z. Recept. bristly. Down bristly. Cor. of the ray strap-shaped.

R. Recept. chaffy. Down with a margin. Cal. in a double series.

C. Recept. chaffy. Down awned. Cal. calycled.

H. Recept. chaffy. Down awned. Cal. scurfy.

O. Recept. chaffy. Down obscure. Cal. tiled.

ORDER IV. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.

F. Recept. naked. No down. Female florets between the scales of the calyx.

M. Recept. naked. No down. Female florets sheathed by the scales of the cal.

M. Recept. naked. No down. Female florets nearly solitary.

B. Recept. naked. No down. Cal. cylindrical. Ray 5-flowered.

O. Recept. naked. Down hairy. Cal. 1-leaved.

H. Recept. naked. No down. Seeds smooth, compressed-bordered. Ray obscure.

O. Recept. naked. No down. Seeds globular, bony.

C. Recept. naked. No down. Seeds membranous.

A. Recept. somewhat hairy. Down 5-leaved. Seeds cottony.

E. Recept. woolly. No down. Florets of the ray 5.

P. Recept. chaffy. No down. Cal. 5-leaved.

M. Recept. chaffy. Down curtained. Cal. 5-leaved.

986. 986. **SILPHIUM.** Recept. paleaceum. Papp. 2-aristatus. Cal. squarrosus.

988. **CHRYSOGONUM.** Recept. paleaceum. Papp. 3-aristatus. Sem. calyculis propriis.

**ORDO V. POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA.**

1001. **STOEBE.** Perianth. 1-florum. Papp. plumosus. Polyg. æqualis.

1325. **ODERA.** Recept. paleaceum. Papp. paleaceus. Perianth. proprium, flosculis tubulosis ligulatisque.

999. **ECHINOPS.** Perianth. 1-florum. Papp. pubescens. Polyg. æqualis.

998. **ELEPHANTOFUS.** Perianth. 4-florum. Papp. setosus. Polyg. æqualis.

1000. **GUNDELIA.** Recept. 5-florum. Papp. nullus. Polyg. frustranea.

1422. **JUNGIA.** Recept. paleaceum. Perianth. commune, triflorum. Flosculi tubulosi, bilabiati; labio exteriori ligulato; labio interiori bipartito.

920. **SPHERANTHUS.** Recept. multiflorum. Papp. nullus. Polyg. necessaria.

**ORDO VI. MONOGAMIA.**

1003. **STRUMIFIA.** Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, regularis. Baccæ infera, 1-sperma.

1002. **SERIPHNIUM.** Cal. imbricatus. Cor. 1-petala, regularis. Sem. 1, oblongum.

1004. **CORYMBIUM.** Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 1-petala, regularis. Sem. 1, lanatum.

1006. **LOBELIA.** Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, regularis. Caps. infera, 2-locularis.

1007. **VIOLA.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, irregularis. Caps. supera, 3-valvis.

1000. **IMPATIENS.** Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala irregularis. Caps. supera, 5-valvis.

**ORDER I. POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS.**

904. **GEROPOGON, or Old Man's Beard.**

Three species; viz. glabrum, hirsutum, calyculatum. Italy.

925. **TRAGOPOGON, or Goats Beard.**

14 species; viz. pratense, mutabile, undulatum, orientale, majus, porrifolium, crocifolium, villosum, dalechampii, picroides, asperum, dandelion, lanatum, virginicum. Europe, North America.

* T. calyx as long as the rays of the blossom; leaves entire, quite straight; fruit-stalk cylindrical. Yellow goats beard.—Before the stems shoot up, the roots boiled like asparagus have the same flavour, and are nearly as nutritious. Cows, sheep, and horses eat it. Swine devour it greedily. Goats are not fond of it.

906. **SCORZONERA, or Vipers Grass.**

14 species; viz. tomentosa, humilis, parviflora, hispanica, graminifolia, purpurea, angustifolia, hirsuta, resedifolia, laciniata, orientalis, taraxacifolium, tingitana, picroides. Europe, Arabia, Barbary.

907. **PICRIS, or Ox Tongue.**

Four species; viz. echinoides, hieracioides, japonica, asplenioides. Germany, France, Italy, Japan.

908. **SONCHUS, or Sow-thistle.**

13 species; viz. canadensis, arvensis, palustris, oleraceus, maritimus, fruticosus, terrerimus, plumieri, alpinus, floridanus, sibiricus, tataricus, tuberosus. Europe, Madeira, N. Amer. Jam.

* S. fruit and calyxes rough with hair in a sort of umbrellas; leaves naked, heart-shaped at the base. Corn or sow thistle.—The flowers follow the sun very regularly. Cows and goats eat it; horses are very fond of it.

* S. fruitstalks cottony; calyxes smooth. Common olerace sow-thistle.—The leaves are good among other pot-herbs. They are a very favourite food with hares and rabbits. Sheep, goats, and swine, eat it. Horses are very fond of it.

909. **LACTUCA, or Lettuce.**

Ten species; viz. scarii, virosa, saligna, quercina, intybacea, sativa, tuberosa, canadensis, indica, perennis. Europe, E. Indies, N. America.

* L. all the leaves horizontal, toothed; their mid-rib viscidly on the back. Wild lettuce.—The juice smells like opium. It is milky, acrid and bitter. Dr Cullen relates 24 cases of dropsy, out of which 23 were cured by taking the extract prepared from the expressed juice in in doses, from 18 grains to three drams in the 24 hours. It commonly proves laxative, promotes urine and gentle sweats, and removes the thirst. It must be prepared when the plant is in flower.

910. Chondrilla, or Gum Succory. Three species; viz. juncea, crepoides, nudicaulis. Germany, Switzerland, France.

911. Prenanthes, or Wild Lettuce. 19 species; viz. tenuifolia, chienensis, viminea, purpurea, muralis, altissima, chondrilloides, japonica, alba, repens, pinnata, integra, debilis, dentata, hastata, humilis, multiflora, lyra, squarrosa. Europe, Japan, N. America.

912. Leontodon, or Dandelion. 10 species; viz. taraxacum, bulbosum, aureum, hasticile, tuberosum, autumnale, alpinum, hispidum, hirtum, tomentosum. Europe, Africa, N. America.

913. Hieracium, or Hawkweed. 39 species; viz. incanum, pumilum, alpinum, taraxaci, alpestre, venosum, pilosella, dubium, auricula, cymosum, prermorsum, aurantiacum, gronovii, gmelini, sanctum, capense, pontanum, panculatum, porrifolium, chondrilloides, murorum, humile, paludosum, lyratum, cerinthoides, amplexicaule, pyrenaicum, blattarioides, pilosum, austriacum, helveticum, molle, stipitatum, villosum, glutinosum, kalmii, sprengerianum, sabandum, umbellatum.

H. leaves oblong, entire, toothed; stalk almost naked; calyx hairy.—This differs from the other lactescent plants, being less bitter and more astringent. It is esteemed hurtful to sheep. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Horses and cows refuse it.

914. Crepis, or Base Hawkweed. 16 species; viz. pygmaea, bursifolia, barbata, vesicaria, alpina, rubra, foetida, aspera, rhagadioloides, sibirica, tectorum, biennis, virescens, dioscoridis, pulchra, neglecta. Siberia, Alps, Azores, Arabia.

915. Andryala, or Downy Sow-thistle. Three species; viz. integriflora, ragusina, lanata. S. Europe, Archipelago, Canary.

916. Hyoseris, or Yellow-eye. Nine species; viz. foetida, radiata, lucida, scabra, virginica, minima, hedypnois, rhagadioloides, cretica. Europe, N. America, Madeira.

917. Seriola. Four species; viz. leavigata, athnensis, cretensis, urens. S. of Europe.

918. Hypochaeris, or Goshmore. Four species; viz. helvetica, maculata, glabra, radicata. Europe.

H. stem almost bare, with a solitary branch; leaves egg-oblong, entire, toothed.—The leaves of this plant are boiled, and eaten as cabbage. Horses are fond of this plant when green, but they do not like it when dry. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The country people believe it a cure for tetters and other cutaneous eruptions, possibly through a vulgar prejudice, founded on its spotted leaves.

919. Lapsana, or Nipple-wort. Five species; viz. communis, zacintha, stellata, kolpinii, rhagadiolus. Siberia, S. of Europe.

920. Catananche, or Candia Lion's-foot. Three species; viz. coerulea, lutea, greaca. South of Europe.

921. Cichorium, or Succory, Endive. Three species; viz. intybus, endivia, spinosum. Europe.

C. flowers in pairs, sitting; leaves notched.—The intybus leaves, when blanched, are eaten early in the spring in salads. They lose their bitterness by cultivation. The roots, gathered before the stem shoots up, are eatable, and when dried, will make bread. Sheep, goats, and swine eat it.

The seed of the cichorium endivia is raised in gardens for culinary use. It is a gentle cooler and appetizing, nearly of the same quality with the former species. The seeds are ranked among the four lesser cold seeds.

922. Scolymus, or Golden Thistle. Two species; viz. maculatus, hispanicus. S. Eur.

923. Arctium, or Burdock. Three species; viz. lappa, personata, carduelis. Europe.

A. leaves heart-shaped, without thorns, on leaf-stalks. lappa.—Before the flowers appear, the stems, stripped of their rind, are boiled, and eaten like asparagus; when raw, they are good with oil and vinegar. A decoction of the roots is esteemed by some very sensible physicians, as equal, if not superior to that of sarsaparilla. Boys catch bats by throwing the prickly heads up into the air. Cows and goats eat it. Sheep and horses refuse it. Swine are not fond of it.

924. Seratulla, or Saw-wort, Way-thistle. 15 species; viz. tinctoria, coronata, japonica, alpina, salicifolia, multillora, noveboracensis, prealta, glauca, squarrosa, scariosa, spicata, amara, centauroides, arvensis. Europe, N. America.

S. leaves lyre-shaped and wing-cleft; the terminating segments very large; florets all alike.—This plant is very much used by the dyers to give a yellow colour, but is inferior to the reseda; therefore its use is confined to the coarser woollen cloths. Goats eat it. Horses are not fond of it. Sheep, swine, and cows refuse it.

S. leaves toothed, thorny.—This species is said to arvensis yield a very pure vegetable alkali when burnt. Goats eat it: neither cows, horses, sheep, or swine are fond of it. Horses sometimes eat the young tops.

925. Carduus, or Thistle. 38 species; viz. leucographus, lanceolatus, arabis, nutans, acanthoides, crispus, polyanthemus, palustris, pycnocephalus, argentatus, australis, dissectus, cyanoides, canus, pectinatus, defloratus, monspessulanus, pannonicus, tuberosus, chius, parviflorus, linearis, casabonse, stellatus, marianus, syriacus, criophorus, altissimus, virginianus, heterophyllus, hemioides, serratuloides, tataricus, ciliatus, flavescens, rivularis, mollis, acaulis. Europe, North America, Barbary, Japan.

C. leaves toothed, thorny at the edge; flowers in bunches, upright; fruitstalks without thorns.—This palustris and almost all the other species of this genus, may be eaten like the burdock, before the flowers are formed. Swine eat it. Horses are very fond of it. Cows refuse it. C. leaves with winged clefts, hispid; segments straddling; calyx egg-shaped, thorny, woolly; stem hairy.

Few plants are more disregarded than this, and yet its use is very considerable. If a heap of clay is thrown up, nothing would grow upon it for several years, did not the seeds of this plant, wafted by wind, fix and vegetate thereon. Under the shelter of this other vegetables appear, and the whole soon becomes fertile. The flowers, like those of the artichoke, have the property of carding milk. Sheep and swine refuse it. Neither horses, cows, nor goats are fond of it.

C. leaves embracing the stem, halberd-shaped and wing-cleft, thorny; calyx without any leaves near it; thorns channelled, and set with other little thorns.—This plant is eaten as a salad when young. The young stalks, peeled and soaked in water to take off the bitterness, are excellent. The scales of the cup are as good as artichokes. The root is good to eat early in the spring.

C. stemless; calyx smooth.—Cows refuse the plant. It kills all plants which grow beneath it, whence it is very injurious.

926. Cnicus, or Blessed Thistle.

Nine species; viz. oleraceus, crisithales, ferox, pygmaeus, acarna, spinosissimus, centauroides, uniflorus, cornuus. Europe.

927. Onopordum, or Woolly or Cotton Thistle.

Five species; viz. * acanthium, illyricum, arabicum, gracium, acanthon. Europe, Arabia.

O. calyx scales expanding, their points standing out; leaves egg-oblong, indented.—The receptacle and the young stems may be boiled and eaten like artichokes. The ancients thought this plant a specific in cancerous cases. Cows, sheep, and horses refuse it.

928. Cynara, or Artichoke.

Four species; viz. scolymus, cardunculus, humilis, acaulis. S. Europe, Madeira, Barbary.

929. Carlina, or Carline Thistle.

Eight species; viz. acaulis, lanata, corymbosa, * vulgaris, racemosa, pyrenaica, xeranthemoides, atracyloides. Europe, Cape, Barbary.

C. stem, with many flowers in a corymbus; flowers terminating; rays of the calyx yellow white.—Its flowers expand in dry, and close in moist weather. They retain this property a long time, and therefore are employed as hygrometers. It is said to be an excellent remedy in hysterical cases. Goats eat it. Cows refuse it. Its presence indicates a very barren soil.

The carlina acaulis is a very prickly sort of thistle, growing spontaneously in the southern parts of France, Spain, Italy, and the mountains of Switzerland; from whence the dried roots are brought to us. This root is about an inch thick, externally of a pale rusty brown colour, corroded, as it were, on the surface, and perforated with numerous small holes, appearing, when cut, as if worm-eaten. It has a strong smell, and a subacrid, bitterish, weakly aromatic taste. Carlina is looked upon as a warm diaphoretic and alexipharmac; and has been for some time greatly esteemed by foreign physicians, but never came much into use among us: the present practice has entirely rejected it, nor is it often to be met with in the shops.

930. Atractylis, or Distaff Thistle.

Eight species; viz. gummifera, humilis, cancellata, lancea, ovata, oppositifolia, purpurea, mexicana. S. Europe, Mexico, Japan.

1419. Barnadesia.

One species; viz. spinosa. S. America.

931. Carthamus, or Base Saffron.

10 species; viz. tinctorius, lanatus, creticus, tingitanus, coruleus, mitissimus, carduncellus, arborescens, salicifolius, corymbosus. S. Eur. Barb. Madeira, Carolina.

The carthamus tinctorius is a soft kind of thistle, with only a few prickles about the edges of the leaves. It is cultivated in large quantity in some parts of Germany, from whence the other parts of Europe are supplied with the flowers as a colouring drug, and the seeds as a medicinal one. The flowers, well cured, are not easily distinguishable by the eye from saffron; but their want of smell readily discovers them. The seeds are white, smooth, of an oblong roundish shape, yet with four sensible corners, about a quarter of an inch in length, so heavy as to sink in water; of a viscid sweetish taste, which in a little time becomes acid and nauseous. These seeds have been celebrated as a cathartic: they operate very slowly, and for the most part disorder the bowels, especially when given in substance. Triturated with aromatic distilled waters, they form an emulsion less offensive, yet inferior in efficacy to more common purgatives.

1287. Spilanthus.

Seven species; viz. urens, pseudo-acmella, acmella, salivaria, atriplicifolia, insipida, oleracea. E. Indies, Peru, Jamaica.

932. Bidens, or Water Hemp-agrimony.

12 species; viz. * tripartita, minima, nodiflora, tenella, * cornua, frondosa, pilosa, bipinnata, nivea, verticillata, scandens, bullata. Europe, E. and W. Ind. America.

933. Cacalia, or Foreign Coltsfoot.

27 species; viz. papillaris, antephorium, cuneifolia, kleinia, ficoides, laciniata, repens, suffruticosa, laurifolia, cordifolia, asclepiadea, appendiculata, tomentosa, porophyllum, souchfolia, incana, saracenica, hostata, suaveolens, atriplicifolia, alpina, echinata, bifrons, bipinnata, acaulis, radicans, articulata. Alps, E. Indies, N. America.

934. Ethulia.

Five species; viz. conyzoides, sparganophora, divaricata, tomentosa, bidentis. India, Jam. Carolina.

935. Eupatorium, or Hemp Agrimony.

28 species; viz. dates, hyssopifolium, scandens, houstonia, zizylicum, sessilifolium, album, chinense, rotundifolium, altissimum, hastatum, syriacum, trifoliatum, * cannabinum, cinereum, purpureum, maculatum, scabrum, persolutum, coelestium, aromaticum, ageratoides, odoratum, ivaeifolium, urticaefolium, stachadiolium, microphyllum, japonicum. Europe, America, E. and W. Indies, Japan.

E. calyx 5-flowered; leaves with finger-like divisions.—An infusion of a handful of it vomits and purges smartly. An ounce of the root, in decoction, is a full dose. In similar doses the Dutch peasants take it as an alternative, and as an antiscorbutic. Goats eat it. Cows, horses, sheep, and swine refuse it.

936. Ageratum, or Base Hemp-ugrimony. Two species; viz. conyzoides, ciliare. America.

937. Petronia. 17 species; viz. camphorata, oppositifolia, flexicaulis, retorta, hirsuta, glabrata, inflexa, scariosa, glomerata, cinerea, villosa, membranacea, spinosa, cephalotes, pallens, minuta, fasciculata. C. of G. Hope.

938. Stachelia. Eight species; viz. graphaloides, dubia, arborescens, fruticosa, ilicifolia, corymbosa, champeuce, imbricata. S. of France, Spain, Cape, S. America.

939. Chrysocoma, or Goldylocks. 13 species; viz. oppositifolia, comaurea, dichotoma, sericea, patula, cernua, ciliata, tomentosa, scabra, linosyris, billora, graninfolia, villosa. Europe, Cape, Carolina.

940. Trachonanthus, or Shrubby African Flea-bane. Three species; viz. camphoratus, glaber, ericoides. C. of G. Hope.

941. Calea, or Halbert-weed. Four species; viz. jamaicensis, oppositifolia, amelius, scoparia. W. Indies, S. sea isles, Carolina.

942. Santolla, or Lavender Cotton. Four species; viz. chamazycarpusiss, rosmarinifolia, alpina, anthemoides. S. of Europe.

943. Athanasia. 20 species; viz. squarrosa, sessiliflora, pumila, crenata, uniflora, capitata, maritima, genistifolia, pubescens, annua, triflorata, crithmifolia, linifolia, dentata, parviflora, pinnata, pectinata, dentata, filiformis, cinerea. S. Europe, Africa, Carolina.

ORDER II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

944. Tanacetum, or Tansey. Seven species; viz. sibiricum, incanum, cotoloides, annuum, monanthos, * vulgare, balsamita. Europe, C. of G. Hope.

*T. leaves doubly winged, cut, serrated.—This plant is a warm deobstruent bitter, and its flavour not ungrateful. The tender leaves are sometimes used to give a colour and flavour to puddings. If a dead animal substance is rubbed with this plant, the flesh-fly will not attack it. The Finns obtain a green dye from it. Cows and sheep eat it. Horses, goats, and swine refuse it. The seeds are an excellent vermifuge.

The tanacetum balsamita was formerly a very common garden plant, and of frequent use both for culinary and medicinal purposes; but it is at present very little regarded for either, though it should seem from its sensible qualities to be equal or superior, as a medicine, to some aromatic herbs which practice has retained. The leaves have a bitterish warm aromatic taste; and a very pleasant smell, approaching to that of mint, or a mixture of mint and mauldlin. Water elevates their flavour in distillation, and rectified spirit extracts it by infusion. It has been recommended in hysterical affections; and by some it has been supposed to be very powerful in correcting the influence of opium. The leaves should be collected in the month of July or August.

945. Artemisia, or Wormwood, Mugwort. 29 species; viz. vermiculata, capillaris, judaica, ethiopica, contra, abrotanum, arbarescent, santorica, campestris, palustris, crithmifolia, maritima, glacialis, rupestris, spicata, pontica, austriaca, annua, tanacetifolia, * absinthium, * vulgaris, pectinata, integrifolia, japonica, ceruleescens, dracunculus, chinensis, maderapatania, minima. Eur. Cape, Egypt, China.

*A. leaves many-cleft, cottony; bunches on crooked maritima, footstalks; female florets 3.—This plant, in its wild state, smells like marum or camphor; but in our gardens it is less grateful, though still much more grateful than the next species. It is used as an ingredient in distilled waters, and beat with thrice its weight of fine sugar, it is formed into a conserve. Its virtues are the same with those of the next species, but in a weaker degree. Horses eat it. Cows, goats, and sheep, refuse it.

*A. leaves compound, many-cleft; flowers somewhat absinthioglobular, pendant; receptacle woolly.—The leaves um, and flowers of this species are very bitter: the roots are warm and aromatic. A considerable quantity of essential oil rises from it in distillation. This oil is used both externally and internally to destroy worms. The leaves put into sour beer, soon destroy the aceseency. They resist putrefaction, and are therefore a principal ingredient in antiseptic fomentations. An infusion of them is a good stomachic; and, with the addition of fixed alkaline salt, a powerful diuretic in some dropsical cases. The ashes afford a more pure alkaline salt than most other vegetables, excepting bean-stalks, broom, and the larger trees. Linnaeus mentions two cases, wherein an essence prepared from this plant, and taken for a considerable time, prevented the formation of stones in the kidneys or bladder: the patients forbearing the use of wine and acids. It might be suspected, that, like other bitters, its long continued use must weaken the action of the nervous system; but in these instances no such effect took place. An infusion of it given to a woman that suckles, makes her milk bitter. It gives a bitterness to the flesh of sheep that eat it. Horses and goats are not fond of it. Cows and swine refuse it. Turkeys are fond of it. The plant, steeped in boiling water, and repeatedly applied to a bruise, will remove the pain in a short time, and prevent the swelling and discoloration of the part.

*A. leaves wing-cleft, flat, cut, cottony underneath; vulgaris, branches simple, bending; florets of the circumference 5.—In some countries this plant is used as a culinary aromatic. A decoction of it is taken by the common people to cure the ague. The Chinese make use of it in healing wounds, applying the fresh plant bruised. A dram of the leaves, powdered, was given four times a-day, by Dr Home, to a woman who had been affected with hysteric fits for many years. The fits ceased in a few days. Sheep and swine refuse it. Neither horses, cows, or goats, are fond of it. Dr Anderson informs us, that sheep are very fond of it, devouring it with great greediness, especially the roots, which seem to form a most delicate morsel.

The artemisia abrotanum, or southernwood, is a shrub. by plant, clothed with very finely divided leaves, of a light-green colour. The flowers, which are very small and yellowish, hang downwards, several together, from the middle of the branches to the top. It is not, like some other species of the *artemisia*, indigenous in Britain; but although a native of warm climates, it readily bears the vicissitudes of ours, and is easily cultivated in gardens; from thence alone it is obtained when employed for medical purposes. The leaves fall off every winter, but the roots and stalks continue for many years.

Southernwood has a strong smell, which to most people is not disagreeable. It has a pungent, bitter, and somewhat nauseous taste. These qualities are very completely extracted by rectified spirit, and the tincture, thus formed, is of a beautiful green colour. They are less perfectly extracted by watery liquors, the infusion being of a light brown colour.

Southernwood, as well as some other species of the same genus, particularly the *absinthium* and *santonicum*, has been recommended as an anthelmintic; and it has also been sometimes used as a stimulant, detergent, and sudorific. It has likewise been employed externally in discutient and antiseptic fomentations. It has also been used under the form of lotion or ointment for cutaneous eruptions, and for preventing the hair from falling off. It is at present very little employed in practice.

The worm-seed of the *artemisia austriaca* is the produce of a plant of the wormwood or mugwort kind, growing in the Levant. It is a small, light, chaffy seed, composed, as it were, of a number of thin membranous coats, of a yellowish colour, an unpleasant smell, and a very bitter taste. These seeds are celebrated for anthelmintic virtues, which they have in common with other bitters; and are sometimes taken with this intention, either mixed with molasses or candied with sugar: their unpleasant taste renders the form of a powder or decoction inconvenient.

946. *Gnaphalium*, or *Everlasting*, or *Cudweed*.

39 species; viz. eximium, arboreum, grandiflorum, fruticans, crisipum, appendiculatum, coronatum, discolorum, muricatum, ericoides, teretifolium, mucronatum, stoechas, ignescens, dentatum, serratum, patulum, petiolatum, crassifolium, maritimum, repens, umbellatum, hirsutum, cylindricum, orientale, arenarium, rutilans, milletorum, imbricatum, cynosum, nodifolium, *luteo-album*, pedunculare, odoratissimum, sanguineum, festidum, undulatum, crisipum, helianthemifolium, squarrosum, stellatum, obtusifolium, *margaritaceum*, plantagineum, *dioicum*, alpinum, indicum, purpureum, denudatum, *sylvaticum*, verticillatum, oculus cati, pilosellum, declinatum, coronatum, *supinum*, uliginosum, glomeratum, japonicum. Eur. Ind. Africa, N. America.

947. *Xeranthemum*, or *Austrian Sneeze-wort*.

16 species; viz. annuum, vestitum, speciosissimum, proliferum, imbricatum, canescens, retortum, spinosum, sesamoides, virgatum, stachelina, variegatum, paniculatum, fulgidum, stoloniferum, recurvatum. S. Europe, Cape.

948. *Carpesium*.

Two species; viz. cernuum, abrotanoides. Austria, Spain, Italy, China.

949. *Baccharis*, or *Ploughman's Spikenard*.

Eight species; viz. ivasfolia, nervifolia, arborea, halimifolia, dioscoridis, indica, brasiliiana, foetida. Cape, India, America.

750. *Conyza*, or *Greater Fleabane*.

25 species; viz. *squarrosa*, linifolia, sordida, saxatilis, canescens, rupestris, scabra, asteroides, bifrons, lobata, foliolata, pubigera, tortuosa, candida, anthelmintica, balsamifera, cinerea, odorata, chinensis, hirsuta, arborescens, fruticosa, virgata, decurrens, aurita. Europe, Cape, E. and W. Indies, America.

951. *Erigeron*, or *Lesser Fleabane*.

22 species; viz. viscosum, graveolens, glutinosum, siculum, carolinianum, *canadense*, bonariense, jamai- cense, philadelphicum, *egyptiacum*, gouani, *acre*, *alpinum*, uniflorum, gramineum, camphoratum, japo- nicum, scandens, tuberosum, festidum, tricuneatum, pinnatum. Europe, China, Africa, America.

952. *Tussilago*, or *Colts-foot*.

12 species; viz. anandria, dentata, nutans, alpina, discolor, sylvestris, *farfara*, japonica, frigida, alba, *hybrida*, *petasites*. Europe, Japan, Newfoundland, Jamaica.

*T.* stalks with one flower, tiled; leaves somewhat farfara, heart-shaped, angular, finely toothed.—This is the first plant that vegetates in marle, or limestone rubble. The downy substance on the under surface of the leaves, wrapped in a rag, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, and dried in the sun, makes the best tinder; the leaves are the basis of the British herb-tobacco. They are somewhat austere, bitterish, and mucilaginous to the taste. They were formerly much used in coughs and consumptive complaints; and perhaps, not without reason, for Dr Cullen has found them to do considerable service in scrophulous cases: he gives a decoction of the dried leaves, and finds it succeed where sea water has failed. And Fuller relates a case of a girl, with 12 scrophulous sores, who was cured by drinking daily as much as she could, for above four months, of a decoction of the leaves made so strong as to be sweetish and glutinous. Goats and sheep eat it. Cows are fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. It may be destroyed by cutting off the crown of the root in March.

*T.* panicle egg-shaped; female florets few.—Its roots petenite abound with a resinous matter. They have a strong smell, and a bitterish acid taste. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Its large leaves afford shelter from showers to poultry and other small animals.

953. *Senecio*, or *Groundsel*, *Ragwort*.

59 species; viz. hieraciifolius, purpureus, cernua, persiciifolius, virgatus, divaricatus, pseudo-chyna, recli- natus, vulgaris, arabicus, peucedanifolius, japonicus, triflorus, *egyptius*, lividus, trilobus, *viscosus*, *sylva- ticus*, nebrodensis, glaucus, varicosus, hastatus, pubige- rus, elegans, squalidus, erucifolius, incanus, abrotanifo- lius, canadensis, diffusus, *jacobea*, *tennifolius*, ac- reus, lyraeus, alpinus, umbellatus, linifolius, rosmarinifolius, *paludosus*, nemorensis, *sarracenius*, sibiricus, dorea, doronicum, longifolius, cruciatus, juniperinus, byzantinus, halimifolius, ilicifolius, rigidus, polifolius, angulatus, maritimus, erosus, marginatus, lanatus, cor- difolius, glastifolius. Europe, Africa, E. Indies, Japan, N. America. Saguenia.

954. ASTER, or Starwort.

38 species; viz. taxifolius, reflexus, crinitus, fruticulosus, tenellus, alpinus, sibiricus, tripolium, amelus, divaricatus, hispidifolius, dumosus, ericoides, tenuifolius, linearifolius, linifolius, acris, concolor, rigidus, novae-angliae, undulatus, grandiflorus, cordifolius, puniceus, annuus, vernus, indicus, laevis, mutabilis, tradescanti, novi-belgii, tardiflorus, miser, macrophyllus, chinensis, tataricus, hispidus, scaber. Europe, Cape, Asia, N. America.

* S. leaves strap-spear-shaped, fleshy, smooth, 3-fibred; calyx scales blunt, somewhat membranaceous.—Goats and horses eat this species. Cows and swine refuse it. Sheep are not fond of it.

955. SOLIDAGO, or Golden Rod.

14 species; viz. sempervirens, canadensis, altissima, lateriflora, bicolor, lanceolata, caesia, mexicana, flexicaulis, latifolia, virgaurea, minuta, rigida, noveboracensis. Europe, N. America.

* S. stem serpentine, branched; leaves mostly sitting; flowers in crowded panicles.—This plant is found wild on heaths and in woods, producing spikes of yellow flowers in August. The leaves have a moderately astringent bitter taste; and hence prove serviceable in debility and laxity of the viscera, and disorders proceeding from that cause.

957. CINERARIA, or Sky-flower.

26 species; viz. geifolia, cynamarifolia, sibirica, glauca, sonchifolia, cordifolia, crispa, integrifolia, longifolia, palustris, aurea, maritima, canadensis, capitacea, linifolia, purpurata, ameloides, americana, alata, elongata, cacacloides, denticulata, perfoliata, lineata, hastifolia, japonica. Europe, Africa, N. America, Jamaica.

956. INULA, or Eleocharis.

29 species; viz. helelenium, odora, susacolens, odoratus-christi, britannica, dysenterica, undulata, indica, pelicaria, arabica, spiracifolia, squarrosa, bubenion, salicina, hirta, mariana, germanica, japonica, dubia, ensifolia, crithmifolia, provincialis, montana, vestuans, bifrons, coronula, aromatica, pinifolia, foetida. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, N. America.

* I. leaves embracing the stem, egg-shaped, wrinkled, cottony underneath; scales of the calyx egg-shaped.—This is a large downy plant, sometimes found wild in moist rich soils. The eleocharis, or root, especially when dry, has an agreeable aromatic smell; its taste on first chewing, is glutinous, and as it were, somewhat rank; in a little time it discovers an aromatic bitterness, which by degrees becomes considerably acid and pungent. Eleocharis root possesses the general virtues of alexipharmics; it is principally recommended for promoting expectoration in humoral asthmas and coughs; liberally taken, it is said to excite urine, and loosen the belly. In some parts of Germany large quantities of this root are candied and used as a stomachic, for strengthening the tone of the viscera in general, and for attenuating tenacious juices; spirituous liquors extract its virtues in greater perfection than watery ones; the former scarcely elevate anything in distillation; with the latter an essential oil arises, which concretes into white flakes: this possesses at first the flavour of the eleocharis, but is very apt to lose it on keeping. An extract made with water, possesses the bitterness and pungency of the root, but in a less degree than one made with spirit. The root is esteemed a good pectoral. Dr Hill says, he knows, from his own experience, that an infusion of the fresh root, sweetened with honey, is an excellent medicine in the hooping-cough. A decoction of the root cures sheep that have the scab. Horses and goats eat it. Cows, sheep, and swine refuse it.

958. ARNICA, or Leopard's Bane.

11 species; viz. montana, piloselloides, scorpioides, doronicum, maritima, crocea, ciliata, japonica, palma-ta, gerbera, coronopifolia. Europe, Africa, Japan.

The arnica montana had formerly a place in our pharmacopoeias, under the title of doronicum germanicum. Then, however, it was little known or used; and being justly considered as one of the deleterious vegetables, it was rejected; but it has again been introduced into the list both of the London and Edinburgh colleges on the authority of fresh observations, particularly of those of Dr Collins of Vienna, who lately published a dissertation on the medical virtues of the arnica.

This plant grows in different parts of Europe, particularly Germany. It has an acrid bitter taste, and when bruised, emits a pungent odour, which excites sneezing. On this account the country people in some parts of Germany use it in snuff, and smoke it like tobacco. It was formerly represented as a remedy of great efficacy against effusions and suffusions of blood from falls, bruises, and the like; and it was then also mentioned as a remedy in jaundice, gout, nephritis, &c., but in these affections it is now very little if at all employed.

Of late it has been principally recommended in paralytic affections, or in cases where a loss or diminution of sense arises from an affection of the nerves, as in instances of amaurosis. In those it has chiefly been employed under the form of infusion. From a dram to half an ounce of the flowers has been directed to be infused in a pint of boiling water, and taken in differ- ent doses in the course of the day; sometimes it produces vomiting, sometimes sweating, sometimes diuresis: but frequently its use is attended with no sensible operation, unless it can be considered as such, that in some cases of paralysis, the cure is said to be preceded by a peculiar prickling, and by shooting pains in the affected parts.

Besides being employed in paralytic affections, it has also been of late represented as a very powerful antispasmodic; and it is said to have been successfully employed in fevers, particularly those of the intermittent kind, and likewise in cases of gangrene. In those diseases it has been said to prove as efficacious as the Peruvian bark, when employed under the form of a pretty strong decoction, taken in small doses frequently repeated, or under the form of an electuary with honey.

But these alleged virtues of the arnica have not been confirmed by any trials made in Britain, with which we are acquainted; and we are of opinion that its real influence still remains to be determined by future observations. It is, however, one of those active substances from which something may be expected.

959. Doronicum, or Leopard's Bane. Three species; viz. *pallidianches, plantagineum, bellidiastrium. Europe, N. Amer.

960. Perdicium. Five species; viz. semilloscularia, radiale, brasiliense, magellanicum, tomentosum. Cape, Japan, Jamaica, S. America.

1421. Mutisia. One species; viz. clematis. New Granada.

961. Helenium, or Base Sunflower. One species; viz. autumnale. N. Amer.

962. Bellis, or Daisy. Two species; viz. *perennis, annua. Europe.

* B. stalk naked.—The leaves are slightly acrid. The roots have a penetrating purgency. No attention is paid to it, except what it claims from the beauty of its flowers. The flowers close at night. Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it.

1322. Bellium, or Base Daisy. Two species; viz. bellidioides, minutum. Levant, India.

964. Tagetes, or African Marigold. Three species; viz. patula, erecta, minuta. Mex. Chili.

963. Leysera. Three species; viz. gnaphalodes, callicornia, paleacea. Cape, California, Carolina.

974. Zinnia. Two species; viz. pauciflora, multiflora. N. America, Peru.

965. Pectis. Three species; viz. ciliaris, punctata, linifolia. America.

966. Chrysanthemum, or Corn Marigold. Two species; viz. frutescens, serotinum, atratum, alpinum, *leucanthemum, montanum, graminifolium, monspeliense, balsamita, *inodorum; achillea, corymbosum, indicum, pinnatifidum, arcticum, pectinatum, *segetum, myconis, italicum, millefoliatum, bipinnatum, coronarium, flosculosum, japonicum. Europe, India, Africa, N. Amer.

* C. leaves embracing the stem, oblong, serrated upwards, toothed at the base.—The young leaves may be eaten in salads. Horses and goats eat it. Cows and swine refuse it.

* C. leaves embracing the stem, jagged upwards, teeth-serrated towards the base.—This species was imported into Sweden along with corn from Jutland about the end of the last century. In Denmark there is a law to oblige the farmers to root it up from their corn fields. It may be destroyed by dunging the ground in autumn, followed by a summer fallow, and harrowing the land about five days after sowing the grain. Its yellow flowers, however, which follow the sun in a very remarkable manner, give a very remarkable brilliancy to the fields in tillage, and please the eye of the passing traveller.—A large quantity which grew on some arable land, was cut when in flower, dried and eaten by horses as a substitute for hay. It is used by the Germans for dyeing yellow.

967. Matricaria, or Feverfew. Six species; viz. *parthenium, *maritima, suaveolens, *chamomilla, argentea, asteroides. Europe, Curacoa, S. Amer.

* M. leaves compound, flat; leaflets egg-shaped, cut; partheniatskals branched.—The whole plant has a strong camomile smell and a bitter taste, and yields an essential oil by distillation. A horse refused it.

* M. receptacle conical, rays expanding; calyx scales chamaequal at the edges.—Its properties resemble those of *anthemis nobilis. The Finnslanders use an infusion of it in consumptive cases. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

1420. Unxia. One species; viz. camphorata. Surinam.

968. Cotula, or May-weed. 13 species; viz. anthemoides, aurea, stricta, coronopifolia, umbellata, quinqueloba, viscosa, turbinata, tanacetifolia, verbesina, capensis, pilulifera, servicia. S. Eur. Barb. Cape, Jam.

969. Anacyclus. Four species; viz. creticus, orientalis, aureus, valentinus. Europe.

970. Anthemis, or Chamomile. 18 species; viz. cota, altissima, *maritima, tomentosa, mixta, alpina, chia, *nobilis, arvensis, austriaca, *cotula, pyrethrum, valentina, repanda, trinervia, americana, *tinctoria, arabica. Europe, Africa, N. America.

* A. receptacle conical; chaff bristle-shaped; seeds cotyledons naked.—Toads are said to be fond of this plant. It is very ungrateful and displeasing to bees. Goats and sheep are not fond of it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it. It frequently blisters the skin of reapers, and of children who happen to gather it. The heads rubbed between the fingers smell intolerably disagreeable.

* A. leaves winged compound, strap-shaped, acute, nodules somewhat woolly.—The leaves and flowers have a strong not ungrateful smell, and a bitter nauseous taste. They afford an essential oil. An infusion of the flowers is often used as a stomachic, and as an antispasmodic. In large quantities it excites vomiting. The powdered flowers flowers in large doses have cured agues, even when the bark had failed. Both the leaves and flowers possess very considerable antiseptic properties, and are therefore used in antiseptic fomentations and poultices. From their antispasmodic powers they are frequently found to relieve pain, either applied externally or taken internally. Ray recommends the flowers in calculous cases.

A. leaves doubly winged, serrated, cottony underneath; stem supporting a corymbus.—The flowers afford a remarkably clean and good yellow dye. The flowers of the *chrysanthemum segetum* resemble them much in appearance, but experience proves they cannot be substituted in their place. Horses and goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows and swine refuse it.

971. Achillea, or Milfoil, Yarrow.

21 species; viz. santolina, ageratum, falcata, tomentosa, pubescens, abrotanifolia, bipinnata, egyptica, macrophylla, impatiens, clavennae, *ptarmica, alpina, atrata, moschata, nana, magna,* *millefolium, nobilis, odorata, cretica.* Europe, Africa.

A. leaves strap spear-shaped, embracing the stem, finely serrated.—The roots have a hot biting taste. The young tops are sharp and pleasant in spring salads. The powdered leaves excite sneezing. Horses, cows, sheep, goats, and swine eat it.

A. leaves doubly winged; segments of the wings strap-shaped, toothed.—The flowers of this plant yield an essential oil. The leaves are celebrated by the materia medica writers for a variety of purposes, but they are little attended to at present. Sheep and swine refuse it. Horses, cows, and goats are not fond of it.

972. Tridax, or Trailing Starwort.

One species; viz. procumbens. Vera Cruz.

973. Sigesbeckia.

Two species; viz. orientalis, occidentalis. India, China, Virginia, Peru.

975. Verbesina, or Indian Hemp-aperitivo.

11 species; viz. alata, chinensis, virginica, lenavia, dichotoma, biflora, calendulacea, nodiflora, fruticosa, gigantea, bosvallei. E. and W. Indies, China, North America.

977. Buphthalmum, or Ox-eye.

11 species; viz. frutescens, arborescens, sericeum, spinosum, aquaticum, maritimum, dorum, salicifolium, grandiflorum, speciosissimum, helianthoides. Europe, N. America, Arabia, Jamaica.

978. Amellus, or Star-flower.

Two species; viz. lychnites, umbellatus. Cape, Jamaica, Carolina.

1321. Eclipta.

Four species; viz. erecta, punctata, latifolia, prostrata. E. and W. Indies.

ORDER III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

979. Helianthus, or Sunflower.

13 species; viz. annuus, indicus, multiflorus, tuberosus, decapetalos, frondosus, strumosus, giganteus, altissimus, levis, angustifolius, divaricatus, atrorubens. America.

980. Rudbeckia, or Dwarf Sunflower.

Six species; viz. laciniata, triloba, hirta, purpurea, oppositifolia, angustifolia. N. America.

981. Coreopsis, or Tick-seed Sunflower.

12 species; viz. verticillata, coronata, leucantha, chrysanthia, tripteris, alba, reptans, lacteata, auriculata, lanceolata, bidens, alternifolia. N. America.

982. Gorteria.

12 species; viz. personata, rigens, squarrose, setosa, ciliaris, asteroides, herbacea, hispida, spinosa, cerinia, uniflora, barbata. C. of G. Hope.

Sclerocarpus.

One species; viz. africanus. Africa.

983. Osmites.

Four species; viz. bellidiastrom, camphorina, asteriscoides, calycina. C. of G. Hope.

1271. Zoegea.

Two species; viz. leptorea, capensis. C. of G. Hope.

984. Centaurea, or Blue-bottle, Knapweed.

66 species; viz. erupina, moschata, crucifolia, lippii, alpina, centaureum, purygia, capitata, uniflora, linifolia, pectinata, nigra, pullata, montana, *cyanus, paniculata, spinosa, ragusa, cineraria, argentea, sibirica, sempervirens, *scabiosa, tatarica, stoebe, acaulis, orientalis, behen, repens, jacea, amara, alba, splendens, rhapontica, babylonica, glastifolia, confera, sonchifolia, seridis, romana, spherocephala, isardi, napifolia, aspera, benedicta, eriophora, egyptica, *calcitrata, calcitrapoides, *solstitialis, meltemis, sicula, centauroides, collina, rupestris, verutum, salmantica, cichoraceae, muricata, peregrina, radiata, nudicaulis, crocodilum, pumila, tingitana, galactites. Europe, Egypt, Arabia, Persia.

C. calyx scales serrated; leaves strap-shaped, very cyanus; entire; the lower ones toothed.—The expressed juice of the petals is a good blue ink; it stains linen of a beautiful blue, but the colour is not permanent in the mode it has hitherto been applied. Mr Boyle says, the juice of the central florets, with the addition of a very small quantity of alum, makes a lasting transparent blue, not inferior to ultramarine. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses and swine refuse it.

The centaurea centaurium is a large plant cultivated in gardens. The root has a rough, somewhat acrid taste, and abounds with a red viscid juice; its rough taste has gained it some esteem as an astringent; its aperitiveness as an aperient; and its glutinous quality as a vulnerary. The present practice takes little notice of it with any intention.

The centaurea benedicta is an annual plant cultivated in gardens; it flowers in June and July, and perfects its seeds in the autumn. The herb should be gathered when in flower, dried in the shade, and kept in a very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or growing mouldy, which it is very apt to do. The leaves have a penetrating bitter taste, not very strong or durable, accompanied with an ungrateful flavour, which they are in a great measure freed from by keeping. Water extracts, in a little time, even without heat, the lighter and more grateful parts of this plant; if the digestion be continued for some hours, the disagreeable parts are taken up; up; a strong decoction is very nauseous and offensive to the stomach. Rectified spirit gains a very pleasant bitter taste, which remains uninjured in the extract.

The virtues of this plant seem to be little known in the present practice. The nauseous decoction is sometimes used to provoke vomiting, and a strong infusion to promote the operation of other emetics. But this elegant bitter, when freed from the offensive parts of the herb, may be advantageously applied to other purposes. Excellent effects have frequently been experienced from an infusion of this plant, in loss of appetite, where the stomach was injured by irregularities. A stronger infusion made in cold or warm water, if drank freely, and the patient kept warm, occasions a plentiful sweat, and promotes all the secretions in general.

The seeds of this plant are also considerably bitter, and have been sometimes used with the same intentions as the leaves.

ORDER IV. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.

985. MILLERIA. Two species; viz. quinquiflora, biflora. Panama, Vera Cruz.

1323. BALTIMORA. One species; viz. recta. Maryland, Virginia.

986. SILPHIUM, or Base Chrysanthemum. Eight species; viz. laciniatum, terebinthinaceum, perfoliatum, connatum, asteriscus, solidaginoides, trifoliatum, tribolatum. N. America.

987. POLYMNIA, or Dwarf Sunflower. Seven species; viz. canadensis, carnea, uvedalia, tetragonotheca, abyssinica, spinosa, wedelia. Africa, Canada, Virginia.

988. CHRYSOGONUM. One species; viz. virginianum. Virginia.

989. MELAMPODIUM. Two species; viz. americanum, australe. Jamaica, St Domingo, S. America.

990. CALENDULA, or Marygold. Nine species; viz. arvensis, sancta, officinalis, plurialis, hybrida, nudicaulis, graminifolia, fruticosa, tomentosa. Europe, Cape.

arvensis. * C. seeds boat-shaped, prickly, turned inwards; the innermost crowded together, the outermost upright, furnished with a tail.—This is a very common plant in the corn fields, and in the vineyards in Portugal; and is used as food for milk cows. It is found in England near Falmouth, to which place it has probably been imported from Portugal, in consequence of the frequent communication by the packets and otherwise. The milk yielded by the cows which are fed upon it is very good.

The herb of the calendula officinalis is common in gardens, where it is found in flower greatest part of the summer. Marygold flowers are supposed to be aperient and attenuating, and also cardiac, alexipharmac, and sudorific; they have been principally celebrated in uterine obstructions, in the jaundice, and for throwing out the smallpox. Their sensible qualities give little foundation for these virtues; they have scarcely any taste and no considerable smell. The leaves of the plant discover a viscid sweetness, accompanied with a more durable saponaceous pungency and warmth; these seem capable of answering some useful purposes as a stimulating and aperient medicine; but at present they are so little employed in Britain, that they have now no place in our pharmacopoeias, and they are also rejected from several of the latest and best foreign ones.

991. ARCTOTIS. 12 species; viz. calendulacea, hypochondriaca, tristis, coruscans, superba, serrata, tenuifolia, plantaginea, angustifolia, aspera, paradoxa, dentata, anthemoides, tenuifolia, acanthis. Cape, Carolina.

992. OSTEOSPERMUM, or Hard-seeded Chrysanthemum. 15 species; viz. spinosum, pisiferum, moniliferum, illiciflorum, ciliatum, junceum, triquetrum, corymbosa, imbricatum, herbaceum, niveum, perfoliata, polygloides, calendulaceum, arctotoides. Cape, E. Indies.

993. OTHONNA, or African Ragwort. 26 species; viz. bulbosa, tagetes, trifida, pectinata, abrotanifolia, athanasie, ciliata, pinnata, trifurcata, munita, coronopifolia, cheirifolia, crassifolia, parviflora, tenuissima, linifolia, digitata, lingua, lateriflora, heterophylla, ecaloideae, ericoides, capillaris, virginea, frutescens, arborescens. Africa.

1324. HIPPIA, or Shrubby Tansy. Three species; viz. integrifolia, minuta, frutescens. Cape, E. Indies, America.

994. ERIOCEPHALUS. Two species; viz. africanus, racemosus. C. of G. Hope.

995. FILAGO, or Cotton, or Cud-weed. Seven species; viz. acaulis, germanica, pyramidata, * montana, * gallica, arvensis, leontopodium. Europe.

996. MICROPUS, or Base Cud-weed. Two species; viz. supinus, erectus. Spain, Portugal, Italy, Levant.

ORDER V. POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA.

997. ELEPHANTOPUS, or Elephants-foot. Two species; viz. scaber, tomentosus. E. and W. Indies.

1325. ODERA. Two species; viz. prolifera, aliena. C. of G. Hope.

998. SPHERANTHUS, or Globe-flower. Three species; viz. indicus, africanus, chinensis. E. Indies, China.

999. ECHINOPS, or Globe-thistle. Four species; viz. sphaerocephalus, spinosus, ritro, strigosus. Siberia, Austria, France, Spain, Italy.

1000. GUNDELIA. One species; viz. tournefortii. Syria, Aleppo, Amer.

1422. JUNGIA. One species; viz. ferruginea. S. America.

1001. STOEBE, or Base Ethiopian Elychrisum. Nine species; viz. ethiopica, ericoides, prostrata, graphaloides, gnaphaloides, gomphrenoides, scabra, reflexa, rhinocerotis, disticha. C. of G. Hope.

ORDER VI. MONOGAMIA.

1002. STRUMPFIA. One species; viz. maritima. America.

1003. SERIPHUM. Four species; viz. cinereum, plumosum, fuscum, ambiguum. C. of G. Hope.

1004. CORYMBIUM. Four species; viz. scabrum, glabrum, filiforme, villosum. C. of G. Hope.

1005. JASIONE, or Sheep's Scabious. Two species; viz. montana, perennis. Eur. Cape.

1006. LOBELIA, or Cardinal-flower. 42 species; viz. simplex, pinifolia, * dortmannia, tupa, anceps, kalmii, paniculata, grandis, cornuta, phyteuma, columnae, bellidiflora, bulbosa, triquetra, longiflora, tomentosa, secunda, patula, assurgens, cardinalis, lavigata, ferroginea, debilis, siphilitica, surinamensis, inflata, cliffortiana, urens, minuta, volubilis, bulbosa, laurentia, erinus, erinoides, zeylanica, lutea, hirsuta, coronopifolia, comosa, tenella, depressa. Cape, E. and W. Indies, America.

The lobelia siphilitica grows in moist places in Virginia, and bears our winters. It is perennial, has an erect stalk three or four feet high, blue flowers, a milky juice, and a rank smell. The root consists of white fibres about two inches long; resembles tobacco in taste, which remains on the tongue, and is apt to excite vomiting. It is used by the North American Indians as a specific in the venereal disease. The form is that of decoction; the dose of which is ordered to be gradually increased, till it bring on very considerable purgings, then to be intermitted for a little, and again used in a more moderate degree till the cure be completed. The ulcers are also washed with the decoction, and the Indians are said to sprinkle them with the powder of the inner bark of the spruce tree. The same strictness of regimen is ordered as during a salivation or mercurial course. The benefit to be derived from this article, has not, as far as we know, been confirmed either in Britain or by the practitioners in Virginia; for there, as well as in this country, recourse is almost universally had to the use of mercury; and it is probably from this reason that the London college have not received it into their list. It, however, seems to be an article, which, in some cases at least, deserves a trial.

1007. VIOLETA, or Violet. 28 species; viz. palmata, pedata, pinnata, lanceolata, primuliflora, * hirta, * palustris, * odorata, * canina, montana, cenisia, canadensis, mirabilis, biflora, uniflora, decumbens, * tricolor, * grandiflora, calcarea, cornuta, arborescens, enneasperma, suffruticosa, calceolaria, oppositiflora, hybanthus, ipecacuanha, diandra. Alps, Pyrenees, Cape, America.

The viola odorata is often found wild in hedges and shady places, and flowers in March: the shops are generally supplied from gardens. In our markets we meet with the flowers of different species; these may be distinguished from the others by their being large, of a pale yellow colour, and of no smell. The official flowers have a very pleasant smell, and a deep purplish blue colour, denominated from them violet. They impart their colour and flavour to aqueous liquors: A syrup made from this infusion has long maintained a place in the shops, and proves an agreeable and useful laxative for children.

1008. IMPATIENS, or Balsam, Balsamine. Seven species; viz. chinensis, latifolia, oppositiflora, cornuta, balsamina, triflora, noli-tangere. Europe, N. America, E. Indies, China.

In the class Syngenesia are 115 Genera, including 1252 Species, of which 113 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XX. GYNANDRIA (k).

ORDO I. DIANDRIA.

* 1009. ORCHIS. Nectarium corniculatum. * 1010. SATYRIUM. Nect. scrotiforme. * 1011. OPHRYS. Nect. subcarinatum.

CLASSIS XX. GYNANDRIA.

ORDO I. DIANDRIA.

* O. Nectary horned. * S. Nect. purse-shaped. * O. Nect. nearly keel-shaped.

(k) This class is distinguished from the others by the situation of the stamens (male parts of the flower) upon the pistils (female parts). The stamens are either placed upon the style itself, or upon the receptacle, which in that case is lengthened into the appearance of the style which supports the pistil with the stamens, and forms a part of the pistil. The orders are determined by the number of stamens. 1012. *SERAPIAS.* Nect. ovatum, subtus gibbum. 1013. *LIMODORUM.* Nect. pedicellatum. 1015. *CYPRIPEDIUM.* Nect. inflato-ventricosum. 1016. *EPIDENDRUM.* Nect. turbinatum. 1014. *ARETHUSA.* Nect. connatum, cum corolla ringente. 1272. *GUNNERA.* Digyna. Amenti cal. o. Cor. o. Sem. 1. 1423. *DISA.* Spatha 1-valvis. Petala 3; tertium minus, bipartitum, basi gibbosum. 1424. *FORSTERA.* Cal. duplex; exterior inferus, 3-phyllus; interior superus, 6-fidus. Cor. tubulosa.

**Ordo II. TRIANDRIA.**

1017. *SISYRINCHIUM.* Monogyna. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, plana. Stigmata 3. Caps. 3-loccularis, infera. 1018. *FERRARIA.* Monogyna. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, crispa. Stigma cucullatum. Caps. 3-loccularis, infera. 1326. *SALACIA.* Monogyna. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Antherae germini insidentes. 1273. *STILAGO.* Monogyna. Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. o. Baccia.

**Ordo III. TETRANDRIA.**

1019. *NEPENTHES.* Monogyna. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. nulla. Caps. 4-loccularis.

**Ordo IV. PENTANDRIA.**

1327. *GLUTA.* Monogyna. Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Germen columnae, corollae adglutinatæ, insidens. 1020. *AYENIA.* Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5-cocca. 1021. *PASSIFLORA.* Trigyna. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Baccia pedicellata.

**Ordo V. HEXANDRIA.**

*1022. ARISTOLOCHIA.* Hexagyna. Cal. nullus. Cor. 1-petala. Caps. 6-loccularis. *Cui similis, Cleome.*

**Ordo VI. OCTANDRIA.**

1425. *SCOPOLIA.* Cal. 2-phyllus, multiflorus. Cor. 4-fida. Antheræ connate in duplici columna.

**Ordo VII. DECANDRIA.**

1024. *KLEINHOVIA.* Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Nectarium staminiferum. Caps. 5-cocca. 1025. *HELICTERIS.* Monogyna. Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 5, 1-locculares, polyspermæ.

**Ordo VIII. DODECANDRIA.**

1232. *CYTINUS.* Monogynus. Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Baccia 8-loccularis.

**Order II. TRIANDRIA.**

S. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, flat. Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-celled, inferior. F. One pistil. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, crisp. Stigma cone-shaped. Caps. 5-celled, inferior. S. One pistil. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Anthers sitting on the germen. S. One pistil. Cal. 1-leafed. No cor. Berry.

**Order III. TETRANDRIA.**

N. One pistil. Cal. 4-parted. No cor. Caps. 4-celled.

**Order IV. PENTANDRIA.**

G. One pist. Cal. 1-leafed. Cor. 5-petaled. Germ. fixed to a pillar attached to the cor. A. One pist. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Caps. 5-celled. P. Three pist. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry pedicled.

**Order V. HEXANDRIA.**

*A. Six pist. No cal. Cor. 1-petaled. Caps. 6-celled.*

**Order VI. OCTANDRIA.**

S. Cal. 2-leaved, many-flowered. Cor. 4-cleft. Anthers united in a double pillar.

**Order VII. DECANDRIA.**

K. One pist. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nect. bearing the stamens. Caps. 5-celled. H. One pist. Cal. 1-leafed. Cor. 5-petaled. Five caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.

**Order VIII. DODECANDRIA.**

C. One pist. Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Berry 8-celled.

**Ordo...** Order IX. Polyandria.

1027. Xylopia. Monogyna. Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Droga sicca. 1026. Grewia. Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca locularis. 1031. Pothos. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor 4-petala. Bacca 1-sperma. 1029. Dracontium. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca polysperma. 1030. Calla. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor nulla. Stam. mixta pistillis. * 1028. Arum. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Stam. supra pistilla. 1238. Ambrosinia. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Stamina alterius lateris disseipimenti. * 1032. Zostera. Folium. Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Sem. alterna, nuda.

Order I. Diandra.

1009. Orchis, Orch or Butterfly Flower. 50 species; viz. bicornis, biflora, cornuta, spathulata, flexuosa, tripetaloides, sagittatis, barbata, draco-nis, tenella, sancta, susanna, ciliaris, habenaria, * bifolia, ornithis, flexuosa, cucullata, globosa, * pyramidalis, coriophora, cubitalis, morio, mascula, * ustulata, * militaris, fusca, moravica, papilionacea, rubra, pallens, hispidula, speciosa, * latifolia, incarnata, sambucina, maculata, odoratissima, * conopsea, flava, friscescens, strateumatica, hyperborea, abortiva, psycodes, spectabilis, flicornis, tipuloides, japonica, falcatia. Europe, Cape, Asia, W. Indies.

* O. lip of the nectary 4-lobed, finely scolloped; horn blunt; upper petals turned back.—This species is called satyrion, or early orchis. It is frequent in shady places and moist meadows. Each plant has two oval roots of a whitish colour, a viscid sweetish taste, and a faint unpleasant smell. They abound with a glutinous slimy juice. With regard to their virtues, like other mucilaginous vegetables, they defend the solids against acrimonious humours: they have also been celebrated, though on no good foundation, for analeptic and aphrodisiac virtues, and frequently made use of with these intentions. Salep, a celebrated restorative among the Turks, is the prepared root of plants of this genus. It has been successfully imitated by means of the roots of this species. Mr Moulton, in a letter to Dr Percival, describes his method of making salep. He observes, that the best time to gather the roots, is when the seed is formed and the stalk going to fall, for then the new bulb, of which salep is made, is arrived at its full size. The new roots being separated from the stalk, are to be washed in water, and the outer thin skin taken off. They are then to be set on a tin-plate in an oven, heated to the degree of a bread oven. In six, eight, or ten minutes, they will have acquired a transparency like horn, without being diminished in size. They are then to be removed into another room to dry and harden, which will be done in a few days; or they may be finished in a very slow heat in a few hours. Salep, thus prepared, may be sold for less than a shilling a pound, and affords a mild nutriment, which in times of scarcity, in cases of dysentery and strangury, and on shipboard, may be extremely useful. The salep, hitherto imported from Turkey, may thus be prepared at home. The plants must be propagated by the roots, as the seeds seldom come to perfection.

1010. Satyrium, or Lizard-flower. 15 species; viz. hircinum, tabolare, triste, gigan-teum, aculeatum, viride, nigrum, albidum, epigonium, plantagineum, repens, capense, hians, orobanchoides, pedicellatum. Europe, Cape, America.

1011. Ophrys, Tucy, or Tway-blade. 28 species; viz. * minus avia, * coralarhiza, * spiralis, cernua, ovata, * cordata, lilifolia, * loeselii, paludos, monophyllus, alata, myodes, arachnides, * monorchis, alpina, camtschaten, * anthropophora, cruci-gera, volucris, bracteata, atrata, catholica, circum-flexa, caffra, bivalvata, alaris, patens, nervosa. Alps, N. America, Cape.

1012. Serapias, or Helleborine. II species; viz. * ensifolia, * grandiflora * lancifolia, * latifolia, * longiflora, * rubra, lingua, cordigera, capensis, erecta, falcata. S. Europe, Cape, W. Indies.

1013. Limodorum, or Base Hellebore. Three species; viz. tuberosum, altum, striatum.

1014. Arethusa. Seven species; viz. bulbosa, ophioglossoides, divaricata, capensis, villosa, ciliaris, biplumata. Cape, N. America.

1423. Disa. Four species; viz. grandiflora, racemosa, longicornu, maculata. C. of G. Hope.

1016. Epidendrum, or Vanello. 32 species; viz. vanilla, flox seris, tenuifolium, spatulatum, 1015. CYPRIPEDIUM, or Lady's Slipper. Three species; viz. * calceolus, bulbosum, japonicum. Europe, Asia, Japan, America.

1424. FORSTERIA. One species; viz. sedifolia. New Zealand.

1272. GUNNERA. One species; viz. perpensa. Cape, straits of Magellan.

ORDER II. TRIANDRIA.

1017. SISYRINCHIUM, or Bermudiana. Two species; viz. bermudiana, palmifolium. Bermudas, West Indies.

1018. FERRARIA. Two species; viz. undulata, pavonia. Cape, Mexico.

1326. SALACIA. One species; viz. chinensis. China.

1273. STILAGO. One species; viz. bunius.

ORDER III. TETRANDRIA.

1019. NEPENTHES. One species; viz. distillatoria. Ceylon.

ORDER IV. PENTANDRIA.

1020. AYENIA. Three species; viz. pusilla, tomentosa, magna. Jamaica, Cumana, Peru.

1327. GLUTA. One species; viz. benghas. Java.

1021. PASSIFLORA. 28 species; viz. serratifolia, pallida, cuprea, tilefolia, maliformis, quadrangularis, laurifolia, multilora, adulterina, perfolata, rubra, normalis, murucuja, vespertilio, capsularis, rotundifolia, punctata, lutea, minima, suberosa, holosericea, hirsuta, foetida, incarnata, mixta, corolla, serrata, pedata. West Indies, South America.

ORDER V. HEXANDRIA.

1022. ARISTOLOCHIA, or Birthwort. 22 species; viz. * clematis, bilobata, trilobata, pentandra, peltata, maxima, bilabiata, erecta, arborescens, candata, odoratissima, anguicida, maurorum, indica, baetica, sempervirens, serpentaria, pistolochia, rotunda, longa, hirsuta, clematis. South Europe, America.

1023. PISTIA, or Water House-leek. One species; viz. stratiotes. Asia, Africa, South America.

ORDER VI. OCTANDRIA.

1425. SCOFOLIA. One species; viz. composita. South sea isles.

ORDER VII. DECANDRIA.

1024. KLEINHOVIA. One species; viz. hospita. E. Indies.

1025. HELICTERES, or Screw-tree. Six species; viz. barvensis, isora, angustifolia, pentandra, carthaginensis, apetala. Malabar, China, Jam.

ORDER VIII. DODECANDRIA.

1232. CYTINUS. One species; viz. hypocistis. Spain, Italy.

ORDER IX. POLYANDRIA.

1027. XYLOPIA, or Bitter-wood. Two species; viz. muricata, glabra. America.

1026. GREWIA. Six species; viz. occidentalis, orientalis, asiatica, malococca, salivifolia, microcos. Asia, Cape, America, South seas.

1228. AMBROSINIA. One species; viz. bassii. Palermo, Turkey.

1028. ARUM, or Wake-robin, Dragon. 25 species; viz. * maculatum, dracunculus, dracuncium, pentaphyllum, triphyllum, ternatum, colocasia, esculentum, macrorhizon, peregrinum, divaricatum, tribotatum, sagittifolium, virgincium, proboscideum, arisarum, pictum, ovatum, tenuifolium, cannafolium, muscivorum, arborescens, hederaceum, lingulatum, auritum. S. Europe, E. Indies, America.

* A. leaves halberd-shaped, very entire; spikestalk club-shaped.—This root grows wild under hedges, and tum by the sides of banks, in most parts of England. It sends forth in March three or four triangular leaves, which are followed by a naked stalk, bearing a purplish pistil, enclosed in a long sheath: this is succeeded in July by a bunch of reddish berries. In some plants the leaves are spotted with black, in others with white spots, and in others not spotted at all: the black spotted sort is supposed to be the most efficacious in medicine. All the parts of the arum maculatum, particularly the root, have an extremely pungent acrimonious taste; if the root be but slightly chewed, it continues to burn the tongue for some hours, occasioning at the same time a considerable thirst: these symptoms are alleviated by butter milk and oily liquors. Dried and kept some time, it loses much of its acrimony, and becomes at length an almost insipid farinaceous substance. The root is a powerful stimulant and attenuant. It is reckoned a medicine of great efficacy in some cachectic and chlorotic cases, in weakness of the stomach occasioned by a load of phlegm. Great benefit is said to have... have been obtained from it in deeply seated rheumatic pains. In these cases it may be given from 10 grains to a scruple of the fresh root, twice or thrice a-day, made into a bolus or emulsion, with unctuous or mucilaginous substances, which cover its pungency, and prevent its making any painful impression on the tongue. Neither wine nor spirits extract its virtues. The root, dried and powdered, is used by the French to wash the skin, and is sold at a high price under the name of cypress powder. It is undoubtedly a good and an innocent cosmetic. Starch may be made from the roots.

1029. Dracontium, or Dragons. Five species; viz. polyphyllum, spinosum, fortidum, camchatcense, pertusum. Ceylon, W. Indies, America.

1030. Calla, or Ethiopian Arum. Two species; viz. ethiopica, palustris. Europe, Cape.

In the class Gynandria are 32 Genera, including 270 Species, of which 28 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XXI. MONOEICIA (L).

Ordo I. MONANDRIA.

* 1033. Chara. (1) Cal. nulla. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigma 3-fidum. Sem. 1.

* 1034. Zannichellia. (1) Cal. o. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 1-phyll. Cor. o. Pist. 4. Sem. 4.

1035. Ceratocarpus. (1) Cal. 2-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. infernum.

1426. Artocarpus. (1) Cal. bivalvis. Cor. o. (2) Cal. o. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Drupa multilocularis. Nipa. (1) Spatha. Cor. 6-petala. (2) Spatha. Cor. o. Drupae angulatae.

1036. Elaterium. (1) Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateriform. (2) Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateriform. Caps. infera, pulposa, 1-locularis, polysperma.

1033. Cynomorium. (1) Cal. amenti. Cor. o. (2) Cal. amenti. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, subrotundum.

1427. Phyllachne. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus superus. Cor. infundibuliformis. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus, superus. Cor. infundibuliformis. Styl. 1. Stigma tetragonum. Caps. infera, polysperma.

1428. Casuarina. (1) Cal. amenti. Cor. squamulce bipartitae. (2) Cal. amenti. Cor. o. Styl. bifidus. Strobilus.

* C. (1) No cal. No cor. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 3-cleft. Seed 1.

* Z. (1) No cal. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Pist. 4. Seeds 4.

C. (1) Cal. 2-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Seed 1, inferior.

A. (1) Cal. 2-valved. No cor. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. 1. Drupe many-celled.

N. (1) Sheath. Cor. 6-petaled. (2) Sheath. No cor. Angular drupes.

E. (1) No cal. Cor. salver-shaped. (2) No cal. Cor. salver-shaped. Caps. inferior, pulpy, 1-celled, many-seeded.

C. (1) Cal. catkin. No cor. (2) Cal. catkin. No cor. Styl. 1. Seed 1, roundish.

P. (1) Cal. 3-leaved, superior. Cor. funnel-shaped. (2) Cal. 3-leaved, superior. Cor. funnel-shaped. Styl. 1. Stigm. 4-gon. Caps. inferior, many-seeded.

C. (1) Cal. catkin. Cor. scales 2-parted. (2) Cal. catkin. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. A cone.

(L) In this class the stamens and pistils are found in different flowers on the same plant. The flowers that have stamens, but want pistils, are, according to the principles of Linnæus's sexual system, which we have adopted, called male flowers; whereas the flowers that have pistils, but want stamens, are styled female flowers. In the following account of the genera the definition of the male flowers is marked (1), and that of the female flowers (2). 1429. *Egophricon.* (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. (2) Flores solitarii. Cal. ut in mare. Cor. o. Styli tres. Baccia 3-cocca.

**Ordo II. DIANDRIA.**

1037. *Auguria.* (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum bilocularis, polyspermum.

*1038. Lemna.* (1) Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Caps. 1-locularis.

*Gunnera.*

**Ordo III. TRIANDRIA.**

1042. *Zea.* (1) Glum. 2-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. 1-flora, 2-valvis. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, nudum, subrotundum.

1044. *Tripsacum.* (1) Glum. 4-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. 2 s. 4-part. 2-valvis. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. Gluma sinu perforata.

1043. *Coix.* (1) Glum. 2-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. biflora, 2-valvis. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1, tectum nuce.

1045. *Olyra.* (1) Glum. 1-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Gl. 1-flora, 2-valvis. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1, nudum.

*1046. Carex.* (1) Ament. 1-florum. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament. 1-florum. Cor. 1. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, tunicatum.

*1041. Sparganium.* (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 2. Sem. 1-sperma.

*1040. Typha.* (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. capillaris. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, papigerum.

1047. *Axyris.* (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1, subrotundum.

1050. *Phyllanthus.* (1) Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1048. *Tragia.* (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3-fid. Caps. 3-cocca.

1049. *Hernandia.* (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-petala. (2) Cal. truncatus. Cor. 6-petala. Drupa excavata.

1039. *Omphalea.* (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Anth. immerse receptaculo. (2) Cal. 4-paritus. Cor. o. Stigm. 3-fid. Caps. 3-locul. 1-sperma.

*Elate. Amaranthi varii.*

**Ordo IV. TETRANDRIA.**

*1054. Urtica.* (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Nect. cyathiforme. (2) Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. o. Stigm. villos. Sem. 1, ovatum.

*1053. Buxus.* (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 2-petala. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 3-pet. Stigm. 3. Caps. 3-locularis.

**Order II. DIANDRIA.**

A. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Apple 2-celled, many-seeded.

*L. (1) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Caps. 1-celled.

**Order III. TRIANDRIA.**

Z. (1) Glume or husk 2-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Husk 1-flowered, 2-valved. Style 1. Seed 1, naked, roundish.

T. (1) Husk 4-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Husk 2 or 4-parted, 2-valved. Styles 2. Seed 1. Husk perforated.

C. (1) Glume 2-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Glume 2-flowered, 2-valved. Style 2-cleft. Seed 1, covered with a nut.

O. (1) Glumes 1-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Glumes 1-flowered, 2-valved. Style 2-cleft. Seed 1, naked.

*C. (1) Catkin 1-flowered. No cor. (2) Catkin 1-flowered. Cor. 1. Style 1. Seed 1, coated.

*S. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 2. Seed 1.

*T. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. hair-like. No cor. Seed 1, downy.

*A. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Seed 1, roundish.

P. (1) Cal. 6-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-parted. No cor. Styles 3. Caps. 3-celled.

T. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Style 3-cleft. Caps. 3-celled.

H. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. lopped. Cor. 6-petaled. Drupe hollow.

O. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Anth. sunk in the receptacle. (2) Cal. 4-parted. No cor. Stigm. 3-cleft. Caps. 3-celled, 1-seeded.

**Order IV. TETRANDRIA.**

*U. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Nect. glass-shaped. (2) Cal. 2-valved. No cor. Stigm. woolly. One oval seed.

*B. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 3-pet. Stigm. 3. Caps. 3-celled.

*1052.* **Ordo V. PENTANDRIA.**

1277. *Nephelium.* (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. o. Anth. bifidae. (2) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. o. Styl. 2; inter germina.

*1036. Xanthium.* (1) Cal. comm. polyph. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. connexa. (2) Cal. o. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Drupe 2-locularis.

1057. *Ambrosia.* (1) Cal. comm. 1-phyll. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 1-flor. 2-phyll. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Nux 5-dentata.

1058. *Parthenium.* (1) Cal. comm. 5 phyll. Cor. disci super. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii ligulat. Styl. 1. Sem. 1.

1326. *Clibadium.* (1) Cal. comm. imbricatus. Cor. disci 5-fidae. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii 5-fidae. Drupe umbilicatae.

1059. *Iva.* (1) Cal. comm. 5-phyll. Cor. disci super. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1.

*1060. Amaranthus.* (1) Cal. propr. 5-phyll. Cor. o. Stam. 3 s. 5. (2) Cal. propr. 5-phyll. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. circumscissa.

1276. *Leea.* (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. Styl. 1. Peric. 6-loculare. Sem. solitaria.

*Diosma.*

**Ordo VI. HEXANDRIA.**

1062. *Zizania.* (1) Cal. glum. o. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. (2) Cal. glum. o. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. Corolla circumscissa.

1063. *Pharus.* (1) Cal. glum. 1-flora. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. (2) Cal. glum. 1-flora. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. Styl. 1. Sem. 1.

*Rumex spinosus.*

**Ordo VII. HEPTANDRIA.**

1064. *Guettarda.* (1) Cal. cylindric. Cor. 7-fida. (2) Cal. cylindric. Cor. 7-fida. Styl. 1. Drupe sicca.

**Order V. PENTANDRIA.**

N. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. No cor. Anth. 2-cleft. (2) Cal. 4-toothed. No cor. Styl. 2, betwixt the germs.

*X. (1) Cal. common, many-leaved. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. connected. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. 2. Drupe 2-celled.

A. (1) Cal. common, r-leaved. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal. 1-flowered, 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 1. Nut 5-toothed.

P. (1) Cal. common, 5-leaved. Cor. of the disc superior. (2) Cal. as in the male. Cor. of the ray strap-shaped. Styl. 1. Seed 1.

C. (1) Cal. common, tiled. Cor. of the disc 5-cleft. (2) Cal. as in the male. Cor. of the ray 5-cleft. Drupes dimpled.

I. (1) Cal. common, 5-leaved. Cor. of the disc superior. (2) Cal. as in the male. No cor. of the ray. Styl. 2. Seed 1.

*A. (1) Cal. proper, 5-leaved. No cor. Stamens 3 or 5. (2) Proper cal. 5-leaved. No cor. 3 styles. Caps. cut round.

L. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Styl. 1. Peric. 6-celled. Seeds solitary.

**Order VI. HEXANDRIA.**

Z. (1) Cal. husk none. Cor. a 2-valved husk. (2) Cal. husk none. Cor. a 2-valved husk. Styles 2. Seed 1. Cor. cut round.

P. (1) Cal. a husk 1-flowered. Cor. a husk 2-valved. (2) Cal. a 1-flowered husk. Cor. a 2-valved husk. Styl. 1. Seed 1.

**Order VII. HEPTANDRIA.**

G. (1) Cal. cylindrical. Cor. 7-cleft. (2) Cal. cylindrical. Cor. 7-cleft. 1 Style. Drupe dry. ORDO VIII. POLYANDRIA.

1156. BEGONIA. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. c. Cor. 4-petala. Styl. 3, bifidi. Caps. infera, 3-lo- cularis, polysperma.

* 1067. SAGITTARIA. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3- petala. Stam. 24 circiter. (2) Cal. 3-phyll. Cor. 3-pet. Pist. 100. Sem. numerosa.

* 1066. MYRIOPHYLLUM. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Pist. 4. Sem. 4.

* 1065. CERATOPHYLLUM. (1) Cal. sub 7-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 18 circiter. (2) Cal. sub 7-partitus, Cor. o. Pist. 1. Sem. 1.

1068. THELIGONUM. (1) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Sem. 1, corticatum.

* 1069. POTERIUM. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 4-par- tita. Stam. 32 circiter. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 4- pet. Pist. 2. Sem. 2, obducta.

* 1072. FAGUS. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 2-sperma.

* 1070. QUERCUS. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 10 circiter. (2) Cal. integer. Cor. o. Styl. 5. Nux coriacea.

1071. JUGLANS. (1) Ament. imbricat. Cor. 6- partita. Stam. 18 circiter. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-pet. Styl. 2. Drupa coriacea.

* 1074. CORYLUS. (1) Ament. imbricat. Cor. o. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Nux nuda.

* 1073. CARPINUS. (1) Ament. imbricat. Cor. o. Stam. 10. (2) Cal. 6-fidus. Cor. o. Pist. 2. Nux nuda.

1075. PLATANUS. (1) Ament. globos. Cor. ob- soleta. Anther. circumnat. (2) Ament. globos. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, papposum.

1076. LIQUIDAMBAR. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. plurima. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Caps. polysperma.

Areca, Caryota.

ORDO IX. MONADELPHIA.

1087. HURA. (1) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. An- ther. 20, sessiles. (2) Cal. cylindricus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Caps. 10-cocca.

* 1077. PINUS. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. plurima. (2) Ament. strobilac. Cor. o. Pist. 2. Nuces 2, alatae.

1070. CUPRESSUS. (1) Amentum. Cor. o. An- ther. 4, sessiles. (2) Ament. strobilac. Cor. o. Stigm. 2. Nux angulata.

1078. THUJA. (1) Amentum. Cor. o. Anther. 4. (2) Amentum strobilac. Cor. o. Pist. 2. Nux cincta ala.

1082. ACALYPHA. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

* 1081. DALECHAMPIA. (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Nectar. lamellatum. Stam. multa. (2) Cal. 10-phyllus. Cor. o. Stylus 1. Caps. 3-cocca.

ORDO VIII. POLYANDRIA.

B. (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No cal. Cor. 4- petaled. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps. inferior, 3-celled, many-seeded.

* S. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stam. about 24. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-pet. Pist. 100. Seeds numerous.

* M. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stamens 8. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Pist. 4. Seeds 4.

* C. (1) Cal. nearly 7-parted. No cor. Stamens about 18. (2) Cal. nearly 7-parted. No cor. Pist. 1. Seed 1.

T. (1) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Stamens about 12. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Pist. 1. Seed 1, bark-like.

* P. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-parted. Stam. about 32. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-pet. Pist. 2. Seeds 2, covered.

* F. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. Stam. about 12. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styles 3. Caps. 2-seeded.

* Q. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. Stam. about 10. (2) Cal. entire. No cor. Styles 5. Nut leather-like.

J. (1) Catkin tiled. Cor. 6-cleft. Stam. about 18. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-pet. Styles 2. Drupe lea- ther-like.

* C. (1) Catkin tiled. No cor. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Nut naked.

* C. (1) Catkin tiled. No cor. Stam. 10. (2) Cal. 6-cleft. No cor. Pist. 2. Nut naked.

P. (1) Catkin globular. Cor. obscure. Anth. ris- ing around. (2) Catkin globular. Cor. 5-petaled. Styl. 1. Seed 1, downy.

L. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Many stamens. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Caps. many- seeded.

H. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Anth. 20, sitting. (2) Cal. cylindrical. No cor. Pet. 1. Caps. 10- celled.

* P. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stamens many. (2) Catkin conical. No cor. Pist. 2. Nuts 2, wing- ed.

C. (1) Catkin. No cor. Anth. 4, sitting. (2) Cat- kin conical. No cor. Stigm. 2. Nut angular.

T. (1) Catkin. No cor. Anth. 4. (2) Catkin conical. No cor. Pist. 2. Nut girt with a wing.

A. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stam. about 12. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-celled.

D. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Nectar. gilled. Stam. many. (2) Cal. 10-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Caps. 3-celled. 1080. **Plukenetia.** (1) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petals. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. o. Cor. 4-pet. Styl. 1. Caps. 4-cocca.

279. **Cupania.** (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Styl. 3-fidus. Caps. seminibus 6 arillatis.

1083. **Croton.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 15. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1085. **Ricinus.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. multa. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1084. **Jatropha.** (1) Cal. o. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 10. (2) Cal. o. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1086. **Sterculia.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 15 circiter. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Caps. 5.

1088. **Hippomane.** (1) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Antherae bifidae. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. Stigm. 3-plex. Drupa 1-sperma, aut caps. 3-cocca.

1279. **Stillingia.** (1) Cal. multiflorus. Cor. 1-petala. Stam. 2. (2) Cal. uniflorus. Cor. stylus 3-fidus. Germen 3-coccum, inter calycem et corollam.

1278. **Gnetum.** (1) Amentum ex calyculis pelta-tis. Cor. o. Anther. 2. (2) Amenti ejusdem. Sty-lus 3-fidus. Drupa 1-sperma.

**Ordo X. Syngenesia.**

1089. **Trichosanthes.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida, ciliata. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-fid. Pom. oblongum.

1090. **Momordica.** (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-fid. Pom. elasticum.

1092. **Cucumis.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-fid. Pomum. Sem. argutis.

1091. **Cucurbita.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-fid. Pomum. sem. marginatis.

1094. **Sicyos.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-fid. Drupa monosperma.

*1093. **Bryonia.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-par-tita. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-part. Styl. 3-fid. Bacca.

**Ordo XI. Gynandria.**

1095. **Andrachne.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-locul. 2-sperma.

1330. **Agyneia.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Anth. 3. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Germen perforatum. Stylus stigmateque nulla.

**Order X. Syngenesia.**

T. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft, fringed. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Oblong apple.

M. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Elastic apple.

C. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Apple, with sharp seeds.

C. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Apple with bordered seeds.

S. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Drupe 1-seeded.

* B. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-parted. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-parted. Style 3-cleft. Berry.

**Order XI. Gynandria.**

A. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Styl. 5. Caps. 3-celled. 2-seeded.

A. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Anth. 3. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Germ. perforated. No style nor stigma. ORDER I. MONANDRIA.

1034. ZANNICHELLIA, or Three-headed Pond-weed. One species; viz. palustris.

1035. CERATOCARPUS. One species; viz. arenarius, Tartary.

1426. ARTOCARPU, or Bread-fruit. Two species; viz. incisa, integrifolia.—It has a cylindric amentum or catkin, which thickens gradually, and is covered with flowers; the male and female in a different amentum. In the male, the calyx is two-valved, and the corolla is wanting. In the female, there is no calyx; nor corolla; the stylus is one, and the drupa is many-celled.

Though this tree had been mentioned by many voyagers, particularly by Dampier, by Rumphius, and by Lord Anson, yet very little notice seems to have been taken of it till the return of Captain Wallis from the South seas, and since that time by others who have touched at Otaheite and some countries in the East Indies. Captain Dampier relates, that in Guam, one of the Ladrones islands, "there is a certain fruit called the bread-fruit, growing on a tree as big as our large apple-trees, with dark leaves. The fruit is round, and grows on the boughs like apples, of the bigness of a good penny-loaf; when ripe, it turns yellow, soft, and sweet; but the natives take it green, and bake it in an oven till the rind is black; this they scrape off, and eat the inside, which is soft and white, like the inside of new baked bread, having neither seed nor stone; but if it is kept above 24 hours it is harsh. As this fruit is in season eight months in the year, the natives feed upon no other sort of bread during that time. They told us that all the Ladrones islands had plenty of it. I never heard of it in any other place."

Rumphius, after describing the tree, observes, that "the fruit is shaped like a heart, and increases to the size of a child's head. Its surface or rind is thick, green, and covered everywhere with warts of a quadrangular or hexagonal figure, like cut diamonds, but without points. The more flat and smooth these warts are, the fewer seeds are contained in the fruit, and the greater is the quantity of pith, and that of a more glutinous nature. The internal part of the rind, or peel, consists of a fleshy substance, full of twisted fibres, which have the appearance of fine wool; these adhere to, and in some measure form it. The fleshy part of this fruit becomes softer towards the middle, where there is a small cavity formed without any nuts or seeds, except in one species, which has but a small number, and this sort is not good, unless it is baked or prepared some other way; but if the outward rind be taken off, and the fibrous flesh dried and afterwards boiled with meat as we do cabbage, it has then the taste of artichoke bottoms. The inhabitants of Amboyna dress it in the liquor of cocoa nuts; but they prefer it roasted on coals till the outward part or peel is burnt. They afterwards cut it into pieces, and eat it with the milk of the cocoa-nut. Some people make fritters of it, or fry it in oil; and others, as the Sumatrans, dry the internal soft part, and keep it to use instead of bread with other food. It affords a great deal of nourishment, and is very satisfying, therefore proper for hardworking people: and being of a gentle astringent quality, is good for persons of a laxative habit of body.

It is more nourishing boiled in our manner with fat meat than roasted on coals. The milky juice which distils from the trunk, boiled with the cocoa-nut oil, makes a very strong bird-lime. This tree is to be found on the eastern parts of Sumatra, and in the Malay language is called soccus and soccum copos. It grows likewise about the town of Bantam in Java, and in Ballega and Madura, and is known there by the name of soccum."

In Anson's voyage we are informed, "that the rima, or bread-fruit tree, is common in all the Ladrones islands and some of the Philippines. It is somewhat larger than our apple tree, and bears a broad dark-coloured leaf with five indentures on each side. The fruit hangs on the boughs like apples; and is of the size of a penny loaf, with a thick tough rind, which when full ripe turns yellow. The natives gather it before it is quite ripe, and bake it till the crust is pretty black; when they rasp it, and there remains a pretty loaf, with a tender yellow crust, and the crumb of it is soft and sweet as a new baked roll; it is without any seeds or stones. This fruit the inhabitants enjoy for about seven months; during which they never eat any other kind of bread: but they are obliged to bake it every day; for when it grows a little stale, it becomes harsh and husky, somewhat like the potato bread made in the west of England. There is, however, a remedy for this; which is cutting the loaf into slices when it is new, and drying it in the sun, by which it is changed into the pleasantest rusk that can be eaten."

Captain Cook, in his voyage, observes, that this fruit not only serves as a substitute for bread among the inhabitants of Otaheite and the neighbouring islands, but also, variously dressed, composes the principal part of their food. It grows on a tree that is about the size of a middling oak; its leaves are frequently a foot and a half long, of an oblong shape, deeply sinuated like those of the fig-tree, which they resemble in colour and consistence, and in the exuding of a milky juice upon being broken. The fruit is about the size and shape of a new-born child's head; and the surface is reticulated, not much unlike a truffle; it is covered with a thin skin, and has a core about as big as the handle of a small knife. The eatable part lies between the skin and the core; it is as white as snow, and somewhat of the consistence of new bread; it must be roasted before it is eaten, being first divided into three or four parts; its taste is insipid, with a slight sweetness, somewhat resembling that of the crumb of wheaten bread mixed with a Jerusalem artichoke. This fruit is also cooked in a kind of oven, which renders it soft, and something like a boiled potato; not quite so farinaceous as a good one, but more so than those of the middling sort. Of the bread-fruit they also make three dishes, by putting either water or the milk of the cocoa nut to it, then beating it to a paste with a stone pestle, and afterwards mixing it with ripe plantains, bananas, or the sour paste which they call mahie.

The mahie, which is likewise made to serve as a succedaneum for ripe bread-fruit before the season comes on, is thus made: The fruit of the bread-tree is gathered thered just before it is perfectly ripe; and being laid in heaps, is closely covered with leaves: in this state it undergoes a fermentation, and becomes disagreeably sweet; the core is then taken out entire, which is done by gently pulling out the stalk, and the rest of the fruit is thrown into a hole which is dug for that purpose, generally in the houses, and neatly lined in the bottom and sides with grass: the whole is then covered with leaves and heavy stones laid upon them; in this state it undergoes a second fermentation, and becomes sour, after which it will suffer no change for many months. It is taken out of the hole as it is wanted for use; and being made into balls, it is wrapped up in leaves and baked; after it is dressed, it will keep five or six weeks. It is eaten both cold and hot; and the natives seldom make a meal without it, though to Europeans the taste is as disagreeable as that of a pickled olive generally is the first time it is eaten. The fruit itself is in season eight months in the year, and the mahie supplies the inhabitants during the other four.

To procure this principal article of their food (the bread fruit), costs these happy people no trouble or labour except climbing up a tree: the tree which produces it does not indeed grow spontaneously; but if a man plants ten of them in his life time, which he may do in about an hour, he will as completely fulfil his duty to his own and future generations, as the native of our less temperate climate can do by ploughing in the soil of winter, and reaping in the summer's heat, as often as these seasons return; even if, after he has procured bread for his present household, he should convert a surplus into money, and lay it up for his children.

We have said that there are two species of artocarpus, viz. the incisa, with gashed leaves; and the integrifolia, with entire leaves. There is also said to be another distinction, into that which bears fruit with stones or seeds, and that in which the fruit has none. The parts of fructification of that tree which bears the fruit without stones are defective. The ammentum, or catkin, which contains the male parts, never expands. The styli, or female parts of the fruit, are likewise deficient. From which it follows, that there can be no stones or seeds, and therefore that this tree can be propagated only by suckers or layers; although it is abundantly evident, that it must have originally proceeded from the seed-bearing bread-fruit tree. Instances of this kind we sometimes find in European fruits; such as the barberry, and the Corinthian grape from Zant, commonly called currants, which can therefore be increased only by layers and cuttings. Dr Solander was assured by the oldest inhabitants of Otaheite and the adjoining islands, that they well remembered there was formerly plenty of the seed-bearing bread-fruit; but they had been neglected upon account of the preference given to the bread-fruit without seeds, which they propagate by suckers.

The British government sent Lieutenant Bligh in the Bounty in 1787 to Otaheite to procure and transport to our West India colonies this valuable plant. The project was at that time unsuccessful, in consequence of a mutiny of the ship's crew, who seized the vessel, and carried her back to Otaheite. The object, however, was accomplished at a future period, and the bread-fruit is now reared in Jamaica and the other West India islands. Plants of this genus have also been brought to His Majesty's gardens at Kew. The taste of the fruit is said to be a sort of medium between the tate of common wheaten bread, and the taste of a boiled potato. Those who prefer potatoes to ordinary bread also prefer the bread-fruit to it.

Cynomorium. One species; viz. coccineum. Jamaica.

Nipa. One species; viz. fruticance. Africa.

Chara. Four species; viz. * flexilis, * hispida, * torrentosa, * vulgaris.

Elaterium, or Spring-gourd. Two species; viz. carthaginiense, trifoliatum. Carthagena.

Phyllachne. One species; viz. philinosa. Terra del Fuego.

Casuarina. Two species; viz. equisetifolias, nodiflora. E. Indies, New S. Wales.

Ægoptricon. One species; viz. betulinum. Surinam, Cayenne.

Order II. DIANDRIA.

Anguria. Three species; viz. trilobata, pedata, trifoliata. America.

Lemma, or Duck-meat. Five species; viz. * gibba, * minor, * polyrhiza, * trisulca, arbiza. Europe.

Order III. TRIANDRIA.

Typha, Cat-s-tail, Reed-mace. Two species; viz. * angustifolia, * latifolia.

Sparganium, or Burr-reed. Four species; viz. * erectum, * natans, * ramosum, * simplex.

Zea, or Indian or Turkey Wheat. One species; viz. mays. America.

Coix, or Job's-tears. One species; viz. lacryma. E. Indies.

Trifticum. Two species; viz. dactyloides, hermaphroditum. Virginia, Canada, Jamaica.

Oliva. One species; viz. latifolia. W. Indies.

Carex, or Sedge, Cyperus-grass. 67 species; viz. * acuta, * amplifaciea, * arenaria, * atrata, * axillaris, * cespitosa, * capilarris, * clausi- destina, * curta, * depauperata, * digitata, * dioica, distans, * divisa, * divisa, * extensa, * filiformis, * flava, * hirta, * incurva, * intermedada, * limosa, * muricata, * ovalis, * pallealsoe, * pallidosa, * pal- nicea, *paniculata, * pauciflora, * pendula, * pilofi-

L 2

fera, fera, * præcox, * pseudocyperus, * pulicaris, * recurva, * remota, * rigida, * riparia, * stellulata, * stricta, * trigosa, * sylvatica, * teretiuscula, * vesicaria, * vulpina, capitata, squarrosa, uncinata, baldensis, uliginosa, leporina, brizoides, loliacea, elongata, canescens, indica, brunnea, pedata, montana, tomentosa, globularis, saxatilis, tristachya, folliculata, japonica, pumila, lithosperma. Eur. Asia, Africa, America.

1047. AXYRIS.

Four species; viz. ceratoidea, amaranthoides, hybrida, prostrata. Siber. Tartary.

1039. OMPHALEA.

Two species; viz. diandra, triandra. Jam.

1048. TRAGIA.

Six species; viz. volubilis, involucrata, mercurialis, urens, chamelia, cannabina. India, Virg. Carolina.

1049. HERNANDIA, or Jack in-a-box.

Two species; viz. sonora, ovigera. W. Indies, S. America.

1050. PHYLLANTHUS, or Sea-side Laurel.

Seven species; viz. grandifolia, niruri, urinaria, baccaformis, racemosa, emblica, maderaspatensis. Arab. E. and W. Ind. Carolina.

ORDER IV. TETRANDRIA.

1274. SERPICULATA.

Two species; viz. * verticillata, repens. India.

AUCUBA.

One species; viz. japonica. Japan.

1328. LITTORELLA.

One species; viz. * lacustris.

1275. CICCA.

One species; viz. disticha. India.

1052. BETULA, or Birch-tree.

Eight species; viz. * alba, * alnus, * nana, dalecarlica, nigra, lenta, pumila, incana. Europe, N. America.

1053. BUXUS, or Box-tree.

One species; viz. sempervirens.—The wood is very hard and smooth, and not apt to warp, and therefore well adapted for the use of the turner. Combs, mathematical instruments, knife handles, and button moulds are made of it. An empyreumatic oil, distilled from the shavings, is often used as a topical application for the piles, and seldom fails to procure ease. It will frequently relieve the toothache, and has been given internally in epilepsies. The leaves, powdered, destroy worms. In the south of Europe it is cultivated in gardens, and kept in flower-pots, with as much attention as we bestow upon myrtle.

1054. URTICA, or Nettle.

28 species; viz. * dioica, * pilulifer, * urens, balearica, dodartii, pumila, grandiflora, cannabina, alienata, cylindrica, parietaria, ciliaris, spicata, macrophylla, rhombea, vestans, capitata, divaricata, canadensis, interrupta, nivea, baccifera, arborea, capensis, frutescens, stimulans, japonica, villosa. Europe, N. Amer. E. and W. Indies.

* U. leaves opposite, heart-shaped; bunches in pairs. This species is the common nettle. Its stings are very curious microscopic objects: They consist of an exceedingly fine-pointed tapering hollow substance, with a perforation at the point, and a bag at the base; or they are sharp tubes seated upon a bag. When the sharp point of the tube, that is to say the sting, is pressed upon, it readily punctures the skin, and the same pressure forces up an acrimonious fluid from the bag, which is squirted into the wound, and produces an effect which most persons have experienced. The plant was formerly used as an astringent, but is now disregarded. A stalk of it, when the leaves are in their prime, put into milk, coagulates it, and may serve to prepare it for being made into cheese. A leaf, put upon the tongue, and then pressed against the roof of the mouth, is pretty efficacious in stopping a bleeding at the nose. Paralytic limbs have been recovered by stinging them with nettles. The young shoots are gathered early in the spring to boil in broth or gruel. Cows eat the leaves when they are a little withered. The leaves are cut to pieces to mix with the food of young turkeys and other poultry. Cows, horses, sheep, goats, and swine, refuse them. Asses are fond of it, and cows eat it in hay. The stalks may be dressed like flax or hemp for making cloth or paper. In Kamtschatka they make use of no other material in the manufacture of cordage or sailcloth, and linen; and consider these fabrics, when produced from nettles, as superior in every respect to those made from hemp and flax. As the nettle seems of all plants the most congenial to our soil and climate, growing in all situations both fertile and barren, in spite of every attempt to extirpate it; and as there exists no doubt, that as a material of manufacture, it is not inferior to either flax or hemp, it is a singular circumstance that it has never come into general use. This, perhaps, is chiefly to be accounted for from the difficulty of collecting its seeds and handling it: difficulties, however, which a little attention and industry would probably soon enable us to overcome.

1055. MORUS, or Mulberry-tree.

Seven species; viz. alba, nigra, papayrifera, rubra, indica, tartarica, tinctoria. Italy, China, Japan, America.—The mulberry is chiefly remarkable on account of the value of its leaves, as the food of that valuable insect the silk-worm. The morus alba or white mulberry, with leaves obliquely heart-shaped and level, grows in Britain in the open air, as far northward as the frith of Forth, and silk-worms may be fed with it. The fruit of the black mulberry has the common qualities of other sweet fruits, abating heat, quenching thirst, and promoting the grosser secretions; a syrup, made from the juice, is kept by the apothecaries. The bark of the roots has been in considerable esteem as a cure for worms; its taste is bitter and somewhat astringent.

ORDER V. PENTANDRIA.

1277. NEPHELIUM.

One species; viz. lappaceum. India.

1056. XANTHIUM, or Lesser Burdock.

Five species; viz. * strumarium, orientale, echinatum, spinosum, fruticosum. S. Eur. Ceylon, China, Peru. X. stem thornless; leaves heart-shaped, three-fibred.

The leaves are bitter and astringent. A decoction of the whole plant affords a showy yellow colour; but it is better if only the flowers are used. Horses and goats eat it. Cows, sheep, and swine refuse it.

1057. AMBROSA.

Four species; viz. trifida, elatior, artemisiifolia, maritima.

1058. PARTHENIUM, or Bass Feverfew.

Two species; viz. hysterophorus, integrifolium. Virginia, Jamaica.

1059. IVA, or False Jesuits-bark Tree.

Two species; viz. annua, frutescens. Virginia, Carolina, Jamaica.

1329. CLIBADIUM.

One species; viz. surinamense. Surinam.

1060. AMARANTHUS, or Flower-gentle.

24 species; viz. albus, griseicans, melancholicus, tricolor, polygamus, gangeticus, mongostanus, tristis, lividus, oleraceus, blitum, viridis, deflexus, polygonoides, scandens, hybridus, paniculatus, sanguineus, retroflexus, flavus, hypochondricus, cruentus, caudatus, spinosus. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America.

1276. LEEA.

Two species; viz. sequata, crispa. Jamaica.

ORDER VI. HEXANDRIA.

1062. ZIZANIA, or Water-oats, Tare-grass.

Three species; viz. aquatica, palustris, terrestris. Malabar, N. America, Jamaica.

1063. PHARUS.

One species; viz. latifolius. Jamaica, S. Amer.

ORDER VII. HEPTANDRIA.

1064. GUETTARDA.

One species; viz. speciosa. Java, W. Indies.

ORDER VIII. POLYANDRIA.

1065. CERATOPHYLLUM, or Hornwort.

Two species; viz. demersum, submersum.

1066. MYRIOPHYLLUM, or Water Milfoil.

Two species; viz. spicatum, verticillatum.

1067. SACITTARIA, or Arrowhead.

Five species; viz. sagittifolia, obtusifolia, lancifolia, acutifolia, trifolia. Europe, Asia, America.

S. leaves arrow-shaped, acute.—It grows in ditches and on the banks of slow-running rivers. There is always a bulb at the lower part of the root, growing in the solid earth beneath the mud. This bulb constitutes a considerable part of the food of the Chinese, and upon that account they cultivate it. Horses, goats, and swine eat it. Cows are not fond of it.

1156. BEGONIA.

Three species; viz. ferruginea, capensis, urtica. Cape, E. and W. Indies.

1068. THELIGONUM, or Dog's-cabbage.

One species; viz. cynocranbe. S. of Europe.

1069. POTERIUM, or Garden Burnet.

Three species; viz. sanguisorba, hybridum, spinosum.

P. without thorns; stems somewhat angular.—The sanguisorba leaves and seeds of this plant are mildly astringent, and sorba have been used in dysenteries and hemorrhages. The seeds, when bruised, smell like cucumbers. There are large tracts of the finest parts of what are called the South Downs in England, upon which this plant forms half the indigenous pastureage. It seems to grow naturally (without being sown) only on chalky soils; but it will flourish, when sown, on any soil; on sand, clay, peat, &c. It is chiefly valuable for sheep pastures that are to be kept fully stocked. It forms a fine herbage when close bitten; but when suffered to run to a height it is rather coarse.

1070. QUERCUS, or Oak-tree.

20 species; viz. phellos, molucca, glabra, acuta, glauca, cuspidata, serrata, ilex, suber, coccifera, prunus, dentata, nigra, rubra, alba, esculus, robur, egilis, cerris, femina.

Q. leaves on leaf-stalks, oblong, broadest towards the end; indentations rather acute, angles blunt; fruit nearly sitting.

Q. leaves oblong, on short leaf-stalks, blunt, wing-femina, cleft, with indentations; fruit mostly solitary, on long fruitstalks. Withering, vol. iii. p. 387. The oak is a native of the temperate climates. It loves hilly better than boggy ground, and thrives best, while young, in large plantations. Its roots descend deep into the earth, and therefore will not bear to be transplanted. Much lopping destroys it. Grass will hardly grow beneath it. The wood is hard, tough, tolerably flexible, not easily splintering; and therefore is preferred before all other timber for building ships of war. It is well adapted to almost every purpose of the carpenter; but an attempt to enumerate the uses of this well-known wood, would be equally superfluous and difficult. Oak saw-dust is the principal indigenous vegetable used in dyeing fustian. All the varieties of drabs and different shades of brown are made with oak saw-dust, differently managed and compounded. The balls or oak apples are likewise used in dyeing, as a substitute for galls. The black, got from them by the addition of copperas, is more beautiful than that from galls, but not so durable. The bark is universally used to tan leather; and it is said, that the saw-dust has been used for the same purpose with equal success. The bark is used to make writing ink. Its astringent properties might be rendered useful in medicine. An infusion of it, with a small quantity of copperas, is used by the common people to dye woollen of a purplish blue: the colour, though not very bright, is durable. The balls or galls upon the leaves, are occasioned by a small insect with four wings, called cynips quercifoli, which deposits an egg in the substance of the leaf by making a small perforation in the under surface. The ball presently begins to grow, and the egg in the centre of it changes to a worm; this worm again changes to a nymph, and the nymph to the flying insect, with four wings. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat the leaves. Swine and deer fatten on the acorns. The oak grows in a good soil sometimes to a most immense size. At Little Shelsley in Worcestershire, shire, an oak measured close to the ground nearly 48 feet, and about two yards from the ground 22 feet four inches. Lightfoot mentions one growing near Ludlow in Shropshire in 1764, the trunk of which measured 68 feet in girth, and 23 in length; so that allowing 90 square feet for the larger branches, it contained 1,555 feet of timber. An oak near Welbeck measured in girth, at 11 feet from the ground, 38 feet; and one growing at Cowthorpe near Wetherby, Yorkshire, measured 48 feet in circumference at three feet from the ground, and 78 feet close to the ground.

1071. Juglans, or Walnut-tree.

Five species; viz. regia, alba, nigra, cinerea, baccata. Persia, N. America.—This tree, when planted in Scotland, seldom ripens its fruit.

1072. Fagus, or Beech, Sweet Chestnut.

Three species; viz. * castanea, pumila, * sylvatica. Europe, N. America.

castanea. * F. leaves spear-shaped, with tapering serratures, naked underneath.—In the shade of this species, called the chestnut, nothing will thrive. The wood is applicable to the same uses that oak is. Pipes made of it to convey water under ground, are said to last longer than those made of oak. Poles for espaliers, &c., made of it without removing the bark, also last very long. Some of the oldest buildings in London are said to be constructed of the wood of the chestnut tree. At Tottsworth in Gloucestershire, is said to be a tree 52 feet round, which is proved to have stood since the year 1150, and was then very old. It is supposed to be 1100 years old. In 1759, its girth, at six feet from the ground, was 46 feet six inches. The nuts are used to whiten linen cloth, and to make starch. They constitute a great proportion of the food of the common people in the south of Europe; and hogs, feeding on them as they run wild in the forests, are reckoned particularly excellent.

sylvatica. * F. leaves egg-shaped; indistinctly serrated. Common beech.—This tree is large and beautiful, but no verdure is found under its shade. It retains its old leaves during the winter, and may be trained to form very lofty hedges. The wood is brittle, soon decays in the air, but endures under water. It is formed into tool handles, planes, mallets, chairs, and bedsteads. Split into thin layers, it is used to make scabbards for swords. It is excellent fuel, and its ashes afford much potash. The leaves, gathered in autumn before they are much injured by frost, make much better mattresses than straw or chaff, and last seven or eight years. The nuts or mast, when eaten, occasion giddiness and headache; but when well dried and powdered, make wholesome bread. They are sometimes roasted and substituted for coffee. They fatten swine, and are devoured greedily by mice, squirrels, and birds. The poor people in Silesia use the expressed oil instead of butter. Sheep and goats eat the leaves.

1073. Carpinus, Hornbeam-tree.

Two species; viz. * betulus, ostrya. Europe, N. America.

betulus. * C. scales of the cones flat.—This, which is the common hornbeam, loves a poor stiff soil on the sides of hills, is easily transplanted, and bears lopping. Cattle eat the leaves, but no pasture grows under its shade. The wood burns like a candle: it is very white, very tough, harder than hawthorn, and capable of supporting a great weight. It is useful in turning, and for many implements of husbandry. Cogges for millwheels made of it are superior to those of yew. The inner bark is used in Scandinavia to dye yellow.

1074. Corylus, Hazel, or Nut-tree.

Two species; viz. * avellana, colurna. Europe, N. America.

* C.—This wood is profitably planted in many places in hedges and coppices, for the purpose of cutting down portions in rotation, to be converted into charcoal for forges. The wood is used for fishing-rods, walking-sticks, hoops, &c. The roots are preferred where beautiful wood is wanted for inlaying or staining. It is a practice in Italy, to put chips of hazel into turbid wine to clear it, which it does in 24 hours. In countries where yeast is scarce, they twist together hazel twigs, so as to leave a multitude of chinks; these they steep in their ale while it is fermenting; then hang them up to dry, and when they brew again they put them into the wort instead of yeast. Charcoal of hazel, when used in drawing, leaves stains which are easily rubbed out. The nuts, which are agreeable to most people, afford, by pressure, an oil for the use of painters.

1075. Platanus, or Plane-Tree.

Two species; viz. orientalis, occidentalis. Levant, N. America.

1076. Liquidambar, or Sweet Gum.

Two species; viz. styraciflua, peregrina. Levant, N. America.—The resinous juice of the former of these species, brought from America, was once used as a perfume, but is now neglected.

ORDER IX. MONADELPHIA.

1077. Pinus, or Pine-tree.

12 species; viz. * sylvestris, pinca, teda, cembra, strobus, cedrus, larix, picea, balsamica, canadensis,abies, orientalis. Europe, north of Asia, America.

* P. leaves in long pairs, rigid; cones egg-conical, mostly in pairs, as long as the leaves; scales oblong, blunt. Scotch fir.—This species, which is a native of our island, flourishes best on a poor sandy soil. In a grove the trunk is tall and naked; in open places branched. It does not bear the least clipping, as the terminating buds send forth the branches. The roots spread near the surface of the earth, except the central root, which pushes perpendicularly downwards. If it is either broken off or interrupted in its passage, the stem ceases to shoot upwards, and the tree remains a dwarf. Hence is apt to suffer by transplanting. The bark will tan leather. In the north of Europe bread is thus made from it by the inhabitants: They choose a straight tree, as these have least resin, and strip off the bark in the spring, when it separates most readily. This they first dry gently in the shade; then in a greater heat, and reduce it to powder. With this powder they mix a small quantity of corn meal, and with water they knead it into bread. This they eat, not only in times of scarcity, but at other times, from an apprehension, that long disuse might render it disagreeable. agreeable to them. Their children are very fond of the fresh bark in the spring time, either shaved with a knife or grated with a rasp. The young shoots, distilled, afford a fragrant essential oil. Sheep and goats are not fond of it. Horses refuse it. Burnt with a close smothering fire, the wood of this species yields tar. The species called larix has risen into considerable reputation in this country, on account of its beauty, rapid growth, and the value of the timber. It is extremely hardy, growing in Siberia almost to the coasts of the Icy sea; but this very hardiness, or capacity of vegetating with a very small degree of heat, renders it in this country delicate when young. The first warmth of the spring is sufficient to bring forth its buds, which are thus, by the unsteadiness of our climate, exposed to frequent pernicious frosts. In this way nurserymen often suffer great losses by the larix, in consequence of an early spring and a premature vegetation, which is afterwards nipt by frosty weather. From the trees of the genus pinus the different turpentine are extracted by bleeding the trees, by wounds in the bark or branches.

1079. CUPRESSUS, or Cypress-tree.

Six species; viz. sempervirens, disticha, thyoides, juniperoides, pendula, japonica. Crete, Cape, Japan, N. America.

1080. PLUKENETIA.

One species; viz. volubilis. E. and W. Indies.

1081. DALECHAMPIA.

Two species; viz. colorata, scandens. W. Indies, New Granada.

1082. AGALYPHA.

Five species; viz. virginica, virgata, indica, villosa, australis. N. America, E. and W. Indies.

1083. CROTON, or Base Ricinus, Tallow-tree.

23 species; viz. variegatum, cascarilla, castanefolium, palustre, glabellum, tinctorium, glandulosum, argenteum, seiferum, japonicum, acutum, tiglium, lacidum, lacciferum, balsaminferum, aromaticum, humile, ricinocarpus, moluccanum, flavens, capense, lotum, spinosum. China, Japan, W. Indies, N. America.

279. COPANIA.

One species; viz. americana. West Indies, Coromandel.

1084. JATROPHA, or Cassada, Manihot.

Nine species; viz. gossypifolia, moluccana, curcas, multifida, manihot, janipha, urens, herbacea, elastica. Africa, S. America.

1085. RICINUS.

Four species; viz. inermis, communis, tanarius, mappa. Vera Cruz.—The species called R. communis produces nuts about the size of small beans, which like bitter almonds are deleterious. An oil is obtained from them by expression, called castor oil, which is used as a safe and mild laxative; half an ounce or an ounce for an adult, and a dram for an infant.

1086. STERCULIA.

Three species; viz. balanghas, fretida, platanifolium. Arabia, E. and W. Indies, China.

1087. HURA, or Sandbox-tree.

One species; viz. crepitans. Mexico, W. Indies.

1088. HIPPOPHANE.

Three species; viz. mancinella, biglandulosa, spinosa.

1278. GNETUM.

One species; viz. gnemon. India.

1279. STILLINGIA.

One species; viz. sylvatica. Carolina.

ORDER X. SYNGENESIA.

1089. TRICHOSANTHES, or Serpent-cucumber.

Four species; viz. anguina, nervifolia, cucumerina, amara. E. Indies, China.

1090. MOMORDICA, or Male Balsam-apple.

Eight species; viz. balsamina, charantia, operculata, luffa, cylindrica, triflora, pedata, elaterium. S. Europe, India, America.

1091. CUCURBITA, or Gourd.

Seven species; viz. lagenaria, hispida, ovifera, pepo, verrucosa, melopepo, citrullus. E. and W. Indies, America.

1092. CUCUMIS, or Cucumber.

13 species; viz. colocynthis, prophetarum, angurias, africanus, acutangulus, melo, dudaim, chate, sativus, anguinas, flexuosus, conomon, maderaspatanus. Levant, India, Africa, Jamaica.—The species called sativus, is the ordinary garden cucumber. It is less apt to grow rancid by keeping than others of the class. The C. colocynthis, called colocynthida or bitter apple, is a native of Turkey. The fruit is about the size of an orange. Its medulary part, freed from the rind and seeds, is light, white, and spongy, composed of membranous leaves, of an extremely bitter, nauseous, acrimonious taste. Colocynth is one of the most powerful and violent cathartics; but is accounted dangerous by the best physicians. The best mode of abating its virulence, consists of triturating it with gummy farinaceous substances, or oily seeds. Without this precaution, a few grains of it will often disorder the body, and even occasion a discharge of blood. The C. melo is used in hot countries as a cooling and agreeable food.

1093. BRYONIA, or Bryony.

11 species; viz. alba, dioica, palmata, grandis, cordifolia, laciniosa, africana, cretica, scabra, scalbella, japonica. Crete, Africa, E. Indies.

* B. leaves hand-shaped, rough on both sides, with dioecious callous points; male-and female flowers on different plants.—The root is purgative and acrid. A dram of it in substance, or half an ounce of it infused in wine, is a full dose. A cold infusion of the root in water is used externally in sciatic pains. A cataplasm of it is a most powerful diuretic. A decoction, made with one pound of the fresh root, is the best purge for horned cattle. The plant is rough, growing on dry banks under hedges, and climbing upon the bushes. The roots are large, sometimes as thick as a man's thigh. Their juice, when fresh, soon excoriates the skin, but in drying they lose much of their acrimony.

1094. 1694. Sicyos, or Single-seeded Cucumber. Three species; viz. angulata, laciniata, garcini. America.

ORDER XI. GYNANDRIA.

1695. Andrachne, or Base Orpine. Two species; viz. telephioides, fruticosa. Italy, Levant, Egypt.

In the class Monoccia are

78 Genera, including 392 Species, of which 83 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XXII.

DIOECIA (m).

ORDO I. MONANDRIA.

1430. Pandanus. (1) Cal. o. Cor. o. Anthera sessilis, ramificationibus thyrsi inserta. (2) Cal. o. Cor. o. Stigmata 2. Fruct. compositus.

1096. Najas. (1) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. 4-cleft. Filam. nullum. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Pist. 3. Caps. 1-locularis.

ORDO II. DIANDRIA.

1097. Vallisneria. (1) Spath. multiflora, 2-part. Cor. 3-partita. (2) Spath. 1-flora. Cal. 3-part. Cor. 3-pet. Pist. 1. Caps. 1-locularis.

1099. Cecropia. (1) Spath. recept. comm. Cor. null. (2) Spath. recept. comm. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Bacca 1-sperma.

* 1098. Salix. (1) Ament. squama. Cor. nulla. Stam. 2, raro 5. (2) Ament. squama. Cor. o. Stigm. 2. Caps. 2-valvis. Sem. papposa.

ORDO III. TRIANDRIA.

* 1100. Empetrum. (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-petala. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 9. Bacca 9-sperma.

1101. Oxyris. (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. o. Drupa 1-locularis.

1280. Catus. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 3-fida. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1102. Excoecaria. (1) Ament. squama. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament. squama. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

1331. Restis. (1) Ament. squama. Cor. 6-petala. (2) Ament. squama. Cor. 6-petala. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-locularis, plicata, polysperma.

1431. Maba. (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 3-fida. (2) Cal. ut in mare. Drupa supera, 2-locularis.

ORDO

ORDER II. DIANDRIA.

V. (1) Sheath many-flowered, 2-parted. Cor. 3-parted. (2) Sheath 1-flowered. Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-pet. Pist. 1. Caps. 1-celled.

C. (1) Sheath common receptacle. No Cor. (2) Sheath common receptacle. No cor. Pist. 1. Berry 1-seeded.

* S. (1) Catkin a scale. No cor. Stam. 2, rarely 5. (2) Catkin a scale. No cor. Stigm. 2. Caps. 2-celled. Seed downy.

ORDO III. TRIANDRIA.

* E. (1) Cal 3-parted. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 9. Berry 9-seeded.

O. (1) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. No styl. Drupe 1-celled.

C. (1) No cal. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-celled.

E. (1) Catkin a scale. No cor. (2) Catkin a scale. No cor. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-celled.

R. (1) Catkin a scale. Cor. 6-petaled. (2) Catkin a scale. Cor. 6-petaled. Styles 3. Caps. 3-celled, plaited, many-seeded.

M. (1) Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. as in the male. Drupe superior, 2-celled.

ORDO

(m) In this class the male and female flowers are found on different plants; and every plant belonging to this class is either male or female. None are hermaphrodite; i.e. no one plant bears flowers containing stamens, and also flowers containing pistils. **Ordo IV. Tetrandra.**

- **1106. Hippophae.** (1) Cal. 2-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Bacca 1-sperma, arillo truncato.

- **1103. Trophis.** (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Styl. bifid. Bacca 1-sperma.

- **1105. Viscum.** (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigma obtus. Bacca 1-sperma, infera.

- **1432. Moninia.** (1) Cal. 4-dentatus, superus. Petala 4. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Filamenta stellata. Styli 2-fidus. Caps. oblonga, 2-locularis.

- **1104. Batis.** (1) Amentum. Cor. nulla. (2) Invol. 2-phyllum. Cor. o. Stigm. 2-fid. Bacca 2-sperma.

- **1107. Myrica.** (1) Ament. squama. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament. squama. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Bacca 1-sperma.

*Urtice variae.* Morus nigra. Rhamnus.

**Ordo V. Pentandra.**

- **1113. Iresine.** (1) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Nectar. 5-phyllum. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2. Caps. polysperma.

- **1115. Cannabis.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Nux.

- **1116. Humulus.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 1-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. calyce alatum.

- **1108. Pistacia.** (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Drupa sicca.

- **1117. Zanonia.** (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-partita. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-part. Styl. 3. Bacc. infera, 3-locularis.

- **1112. Spinacia.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 4. Sem. 1, calycinum.

- **1114. Acnida.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 5. Sem. 1, calyce vesicario.

- **1110. Antidesma.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 5. Bacca 1-sperma.

- **1111. Astronium.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Nectar. glandulis 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 5. Sem. 1.

- **1251. Canarium.** (1) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Stigma sessile. Drupa.

- **1109. Zanthoxylon.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pist. 5. Caps. 1-sperma.

- **1118. Fowillea.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-fida. Nectarium filamentos 5. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5 fid. Styl. 5. Baccia infera.

*Phylica dioica.* Rhamnus alaternus. Salix pentandra.

**Ordo VI. Hexandra.**

- **1120. Smilax.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Bacca supera, 3-locularis.

**Order IV. Tetrandra.**

- **H.** (1) Cal. 2-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Pist. 1. Berry 1-seeded, with a lopped seed-coat.

- **T.** (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. Berry 1-seeded.

- **V.** (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stigma obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, inferior.

- **M.** (1) Cal. 4-toothed, superior. Petals 4. (2) Cal. and cor. as in the male. Filam. barren. Styl. 2-cleft. Caps. oblong, 2-celled.

- **B.** (1) Catkin. No cor. (2) Invol. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. Berry 2-seeded.

- **M.** (1) Catkin a scale. No cor. (2) Catkin a scale. No cor. Styl. 2. Berry 1-seeded.

**Order V. Pentandra.**

- **I.** (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectary 5-leaved. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2. Caps. many-seeded.

- **C.** (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Nut.

- **H.** (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Seed winged in a calyx.

- **P.** (1) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft No cor. Styl. 3. Drupe dry.

- **Z.** (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. Styl. 3. Berry inferior, 3-celled.

- **S.** (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styl. 4. One seed, cup-like.

- **A.** (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl 5. Seed 1, with a bladder-like cup.

- **A.** (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 5. Berry 1-seeded.

- **A.** (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectary with 5 glands. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Styl. 5. Seed 1.

- **C.** (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stigma sitting. Drupe.

- **Z.** (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pist. 5. Caps. 1-seeded.

- **F.** (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5 cleft. Nectary with 5 filaments. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Styl. 5. Berry inferior.

**Order VI. Hexandra.**

- **S.** (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Berry superior, 3-celled. **IIIO. TAMUS.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3-fid. Baccia infera, 3-locularis.

**II122. DIOSCOREA.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. supera, 3-locularis.

**II121. RAJANIA.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Sem. inferum, ala aurita.

*Rumex acetosa. Acetosella aculeata.*

**ORDO VII. OCTANDRIA.**

**II123. POPULUS.** (1) Ament. lacereum. Cor. o. Nect. ovat. Stam. 8-16. (2) Ament. lacereum. Cor. o. Stigm. 4-fid. Cap. 2-valvis. Sem. papposa.

**II124. RHODIOLA.** (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. o. Pist. 4. Caps. 4, polyspermae.

**II133. MARGARITARIA.** (1) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Styl. 4 s. 5. Baccia cartilaginea 4-5-cocca.

*Laurus nobilis. Acer rubrum. Loranthus Europaeus.*

**ORDO VIII. ENNEANDRIA.**

**II125. MERCURIALIS.** (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 9-12. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Caps. 2-cocca.

**II126. HYDROCHARIS.** (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. (3) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 6. Caps. infera, 6-loeul.

*Laurus, an omnis?*

**ORDO IX. DECANDRIA.**

**II127. CARICA.** (1) Cal. sub-nullus. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-pet. Stigm. 8. Baccia polysperma.

**II128. KIGGELARIA.** (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Nect. glandulae 5. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 5. Caps. 5-valvis.

**II129. CORIARIA.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 5. Baccia 5-sperma, petalina.

**II130. SCHINUS.** (1) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 4-petala. Baccia 3-cocca.

*Lychnis dioica. Cucubalus oitites. Guilandina dioica. Phytolacca dioica.*

**ORDO X. DODECANDRIA.**

**EUCLEA.** (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 15. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2.

**II131. MENISPERMUM.** (1) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 12-petala. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Baccia 3-cocca.

**II132. DATISCA.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Anthere sessiles 15. (2) Cal. dentatus, supera. Cor. o. Caps. 1-locularis, polysperma.

**ORDO XI. POLYANDRIA.**

**II133. CLIFFORTIA.** (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Caps. 2-cocca, infera.

**T. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6 leaved. Cor. o. Styl. 3-cleft. Berry inferior, 3-celled.**

**D. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 3. Caps. superior, 3-celled.**

**R. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 3. Seed inferior.**

**ORDER VII. OCTANDRIA.**

**P. (1) Catkin ragged. Cor. o. Nect. oval. Stam. 8-16. (2) Catkin ragged. Cor. o. Stigma 4-cleft. Caps. 2-valved. Seeds downy.**

**R. (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. o. Pist. 4. Caps. 4, many-seeded.**

*M. (1) Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) Cal. and cor. as in the male. Styles 4 or 5. Cartilaginous berry, 4 or 5-celled.*

**ORDO VIII. ENNEANDRIA.**

**M. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. o. Stam. 9 to 12. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 2. Caps. 2-cell-ed.**

**H. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Styles 6. Caps. inferior, 6-celled.**

**ORDO IX. DECANDRIA.**

*C. (1) Cal. nearly one. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigm. 8. Berry many-seeded.**

*K. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectary glands 5. (2) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Caps. 5-valved.**

*C. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Berry 5-seeded, petal-like.**

*S. (1) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 3-celled.**

**ORDO X. DODECANDRIA.**

**E. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 15. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2.**

**M. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 12-petaled. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Berry 3-celled.**

*D. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. o. Anthers sitting 15. (2) Cal. 2-toothed, superior. Cor. o. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.**

**ORDO XI. POLYANDRIA.**

*C. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Caps. 2-celled, inferior.* **Order XII. Monadelphia.**

- **1134. Juniperus.** (1) Ament. Cor. nulla. Stam. 3. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 3. Bacca infera, 3-sperma, calycina.

- **1135. Taxus.** (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Antherae 8-fide. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 1. Bacc. 1-sperma, recutita.

- **1136. Ephedra.** (1) Ament. 2-fidum. Cor. nulla. Stam. 7. (2) Cal. imbricatus. Cor. o. Pist. 2. Bacc. 2-sperma, calycina.

- **1138. Cissampelos.** (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Stam. 3. Bacc. 1-sperma.

- **838. Napea.** (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. plurima. Styl. plures. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. plur. efflora. Styli plures. Arilli 10 in orbem.

- **1137. Adelia.** (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 20. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

**Napea dioica.**

**Order XIII. Syngenesia.**

- **1139. Ruscus.** (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Bacc. 3-localaris; 2-sperma.

**Gnaphalium dioicum. Bryonia dioica.**

**Order XIV. Gynandria.**

- **1140. Clutia.** (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 3. Caps. 3-cocca.

**Order I. Monandria.**

- **1430. Pandanus, or Screw-pine.** One species; viz. odoratissima. East Indies, South sea isles.

- **1096. Najas.** One species; viz. marina. Europe.

**Order II. Diandria.**

- **1097. Vallisneria.** One species; viz. spiralis. Italy.

- **1099. Cecropia, or Trumpet-tree.** One species; viz. peltata. Jamaica.

- **1098. Salix, or Willow.** 34 species; viz. acuminata, alba, amygdalina, aurita, caprea, cinerea, fragilis, fusca, herbacea, lanata, lapponum, monandra, myr-

**Order XIII. Syngenesia.**

- **R.** (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Berry 3-celled, 2-seeded.

**Order XIV. Gynandria.**

- **C.** (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 4. Caps. 3-celled.

**S. leaves strap-shaped, upper leaves oblique; catkins monandra downy; one stamen.—Rose willow, or purple willow. Withering. Called by Linnaeus S. purpurea. Baskets, eradles, and all sorts of twig-work are made of its long, slender, and flexible shoots.**

- **S. leaves oblong, spear-shaped; flowers with three triandra. stamens, sometimes two. Smooth willow.—The bark, in doses of one or two drams, cures agues.**

- **S. leaves egg-shaped, acute; flowers with five sta-pentandra mens. Sweet willow, or bay-leaved willow. Called by Linnaeus S. hermaphroditica. The wood crackles greatly in the fire. The dried leaves afford a yellow dye. Used in Yorkshire to make the large sort of baskets.**

- **S. leaves egg-spear-shaped, acute, smooth above, ser-vitellina;** nature like gristle. **Yellow willow.**—The wood is white and very tough. The shoots are used by basket-makers.

* S. leaves egg-spear-shaped; leaf-stalks toothed with glands. **Crack willow.**—A quick grower, and bears cropping. Thrives in any soil if moist. The bark in doses of one or two drams cures agues.

* S. leaves strap-spear-shaped, acute. **Red willow.**—The twigs much sought after by basket-makers.

* S. leaves spear-strap-shaped, very long, acute, silky underneath; branches rod-like. **Oxier.**—Much used for making hoops, and the larger baskets. Is planted to prevent the banks of rivers from being washed away by torrents.

* S. leaves spear-shaped, tapering to a point, serrated, downy on both sides; the lowermost serratures glandular. **White willow.** Grows quick, and bears lopping. The bark collected in summer when full of sap, and dried by a gentle heat, is extremely valuable, as a substitute for Peruvian bark, in the cure of intermittent fevers. It will tan leather. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat the leaves and young shoots. If a shady walk with willows is wanted, male sets only ought to be planted, otherwise they will speedily multiply so as to form a thicket instead of a grove.

**ORDER III. TRIANDRIA.**

1100. **Empetrum**, or Berry-bearing Heath.

Two species; viz. * nigrum, album.

* E. with stems trailing.—The berries boiled with alum afford a dark purple dye. Eaten in quantities they occasion headach.

1101. **Osyris**, or Poets-cassia.

Two species; viz. alba, japonica. South Europe, Japan.

1431. **Maba.**

One species; viz. elliptica. Tongataboo, Namoka.

1331. **Restis.**

Nine species; viz. paniculatus, verticillaris, dichotomus, vimineus, triflorus, simplex, elegia, cernuus, teretorum. C. of G. Hope.

1102. **Excoecaria**, or Aloe wood.

One species; viz. agallocha. Amboyna, Malacca, China.

1280. **Caturus.**

Two species; viz. spiciflorus, ramiflorus. East and West Indies.

**ORDER IV. TETRANDRIA.**

1103. **Trophis.**

One species; viz. americana. Jamaica.

1104. **Batis.**

One species; viz. maritima. Jamaica.

1105. **Viscum**, or Mistletoe.

Nine species; viz. * album, rubrum, purpureum, opuntioides, capense, verticillatum, pauciflorum, terrestrre, rotundiflorum. Europe, Cape, West Indies, North America.

* V. leaves spear-shaped, blunt; stem forked; spikes axillary. **White mistletoe.**—A singular parasitical evergreen plant. The barren plant opposite to the fertile one. The root insinuates itself into the substance of the tree on which it grows. Blossom greenish white. Berries whitish. Birdlime may be made from the berries or the bark. Birds having swallowed the berries, void them unchanged upon trees, where they take root. No art has hitherto been able to make them take root in the earth. Sheep eat it greedily; and in the southern English counties, where chiefly it grows, it is often torn from the trees to feed them. It is said to preserve them from the rot. If the berries, when fully ripe, be rubbed on the smooth bark of almost any tree, they will adhere closely, and produce plants the following winter.

1432. **Montinia.**

One species; viz. acris. C. of G. Hope.

1106. **Hippophae**, or Sea-buckthorn.

Two species; viz. * rhamnoides, canadensis.

* H. leaves spear-shaped.—Cows refuse it. Horses, rhomgoats, and sheep eat it. The berries are very acid, with rather an austere vinous flavour. The fishermen of the gulf of Bothnia prepare a rob from them, which imparts a grateful flavour to fresh fish. In sunny and sandy situations it is planted for hedges.

1107. **Myrica**, or Candle-berry Myrtle, Gale.

Seven species; viz. * gale, cerifera, athiopica, querifolia, cordifolia, trifoliata. Europe, Madeira, Cape, North America.

* M. leaves spear-shaped, somewhat serrated; stem gale, shrub-like. **Sweet willow, Dutch myrtle, gale, goule.** Dyed in autumn, it dyes wool yellow. It is used to tan calfskins. The Welch ladies bunch it under their beds to keep off fleas and moths, and give it as a vermifuge in powder and infusion, applying it also externally to the abdomen. Its essential oil rises in distillation. The catkins boiled in water throw up a waxy scum fit to make candles. From the M. cerifera the myrtle candles are prepared.

**ORDER V. PENTANDRIA.**

1108. **Pistacia**, or Pistacia-nut.

Five species; viz. trifolia, narbonensis, vera, terebinthus, lentiscus. South Europe, Barbary, Persia, India.

The P. vera, with leaves unequal winged, leaflets nearly egg-shaped, bent back, produces a moderately large nut, containing a pale greenish kernel, with a reddish skin. The tree grows spontaneously in Persia, Arabia, and the Archipelago; and has been found able to produce fruit in England. Pistachio nuts have a pleasant, sweet,unctuous taste, resembling almonds, and are esteemed by some in certain weaknesses, and in emaciated habits.

The P. lentiscus with leaves abruptly winged, and spear-shaped leaflets, in like manner bears our winters. The wood is brought to us in thick knotty pieces, with an ash-coloured bark and white within, of a rough somewhat pungent taste, and a grateful but faint smell. A decoction of it, under the pompous appellation of aurum potabile, potable gold, is recommended by the Germans in catarrhs, nausea, and weakness of stomach. In the island of Chio, this tree affords mastic, which is a resinous substance brought from thence in small yellowish transparent grains or tears, of a pleasant smell, especially when heated. It is recommended in old coughs, dysenteries and all cases of laxity. Zanthoxylum.

Two species; viz. clava-herculis, trifoliatum.

Astronium.

One species; viz. graveolens. South America.

Canarium.

One species; viz. commune. India.

Antidesma, or Chinese Laurel.

One species; alexiteria. E. Indies, China, Japan.

Iresine.

One species; viz. celosia. Virginia, Jamaica.

Spinacia, or Spinage.

Two species; viz. oleracea, fera. Siberia.

Acnida, or Virginian Hemp.

One species, viz. cannabina. Virginia.

Cannabis, or Hemp.

One species; viz. sativa. India. See Agriculture Index.

Humulus, or Hop.

One species; viz. * lupulus. Europe.—Cultivated in England to preserve malt liquors. The young shoots are eaten in the spring instead of asparagus. Strong cloth is in Sweden made from the stalks, which are soaked in water all winter, and in the spring dressed like flax. A decoction of the roots, or from 20 to 30 grains of the extract, is said to be sudorific.

Zanonia.

One species; viz. indica. Coast of Malabar.

Fevillea.

Two species; viz. trilobata, cordifolia. W. Indies.

Order VI. Hexandria.

Tamus, or Black Bryony.

Two species; viz. * communis, cretica. South Europe, Cape.

Smilax, or Rough Bindweed.

14 species; viz. aspera, excelsa, zealiana, sarsaparilla, china, rotundifolia, laurifolia, tannoides, caduca, bona nox, herbacea, tetragona, lanceolata, pseudochina. South Europe, East Indies, North America.

Rajania.

Five species; viz. hastata, cordata, quinquefolia, quinata, hexaphylla. Japan, North America, West Indies.

Dioscorea, or Indian Yam.

12 species; viz. pentaphylla, triphylla, trifida, aculeata, alata, bulbifera, sativa, villosa, oppositifolia, septemloba, quinquelobata, japonica. East and West Indies, North America.

Order VII. Octandria.

Populus, or Poplar-tree.

Five species; viz. * alba, * nigra, * tremula, balsamifera, heterophylla. South Asia, Italy, Archipelago, North America.

* P. leaves nearly triangular, toothed, and regular; cottony underneath. White poplar.—It loves low situations, and flourishes best in clay. It grows quick and bears cropping, but is unfavourable to pasturage. The wood is soft, white, and stringy, and makes good wainscoting, being little subject to swell or shrink. Floors, laths, packing boxes, and turners ware, are made of it. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it.

* P. leaves circular, toothed, and angular; smooth on tremula, both sides. Aspen, aspen tree, trembling poplar.—This tree grows in all soils, but worst in clay. It impoverishes the land, destroys the grass; and the numerous shoots of the roots spread so near the surface of the earth, that they permit nothing else to grow; but rise in all quarters, whether they are wanted or not. It is easily transplanted. The wood is extremely light, white, smooth, woolly, soft, durable in the air. The bark is the principal food of beavers. The bark of the young trees is made into torches.

* P. leaves trowel-shaped, tapering to a point, serrated, nigra. smooth on both sides. Black poplar.—It loves a moist black soil, grows rapidly, and bears cropping. The bark being light like cork, supports the nets of fishermen. Cattle eat it.

Rhodiola, or Rose-root.

One species; viz. * rosea.—The root, particularly when dried, has the fragrance of a rose; but cultivated in a garden it loses most of its sweetness.

Margaritaria.

One species; viz. nobilis. Surinam.

Order VIII. Enneandra.

Mercurialis, or Mercury.

Three species; viz. * annua, * perennis, tomentosa, perennis. Europe.

* M. stem undivided, leaves rough. Dogs mercury.—It is noxious to sheep, and deleterious to man. In drying, it turns blue. Steeped in water it affords a fine deep blue colour; which, however, is destructible both by alkalies and acids.

Hydrocharis, or Frog-bit.

One species; viz. * morsus ranae.

Order IX. Decandra.

Carica, or Papaw tree.

Two species; viz. papaya, posoposa. E. and W. Indies.

Kiggelaria.

One species; viz. africana. C. of G. Hope.

Schinus, or Indian Mastick tree.

Two species; viz. mollis, areira. Peru, Brazil, Chili.

Coriaria, or Myrtle-leaved Sumach.

Two species; viz. myrtifolia, ruscifolia. Spain, S. France, Peru.

Order X. Dodeandra.

Euclea.

One species; viz. racemosa. C. of G. Hope.

Datisca, or Base Hemp.

Two species; viz. cannabina, hirta. Crete, N. America.

Menispermum, or Moon-seed.

Species; viz. canadense, virginicum, japonicum, carolinum. carolinum, cocalus, crispum, acutum, orbiculatum, hirsutum, myostoides, trilobum. N. America, Japan.

ORDER XI. POLYANDRIA.

1133. CLIFFORTIA. 18 species; viz. odorata, ilicifolia, ruscifolia, ferruginea, graminosa, polygoniflora, filiflora, crenata, pulchella, trifoliata, sarmentosa, strobilifera, obcordata, ternata, juniperina, falcata, teretifolia, ericefolia. C. of G. Hope.

1432. HEDYCARIA. One species; viz. dentata. N. Zealand.

ORDER XII. MONADELPHIA.

1134. JUNIPERUS, or Juniper-tree. 11 species; viz. * communis, thurifera, barbadensis, bermudiana, chinensis, sabina, virginiana, oxycedrus, phoenicea, lycina. Europe, Bermudas, America.

* J. leaves three together, expanding, sharp pointed, longer than the berry.—It grows in all soils and situations, and to a corresponding variety of sizes. It is easily transplanted, and bears cropping. Grass will not grow beneath it, but the *ovena pratensis* destroys it. The wood is hard and durable. The bark may be made into ropes. The berries are two years in ripening.—When bruised they afford a pleasant diuretic liquor, but it is not easy to prevent its growing sour. It is esteemed a good antiscorbutic. Ardent spirits, impregnated with the essential oil of those berries, is termed gin, though it is said that some distillers know how to produce the same effect, by means of the spirit of turpentine. Gum sandarach, more commonly called pounce, is the product of this tree. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it. From the *J. lycina*, a gum resin called *olibanum* is produced. From the *J. sabina*, is extracted an essential oil, which is accounted a most powerful emmenagogue. It is a warm, irritating, aperient medicine.

1135. TAXUS, or Yew-tree. Four species; viz. *baccata, nucifera, macrophylla, verticillata*. Eur. Cape, Jap. N. America.

T. leaves solitary, strap-shaped, prickle-pointed, near baccate together; receptacle of the male flowers somewhat globose.—It grows best on a moist loamy soil, and languishes in bogs and dry mountains. It bears transplanting, even when old; and, as an evergreen hedge, is a valuable screen to delicate plants. The wood is used for bows, axletrees, spoons, cups, cogs for mill-wheels, and flood gates for fish ponds, which hardly ever decay. The berries are sweet, viscid, and harmless. The fresh leaves are fatal to the human species.

1136. EPHEDRA, or Shrubby Horse-tail. Two species; viz. distachya, monostachya. Siberia, France, Spain.

1138. CISSAMPELOS. Five species; viz. pareira, caapeba, smilacina, fruticosa, capensis. Cape, America.

1836. NAPEA. Two species; viz. levis, scabra. Virginia.

1137. ADELIA. Three species; viz. bernardia, ricinella, acidota. Jamaica.

ORDER XIII. SYNGENESIA.

1139. RUSCUS, or Knee-bolly, or Butchers-broom. Five species; viz. *aculeatus, hypophyllam, hypoglossum, androgynus, racemosus*. Hungary, Fr. Italy, Canaries.

ORDER XIV. GYNANDRIA.

1140. CLUTIA. Nine species; viz. alaternoides, polygonoides, pulchella, hirta, tomentosa, retusa, cluteria, stipularis, acuminata.

In the class Diocia are 55 Genera, including 219 Species, of which 38 are found in Britain.

CLASSIS XXIII. POLYGAMIA (o).

ORDO I. MONOECIA.

1141. MUSA. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 2-petala. Stam. 6, 1 fert. Pist. 1. Baccia infera. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 2-petala. Stam. 6, 5 perfect. Pist. 1. Baccia nulla.

M. (3) No cal. Cor. 2-petaled. Stam. 6, 1 fertile. Pist. 1. Berry inferior. (3) No cal. Cor. 2-petaled. Stam. 6, 5 perfect. Pist. 1. No berry.

(o) The character of this class consists of the following circumstances: that every plant belonging to it produces, 1st, Hermaphrodite flowers, that is, flowers having both stamens and pistils in the same flower; and, 2dly, In addition to the hermaphrodite flowers, the same plant produces also other flowers, not hermaphrodite, but either male or female, that is, which have stamens, one or more, without pistils, or the reverse. The hermaphrodite maphrodite flowers of this class are usually imperfect in one of their parts (either stamens or pistils), which renders an additional male or female flower necessary. Sometimes there are two hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant of different powers; and this circumstance constitutes the polygamy, or is understood to bring the plant under the present class. As in the two former classes, the male and female flowers are here distinguished by prefixing to them the figures (1) and (2). The hermaphrodite flowers are here marked (3). 1332. HERMAS. (3) Umbella. Floris cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5, sterilia. (1) Umbella. Florum cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5, fertilia. Styli 2. Sem. 2, infera, suborbiculata.

* 1152. PARIETARIA. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 4. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Styl. 1. Sem. 1.

* 1153. ATRIPLEX. (3) Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Styl. 1-fid. Sem. 1.

Æsculus. Mammea. Jacq. Euphorbia. Melothria.

Ilex.

Ordo II. DIOECIA.

1266. PANAX. (3) Umbel. Cal. 5-dent. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. Styl. 2. Bacc. 2-sperm. (1) Umbel. Cal. integ. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5.

1161. DIOSPYROS. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8. Styl. 4-fid. Bacc. 8-sperma. (1) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8.

1335. CHRYSITRIX. (3) Gluma 2-valvis. Cor. paleae numerosae. Stam. multa mixta paleis. Pist. 1. (1) Glum. 2-valvis. Cor. paleae numerosae. Stam. multa mixta paleis.

1336. STIBBE. (3) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter. 5-dentatus, cartilagineus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4.

1163. NYSSA. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Pist. 1. Drupa infera. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 10.

* 1160. FRAXINUS. (3) Cal. o. s. 4-part. Cor. o. s. 4-pet. Stam. 2. Pist. 1. Sem. 1. (3) Cal. o. s. 4-part. Cor. o. s. 4-pet. Stam. 2. Pist. 1. Sem. 1.

1164. ANTHOSPERMUM. (1) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-fid. Cor. nulla. Styl. 2. Peric. inferum.

1165. ARCTOPUS. (1) Umbella. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (3) Invol. maxim. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (1) Umb. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 2. Sem. 1, biloculare.

1159. GLEDITSIA. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-petala. Stam. 6. Pist. 1. Legum. (1) Cal. 3-phyll. Cor. 3-petala. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5-petala. Pist. 1. Legumen.

1163. PISONIA. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 6. Pist. 1. Caps. 5-valvis. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Pist. 1. Caps. 5-valvis.

Ilex aquifolium. Rhamnus alaternus, Guilandina.

Ordo III. TRIOECIA.

1167. CERATONIA. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. Styl. 1. Legum. coriaceum, polysperm. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. sub-5-dent. Cor. o. Stylus 1. Legum. coriaceum, polysperm.

1168. FICUS Recept. commune turbinatum, conventi clausum, carnosum. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pist. 1. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 3. (1) and (2) intra idem receptaculum commune distinctis fructificationibus partialibus.

H. (3) Umbel. Cor. in the flowers 5-petaled. Stamens 5, barren. (1) Umbel. Cor. of flowers 5-petaled. Stamens 5, fertile. Styles 2. Seeds 2, inferior, nearly orbicular.

* P. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Stam. 4. Style 1. Seed 1. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1.

* A. (3) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Style 1-cleft. Seed 1.

ORDER II. DIOECIA.

P. (3) Umbel. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. Berry 2-seeded. (1) Umbel. Cal. entire. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5.

D. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. 8. Styl. 4-cleft. Berry 8-seeded, (1) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Stamens 8.

C. (3) Husk 2-valved. Cor. straws, numerous. Stamens many, mixed with straws. Pist. 1. (1) Husk 2-valved. Cor. straws, numerous. Stamens many, mixed with straws.

S. (3) Cal. outer 3-leaved; inner 5-toothed, cartilaginous. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 4. Style 1. Seed 1. (1) Outer cal. 3-leaved, inner none. Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4.

N. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Pist. 1. Drupe inferior. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens 10.

* F. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted. Cor. none, or 4-petaled. Stam. 2. Pist. 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted. Cor. none, or 4-petaled. Stamens 2. Pist. 1. Seed 1.

A. (1) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styles 2. Seed-vessel inferior.

A. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. (3) Involucrum very large. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 5. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. Seed 1, 2-celled.

G. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-petaled. Stamens 6. Pist. 1. Legume. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Pist. 1. Leguminous.

P. (3) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 6. Pist. 1. Caps. 5-valved. (1) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 6. (2) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Pist. 1. Caps. 5-valved.

ORDER III. TRIOECIA.

C. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Styl. 1. Legume leather-like, many-seeded. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. nearly 5-toothed. No cor. Style 1. Legume leather-like, many-seeded.

F. Common receptacle turban-shaped, converging, closed, fleshy. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pist. 1. Seed 1. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. Stamens 3. (1) and (2) both within the same common receptacle, with distinct partial fructifications.

ORDER ORDER I. MONOECIA.

1141. Musa, or Plantain-tree. Three species; viz. paradissaica, sapientum, troglobydarum. E. and W. Indies.

1144. Veratrum, or White Hellebore. Three species; viz. album, nigrum, luteum. Russia, Austria, Italy, N. America.—The V. album grows spontaneously on the mountains of Switzerland and Germany. The root is nauseous and acrid. If wounded, when fresh, it emits an acid juice, which is said to prove dangerous when mixed with the blood by an wound. The powder of the dry root applied to an issue, occasions violent purging. Sniffed up the nose, it is a strong, but not always a safe sternutatory. It is also a violent emetic. The ancients used it in desperate cases; but modern practice rejects it, though it is said to have been given with success to the amount of a scruple in cases of mania.

1333. Spinifex. One species; viz. quartzosus. E. Indies.

1145. Andropogon, or Beard-grass. 25 species; viz. caricosum, contortum, crinitum, divaricatum, grallus, nutans, ciliatum, serratum, cotuliferum, cymbarium, squarrosum, prostratum, alopecuroides, distachyum, schenanthus, virginicum, bicornue, hirtum, insulare, barbatum, nardus, muticum, ischeum, fasciculatum, polydactylon. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America.

The A. nardus, Indian nard or spikenard, as it comes from the East Indies, is a matted congeries of fibres issuing from one head, and probably forming the root of the plant. Spikenard has a warm, pungent, bitterish taste, and a strong not very agreeable smell. It is stomachic and carminative; and said to be alexipharmac, diuretic, and emmenagogue; but it is at present little employed.

1146. Holcus, or Indian Millet. 14 species; viz. *avenaceus, *lanatus, *mollis, spicatus, bicolor, sorghum, halpeensis, saccharatus, laxus, striatus, serratos, odoratus, latifolius, pertusus. N. Europe, India, N. America.

* H. husks two-flowered, woolly; hermaphrodite floret awnless; male floret with a bent awn, inclosed in the calyx.—This grass flourishes well on any moist soil, and grows very generally, except on the most dry and barren ones. It should be sown chiefly with a view to pasturage by sheep. It makes a soft spongy hay unfit for horses.

1147. Apluda. Four species; viz. mutica, aristata, zeugites, digitata. E. and W. Indies, N. America.

1148. Ischænum. Two species; viz. muticum, aristatum. India, China, Carolina.

1149. Cenchrus, or Hedgehog-grass. Nine species; viz. racemosus, lappaceus, muricatus, capitatus, echinatus, tribuloides, ciliaris, granularis, frutescens. S. Europe, Virginia, W. Indies.

1150. Äegilops, or Hard-grass. Four species; viz. ovata, caudata, trunicalis, squarrosa. S. Europe, Carolina.

1334. Manisuris. One species; viz. myurus. E. and W. Indies, N. America.

1151. Valantia, or Crosswort. Eight species; viz. *aparine, *cruciate, muralis, hispida, cucullaria, articulata, glabra, hypocarpa. Austria, S. Europe, Canaries, Jamaica.

1152. Parietaria, or Pellitory. Eight species; viz. *officinalis, indica, judaica, lucitanica, urticafolia, cretica, zeylanica, microphylla. S. Europe, Canaries, isle of Bourbon.

1153. Atriplex, or Orache, Sea Purslane-tree. 12 species; viz. *hastata, *lacinata, *littoralis, *patula, *pedunculata, *portulacoides, halymus, glauca, rosea, sibirica, tatarica, hortensis. Europe, Tartary, America.

1283. Terminalia, or Benzoin. Two species; viz. catappa, benzoin. E. Indies.—From the last of these species a resin of the same name is supposed to be extracted, though others represent it as the product of another plant called styrax benzoe. Benzoin is used in perfumes, and as a cosmetic.

160. Brabeium, or African Almond. One species; viz. stellulifolium.

1154. Clusia, or Balsam-tree. Four species; viz. rosea, alba, flava, venosa. America, Jamaica.

1142. Ophioxylum. One species; viz. serpentinum. E. Indies.

1155. Acer, Maple-tree. 17 species; viz. *campestre, *pseudoplanatus, semipervirens, tataricum, rubrum, saccharinum, dissectum, japonicum, palmatum, septemlobum, pictum, platanoides, pennsylvanicum, monspessulanum, creticum, trifidum, negundo. Europe, N. America, Japan.

*A. leaves 5-lobed, blunt, unequally serrated; flowers pseudo-compound pendent bunches. Sycamore tree, sy-planatus. Camo maple.—It flourishes best in open places and sandy ground, but will thrive in a richer soil. It grows quick, is easily transplanted, bears cropping, and the grass flourishes under its shade. It is said to grow well near the sea, and that a plantation of these trees, at 50 feet asunder, with three sea sallow thorns between every two of them, will make a fence sufficient to defend the herbage of the country against the sea spray. Gent. Mag. 1757, p. 252. The wood is soft and very white, and is used by the turners. By boring a hole into the body of the tree, when the sap rises in spring, a sweetish watery liquor is obtained, which is used in making wine, and, if impassivated, affords a fine sugar. From the A. saccharinum large quantities of sugar are annually thus made in North America. See United States, and Sugar.

1143. Celtis, or Lote, Nettle-tree. Three species; viz. australis, occidentalis, orientalis. S. Europe, Virginia, W. Indies. 1157. Gowania, or Chew-stick. One species; viz. domingensis. West Indies.

1132. Hermas. Five species; viz. depauperata, gigantea, capitata, quinquedentata, ciliata. C. of G. Hope.

1158. Mimosa, or Sensitive Plant. 53 species; viz. simplicifolia, inga, sagifolia, nodosa, natans, bigemina, unguis-cati, tergemina, latifolia, purpurea, reticulata, viva, circinalis, cinerea, cauta, sensitiva, pudica, entada, scandens, plena, virgata, punctata, pernambucana, arborea, lebbeck, odoratissima, speciosa, vaga, latisliliqua, polystachya, muricata, peregrina, glauca, cinerea, cornigera, catechu, horrida, cherna, latronum, tortuosa, sarnesiana, nilotica, pigra, asperata, senegal, cesia, pinnata, intisia, semispinosa, quadrivalvis, tenuifolia, ceratonia, tamarindifolia. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, New Holland. —The plants of this genus possess the singular property of shrinking or drawing in their leaves, when touched, which has obtained for them the English appellation of sensitive plants. From the species M. catechu a vegetable extract is obtained, which has long improperly received the appellation of terra japonica or Japan earth. This extract is outwardly of a reddish colour, internally of a dark brown, with a slight cast of red. It is capable of being reduced to the state of a powder; and is a mild but powerful astringent. It is particularly useful in alvine fluxes; and where these require astringents, no one is so beneficial. It is likewise employed in uterine profusion, and in laxity and debility of the viscera in general. It is often suffered to dissolve leisurely in the mouth, as a topical astringent, for laxities and exulcerations of the gums, for aphthous ulcers in the mouth, and similar affections: and it is in some other cases applied externally under the form of solution, and as an ointment. Catechu dissolves in water, with the exception of its impurities, which amount to an eighth part of the mass. Rectified spirit dissolves seven-eighths of the pure matter into a red liquor, leaving, undissolved, an insipid mucilaginous substance. The best form of administering it is that of simple infusion in warm water, with the addition of some cinnamon or cassia. From the M. nilotica gum arabic exudes, the uses of which are well known to be extremely numerous. The inspissated juice of the unripe fruit of this tree is termed acacia, and is used as a mild astringent medicine.

ORDER II. DIOECIA.

1159. Gleditsia, or Three-horned Acacia. Two species; viz. triacanthos, inermis. Java, N. America.

1160. Fraxinus, or Ash-tree. Three species; viz. * excelsior, ornus, americana. S. Europe, N. America. excelsior. * F. leaflets serrated; flowers without petals.—It flourishes best in groves, but grows in a rich soil, though in the open field. It bears transplanting and lopping. Horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat it; but it is said to spoil the milk of cows. It will give a good, though not a beautiful green, to cloths that have been dyed blue. The wood is nearly as good when young as when old. It is hard and tough, and much used to make the tools employed in husbandry. The bark is used to tan calf-skin. An infusion of the leaves, from half an ounce to an ounce, is a very good purge; and a decoction of two drams of the bark, or of six drams of the leaves, has been used to cure agues.

1161. Diospyros, or Indian Date-plum. Five species; viz. lotus, virginiana, kaki, hirsute, ebenum. Italy, Barbary, Ceylon, N. America, Japan.

1163. Nyssa, or Tupelo-tree. One species; viz. aquatica. N. America.

1164. Anthofermum, or Amber-tree. Three species; viz. athiopicum, ciliare, herbaceum. C. of G. Hope.

1336. Stilbe. Three species; viz. pinasta, ericoides, cernua. C. of G. Hope.

1165. Arctopus. One species; viz. echinatus. C. of G. Hope.

1162. Pisonia, or Fingrida. Two species; viz. aculeata, inermis. W. Indies.

1166. Panax, or Ginseng. Five species; viz. quinquefolium, trifolium, spinosa, arborea, fruticosum. China, North America, West Indies.—The root of the P. quinquefolium is the ginseng of the Chinese, of which they have an extraordinary opinion, regarding it as an universal restorative in all decays from age, intemperance, or disease. It is also found in North America, and frequently exported from thence to China. It has a very sweet taste, accompanied with a slight bitterness and warmth.

1335. Chrysitrix. One species; viz. capensis. C. of G. Hope.

ORDER III. TRIOECIA.

1168. Ceratonia, or Crab-tree, St John's Bread. One species; viz. siliqua. Spain, Sicily, Levant, Chili.

1168. Ficus, or Fig-tree. 15 species; viz. carica, sycamorus, religiosa, benjamina, benghalensis, indica, racemosa, pertusa, pumila, toxicaria, maculata, trigona, hispida, heterophylla, microcarpa. S. Europe, India, China, America.—The dried fruit of the F. carica, or ordinary fig-tree, is sometimes used in medicine as a soft emollient sweet substance. It is much esteemed by some as a suppurative; in which case it is applied as warm as it can well be endured.

In the class Polygamia are 34 Genera, including 222 Species, of which 15 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XXIV.

CRYPTOGAMIA (o).

ORDO I. FILICES.

Sect. I. Fructificationes spicatae.

* 1169. Equisetum. Spica sparsa. Fructif. pelta- te, basi valvulatae.

1222. Cycas. (1) Ament, imbricatum. Pollen squamum tegens. (2) Spadix ensiformis. Drupa nu- cleo lignoso.

1227. Zamia. (1) Strobilus squamis subtus polline tectis. (2) Strobilus squamis in utroque margine. Drupa solitaria.

1170. Onoclea. Spica disticha. Fructif. 5-valves.

1171. Ophioglossum. Spica articulata. Fructif. circumscissae.

1172. Osmunda. Spica racemosa. Fructif. 2- valves.

Sect. II. Fructificationes frondosae, in pagina inferiore.

* 1173. Acrostichum. Macula discum totum occu- pans.

* 1179. Polyodium. Puncta disci distincta.

CLASSIS XXIV.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

ORDO I. FERNS.

Sect. I. Fructificationes spicatae.

* E Spike scattered. Fructifications target-shaped, valved at the base.

C. (1) Catkin tiled. Pollen or dust covering the scale. (2) Sheath sword-shaped. Drupe with a woody kernel.

Z. (1) A cone with scales covered beneath with pollen. (2) A cone with scales in each border. Drupe solitary.

O. A 2-rowed spike. Fructifications 5-valved.

O. A jointed spike. Fructifications cut round.

O. Spike branchy. Fructifications 2-valved.

Sect. II. Fructificationes frondosae, in the under sur- face.

A. A spot occupying the whole disc.

P. Distinct spots on the disc.

(o) This class contains a number of vegetables whose stamens and pistils are too minute to admit of that mode of investigation which prevails through the preceding classes. The structure too of these vegetables differs con- siderably from that of other plants.

The Filices or Ferns constitute the first order. Their flowers are generally disposed in spots or lines on the under surface of the leaves, but sometimes in spikes. In the male flowers the anthers are found sitting or sup- ported on a very short filament, egg-shaped or globular, scattered on the under surface of the leaves. The male flowers unite so as to form a spike or bunch, or form lines or dots underneath the leaves, either on the surface at the edge, or at the point. In some cases they entirely cover the under surface. None of the flowers have any corolla, or even a calyx, excepting perhaps a scale formed from the leaf, opening, containing globules. The seeds are very minute and globular.

The second order, called Musci or Mosses, have the female parts of fructification inclosed in a veil, which ad- heres to the top of the ripe capsules, and covers it. Capsule opening transversely. Stem leafy. Leaves mem- branaceous, reticulated; after being dead, reviving when soaked in water. In general the stamens and pistils are on separate flowers on the same or distinct plants.

The third order, or Algae, includes a division of plants which scarcely admit of a distinction of root, stem, and leaf; much less can the parts of their flowers be described. Their substance is flesh-like or leather-like, mem- branaceous or fibrous, jelly-like or horn-like, or resembling calcareous earth. The female fructifications are either found in saucers or tubercles, as in lichens; in hollow bladder, as in fucus; or dispersed through the sub- stance of the plant, as in ulva. The aquatic genera, which grow on the sea-coast, are called, in ordinary lan- guage, sea-weeds, or sea-ware, and, by incineration, produce soda or mineral alkali. The lichens are of much importance in the economy of nature. They grow on the barest rocks, and their remains form a soil on which better vegetables afterwards flourish. Some of them afford valuable colours.

The order of Fungi, or Mushrooms, consists of plants mostly of a cork-like texture, and short duration, bear- ing their seeds either in gills or tubes, or attached to fibres or to a spongy substance. As little is known of their fructification, the generic characters are taken from their external form. 1176. *Hemionitis.* Lineae disci decussantes.

1178. *Asplenium.* Lineae disci subparalleliae, variæ.

1175. *Blechnum.* Lineae disci costæ utrinque adjacentes.

1177. *Lonchitis.* Lineae marginis ad sinus.

1174. *Pteris.* Lineae marginis ad peripheriam.

1180. *Adiantum.* Maculae apicem margini reflexo obtecutum.

1181. *Trichomanes.* Fr. solitariae, margini ipsi insertæ.

**Sect. III. Fructificationes radicales.**

1182. *Marsilea.* Fruct. 4-capsularis.

1183. *Pilularea.* Fruct. 4-locularis.

1184. *Isoetes.* Fruct. 2-locularis.

**Ordo II. MUSCI.**

**Sect. I. Acalyptrati.**

1185. *Lycopodium.* Anthera 2-valvis, sessilis.

1186. *Porcella.* Anthera pertusa poris.

1187. *Sphagnum.* Anthera ore laxi.

**Sect. II. Calyptrati diclini.**

1191. *Splachnum.* Anth. cum apophysi maxima.

1192. *Polytrichum.* Anth. cum apophysi minima, marginata.

1193. *Mnium.* Anth. sine apophysi.

**Sect. III. Calyptrati monoclini.**

1189. *Phascum.* Anth. operculata, ore ciliato.

1194. *Bryum.* Anth. pedunculo terminali è tuberculo.

1195. *Hyponum.* Anth. pedunculo laterali è perichetio.

1190. *Fontinalis.* Anth. sessilis, perichaetio imbricato obvoluta.

1188. *Buxbaumia.* Anth. pedunculata, altero latere membranacea.

**Ordo III. ALGÆ.**

**Sect. I. Terrestres.**

1198. *Marchantia.* Fl. calyci communi peltato, subtus florido.

1196. *Jungermannia.* Fl. calyci simplici, 4-valvi.

1197. *Targioniæ.* Fl. calyci 2-valvi.

1201. *Anthoceros.* Fl. calyce tubuloso. Anthera subulata, bivalvis.

1199. *Blasia.* Fr. cylindrica, tubulosa.

1200. *Riccia.* Fr. granulis frondi innatis.

1202. *Lichen.* Fr. receptaculo levì nitido.

1208. *Byssus.* Substantia lanuginosa, vel pulverulenta.

**H. Lines of the disc cross pairs.**

• A. Lines of the disc nearly parallel, various.

• B. Lines of the disc adjacent to the rib on each side.

L. Lines at the inside of the margin.

P. Lines at the extremity of the margin.

A. Spots covered with the reflected margin of the points.

T. Fructifications solitary, placed on the very margin.

**Sect. III. Fructification at (or very near) the root.**

M. Fructification 4-capsuled.

P. Fructif. 4-celled.

I. Fructif. 2-celled.

**Order II. MOSSES.**

**Sect. I. Not calyptrated, i.e. not veiled.**

• L. Anther 2-valved, sitting.

P. Anther pierced with holes.

S. Anther with a level mouth.

**Sect. II. Veiled dioicous.**

• S. Anth. with a very large excrescence.

P. Anth. with a very small excrescence, bordered.

M. Anth. without an excrescence.

**Sect. III. Veiled monoicous.**

• P. Anth. lidded, mouth fringed.

B. Anth. on a terminal fruit-stalk arising out of a little solid pimple.

H. Anth. on a lateral fruit-stalk out of an involucrem or cover.

Anth. sitting, enveloped in a tiled cover.

B. Anth. on a fruit-stalk, one side membranous.

N.B. The term *anthera* in this order ought rather to be translated by the word *capsule*, as there are seeds contained in it.

**Order III. ALGÆ.**

**Sect. I. Terrestrial.**

M. Flower with a common calyx, target-shaped, flowering underneath.

J. Flow. calyx simple, 4-valved.

T. Flow. calyx 2-valved.

A. Flow. calyx tubular. Anther awl-shaped, 2-valved.

B. Fructif. cylindrical, tubular.

R. Fructif. granules imbedded in the frond.

L. Fructif. receptacle even, shining.

B. Substance downy, or powdery. Sect. II. Aquatic.

* 1204. Tremella. A. gelatinosa. * 1206. Ulva. A. membranacea. * 1205. Fucus. A. coriacea. * 1207. Conferva. A. capillaris.

Ordo IV. FUNGI.

Sect. I. Pileati.

* 1209. Agaricus. Pileus subtus lamellosus. * 1210. Boletus. Pileus subtus porous. * 1211. Hydnum. Pileus subtus echinatus. * 1212. Phallus. Pileus subtus levis.

Sect. II. Pileo destituti.

* 1213. Clathrus. F. cancellatus. * 1214. Helvella. F. turbinatus. * 1215. Peziza. F. campanulatus. * 1216. Clavaria. F. oblongus. * 1217. Lycoperdon. F. globosus. * 1218. Mucor. F. vesicularis stipitatus.

Order IV. FUNGI.

Sect. I. With a cap.

* A. Cap gilled underneath. * B. Cap porous underneath. * H. Cap prickly underneath. * P. Cap smooth beneath.

Sect. II. Without a cap.

* G. F. latticed. * H. F. turban-shaped. * P. F. bell-shaped. * C. F. oblong. * L. F. globular. * M. F. little bladders on a pillar.

Without reciting the names of the species of this class, we shall state their numbers, and such circumstances relative to particular kinds of plants belonging to it as seem most worthy of attention.

Order I. FERNS.

1169. Equisetum.

Seven species; of which six are British.

* E. stem naked, rough, somewhat branched at the base. Rough horsetail, shave-grass, pewter-wort, Dutch rushes.—The turners or cabinet-makers use it to polish their work. It is said to be wholesome to horses, but hurtful to cows. Sheep dislike it.

1222. Cycas, or Todda Pana.

Two species. E. Indies, China, Japan.

1227. Zamia.

Two species. Cape, E. Florida, W. Indies.

1170. Onoclea, or Sensible Fern.

Two species. N. America.

1171. Ophioglossum, or Adder's Tongue.

Nine species; one British. Europe, East and West Indies, America.

1172. Osmunda, or Flowering Fern.

21 species; 4 British. Europe, America.

1173. Acrostichum, or Forked Fern.

35 species; 2 British. Europe, Africa, America.

1179. Polypodium, or Polypody.

78 species; 18 British. Europe, Madeira, India, America.

* P. leaves almost doubly winged; leaflets strap-spear-shaped; stem and midribs chaffy. Male fern, male polypody.—The Siberians boil it in their ale, and are fond of the flavour it imparts. The powder of the root is a remedy for expelling the tape-worm. A liquid lubricating supper is given to the patient; and, if costive, a common glyster. Early next morning two or three drams of the root in powder are mixed with water, and swallowed. If thrown up, the dose must be repeated. The patient must fast two hours, and then take a strong purge.

1176. Hemionitis, or Mules-fern.

Four species. Jamaica, South America.

1178. Asplenium, or Spleenwort.

28 species; 9 British. Europe, Java, America.

1175. Blechnum.

Six species; one British. America, Cape, E. Indies.

1117. Longititis, or Rough Spleenwort.

Four species. Jamaica, South America.

1174. Pteris, Brakes, or Female-fern.

23 species; two British. Europe, E. and W. Indies, N. America, China.

* P. leaves more than doubly compound; leaflets wing-aquiline-ed; wings spear-shaped; the lowermost wing-cleft, the upper ones smaller.—The common people in many parts of England mix the ashes with water, and form them into balls; these balls are afterwards made hot in the fire, and then used to make an alkaline ley for scouring linen. It makes very durable thatch, and is excellent litter for horses and cows. It affords a violent heat, and, where coal is scarce, is used to burn limestone and heat ovens.

1180. Adiantum, or Maiden-hair.

27 species; one British. Europe, Africa, America. 1181. TAICHOMANES, or Tunbridge Maiden-hair. 13 species; two British. S. Europe, Cape, China, America.

1182. MARSILEA. Three species. Siber. France, Italy, S. Amer.

1183. PILULARIA, or Pepper-grass. One species; British.

1184. ISOETES, or Quillwort. Two species; one British. Coromandel.

ORDER II. MUSCI.

1185. LYCOPODIUM, or Club-moss. 29 species; three British. E. and W. Indies, Madeira, America.

clavatum.* L. leaves scattered, terminating in threads; spikes cylindrical, on fruitstalks, in pairs. Common club-moss, wolf's claw.—In Sweden they form it into mats or hasses, which lie at their doors to clean shoes upon. It restores ropy wine in a few days. The seeds flash when cast into a flame, and are said to be sometimes used in theatres to imitate lightning. They are with difficulty made wet, and if scattered on a basin of water, the hand may be dipped to the bottom without wetting it.

1186. PORRELLA. One species. Pennsylvania.

1187. SPHAGNUM, or Bog-moss. Three species; all found in Britain.

1191. SPLACHNUM, or Bottle-moss. 13 species; 12 British. Europe.

1192. POLYTRICHUM, or Golden Maiden-hair. 18 species; 16 British. Jamaica, Magellan.

1193. MINUM. 20 species; all British.

1189. PHASCUM. 13 species; 11 British. Eur. N. Amer.

1194. BRYUM. 93 species; British.

1195. HYPNUM. 70 species; all British. W. Indies, &c.

1190. FONTINALIS, or Water-moss. Six species; British.

antipyretica. F. capsules lateral; leaves acute, keeled, doubled together, disposed in three rows. Greater water-moss.—Contrary to the nature of all other mosses, this species is scarcely combustible. Accordingly, the Scandinavians line the inside of their chimneys with it to defend them against fire.

1188. BUxbaUMIA. Two species; one British. Europe.

ORDER III. ALGÆ.

1198. MARCHANTIA, or Liver-green. Seven species; five British. N. Amer. W. Ind.

1196. JUNGERMANNIA, or Star-tip. 48 species; British.

1197. TARGIONIA. Two species; British. S. Europe.

1201. ANTHOCEROS. Three species; two British. N. Amer. Jam.

1199. BLASIA. One species; British.

1200. RICCA, Marsh Liverwort. Five species; British. Jamaica.

1202. LICHEN, or Liverwort. 218 species; all British. Also Cape, India, America.

Lord Dundonald obtained a patent, dated July 31, 1802, for the discovery of a substitute for the foreign gums, to be obtained from the plants of this genus. The specification of his lordship's patent is in these terms: "My invention consists in procuring a substitute or substitutes for gum senegal, or other gums, from the class of plants called in botany lichens; from the plants of hemp and flax, previous to being steeped in water, or after being steeped; likewise from the bark or rind of the willow or lime tree. The process for obtaining the gum may be varied according to circumstances, and is done by washing the materials in water, digestion, and boilings, and with or without the aid of fixed or volatile alkaline salts or their solutions.

"It does not appear, from such trials as I have hitherto made, that there is any very great difference of the produce of gum from the lichen collected from different trees or shrubs: all of them answer equally well for yielding a gum fit for calico-printing. The lichen is most abundant on the trees which grow in a poor stiff clay soil, and particularly if situated at some considerable height above sea level. It should be pulled in dry weather, otherwise it is apt to break in the pulling; besides, in this case, requiring to be dried before it can with safety be laid up in the storehouse, where, if put in dry, it may be kept for years. Should a sufficient quantity of it not be found in this country, it may be had in almost unlimited abundance in Sweden, Norway, and in the northern parts of America, where it grows to the length of from a foot to 18 inches, depressing the branches of the trees by its weight. There is, however, every reason to believe that a sufficient quantity is to be had in this country. According to information received from botanists, it takes three or four years in coming to maturity or its full size; so that a crop from the same tree may be had every fourth year. The lichen does not consist entirely of a gummy matter; there is the outer skin or cuticle, below that a green resinous matter. The remainder of the plant consists of partly gum, partly somewhat analogous to animal substances, and a small proportion of fibrous matter, which cannot be dissolved by boiling, or the action of alkaline salts.

"The first process in preparing gum from the lichen, is to free it of the outer skin of the plant and the resinous matter. This is done by scalding the lichen two or three times with boiling water, allowing it to remain so long in the water as by absorbing it to swell; in doing this the skin cracks, and comes off along with, the greatest part of the resinous matter; or it may be freed from them by gently boiling the lichen for about 15 or 20 minutes, then washing it in cold water." water, laying it afterwards on a stone or brick floor, where it should lie for 10 or 12 hours, perhaps more. The reason for this is, that the exposure for that time to air, greatly facilitates the subsequent extraction of the gum.

"The scalded lichen is then to be put into a copper boiler, with a due proportion of water, say three Scots pints, or two wine gallons, to every pound of lichen, and boiled during 10 or 12 hours, adding about a quarter of an ounce of soda or pearl ashes for every pound of lichen; or instead of these salts, about two ounces of volatile alkali. The boiling should be continued until the liquor acquires a considerable degree of gummy consistence. It is then to be taken out of the boiler, allowed to drain or drip through a wire or haircloth searce. The residuum to be put into a haircloth bag or bags, and to be squeezed in a press similar to that which is used by the melters or rinders of tallow.

"The first boiling does not extract the whole of the gum. The lichen should be boiled a second, or even a third time, repeating the process as above described, diminishing at each process the quantity of water and the quantity of alkali, which a little experience will soon point out: when three boilings are employed, the gummy extract of the last boiling should be kept for the first boiling of a fresh batch of lichen; the extract proceeding from the first and second boilings should be mixed together, and evaporated to the consistence necessary for block or press printing. The evaporating vessels should be of tin or thin lead, placed over a range of stoves, and moderately heated by fire, or the steam of water. It has been neglected to state, that before evaporating the gummy extract to the consistence necessary, it should be kept 10 or 12 hours, so as to allow the sediment or dregs to subside. The clean liquor may either be drawn off by a syphon, or the dregs may be drawn off by a cock at the bottom of the wooden vessel; the bottom of which should be made sloping, higher at the back than the fore part, in order that the dregs may run more completely off. The proportion of gummy matter remaining in the dregs may be got off by mixing them with a due proportion of boiling water, allowing the liquor to clear, and proceeding as above directed, employing this weak solution for boiling the next batch of lichen. When volatile alkali is used, the boiler should be of iron, as volatile alkali acts on copper. Hemp, flax, and the bark of the willow and lime trees, or sea weed, are to be heated in a similar manner, to extract the gum or mucilage contained in them. Likewise it is intended that this patent shall include every tree, plant, or vegetable of whatever kind, from whence a mucilage or gum is to be obtained by the action of volatile or fixed alkaline salts, or their solutions, when used in the processes of maceration, digestion, or boiling these vegetable matters; being a method of obtaining a mucilage or gum never before practised and adopted by any other person."

The above invention was for some time practised to a great extent by the calico-printers in the west of Scotland, where it was found to answer for almost all colours. We have heard, however, that the use of it has been discontinued; whether from the price of gum senegal, for which it was employed as a substitute, having fallen, or that it has otherwise failed of its effect, we have not been informed.

* L. tubercles black, crust clear white.—Grows only calcareous on limestone rocks. When dried, powdered, and steeped in urine, it is used to dye scarlet by the Welsh and the inhabitants of the Orkneys. The colour is said to be very fine.

* L. saucers white, mealy, with yellowish white, thick, parellus, blunt borders; crust yellow white.—Grows on rocks, walls, trunks of trees, &c. Litmus is prepared from this species. For this purpose it is collected from the rocks in the north of England, and sent to London in casks.

* L. saucers yellow, with a white border; crust whitish, tartareus.—Grows on rocks and stones. In Derbyshire it is gathered for the dyers. It gives a purple colour.

* L. saucers dull purple; leaves hoary, smooth, blunt, omphalomy-cleft, sprinkled with rising dots. Cork, corker, lodges, or arcell.—It dyes wool a reddish brown, or a dull but durable crimson or purple, paler but more lasting than that of orchal. In Ireland it is prepared by steeping in stale urine, adding a little salt to it, and making it up into balls with lime. Wool dyed with it, and then dipped in the blue vat, becomes of a beautiful purple. With rotten oak it makes a dark brown. It has been used as a styptic.

* L. tubercles brown; plant hoary, hollow, much rangiferi-branched; terminating branches turned downwards.—nus. The Laplanders could not exist without this plant, which feeds, and even fattens, their rein-deer.

* L. plant lemon-coloured, upright, much branched; vulpinus, branches nearly of a length, angular; angles unequal.—In Norway they mix this plant with powdered glass, and strew it upon dead carcases to poison wolves.

* L. saucers brown, white on the outside, on pedicles; prunastrus. Foliage nearly white, quite white and cottony underneath; pitted rather than upright.—It imbibes and retains odours in a remarkable degree, and is therefore the basis of many perfumed powders.

* L. saucers red brown, mostly on the edges of the fo-pulmonaria-riage; leaves green, jagged, blunt, smooth; pitted, rius, downy underneath. Lungwort, hazel-rag, or hazel-crottes.—It is recommended for consumptive cases. Woollen cloth, boiled in it, is said to become of a durable orange. In Herefordshire it is used to dye stockings of a durable brown.

* L. saucers red brown; foliage pale green, wrinkled, cooperatus, waved at the edge, creeping.—In Ireland and the Isle of Man, it is used to dye wool of an orange colour. Serge, dyed with it, becomes of a lemon colour; but, if previously infused and boiled in urine, of a russet brown.

* L. saucers black, flattish; foliage gray brown, consist-pustulata, ing of a single leaf, circular, slightly lobed, sprinkled with a black brain-like powder; pitted underneath.—A beautiful red colour may be prepared from it (Linnaeus). It may be converted into an exceedingly black paint.

1208. Byssus. 12 species; British.

1204. Tremella, or Star-jelly. 19 species; British.

1206. Ulva, or Laver. 14 species; British. 1205. Fucus, or Wrack, Sea-weed. 85 species; British.

1207. Conferva, or Crow-fike. 53 species; British.

Order IV. FUNGI.

1209. Agaricus, or Agaric. 278 species; British.

1218. Boletus. 50 species; British. China, America.

1211. Hydnum. 11 species; British. N. Amer. W. Indies.

1212. Phallus, or Stink-horns. Four species; three British.

1213. Clathrus. Four species. S. Europe.

1214. Helvella, or Turban-top. 13 species; British.

1215. Peziza, or Cup-mushroom. 39 species; British.

1216. Clavaria, or Club-mushroom. 24 species; British.

1217. Lycoperdon, or Truffle, Puff-ball. 25 species; British.

1218. Mucor, or Mould. 17 species; British.

In the class Cryptogamia are 51 Genera, including 1467 Species, of which 1210 are found in Britain.

APPENDIX.

PALMÆ, tripetalse (P).

Sect. I. Flabellifolia.

1219. Chamærops. Dioeca. Drupa tres.

1220. Borassus. Dioeca. Drupa 3-sperma.

1221. Corypha. Dioeca. Drupa 1-sperma.

Sect. II. Pennatifolia.

1224. Phoenix. Dioeca. Drupa 1-sperma.

1284. Elæis. Dioeca. Drupa 1-sperma, coriacea.

Cal. et cor. 6-partita.

1225. Areca. Monœcea. Drupa 1-sperma, calyx imbricata.

1226. Elate. Monœcea. Drupa 1-sperma.

1223. Cocos. Monœcea. Drupa 1-sperma, coriacea.

Sect. III. Bipennatfolia.

1228. Caryota. Monœcea. Drupa 2-sperma.

1436. Mauritia. Masc. amentum.

PALMS, 3-petaled.

Sect. I. Fan-shaped leaves.

C. Dioecious. Drupe 3-seeded.

B. Dioecious. Drupe 3-seeded.

C. Dioecious. Drupe 1-seeded.

Sect. II. Wing-shaped leaves.

P. Dioecious. Drupe 1-seeded.

E. Dioecious. Drupe 1-seeded, leather-like. Cal. and cor. 6-parted.

A. Monœcious. Drupe 1-seeded. Cal. tiled.

E. Monœcious. Drupe 1-seeded.

C. Monœcious. Drupe 1-seeded, leather-like.

Sect. III. Double wing-shaped leaves.

C. Monœcious. Drupe 2-seeded.

M. Male flower catkin.

(P) These, though capable of being arranged in the several classes of the system, yet on account of their singular structure, have been placed in an appendix, containing such genera as have a spadix and spathe, i.e. whose flowers and fruit are produced on that particular receptacle or seat called a spadix, protruded from a common calyx in form of a sheath called spathe. This order consists of trees and shrubs only. These have always a simple stem, not branched, bearing leaves at the top resembling those of fern, being a composition of a leaf and a branch, called frondes; and the corolla hath always three petals, or three deep divisions. The known genera are 10 in number. 1219. CHAMÆROPUS, or Dwarf Palm, Palmetto. Two species; viz. humilis, excelsa. S. Europe.

1220. BORASSUS, or Fan Palm. One species; viz. flabelliformis. Malabar.

1221. CORYPHA, or Mountain Palm. Two species; viz. umbraculifera, minor. E. Indies, Carolina.

1223. COCOS, or Cocoa-nut Tree. Three species; viz. nucifera, butyracea, guineensis. Guinea, E. and W. Indies.—This tree is well known on account of the rich milky juice that its nut contains. The species, styled butyracea, yields what is called palm oil. This oil, as brought to us from the West Indies and Africa, is about the consistence of an ointment, and of an orange colour. It has a strong, not disagreeable smell, but very little taste. By long keeping it loses its high colour, and becomes white, when it ought to be rejected as no longer fit for use. The inhabitants of the Guinea coast are said to make the oil part of their food, and to employ it for the same purposes as we do butter. With us it is rarely given inwardly, and used only in some external applications for pains and weaknesses of the nerves, cramps, sprains, and the like. The common people apply it for the cure of chilblains; and when early made use of, not without success.

1224. PHOENIX, or Common Palm, Date-tree. One species; viz. dactylifera. Levant, India.—Dates, the fruit of this tree, are imported into Britain in the state of a half-dried fruit, about the size of an acorn, but generally larger, consisting of a sweet pulpy part, and a hard stone: the best are brought from Tunis. They were formerly used in pectoral decoctions; and supposed, besides their emollient and incrusting virtue, to have a slight astringency. They form the principal part of the food of the inhabitants of some of the oases, or inhabited spots, of the great African desert.

1284. ELAEIS. One species; viz. guineensis. Guinea.

1225. ARECA, or Cabbage-tree. Two species; viz. catechu, oleacea. E. and W. Ind.

1228. CARYOTA. One species; viz. urens. India.

1229. ELATE, or Wild Malabar Palm. One species; viz. sylvestris. E. Indies.

1436. MAURITIA, or Ginkgo, Maiden-hair-tree. One species; viz. flexuosa.

In the order of Palmae are 10 Genera, including 15 species, all foreign.

The following TABLE contains a statement of the number of Plants which we have mentioned or described in this Treatise.

| Genera | Spec. | B. Spec. | |-----------------|-------|----------| | I. MONANDRIA | 30 | 84 | | II. DIANDRIA | 39 | 299 | | III. TRIANDRIA | 90 | 920 | | IV. TETRANDRIA | 117 | 638 | | V. PENTANDRIA | 325 | 2537 | | VI. HEXANDRIA | 111 | 784 | | VII. HEPTANDRIA | 15 | 31 | | VIII. OCTANDRIA | 70 | 493 | | IX. ENNEANDRIA | 7 | 49 | | X. DECANDRIA | 119 | 987 | | XI. DODECANDRIA | 41 | 273 | | XII. ICOSANDRIA | 39 | 346 | | XIII. POLYANDRIA| 85 | 563 | | XIV. DIDYNAMIA | 123 | 1006 | | XV. TETRADYNAMIA| 34 | 436 | | XVI. MONADELPHIA| 60 | 682 | | XVII. DIADELPHIA| 56 | 710 | | XVIII. POLYADELPHIA | 12 | 65 | | XIX. SYNGENESIA | 115 | 1252 | | XX. GYNANDRIA | 32 | 270 | | XXI. MONOECA | 79 | 392 | | XXII. DIOECIA | 55 | 219 | | XXIII. POLYGAMIA| 34 | 223 | | XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA| 51 | 1447 | | Append. PALME | 10 | 15 |

1749 14721 2391

HISTORY OF BOTANY.

HAVING thus stated the botanical arrangement contrived by Linnæus, which proceeds upon the supposition of the existence of a sexual system in the vegetable world; we proceed to take notice of some other important circumstances connected with this branch of science, more particularly its history, and the natural orders, as opposed to the above artificial classification of plants.

Sect. I. Ancient Writers upon Botany.

The origin of this science, like that of most others, cannot be found out from the most ancient histories; but it is very probable, that some degree of botanical knowledge has existed in every age of the world. The first botanical writings of which we have any account are those of Solomon, who we are informed by Scripture wrote a treatise upon this subject; which, however, is absolutely lost, not being quoted by any ancient author, nor the least fragment of it remaining. Among the Greeks, Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, and other ancient philosophers, wrote treatises on plants; but their works are also lost; and from the quotations that yet remain in the works of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, we learn, that those first botanical writings could convey but very little information.

The historical era of botany, therefore, commences with Theophrastus the disciple of Aristotle. He was born at Eresium, in the island of Lesbos; and flourished in the third century before the Christian era, being about 100 years posterior to Hippocrates. His work is entitled The History of Plants, and treats of their origin, origin, propagation, anatomy, and construction; of vegetable life, and of vegetation. It consisted originally of ten books; but of which only nine are now extant. In these, vegetables are distributed into seven classes or primary divisions; which have for their object, the generation of plant; their place of growth; their size, as trees and shrubs; their use, as pot herbs, and esculent grains; and their lactescence, or the liquor, of whatever colour, that flows from plants when cut. In his work, above 500 different plants are described.

The next botanist of any note was Dioscorides, a Grecian by birth, but under the Roman empire, being near 300 years posterior to Theophrastus. He describes about 600 plants; and these he has arranged, from their uses in medicine and domestic economy, into four classes, which are thus designed: aromatics; alimentary vegetables, or such as serve for food; medicinal, and vinous plants.

Almost contemporary with Dioscorides flourished Antonius Musa, Cato, Varro, Virgil, and Columella; the first, author of a treatise still extant on the plant betony; the four others celebrated for their useful tracts on agriculture and rural economy.

Pliny the Elder, in his voluminous work entitled The History of the World, hath a botanical part which is contained in 15 books. In these, besides the plants of Theophrastus and Dioscorides, he has given descriptions of several new species, extracted probably from works which would otherwise have been totally lost. Pliny uses scarce any mode of arrangement, except the ancient, but very incorrect, distinction into trees, shrubs, and herbs. His plan, however, extends not only to botanical distinctions, but to gardening, agriculture, and whatever is connected either more nearly or remotely with the science of plants. He gives descriptions of above 1000 different species; but from the want of a proper systematic arrangement, it is often difficult, and perhaps impossible, to determine what plants he or other ancient botanists do really describe.

This want of precision in properly arranging their plants was the reason why the botany of the ancients was always very limited, and after the time of Pliny declined so rapidly. On the destruction of the Western empire by the Goths and other barbarous nations, it is not to be thought that botany could survive any more than the other sciences. It was not till near the close of the eighth century, that the ancient botany began again to appear in Arabia. Serapion, well known in medicine, stands first in the Arabian catalogue of botanists; to him succeeded Razis, Avicenna, Averrhoes Actuarius, &c. An author known by the name of Plato Apuleius, or Apoliensis, of whose Herbarium very old manuscript copies are preserved in some curious libraries, is supposed to have lived near this period. The works of most of these botanists, however, were only translations and compilations from the Greek writers; so that, for want of a proper systematic arrangement, the science sunk a second time into total oblivion. For near 400 years after Abengueft, an Arabian physician who flourished in the end of the 12th century, scarce any attempts were made in the botanical way. Some obscure writers indeed appeared in several parts of Europe; as Arnoldus de Ville Nova; Platearius; Matheus Sylvaticus; and Bartholomew Glanvil, commonly called Bartholomeus Anglus, a Franciscan monk, descended of the family of the earls of Suffolk, who lived in the reign of King Edward III. and wrote a book of natural history, entitled De proprietatibus rerum, which was translated into English by John de Trevisa in 1398: but though all these wrote of plants, they were so totally destitute of method, that their works remain one great chaos, from whence it is impossible to extract any thing intelligible.

On the revival of letters in the beginning of the 16th century, the botany of the ancients was restored a second time. The Greek writings were translated into Latin the common language of Europe. Gaza, a Greek refugee at Rome, made elegant translations of Aristotle and Theophrastus, who afterwards were commented upon by Scaliger and Stapel. Dioscorides was also translated and commented on. His best commentators are Hermolaus Barbarus, Fuchscius, Ruellius Cordus, Gesner, and Matthiolus. The most distinguished commentators on Pliny are Dalechamp in 1604, Salmasius in 1689, Hardouin and Guilandinus. Meursius and Ursinus have written commentaries upon Cato; Campegius and Monardes upon Mesue the Arabian, and Lonicer upon Avicenna. This last hath been translated by several writers, particularly Alpagus, Costeus, and Plempius, into Latin; and by one writer, Amaltheus, into Hebrew.

Hieronymus Bock, or Boeck, a German, generally known by the name of Trogeus, is the first modern who has given a methodical distribution of vegetables. In 1532, he published a History of Plants, in which he describes 800 species; and these he divides into three classes, founded on the qualities of vegetables, their figure, habit, and size. The same method of arrangement was followed by Lonicer, Dodonaeus, L'Obel, Clusius, Brunsfelsius, Monardes, Cordus and some other botanists of this period. How far such a method was deficient, shall be considered in the following section; however, it was not till 1560 that Conrad Gesner first proposed to the world an arrangement of vegetables from the parts of the flower and fruit. He did not establish any plan founded upon this principle; but having suggested the idea, left the application to be made by others: and in 1582 Dr Andrew Cesalpinus, physician at Pisa, and afterwards professor of botany at Padua, first availing himself of the ingenuity of his predecessor, proposed a method of arrangement which has the fruit for its basis; and thus gave origin to systematic botany, the second grand era in the history of that science.

Even this improved method of Cesalpinus was not without very great inconveniences, which shall be taken notice of hereafter. As it was, however, so greatly superior to every thing that had happened before, it might have been expected that the learned would have immediately adopted it, and that all the former equivocal and insufficient characters would have been rejected. But the fact was otherwise. Cesalpinus's method of arrangement died with him; and it was not till near a century after, that Dr Robert Morrison of Aberdeen, attaching himself to the principles of Gesner and Cesalpinus, re-established scientific arrangement upon a solid foundation; so that, from being only the restorer of system, he has been generally celebrated as its founder. In the long interval between Cesalpinus and and Morrison flourished some eminent botanists. The most noted are; Dalechamp, author of A general History of Plants; Theodore, surnamed Tubercemontanus, and Thalius, two German writers; Porta, an Italian, famous for an arrangement of plants from their relations to the stars, to men, and other animals; Prosper Alpinus, author of a Catalogue of the Plants of Egypt; Fabius Columna, inventor of many of the botanical terms now used; the two Bauhins; Gerard and Parkinson; Zaluzianski, a Pole, author of an arrangement from the qualities and habits of plants; Margrave and Piso, celebrated for their natural history of Brazil; Hernandez, equally celebrated for his history of Mexico; Passos, or Du Pas, author of an arrangement of plants from the time of flowering, of all characters the most uncertain and insufficient; Johnston; Boatius, a Dutchman, author of a Natural History of the East Indies; Aldrovandus, the celebrated naturalist; and Rheede, governor of Malabar, and author of the well-known Hortus Malabaricus.

The method proposed by Morrison has the fruit for its basis, as well as that of Cassalpinus; to which, however, it is greatly inferior both in the plan and execution. It is indeed of all others the most difficult in practice, and was therefore not adopted by any succeeding writer, except Bobart, who in 1699 completed Morrison's Universal History of Plants, and an anonymous author whose work appeared in 1720. Imperfect, however, as his method is, it furnished many useful hints, which succeeding botanists have not failed to improve. Ray and Tournefort have owed him much, and are not ashamed to own the obligation. The same has been done even by Linnæus; who hath established the science of botany on the most solid foundation, by introducing a method of arrangement, if not absolutely perfect, at least as nearly approaching to perfection as can be expected; and which therefore hath been deservedly followed, in preference to every other, by all botanists, since its first publication. But to give a particular account of all the different botanical systems, with the particular advantages and disadvantages attending each, shall be the business of the subsequent sections.

Sect. II. Of the Ancient Method of arranging Vegetables.

In giving an account of the works of Theophrastus and Dioscorides, we have already taken notice that the former chose seven distinguishing characters, viz. the generation of plants; their place of growth; their size, as trees and shrubs; their use, as pot herbs and esculent grains; and their lactescence, or liquor that flows from them when cut. Dioscorides divided them into aromatics, alimentary, medicinal, and vinous plants. The good properties of this method are, that the botanist as it were comes to the point at once; and when he knows the plant, knows also its virtues and uses, or at least part of them: but this convenience is greatly overbalanced by innumerable disadvantages; for the qualities and virtues of plants are neither fixed and invariable, nor are they impressed in legible characters on the plants themselves. The different parts of a plant often possess different and even opposite virtues; so that supposing the virtues to be known, and applied to the purpose of vegetable arrangement, the roots must frequently fall under one division, the leaves under a second, and the flower and fruit under a third. Besides, if we reflect that the sole end of such arrangement is to facilitate the knowledge of plants to others, the insufficiency and even absurdity of methods founded upon their virtues will immediately appear. A stalk of vervain, for instance, is presented to me, which I am to investigate from a presupposed knowledge of the virtues of plants. Before I can settle the class to which it belongs, I must discover whether or not it has the virtues belonging to any of the plants I know; and this discovery being the result of repeated experiments on various parts of the human body, may require many years for its accomplishment.

The same causes which render methods founded on defects of the virtues of plants unfavourable for the purpose of investigation, must evidently disqualify all their arrangements. Variable quantities and accidents from having a place in a genuine systematic arrangement. The natale solum of plants, which is one of Theophrastus's divisions, affords no better distinctive characters than their powers and virtues. Many countries as well as many soils produce the same individual plants. The same species which crown the mountains, frequently cover the fens; and plants which have long been reckoned the peculiar inhabitants of some parts of Asia and America, are now found to grow naturally in equal perfection in the very different climates of Lapland and Siberia. The size of plants, which suggested the ancient division into trees and shrubs, is no less an equivocal mark of distinction than the circumstances already mentioned. The vine, which modern botanists denominate a shrub, was ranged by Theophrastus in his third class containing trees. In fact, everything respecting size is so much affected by differences of soil, climate, and culture, that the same plant, in different circumstances, shall differ exceedingly in height; and in a method founded upon the size, would sometimes be ranged as a tree, and sometimes as a shrub, or even an under-shrub, according as it happens to exceed, equal, or fall short of, a given standard. No less insufficient are characteristical marks drawn from the colour, taste, and smell of plants. Of all the attributes of vegetable nature, colour is perhaps the most inconstant. Heat, climate, culture, soil, &c., contribute to the production of endless diversities of colour, and render the transition from one to another natural and easy. Red and blue pass easily into white, white into purple, yellow into white, red into blue, blue into yellow, &c. In the same leaf or flower, different colours are frequently observed. Variations too in point of colour are frequently observed to take place not only in different individuals of the same species, but even in similar parts of the same plant. Marvel of Peru and sweetwilliam produce flowers of different colour upon the same stalk. Objections equally valid lie against characteristical marks drawn from the taste and smell. The former varies in different individuals from differences of age, and even in the same individual at different times, according to the morbid or sound state of the organ. The latter is different in different subjects, and varies in each; nor are the effluvia sent forth from the same body always of equal intensity. In plants, taste is subject to continual variations, from difference of climate, soil, and culture. Garlic in some climates, particularly in Greece, is said to lose its rankness: apples and pears that grow naturally in the woods, are intolerably acid; celery and lettuce, which culture renders sweet and palatable, are in their wild uncultivated state bitter, disagreeable, and in some cases noxious.

These considerations are abundantly sufficient to show the imperfections of the ancient system of botany; and, indeed, considering the vague and uncertain marks by which the ancients distinguished one plant from another, we may rather wonder how such a science as botany came to have an existence among them, than that they arrived at no greater perfection in it, or suffered it so soon to fall into oblivion.

Sect. III. Of the different Botanical Systems from the time of Gesner to that of Linnaeus.

The insufficiency of the ancient botanical system being so fully shown in the last section, we think it needless to take much notice of the methods used by Tragus and his contemporaries and followers. The virtues of plants being found an insufficient characteristic, succeeding botanists had taken in the root, stem, and leaves; but these being also found insufficient and variable, Gesner turned his eye to the flower and fruit, as being the most permanent and unchangeable parts of the plant. In proposing the parts of fructification, however, as the most proper for arranging plants, he communicated no hints respecting the choice of some of those parts in preference to others. Each particular organ of the flower and fruit furnishes sufficient variety to serve as the foundation of a method; but all of them are not equally proper for this purpose. Cesalpinus, the first follower of Gesner, made a mistake in his choice, and took his distinguishing characteristics only from the fruit. The parts of the flower, therefore, being employed by the first systematic writers only as subaltern directions in finding out orders and genera, it is evident that the plant could not be fully investigated for several months. Suppose a plant ripens its fruit in October, and does not produce flowers till the following May: the class, upon inspection of the fruit in the month of October, is immediately ascertained; but the plant still remains unknown, and will continue so upwards of six months after, if the characters of the order and genus have been made to depend on any part of the flower. Methods founded on the fruit have another inconvenience; plants constantly ripen their fruit in these countries where they grow naturally, but not always in the countries to which they may be accidentally transported. So far from this, that many plants that are natives of a warm climate, neither ripen nor form fruit in a cold one. Few of the African, Asiatic, and West Indian plants produce fruit in Britain. A method, therefore, founded upon the fruit, could only facilitate the knowledge of such plants to the inhabitants of those countries where they grow: to the English botanist they could be of little or no service. The same objection cannot reasonably be urged against methods founded on the flower, since the influence of climates much colder than that of Britain has not been able to destroy the faculty of producing flowers in many, perhaps in most of the plants just mentioned.

Cesalpinus sets out with an ancient distinction of vegetables, from their duration, into trees and herbs. With the former he combines shrubs; with the latter, under-shrubs; and distributes his plants into the following classes. 1. Trees with the germ (radicle or principle of life in the seed) on the point of the seed. 2. Trees with the germ on the base of the seed. 3. Herbs having one seed only. 4. Herbs having two seeds. 5. Herbs having four seeds. 6. Herbs having many seeds. 7. Herbs having one grain or kernel. 8. Herbs having one capsule. 9. Herbs having two capsules. 10. Herbs having fibrous roots. 11. Herbs having bulbous roots. 12. Herbs having succory or endive-like flowers. 13. Herbs having common flowers. 14. Herbs having several follicles or seed-bags. 15. Herbs having neither flower nor seed.

The inconveniences of this method have been already pointed out pretty fully, and will evidently appear upon an attempt to refer any common plant to one of the above-mentioned classes. His sections, orders, or secondary divisions, are 47 in number, and depend upon a variety of parts and circumstances. The principal of these are, the disposition, situation, and figure of the flowers; the nature of the seed-vessel, or cover of the seeds; the situation of the radicle in the seed; the number of seed-lobes, or seminal leaves; the disposition of the leaves, and colour of the flowers. The lactescence too, or milkiness, which is observed in the compound flowers with flat florets, is made a characteristic distinction, and discriminates the first order of the 12th class. Thus, in the first systematic arrangements, the characters of the classes only were borrowed from the parts of fructification; while those of the subaltern divisions were very numerous, and respected every part of the plant; but that such divisions might be perfect, they should be constituted, like the classes, from the modifications of a single part of the fructification.

The great object had in view by Morrison, who comes next in order to Cesalpinus, was to investigate the method of nature, not to fabricate an easy method of arranging plants. Hence his system is devoid of uniformity, and clogged with a multiplicity of characters; his classes are frequently not sufficiently distinguished from one another, and the key of arrangement seems totally lost. He sets out with a division of plants, from their consistence, into ligneous or woody, and herbaceous. He founds his system on the fruit, the corollae or blossoms, and the habit of the plants. His classes are as follow: 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Under-shrubs. 4. Herbs climbing. 5. Herbs leguminous or papilionaceous. 6. Herbs podded. 7. Herbs tricapsular or with three capsules. 8. Herbs with four or five capsules. 9. Herbs corymbiferous. 10. Herbs having a milky juice, or downy tops. 11. Herbs culmiferous, as grasses. 12. Herbs umbelliferous. 13. Herbs having three kernels. 14. Herbs having helmet-shaped flowers. 15. Herbs having many capsules. 16. Herbs berry-bearing. 17. Herbs called capillary plants, as the fern kind. 18. Anomalous or irregular herbs.

Of these classes, the fourth and eighth possess no genuine distinctive character; nor are the ninth and tenth classes sufficiently distinguished; the fifteenth class is not sufficiently distinguished from the eighth, nor the sixteenth from the fourth. His sections or secondary divisions, which are 108 in number, arise from the figure and substance of the fruit; the number of seeds, leaves, and petals; the figure of the root; the direction of the stem; the colour of the flowers; the place of growth; and, in one class, from the medicinal virtues of some of the plants that compose it.

In 1682, Ray proposed his method to the world, two years after the publication of Morrison's, which served in some measure as its basis. It consisted originally of the following 25 classes: 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Herbs imperfect. 4. Herbs having no flowers. 5. Capillary plants. 6. Stamious herbs having only the stamens. 7. Those having one naked seed. 8. Umbelliferous herbs. 9. Verticillated, annular, or ring-shaped ones. 10. Rough-leaved plants. 11. Stellated or star-shaped ones. 12. Apple-bearing herbs. 13. Berry-bearing herbs. 14. Herbs having many pods. 15. Monopetalous uniform, or regular herbs. 16. Monopetalous irregular, or having different forms. 17. Tetrapetalous, having large pods. 18. Tetrapetalous, having small pods. 19. Papilionaceous. 20. Pentapetalous herbs. 21. Corns. 22. Grasses. 23. Grass-leaved plants. 24. Bulbous-rooted plants. 25. Plants near akin to the bulbous.

This method Ray carefully corrected and amended at different times; so that the plan of arrangement which now bears the name of that author, and was first published in 1700, is entirely different from what had appeared in 1682. It now consists of 33 classes. Their distinguishing marks are taken from the port or habit of the plants; their greater or less degree of perfection; their place of growth; the number of seed-lobes, or seminal leaves, petals, capsules, and seeds; the situation and disposition of the flowers, flower-cup, and leaves; the absence or presence of the buds, flower-cup, and petals; the substance of the leaves and fruit; and the difficulty of classing certain plants. They are as follow:

1. Submarine, or sea plants. 2. Fungi. 3. Mosses. 4. Capillary plants. 5. Those without petals. 6. Platanipetalas, those with compound flowers; semiflosculous, or half-florets. 7. Those with compound flowers radiated. 8. Those with compound flowers, flosculous, or with whole florets. 9. Plants with one seed. 10. Plants unoblated. 11. Those stellated or star-shaped. 12. Rough-leaved plants. 13. Plants verticillate or whorled. 14. Those with many seeds. 15. Apple-bearing herbs. 16. Berry-bearing herbs. 17. Those with many pods. 18. Monopetalous herbs. 19. Those with two and three petals. 20. Those with great and small, or long and short pods. 21. Leguminous plants. 22. Pentapetalous ones. 23. Bulbs, and bulbous-like plants. 24. Stamious ones, or those having only the stamens. 25. Anomalous plants, or those of an uncertain family. 26. The palms. 27. Trees without petals. 28. Trees with an umbilicated fruit. 29. Trees with fruit not umbilicated. 30. Trees with a dry fruit. 31. Trees with podded fruit. 32. Anomalous or irregular trees.

The distinction into herbs and trees with which Ray's method sets out, acknowledges a different, though not more certain principle than that of Cesalpinus and Morrison. The former, in making this distinction, had an eye to the duration of the stem; the latter to its consistence. Ray called in the buds as an auxiliary; and denominates trees, "all such plants as bear buds;" herbs, "such as bear none." But against this auxiliary there lies an unanswerable objection; namely, that though all herbaceous plants rise without buds, all trees are not furnished with them: many of the largest trees in warm countries, and some shrubby plants in every country, being totally destitute of that scaly appearance which constitutes the essence of a bud. In other respects, it is evident that neither Mr Ray's plan nor execution is in any degree calculated to facilitate the knowledge of plants. In fact, it seems to have been Ray's great object, no less than Morrison's, to collect as many natural classes as possible; and these being separately investigated, a multiplicity of characters and steps was necessarily required to connect them: and hence the intricacy complained of in both these methods, which must always take place where the classes give rise to the connecting characters, not the characters to the classes. The characters of the orders, or secondary divisions, in Ray's method, are no less multifarious than those of the classes. They respect the place of growth of plants; their qualities; the figure of the stem; the number, situation, substance, and division, of the leaves; the situation and disposition of the flowers and calyx; the number and regularity of the petals; with the number and figure of the fruit. In his improved method, Ray has adopted Tournefort's characters of the genera, wherever his plan would permit. His general History of Plants contains 18,655 species, and varieties. The third volume, which was not published till 1704, and was designed as a supplement to the two former, contains the plants discovered by Tournefort in the Levant, and by Camelli at Luzon one of the Philippine islands. Ray's method was followed by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Natural History of Jamaica; by Petiver, in his British Herbal; by Dillenius, in his Synopsis of British plants; and by Martin, in his Catalogue of plants that grow in the neighbourhood of Cambridge.

To Ray's original method succeeded that of Christopher Knaut, a German; which acknowledges the same Knaut's principle, and is manifestly founded upon it. In his arrangement, enumeration of the plants that grow round Hal in Saxony, published in 1687, he divides vegetables into 17 classes, which have for their basis the size and duration of plants, the presence or absence of the petals, the disposition of the flowers, the substance of the fruit, the number of capsules or seeds, the number and figure of the petals, and the presence, absence, or figure of the calyx. His classes are, 1. Herbs berry-bearing. 2. Monopetalous, or with one flower-leaf. 3. Tetrapetalous and regular, with four petals. 4. Tetrapetalous and irregular. 5. Pentapetalous, or with five petals. 6. Hexapetalous, or six petals. 7. Polypetalous, or many petals. 8. Multicapsular, or many capsules. 9. Naked seeds. 10. Solid, or not downy. 11. Downy seeds. 12. Without petals. 13. Stamious, without petals or calyx. 14. Imperceptible. 15. Imperfect. 16. Trees. 17. Shrubs.

The sections or subdivisions of the classes in Knaut's method are 62 in number; and arise from the figure of the stem and petals, the number of capsules and cells, their figure, the number of seeds and leaves, and situation of the flowers.

In 1696, a new method, proposed by Dr Herman Hermans, professor of botany at Leyden, was published by Zum-bach, who arranged according to it the plants contained in the public garden of Leyden. Rudbeckius the Younger, in a dissertation published the same year, on the fundamental knowledge of plants, adopted Herman's method, with a few inconsiderable variations. The classes of Dr Herman are 25 in number. They are founded on the size and duration of the plants; the presence or absence of the petals and calyx; the number of capsules, cells, and naked seeds; the substance of the leaves and fruit; the form and consistence of the roots; the situation and disposition of the flowers, leaves, and calyx; and figure of the fruit. 1. Herbs having one naked seed and a simple flower. 2. Having one naked seed and a compound flower. 3. With two naked seeds, and stellated or star-shaped. 4. Two naked seeds, and umbelliferous. 5. Four naked seeds, and rough leaves. 6. Four naked seeds, and verticillated or whorl-shaped. 7. With many naked seeds. 8. Having seed-vessels, bulbous and tricapsular. 9. Having one seed-vessel. 10. With two seed-vessels. 11. With three seed-vessels. 12. With four seed-vessels. 13. With five seed-vessels. 14. Podded, which are always tetrapetalous. 15. Leguminous and papilionaceous. 16. With many capsules. 17. Having fleshy fruit, berry-bearing. 18. With fleshy fruit, apple-bearing. 19. Without petals, but having a calyx. 20. Without petals, chaffy, or staminous. 21. Without petals, calyx, chaff, or stamens, i.e., naked anthers, as the mosses. 22. Trees. Imperfect fructification, bearing catkins. 23. Trees with a fleshy fruit, umbilicated. 24. Trees with a fleshy fruit, not umbilicated. 25. Trees with a dry fruit.

The classes in Herman's method are subdivided into 82 sections or orders; which have for their basis the number of petals, seeds, capsules, and cells, the figure of the seeds and petals, and disposition of the flowers.

To the method of Dr Herman succeeded that of Dr Boerhaave, who succeeded to the botanical chair of Leyden in 1709. His method is that of Herman, blended with part of the systems of Tournefort and Ray; and contains the following classes. 1. Herbs submarine, or sea plants. 2. Imperfect land plants. 3. Capillary plants, of the fern kind. 4. Many naked seeds. 5. Four naked seeds, and verticillated. 6. Four naked seeds, and rough leaves. 7. Four naked seeds, and four petals. 8. Plants having one seed-vessel. 9. Two seed-vessels. 10. Three seed-vessels. 11. Four seed-vessels. 12. Five seed-vessels. 13. Many seed-vessels. 14. Two naked seeds, and umbelliferous. 15. Two naked seeds, and star-shaped. 16. One naked seed, and a simple flower. 17. One naked seed and compound flowers semiflosculous. 18. One naked seed, and compound flowers radiated. 19. One naked seed, and compound flowers corymbiferous. 20. One naked seed, and compound flowers flocculosus. 21. Berry-bearing herbs. 22. Apple-bearing herbs. 23. Without petals. 24. One cotyledon, and having petals. 25. One cotyledon, and without petals. 26. Trees having one cotyledon. 27. Many podded. 28. Podded. 29. Tetrapetalous and cruciform. 30. Leguminous. 31. Having no petals. 32. Bearing catkins. 33. Monopetalous flowers. 34. Rosaceous flowers.

These 34 classes of Dr Boerhaave are subdivided into 104 sections, which have for their characters, the figure of the leaves, stem, calyx, petals, and seeds; the number of petals, seeds, and capsules; the substance of the leaves; the situation of the flowers, and their difference in point of sex. By this method, Dr Boerhaave arranged near 6000 plants, the produce of the botanical garden at Leyden, which he carefully superintended for the space of 20 years, and left to his successor Dr Adrien Royen, in a much more flourishing state than he himself had received it. His Index or Catalogue of the Leyden plants was published in octavo in 1710; and afterwards with great additions, in quarto, in 1720. This last edition contains descriptions of 5670 plants; of which number upwards of two-thirds had been introduced into the garden since the time of Herman, by his illustrious successor. Boerhaave's characters are derived from the habit or general appearance of plants combined with all the parts of fructification; so that, as Linnaeus very properly observes, he was the first who employed the calyx, stamens, and style, in determining the genus. About 17 new genera were established by this author; among others, the very splendid family of the protea and silver tree, which, although partly described by Morrison, had remained generally unknown till this period. His method was adopted by one Ernsting, a German, in a treatise entitled The first Principles of Botany, published in octavo at Wolfenbuttle, in 1748.

Hitherto all the botanists had been intent upon investigating the order of nature, rather than facilitating method, the arrangement of vegetables; therefore their methods were very intricate and perplexed; and their writings, however entertaining to the learned, could afford but very little instruction to the young botanist. In 1690, however, Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, a German, professor of botany at Leipzig, relinquishing the pursuit of natural affinities, and convinced of the insufficiency of characteristic marks drawn only from the fruit, attached himself to the flower, which, he was sensible, would furnish characters no less numerous, permanent, and conspicuous, than those drawn from the fruit. The calyx, petals, stamens, and style or pointal, which constitute the flower, are sufficiently diversified in point of number, figure, proportion, and situation, to serve as the basis of a mode of arrangement; yet all are not equally proper for this purpose. Rivinus made use of the petals as the largest and most beautiful part, and that from which the flower itself is commonly characterized. His method consists in the following 18 classes, which have for their basis the perfection and disposition of the flowers, and regularity and number of the petals. 1. Regular monopetalous, or having one petal. 2. Dipetalous. 3. Tripetalous. 4. Tetrapetalous. 5. Pentapetalous. 6. Hexapetalous. 7. Poly-petalous, or having many petals. 8. Irregular monopetalous. 9. Irregular dipetalous. 10. Irregular tripetalous. 11. Irregular tetrapetalous. 12. Irregular pentapetalous. 13. Irregular hexapetalous. 14. Irregular polypetalous. 15. Compound flowers of regular florets. 16. Compound flowers of irregular florets. 17. Compound flowers of irregular florets only. 18. Incomplete or imperfect plants.

As Rivinus set out with the professed design of imparting facility to botany, he judged very properly in divesting his method of all extraneous matter, and rendering it as simple and uniform as the nature of the science would admit. The distinction into herbs and trees had been adopted by every writer on plants since the time of Aristotle. Rendered in some measure sacred by its antiquity, this distinction maintained a kind of importance to which it was by no means essentially entitled. Rivinus was the first who in this matter dared to think for himself. He was early sensible of the inconveniences to which those had submitted who employed it as a primary division; and therefore resolved at once to get rid of a distinction that is frequently uncertain, always destructive to uniformity, and in its nature repugnant to the genuine spirit of system, because totally unconnected with the parts of fructification. In the uniformity of its orders or secondary divisions, which are 91 in number, and acknowledge the fruit for their principle, Rivinus's method equals, perhaps excels, all that went before or succeeded it. Only three classes of this method were published by Rivinus himself. These are the 11th, 14th, and 15th, which were offered to the public at different times, illustrated with very splendid figures. The method was completed and published entire by Heucher, in a work entitled Hortus Wirtenbergensis, printed in quarto at Wirtenberg in 1711.

Several German authors have followed Rivinus's method, either wholly or in part, without offering any considerable amendment. The principal of these are, Koenig, in a work on vegetables, published at Basil in 1696; Welch, in his Basis Botanica, printed at Leipzig in octavo, in 1697; Gemeinhart, in a catalogue of plants published in 1725; Kramer, in a work entitled Tentamen Botanicum, published at Dresden in 1728, and afterwards reprinted with additions at Vienna in 1744; and Hecker, in a dissertation on botany published at Hal in Saxony, in 1734. To these may be added Hebenstreit, an ingenious botanist, who in a treatise on plants published at Leipzig in 1731, just before his famous African expedition, established generical characters, which had hitherto been wanting in Rivinus's method.

The writers who have attempted to improve upon Rivinus's method are Bernard Ruppius, Christopher Ludwig, and Christian Knaut. Ruppius, in his Flora Jenensis, published at Frankfort in 1718, has arranged the 1230 plants there described by a method partly Rivinus's and partly his own. It consists of 17 classes, and sets out with the same divisions and subdivisions as that of Rivinus's; with this difference, however, that, whereas in Rivinus's method all perfect flowers are divided into simple and compound, in Ruppius the division of regular and irregular flowers precedes that just mentioned, and simple and compound flowers are made subdivisions of the regular flowers only.

Christopher Ludwig's method, which was published in 1737, and consists of 20 classes, differs but little from that of Rivinus. The author accompanied Hebenstreit on his expedition to Africa, and seems to have made plants his favourite study. The improvement, however, which he has made on Rivinus's plan, consists only in rendering it more universal, having enriched it with a multitude of genera collected from the works of Tournefort, Ray, Boerhaave, Dillenius, and other eminent botanists, whose generical characters he has likewise adopted. His plan of arrangement has been followed by two succeeding writers: M. Wedel, in a botanical essay published in 1747; and three years after by M. Bochmer, in his catalogue of the plants which grow in the garden of Leipsic.

The method of Christian Knaut is much more properly his own, and departs in a much greater degree from that of Rivinus than either of the two former. The regularity and number of the petals furnished the classical divisions in Rivinus's method; in that of Knaut, Christian number takes place of regularity; so that it is very properly termed by Linnaeus, "The system of Rivinus inverted." This method was published in 1716; and sets out with a division into flowers which have one petal, and such as have more than one. It consists of the following classes:

1. Monopetalous uniform or regular. 2. Monopetalous disform or irregular. 3. Monopetalous compound uniform or regular. 4. Monopetalous compound disform or irregular. 5. Monopetalous compound uniform and disform together. 6. Dipetalous uniform or regular. 7. Dipetalous disform or irregular. 8. Tripetalous uniform or regular. 9. Tripetalous disform or irregular. 10. Tetrapetalous uniform or regular. 11. Tetrapetalous disform or irregular. 12. Pentapetalous uniform or regular. 13. Pentapetalous disform or irregular. 14. Hexapetalous uniform or regular. 15. Hexapetalous disform or irregular. 16. Polypetalous uniform or regular. 17. Polypetalous disform or irregular.

The sections or secondary divisions in Knaut's method are 121, and depend upon the internal divisions of the fruit; and upon this his opinions are somewhat singular. Every kind of fruit, whether pulpy or membranaceous, is termed by our author a capsule. Neither is the term restricted to fruits properly so called: it is extended also to those termed by botanists naked seeds, the existence of which Knaut absolutely denies. Agreeable to this opinion, capsules, he says, with respect to their consistence or substance, are of two sorts; pulpy, or membranaceous. The former correspond to the fruits of the apple, berry, and cherry kind; the latter to the capsules properly so called, and naked seeds of other botanists. Again, with respect to their cells or internal divisions, capsules are either simple or compound. Simple capsules have an undivided cavity or a single cell; compound capsules are internally divided into two or more cells. With other botanists, the umbelliferous flowers bear two, the lip flowers four, naked seeds; according to Knaut, the former produce two, the latter four, simple capsules. Ranunculus, adonis, amonony, herb-bennet, and some other plants, have their flowers succeeded by a number of naked seeds collected into an aggregate or head; each of these seeds passes with Knaut for a simple capsule; so that the whole is an aggregate of several capsules with an undivided cavity or single cell. In numbering the cells or internal divisions of the pulpy fruits, our author has adopted a very singular method. Some fruits of the apple kind enclose a capsule that is divided into five membranaceous cells. It might then be very reasonably expected to find such fruits arranged with compound capsules of five cells: but, instead of this, the author whimsically enough combines in their arrangement the idea both of a simple and compound capsule. The pulpy part is undivided; in other words, it is a simple capsule furnished with one cell; the compound capsule enclosed contains five cells, which added to that of the pulp make the number six; and thus these kinds of fruits are arranged with those having capsules of six cells. By the same kind of reasoning, the fruit of the dogwood, which is of the cherry kind, and contains a stone, stone with two cells or cavities, is placed by Knaut among compound capsules with three cells; the pulp passing for one division, and cavities of the stone or nut for the remaining two. This method of calculation is not the only singularity for which Knaut is remarkable. The essence of the flower is made by Ray, Tournefort, Rivinus, and most other botanists, to consist in the stamens and style. This position Knaut absolutely denies; and has established for a principle, that the flower is essentially constituted by the petals only. With him, the flower-cup, stamens, and style, are of little significance: their presence does not constitute a flower, if the petals are wanting; neither is their absence sufficient to destroy its existence, if the petals are present: from this it follows, 1. That there can be no flowers without petals; and, 2. That the regularity or irregularity of the flower can never depend on the stamens and style, which are only occasionally present, and not essential to its existence; both of which are evidently false to every botanical reader.

Since the time of Rivinus, no leading method in botany has appeared except those of Tournefort and Linnaeus. Tournefort sets out with reviving the distinction of plants into herbs and trees, which had been exploded by Rivinus. His system is founded on the regularity and figure of the petals, together with the twofold situation of the receptacle of the flowers; his orders, on the pistillum or calyx. The classes are,

1. Herbs with simple flowers monopetalous, and bell-shaped. 2. Simple flowers polypetalous, tunnel and wheel-shaped. 3. Simple flowers monopetalous, labiate or lipped. 4. Simple flowers monopetalous, anomalous or irregular. 5. Simple flowers polypetalous, cruciform or cross-shaped. 6. Simple flowers polypetalous, rosaceous or rose-like. 7. Simple flowers polypetalous, umbellate. 8. Simple flowers polypetalous, caryophyllaceous, or clove-form. 9. Simple flowers polypetalous, lilaceous or lily-form. 10. Simple flowers polypetalous, papilionaceous, or butterfly-form. 11. Simple flowers polypetalous, anomalous or irregular. 12. Compound flowers, flocculous, tubular or whole florets. 13. Compound flowers, semiflocculous, flat or half florets. 14. Compound flowers radiated, like the spokes of a wheel. 15. Apetalous, having no petals. 16. No flower, but bearing seed. 17. No flower nor seed, in the vulgar estimation. 18. Trees with no petals, but bare stamens. 19. Trees with no petals bearing catkins. 20. Trees polypetalous. 21. Trees rosaceous. 22. Trees papilionaceous.

The secondary divisions in Tournefort's method, which are 122 in number, have obtained the name of sections. Their general distinctions are founded principally upon the fruit, as those of the classes are upon the flower.

Tournefort hath been followed by a vast number of botanical writers, of whom the most considerable are Dr William Sherard, an eminent botanist of the last and present centuries. In 1689, he published the first sketch of Tournefort's method, under the title of Scheda Botanicae; or a catalogue of the plants demonstrated by Dr Tournefort, in the royal gardens at Paris. It was not till five years after, that the Elementa Botanicae, a work which contains the rudiments and illustration of his method, was published by Tournefort himself.

Father Plumier, termed by way of eminence the Tournefort of America, published in 1703, at Paris, a description of American plants, which he has arranged according to the system of Tournefort. In this work he accurately characterized 96 new genera. Falugi, an Italian, has described, in pretty elegant Latin verse, all the genera of Tournefort, in a work entitled Propoeciae Botanicae, published at Florence, 12mo, 1705. Several celebrated French academicians, particularly Marclant, Dedart, Nissolle, Jussieu, and Vaillant, have also occasionally paid their tribute of acknowledgement to this author, from the year 1700 to 1740. The other authors of note who have followed Tournefort's method, are, M. Petit, an ingenious French botanist; Johren, a German, author of a treatise published at Colberg in 1719, entitled Vade mecum Botanicum, seu Odeus Botanicus; Fucille, in his description of the plants of Chili and Peru, published at Paris in quarto, 1714; Christopher Valentin, a German, author of a book entitled Tournefortius Contractus, published at Frankfort, in folio, 1715; Ripa, an Italian, in a work entitled Historiae Universalis Plantarum Conserendi Propositionum, published in quarto, at Padua, in 1718; Michael Valentino, a German, in his Viridarium Reformatum, published in folio, at Frankfort, in 1719; the celebrated Dillenius, professor of botany at Oxford, and author of several much esteemed publications on botany; particularly the Hortus Elthamensis, and History of Mosses, in his Flora Gissensis, printed at Frankfort in 1719; Pontedera, an Italian, author of the delineation of a method which combines those of Tournefort and Rivinus, published at Padua, in his botanical dissertations, in 1720; Monti, an Italian, in a work published at Bologna in 1724, under the title of Indices Plantarum Varii; Dinckem, a German, in his Tournefortius Alsaticus, first published in 1728; Signior Michelini, author of several curious discoveries respecting mosses and mushrooms, in his Nova Genera Plantarum, published in folio at Florence in 1729; Elvebenes, a Swede, in a work published in the Swedish language at Upsal in 1730; Fabricius, a German, author of a work entitled Primitiae Florae Butticabonensis, seu sex Decades Plantarum Rariorum, published in 1743; Sabatini, an Italian, in his catalogue of the plants that grow in the neighbourhood of Rome, printed at Rome in 1745; and the ingenious Dr Charles Alston, late professor of botany at Edinburgh, in his Tyrocinium Botanicum, published at Edinburgh in 1753.

Of all this numerous list of writers, Father Plumier and Pontedera alone have ventured to quit the track pointed out by Tournefort. The former, in his arrangement of American plants, has relinquished the distinction into herbs and trees; but the latter has attempted more considerable variations. His classes are,

1. Uncertain. 2. Having no flowers. 3. Without buds, imperfect plants. 4. Anomalous or irregular. 5. Labiate. 6. Bell-shaped. 7. Saucer-shaped. 8. Wheel-shaped. 9. Tunnel-shaped. 10. Flocculous. 11. Semiflocculous. 12. Radiated. 13. Irregular. 14. Papilionaceous. 15. Lilaceous. 16. Caryophyllaceous. 17. Cruciform or cross-shaped. 18. Umbellate. 19. Staminous, or with naked stamens. 20. Bearing buds apetalous, or without petals. 21. Bearing buds irregular. 22. Bearing buds bell-shaped. 23. Bearing Besides all these methods, there have been invented two others, founded upon the calyx. The first of these was the invention of Peter Magnol, a celebrated professor of botany at Montpelier, and published in 1729, five years after the author's death. The other was delineated by Linnaeus, and published in his *Classes Plantarum* in 1738, three years after the publication of the sexual system. Magnol distinguishes two kinds of calyx; one external, which envelopes and sustains the flower, and is the flower-cup properly so called; the other internal, which is the seed-vessel or fruit. According to this idea, all plants, whether herbaceous or woody, are furnished with either the external calyx only, or with both. His classes are, 1. Herbs with the calyx external, including a flower unknown. 2. Calyx external, including a flower staminous. 3. Calyx external, including a flower monopetalous. 4. Calyx external, including a flower polypetalous. 5. Calyx external, including a flower compound. 6. Calyx external, supporting a flower monopetalous. 7. Calyx external, supporting a flower polypetalous. 8. Calyx internal only, which is the corolla. 9. Calyx external and internal, flower monopetalous. 10. Calyx external and internal, flower with two and three petals. 11. Calyx external and internal, tetrapetalous. 12. Calyx external and internal, polypetalous. 13. Trees with the calyx external only. 14. Calyx internal only. 15. Calyx external and internal both.

The characters of the orders, or secondary divisions, in Magnol's method, are derived chiefly from the figure of the calyx, petals, and seeds; from the disposition of the flowers; from the number of petals, and substance of the fruit. Fifty-five sections or orders arise from the combination of these characters with those of the classes; and these are again subdivided into genera, which possess this singularity, that, in place of distinctive characters hitherto employed, they exhibit complete descriptions of all the parts of fructification of one or two species of each genus. From this improvement Linnaeus manifestly borrowed the hint of his generic characters.

Sir John Hill, in his Vegetable System, endeavours to class plants according to their internal structure.*

*Perhaps (says he), upon the foundation of a true anatomy of plants a natural method may be established: for it is certain, the forms of all the external parts of vegetables depend on the disposition of the internal; and all their differences are founded there. On the different inner structure of the vegetable body, under certain courses of its vessels, evidently depend the differences which characterize the seven first families, to the distinctions of which all classes are subordinate; and as these original distinctions are truly natural, we may here begin very safely.

"The seven families are these: 1. The mushrooms. 2. The algae, or foliaceous sea and land plants. 3. The mosses. 4. The ferns. 5. The grasses. 6. The palms. 7. The common race of plants. Their distinctions one from another are these:

1. The mushrooms are fleshy; and are destitute of leaves and visible flowers. 2. The algae are merely foliaceous, the entire plant consisting of a leafy matter without other visible parts. 3. The mosses have processes of the inner rind for leaves. 4. The ferns consist of a single leaf raised on a stalk; and bear their flowers upon its back. 5. The grasses have jointed stalks and undivided leaves, and husks to hold the seeds. 6. The palms have a simple trunk, with leaves only on the top, and have the flowers and fruit in divided ears."

Lastly, The seventh class, which he calls the common race of plants, are such as have their roots, leaves, stalks, flowers, and fruits, distinct and obvious; and have not the characters of any of the other six families.

To this natural method his artificial one, consisting of 43 classes, and which takes up the whole of his voluminous work, is designed only as an index; but as this is universally allowed to be inferior to Linnaeus's, though he intends to improve that system, we think it needless to take any further notice of it.

Besides the sexual system of Linnaeus, which is now almost universally followed, he formed another, which, arranged like that of Magnol, had the calyx for its basis, but greatly superior both in the idea and execution, being indeed singularly serviceable to the novice in botany, by familiarizing to him various appearances of an organ so important in its nature, and so diversified in its form, as the calyx is. The classes are, 1. Spatheaceous, like a sheath or hose. 2. Glumose or chaffy. 3. Amentaceous, or catkins. 4. Umbellated. 5. Common calyx or flower-cup. 6. Double calyx. 7. Flowering; the petals and stamens inserted into the flower-cup. 8. Crowned, or crown-shaped, with a radius. 9. Irregular. 10. Diform, or different shapes. 11. Caducous, which fall off or shed their leaves. 12. Not caducous, uniform and monopetalous. 13. Not caducous, uniform and polypetalous. 14. Not caducous, diform and monopetalous. 15. Not caducous, diform and polypetalous. 16. Incomplete calyx. 17. Apetalous, or a bare calyx without petals. 18. Naked, or neither petals nor calyx.

Sect. IV. Of the Sexes of Plants.

As many philosophers and botanists deny that such a thing as the distinction of sexes takes place in vegetables, it will be necessary to give a statement of the arguments employed by both parties on this subject. We shall begin with the arguments in favour of the sexes.

I. Linnaeus is at great pains in tracing the notion of sexes in plants to the remotest periods of antiquity. His system informs us, that Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and other ancient philosophers, not only attributed the distinction of sexes to plants, but maintained that they were capable of perceiving pleasure and pain.

Hippocrates and Theophrastus are next introduced as distinguishing the conyza, the abies, the filix, &c. into male and female. The latter of these writers affirms that the fruits of the female palm will not germinate, unless the pollen of the male be shaken over the spatha of the female previous to the ripening of the seed.

Dioscorides takes notice of a male and female mandragora, mercurialis, cistus, &c. Pliny does not confine his views of sex to animals, but exclaims, that every thing this earth produces is characterized by the distinction of sex.

From the days of Pliny to those of Cesalpinus, who lived in the 16th century, the analogy between the vegetable and animal seems to have been entirely neglected. Cesalpinus tells us, that the males of the oxycedrus, taxus, mercurialis, urtica, and cannabis, are barren; and that the females of these plants only bear fruit.

After Cesalpinus, we find Dr Grew and Sir Thomas Millington engaged in a conversation concerning the utility of the stamens and styli of plants. The result of this conversation was the mutual agreement of these two eminent naturalists, that the stamens and styli of vegetables were analogous to the organs of generation in animals, and that they were adapted by nature to answer the same purposes. Dr Grew, in his anatomy of plants, after enumerating the analogies between plants and animals, concludes, that the pollen probably emits certain vivific effluvia, which may serve for the impregnation of the seeds.

Mr Ray gave further sanction to the doctrine of sexes, by concurring with Grew, and adding some further illustrations from analogy.

In the year 1695, Camerarius attempted to prove the sexes of plants. But, as he trusted solely to the palm-tree, and withal seemed to be doubtful as to the authenticity of the fact, he cannot be considered as having done any thing in confirmation of the sexual hypothesis.

Mr Morland, in the year 1703, adopted the same hypothesis, but gave it a new modification, by supposing that the pollen contained the seminal plant in miniature, and consequently that it behoved one pollen at least to be conveyed into every separate seed before it could be properly impregnated. Analogy and the structure of the parts are the only arguments he employs.

Some years after this, Mr Geoffroy wrote a treatise on the sexes of plants: but as he advanced nothing new, we shall take no further notice of him.

Vaillant, in the year 1717, judiciously considering that the canal in the stylus of most plants was too narrow to admit the pollen itself, republished Dr Grew's theory of impregnation by means of a subtile seminal aura.

These were the sentiments of the principal botanists with regard to the generation of plants, till the celebrated Linnæus made his appearance as a botanical writer, who has extended the idea so far as to compose a complete system upon it.

Although Linnæus can have no claim to the supposed discovery of the sexual hypothesis, his being precisely the same with that of Dr Grew; yet, as he is the chief supporter and improver of this doctrine, we shall give a succinct narration of the arguments he makes use of in order to prove that vegetables propagate their species by a regular commerce of sexes.

In a treatise entitled, *Sponsalia Plantarum*, published as an inaugural dissertation by Wahlborn, in the first volume of the *Amenitatis Academicae*, all the arguments made use of by Linnæus in his *Fundamenta Botanica*, and other works, are collected and arranged in one view. But as Wahlborn honestly attributes all the merit of this dissertation to his great master, we shall here drop his name altogether, and give the arguments as the property of Linnæus, by whom they were originally employed.

Linnæus, then, first attempts to show, that vegetables are endowed with a certain degree of life; and, secondly, that they propagate their species in a manner similar to that of animals.

"That vegetables are really living beings (says he), Vegetables must be obvious at first sight; because they possess all the properties contained in that accurate definition of life laid down by the great Dr Harvey, namely, *Vita est spontanea propulsio humorum*. But universal experience teaches, that vegetables propel humours or juices: hence it is plain that vegetables must be endowed with a certain degree of life."

Not trusting solely to a syllogism founded on a definition, Linnæus proceeds to support the life of vegetables by arguments drawn from the following particulars in their economy; the first of which he entitles,

"1. Nutritio.—The very idea of nutrition implies a propulsion of humours, and of course the idea of life. But vegetables derive their nourishment from the earth, air, &c., and consequently must be considered as living creatures.

"2. Ætas.—Every animal must not only begin to exist, and have that existence dissolved by death, but must likewise pass through a number of intermediate changes in its appearance and affections. Infancy, youth, manhood, old age, are characterized by imbecility, beauty, fertility, dotage. Are not all these vicissitudes conspicuous in the vegetable world? Weak and tender in infancy; beautiful and salacious in youth; grave, robust, and fruitful, in manhood; and when old age approaches, the head droops, the springs of life dry up, and, in fine, the poor tottering vegetable returns to that dust from whence it sprung.

"3. Motus.—No inanimate body is capable of self-motion. Whatever moves spontaneously, is endowed with a living principle: for motion depends on the spontaneous propulsion of humours: and wherever there is a spontaneous propulsion of humours, there also is life. That vegetables are capable of motion, is evident from the following facts: Plants, when confined within doors, always bend towards the light, and some of them even attempt to make their escape by the windows. The flowers of many plants, especially those of the syngenesia class, pursue the sun from east to west, rejoicing in his beams. Who then can deny that vegetables are possessed of living and self-moving powers?

"4. Morbus.—The term disease means nothing more than a certain corruption of life. It is well known, that vegetables are subject to diseases as well as animals: when over-heated, they turn thirsty, languish, and fall to the ground; when too cold, they are tormented with the chillblain, and not unfrequently expire: they are sometimes afflicted with cancers; and every plant is infested with lice peculiar to its species.

"5. Mors.—Death is opposed to life, the former being only a privation of the latter. Experience shows that every living creature must die. But as vegetables are daily cut off by internal diseases and external injuries; as they are subject to death from the attack of hunger, hunger, thirst, heat, cold, &c., with what propriety could vegetables be thus said to die, unless we allow that they previously lived?

"6. Anatomia.—Under this article we are referred to Malpighius and Grew for the organic fibres, membranes, canals, vesicles, &c. of plants, as additional proofs of their living powers.

"7. Organization.—Vegetables not only propel humours, but also prepare and secrete a number of different juices for the fruit, the nectar, &c., analogous to the various secretions in animal bodies."

From these facts and observations, Linnæus concludes, that plants are unquestionably endowed with life as well as animals; and then proceeds in the following manner to show how these animated vegetables propagate their species.

After discussing the long-explored doctrine of equi-

the sex-vocal generation, he lays hold of another maxim of Dr. Harvey, viz. Omne vivum ex ovo.—"It being fully evident (says he), from the foregoing chain of reasoning that vegetables are endowed with life, it necessarily follows, agreeable to this maxim of Harvey's, that every vegetable must in like manner derive its existence from an egg. But as vegetables proceed from eggs, and as it is the distinguishing property of an egg to give birth to a being similar to that which produced it, the seeds must of course be the eggs of vegetables.

"Granting then that the seeds of vegetables are intended by nature to answer the same end as the eggs of animals, and considering at the same time that no egg can be fecundated without receiving an impregnation from the male, it follows, that the seeds or eggs of vegetables cannot be fecundated by any other means. Hence also the necessity of vegetables being provided with organs of generation. But where are these organs situated? The answer is easy:—We have already found impregnated seeds within the flowers of plants; and it is natural to expect that the genitalia should not be at a greater distance. Now, as copulation always precedes birth, and every flower precedes the fruit, the generating faculty must be ascribed to the flower, and the birth to the fruit. Again, As the antheræ and stigmata are the only essential parts of flowers, these parts must necessarily be the organs of generation."

Being thus far advanced, Linnæus affirms, that the antheræ are the testes, and that the pollen performs the office of the male semen. These affirmations he attempts to establish by the following arguments; the first of which he terms

"1. Precedentia.—The antheræ, or vegetable testes, always precede the fruit; and as soon as the antheræ come to maturity, which constantly happens before the maturity of the fruit, they continue to throw out their pollen as long as the flower lasts; but decay and fall off whenever the fruit comes to perfection.

"2. Situs.—The antheræ of all plants are uniformly situated in such a manner that the pollen may, with the greatest facility, fall upon the stigma or female organ.

"3. Tempus.—The antheræ and stigma always flourish at the same time, whether the flowers be of the hermaphrodite or dioicous kind.

"4. Loculomenta.—When the antheræ are dissected, they discover as great a variety of structure as the pericarpia or seed-capsules; for some of them have one cell, as the mercury; some two, as the hellebore, &c.

"5. Castration.—If all the antheræ be cut off from an hermaphrodite plant, just before the flowers begin to expand, taking care at the same time that no plant of the same species grow near it, the fruit will either prove entirely abortive, or produce barren seeds.

"6. Figura.—When the pollen of different plants is examined by the microscope, it exhibits as great a variety of figures as is discoverable in the seeds themselves.

"The accumulated force of these arguments (concludes Linnæus) amounts to a full demonstration that the antheræ are the testes, and that the pollen is the semen or genitura of vegetables.

"The male organ being thus investigated, we hope (says Linnæus) that none will hesitate to pronounce the stigma to be the female organ, especially when the following observations are attended to.

"The pistillum is composed of the germen, stylus, and stigma. The germen, being only a kind of rudiment of the future fetus or seed, ceases to exist as soon as the flower comes to maturity. Neither is the stylus an essential part, as many flowers have no stylus. But no fruit ever comes to maturity without the assistance of the stigma. It follows, that the stigma must be the female organ adapted by nature for the reception of the pollen or impregnating substance. This will appear still clearer from the following chain of reasoning.

"1. Situs.—The stigmata are always situated so that the pollen may with most ease fall upon them. Besides, it is remarkable, that in most plants (though not in all) the number of the stigmata exactly corresponds with the loculae or cells of the pericarpium.

"2. Tempus.—Here the observation, that the stigmata and antheræ constantly flourish at the same time, is repeated.

"3. Decidencia.—The stigmata of most plants, like the antheræ, decay and fall off as soon as they have discharged their proper function; which evidently shows, that their office is not to ripen the fruit, but solely to answer the important purpose of impregnation.

"4. Abscisio.—The argument here is precisely the same with the castration of the antheræ; and the result is likewise the same, namely the destruction of the fruit.

"These arguments (concludes Linnæus) are sufficient to demonstrate, that the stigma is the female organ of generation, or that organ which is suited for the reception and conveyance of the semen to the vegetable eggs. Hence plants may be said to be in actu veneris, when the antheræ or testiculi spread their pollen over the stigma or female vulva."

To show how the coitus of vegetables is effected, is our author's next object of investigation. He affirms, that the pollen is conveyed, by means of the wind or insects, to the moist stigma; where it remains until it discharges a subtile fluid, which being absorbed by the vessels of the stigma, is carried to the seeds or ova, and impregnates them. His proofs are taken from the following particulars.

"1. Oculus.—When the flowers are in full blow, and the pollen flying about, every one may then see the pollen adhering to the stigma. This he illustrates by mentioning... mentioning as examples the viola tricolor, iris, campanula, &c.

"2. Proprio.—The stamens and pistils, in most plants, are of equal heights, that the pollen, by the intervention of the wind, may, with the greater facility, fall upon the stigma.

"3. Locus.—The stamens of most plants surround the pistil, to give the pollen an opportunity of falling upon the stigma at every breeze of wind. Even in the monocotyledonous class, the male flowers stand generally above the female ones, to afford an easier conveyance of the pollen to the stigma.

"4. Tempus.—It is remarkable that the stamens and pistils constantly appear at the same time, even in plants belonging to the monocotyledonous class.

"5. Pluviae.—The flowers of most plants expand by the heat of the sun, and shut themselves up in the evening or in rainy weather. The final cause of this must be to keep the moisture from the pollen, lest it should be thereby coagulated, and of course prevented from being blown upon the stigma.

"6. Palmicolae.—That the cultivators of palm-trees were in use to pull off the spadices from the males, and suspend them over the spatheae of the females, is attested by Theophrastus, Pliny, Prosper Alpinus, Kempfer, and many others. If this operation happened to be neglected, the dates were sour and destitute of nuts. Kempfer adds this singular circumstance, that the male spadix, after being thoroughly dried and kept till next season, still retained its impregnating virtue.

"7. Flores mutantes.—As the pollen is specifically heavier than air, such flowers as have their pistillae longer than the stamens, hang down or incline to one side, e.g. the fritillaria, campanulae, &c. An easy admission of the pollen to the stigma is the final cause of this appearance.

"8. Submersi.—Many plants that grow below water, emerge when their flowers begin to blow, and swim upon the surface till they receive their impregnation, and then sink down.

"9. Omnium florum genuina consideratio.—Here a number of particulars are recited. We shall confine ourselves to those that are most striking and applicable to the subject.

"When the flowers of the male hemp are pulled off before those of the female are fully expanded, the females do not produce fertile seeds. But as a male flower is sometimes found upon a female plant, this may be the reason why fertile seeds are sometimes produced even after this precaution has been observed.

"The tulip affords another experiment of the same purpose. Cut off all the antherae of a red tulip before the pollen is emitted; then take the ripe antherae of a white tulip, and throw the pollen of the white one upon the stigma of the red; the seeds of the red tulip being thus impregnated by one of a different complexion, will next season produce some red, some white, but most variegated flowers."

In the year 1744, Linnaeus published a description of a new genus which he called *peltoria*, on the supposition of its being a *hybrid* or *mule* plant, i.e. a plant produced by an unnatural commixture of two different genera. The root, leaves, caulis, &c. of this plant are exceedingly similar to those of the antirrhinum *lignaria*; but the flower and other parts of the fructification are totally different. On account of its similarity to the *lignaria* in every part but the flower, Linnaeus imagined it to have been produced by a fortuitous commixture of the *lignaria* with some other plant, although he has never yet been able to point out the father. This doctrine of the production of *mule* plants has since been greatly prized, and carefully propagated, by Linnaeus and the other supporters of the sexual hypothesis. In the third volume of the *Amenitates Academicae*, there is a complete dissertation, entitled *Planta Hybrida*, wherein the doctrine of vegetable *mules* is much improved and extended. This dissertation contains a list of 47 *mules*, with their supposed fathers and mothers. For example,

The Veronica spuria is said to be a *mule* plant *begot by* the Verbena officinalis *upon* the Veronica maritima.

The Delphinium hybridum, a *mule* *begot* by the Aconitum napellus *upon* the Delphinium elatum.

The Arctotis calendula, a *mule* *begot* by the Calendula plavialis *upon* the Arctotis tristis.

The Asclepias nigra, a *mule* *begot* by the Cynanchum acutum *upon* the Asclepias vincentoxicum, &c.

From the examples given in this dissertation, Linnaeus draws this conclusion, That only two species of each genus existed *ab origine*; and that all the variety of species which now appear have been produced by unnatural embraces betwixt species of different genera.

Under this head Linnaeus likewise quotes from Ray the story of Richard Baal gardener at Brentford. This Baal sold a large quantity of the seeds of the brassica *florida* to several gardeners in the suburbs of London. These gardeners, after sowing their seeds in the usual manner, were surprised to find them turn out to be plants of a different species from that which Baal made them believe they had purchased; for, instead of the brassica *florida*, the plants turned out to be the brassica *longifolia*. The gardeners, upon making the discovery, commenced a prosecution of fraud against Baal in Westminster-hall. The court found Baal guilty of fraud, and decreed him not only to restore the price of the seeds, but likewise to pay the gardeners for their lost time, and the use of their ground. "Had these judges (says Linnaeus) been acquainted with the sexual hypothesis, they would not have found Baal guilty of any crime, but would have ascribed the accident to the fortuitous impregnation of the brassica *florida* by the pollen of the brassica *longifolia*.

Linnaeus next proceeds to celebrate the utility of insects, because they convey the pollen of the male to the stigma of the female. "In this way (says he), it is reasonable to think that many dioecious plants are impregnated. Nay, even the hermaphrodites themselves are greatly obliged to the different tribes of insects, which, by fluttering and treading in the corolla, are constantly scattering the pollen about the stigma.

"Upon the whole then (concludes Linnaeus), the coitus of vegetables is evident to a demonstration. This coitus is nothing more than the conveyance of the pollen to the stigma, to which it adheres till it bursts, and discharges a subtile elastic fluid. This fluid or aura is absorbed by the vessels of the stylus, and carried directly to the ovarium or germen, where the mysterious work of impregnation is fully completed."

These are the arguments employed by Linnaeus and other... other advocates for the sexual commerce of vegetables.

Let us next attend to those employed by the opposers of this hypothesis.

It is admitted by Pontedera, Dr Alston, &c., that some of the ancients applied the terms male and female to several plants. But then they deny that these terms conveyed the same ideas to the ancients that they do to the moderns. Male and female, when applied to plants, were to the ancients mere terms of distinction, serving only as trivial names to distinguish one species or variety from another. The ancients were ignorant of the very characters which constitute the difference between what is called a male and female plant among the moderns. Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, and, in a word, the whole ancient botanical writers, confound the very notion of the modern sexes: they call the real female, or seed-bearing plant, the male; and the male, or barren plant, the female. Nay, they have even applied the terms male and female to many plants which bear nothing but hermaphrodite flowers.

Such is the nature of this controversy, that it cannot be determined with any degree of certainty, but by experiments made upon dioecious plants. If a female plant can produce fertile seeds without having any communication with the pollen of the male, the use of this pollen with respect to the impregnation of seeds must of necessity be entirely superseded.

Now, both Camerarius and Dr Alston tried these experiments with the same success. These two eminent botanists took female plants of the mercury, spinach, and hemp; transplanted them at a great distance from any males of the same genus, and besides had them enclosed by double rows of hedges. The result was, that each of these plants produced great quantities of fertile seeds. Tournefort made the same trial upon the lupulus, Miller upon the bryony, and Geoffrey upon the mays; and all of them declared that the seeds of these plants were as fertile as if they had been surrounded by a thousand males.

Linnaeus, in his first argument for the coitus of plants, refers every man to the evidence of his senses.

"Do we not see (says he) the stigma of almost every hermaphrodite flower covered over with the pollen or impregnating substance? Do not we see the parietaria, the urtica, &c., by violent explosions, discharging their pollen in the open air, that it may be carried in that vehicle to the stigmata of their respective females?—All this is admitted by the opposers of the sexes: but then they deny that these explosions, &c., are intended to create any intercourse between the male and the female; and further allege, that this ejection of the pollen is intended by nature to throw off something excrementitious, or at least something which, if retained, would prove noxious to the fructification.

Linnaeus takes his second argument from the proportion which the stamens bear to the stylus, alleging that they are generally of the same height.—This observation (say the anti-sexualists) is not only contrary to experience, but, allowing it to be universal, no conclusion can be drawn from it either for or against the sexual hypothesis.

The third argument is taken from the locus or situation of the stamens with respect to the stylus: "and as the male flowers in the monococcia class stand always above the female flowers, it must be concluded (says

Linnaeus), that the intention of nature, in this disposition of the parts, is to allow a free and easy access of the pollen to the stigma."—But the stamens cannot be said to surround the pistillum in the monandra and diandra classes: and the position of the male flowers in the monococcia class is a mere chimera; for in the ricius, one of the examples which Linnaeus mentions in confirmation of his doctrine, the female flowers stand uniformly some inches above the males.

That the stamens and pistilla generally come to perfection at the same time, and that this happens even in the dioecious plants, is Linnaeus's fourth argument. But, as it is acknowledged by Linnaeus himself, that there are many exceptions with respect to this fact, the opposers of the sexual hypothesis allege that it carries the best answer in its own bosom.

The fifth argument is founded on the circumstance of some flowers shutting up their petals in rainy or moist evenings.—But many flowers do not shut themselves up, either in the night or moist weather, as the passion-flower, &c.: the lychnis noctiflora, mirabilis peruviana, &c., open their flowers in the night, and shut them at the approach of the sun. Hence this is another final cause (say the anti-sexualists) perverted to support a favourite hypothesis.

We come now to the culture of the palm tree, which in the sixth and most plausible argument employed by the sexualists. Of this, the most authentic account we have is the following by Dr Hasselquist, in one of his letters to Linnaeus, dated Alexandria, May 18, 1750.

"The first thing I did after my arrival was to see the date tree, the ornament and a great part of the riches of this country. It had already blossomed; but I had, nevertheless, the pleasure of seeing how the Arabs assist its fecundation, and by that means secure to themselves a plentiful harvest of a vegetable, which was so important to them, and known to them many centuries before any botanist dreamed of the difference of sexes in vegetables. The gardener informed me of this before I had time to enquire; and would show me as a very curious thing, the male and female of the date or palm trees; nor could he conceive how I, a Frank, lately arrived, could know it before; for (says he) all who have yet come from Europe to see this country, have regarded this relation either as a fable or miracle. The Arab seeing me inclined to be farther informed, accompanied me and my French interpreter to a palm tree, which was very full of young fruit, and had by him been wedded or fecundated with the male when both were in blossom. This the Arabs do in the following manner: when the spadix has female flowers, that come out of its spathe, they search on a tree that has male flowers, which they know by experience, for a spadix which has not yet bursted out of its spathe: this they open, take out the spadix, and cut it lengthwise in several pieces, but take care not to hurt the flowers. A piece of this spadix with male flowers they put lengthwise between the small branches of the spadix which hath female flowers, and then lay the leaf of a palm over the branches. In this situation I yet saw the greatest part of the spadices which bore their young fruit; but the male flowers which were put between were withered. The Arab besides gave me the following anecdotes: First, Unless they in this manner wed and fecundate the date tree, it bears no fruit. Secondly, condly, They always take the precaution to preserve some unopened spathe with male flowers from one year to another, to be applied for this purpose, in case the male flowers should miscarry or suffer damage. Thirdly, If they permit the spadix of the male flowers to burst or come out, it becomes useless for fecundation: it must have its maidenhead (these were the words of the Arab), which is lost in the same moment the blossoms burst out of their case. Therefore the person who cultivates date trees must be careful to hit the right time of assisting their fecundation, which is almost the only article in their cultivation. Fourthly, On opening the spathe, he finds all the male flowers full of a liquid which resembles the finest dew; it is of a sweet and pleasant taste, resembling much the taste of fresh dates, but much more refined and aromatic; this was likewise confirmed by my interpreter, who hath lived 32 years in Egypt, and therefore had opportunities enough of tasting both the nectar of the blossoms and the fresh dates.

Now, though this account seems fully to confirm the fact, viz. that such a practice obtains among the Arabs, and that they assert its efficacy in fecundating the trees, it is certain (say the opposers of this doctrine,) that no intelligent person, who is not already wedded to an hypothesis, will attempt to found an argument upon the assertions of a people so full of ridiculous superstitions. Before Dr Hasselquist, or any other person, can draw any argument from the above-mentioned account, he ought to see the experiment several times repeated, with his own eyes, and not take it upon the word of a person who, besides their superstition, may very probably find it their interest to impose upon travellers.

Mr Milne, author of the Botanical Dictionary, however, relates an experiment, near akin to the above mentioned, which merits some attention: "In the garden of M. de la Serre, of the Rue S. Jacques at Paris, was a female turpentine tree, which flowered every year, without furnishing any fruit capable of vegetation. This was a sensible mortification to the owner, who greatly desired to have the tree increased. Messieurs Duhamel and Jussieu very properly judged that they might procure him that pleasure by the assistance of a male pistachio tree. They sent him one very much loaded with flowers. It was planted in the garden of M. de la Serre, very near the female turpentine tree, which the same year produced a great quantity of fruits, that were well-conditioned, and rose with facility. The male plant was then removed; the consequence of which was, that the turpentine tree of M. de la Serre in none of the succeeding years bore any fruit that, upon examination, was found to germinate."

Upon this experiment it is observed by the antisexualists, that, though it were a thousand times repeated, it never could be decisive. The nature of the controversy, say they, is such, that one experiment is more decisive in favour of their opinion than 10,000 can be against them. The reason is plain: If there is such a thing as a sexual intercourse in vegetables, it is as wonderful that any seeds should be perfected without that intercourse, as that a virgin should have a child; the last is not in the least more extraordinary than the first. One experiment, therefore, which shows that seeds may be perfected without such sexual intercourse, is either to be resolved into a miracle, or must prove absolutely decisive against the sexual system; while numberless experiments, such as that above mentioned, could prove nothing, because we know not what effect vegetables may have by growing in each other's neighbourhood, independent of any sexual intercourse.

In Milne's Botanical Dictionary, under the article Sexus Plantarum, the author quotes Dr Alston's experiments partially. The facts recorded by Dr Alston are as follow: 1. Three sets of spinach, planted at a great distance from each other, proved all of them fertile, and ripened plenty of seeds, which were found to answer as well as other spinach seed. 2. A plant of hemp growing by itself, being taken care of, produced about 30 good seeds, though in a situation very much exposed, and plucked up too soon, on account of bad weather, in the autumn. 3. This experiment, which is the most remarkable of the three, shall give in the Doctor's own words. "In the spring of 1741, I carried two young seedling plants of the French mercury, long before there was any in, from this city physic garden, the only place where it was then to be found in this country, to the king's garden at the Abbey; which are more than 700 yards distant from one another, with many high houses, trees, hedges, and part of a high hill between them; and planted one of them in one enclosure, where it was shaded from the sun the greatest part of the day; and the other in another 25 yards distant, exposed to the south and west. Both plants ripened fertile seeds; and the last shed them so plentifully, that it proved a troublesome weed for several years, though none of the species was to be found in that garden for more than 20 years preceding."

Of this experiment Mr Milne hath not taken any notice; but upon the other two, has the following remark: "The result of these, and such like experiments, can be accounted for, on the principle of the sexes, in no other way than on the supposition that some male flowers have been intermixed with the female, and operated the fecundation in question. This appears the more probable, as only a part of the seed in the above experiments attained to perfect maturity, so as to be capable of vegetation.

The seventh argument of Linnæus is taken from the flores nutantæ.—The pistils of these flowers, according to Linnæus, are always longer than the stamens; and nature has assigned them this pensile posture, that the pollen, which is specifically heavier than air, may the more conveniently fall upon the stigma. But the pistils of the campanula, lilium, and many other flores nutantæ, are not longer than the stamens. Besides, granting this were uniformly the case; yet, as the pollen is heavier than air, this posture must of necessity either make the pollen miss the pistillum altogether, or, at any rate, it can only fall upon the back part of the pistil in place of the stigma; and, of course, such a direction would rather tend to frustrate than promote the impregnation of the seed.

The eighth argument is taken from the plantæ submersæ, which are said to emerge as soon as their flowers begin to blow, lest the pollen should be coagulated or washed off by the water. But many submarine and aquatic plants fructify entirely below water; and, supposing they did not, the same argument would equally prove prove it to be the intention of nature, that the pollen should be blown away by the winds, as that it should be subservient to the impregnation of the seed.

The ninth and last argument is entitled *Omnium florum genuina consideratio*; which (say the antsexualists) is nothing more than a collection of vague observations upon the structure and economy of particular plants, some of them true, others false, but all of them evidently thrust in as supports to a favourite hypothesis.

Thus the dispute rested some years ago; but of late there has appeared a translation of one of Linnæus's works upon the subject, which, though published in 1759, was but little known in this country. A treatise on the Sexual System had also been published by the abbe Spalanzani, in which he not only opposed the Linnæan doctrine, but treated it with ridicule, though without taking any notice of this last publication, which he seems to have been ignorant of. In this he mentions an experiment with hemp similar to some of those already related; but which was also tried by Linnæus, and in his hands turned out the very reverse of what it did with Spalanzani. In the treatise alluded to, Linnæus mentions Sir Thomas Millington as the first among the moderns who thought of the distinction of sexes in plants. He was Savilian professor at Oxford; and Dr Grew, in his Anatomy of Plants, relates, that in a conversation on the nature of the antheric flowers, Sir Thomas hinted, that those parts might probably be analogous to the male organs of animals, and serve for the impregnation of the fruit. Grew improved on the idea, and pursued it. That the subject, however, may be properly understood, our author is of opinion, that we should first accurately understand the nature of vegetable bodies; and in order to do this, we ought first to consider the operations of nature in the human frame, and from thence continue our researches through the various tribes of inferior animals, till at last we arrive at the vegetable creation. In like manner, to illustrate the generation of plants, we must likewise take our first lights from the animal kingdom, and pursue the same chain till we come to vegetables. This subject, indeed, he owns to be so obscure, that no naturalist has hitherto been able to say anything satisfactory concerning it; he only mentions some remarkable facts concerning the production of mule animals from the copulation of two individuals of different species. In the horse kind we see two different kinds of mules produced. "From the mare and male ass (says he) proceeds the mule properly so called, which in its nature, that is, in its medullary substance and nervous system, agrees with its mother; but in its cortical substance and outward form, in its mane and tail, resembles the ass. Between the female ass and the horse, the other kind of mule is engendered, whose nature or medullary substance resembles that of the ass; but its cortical structure that of the horse. If the he-goat of Angora copulates with the common she-goat, the kid, by that means procured, inherits the external structure and valuable coat of its father; while, on the other hand, if the common he-goat impregnates the goat of Angora, the kid produced has the same external form, and bears the same worthless hair with its father. Hence it seems probable, that the medullary substance, with what Malpighi calls the keel (*carina*), and the nervous system, are latent in the egg of the mother; the cortical substance, or vascular system, being derived from the father."

These cortical and medullary substances are previously explained by our author to be those of which both animal and vegetable bodies are composed. By the medullary substance in animal bodies, he means the spinal marrow arising from the organized brain, and sending off the nerves; by the cortical substance the vessels with the heart attached to them, by which the medullary part is nourished. In vegetables, the cortical part nourishes the plant, not only by its roots, but with its whole surface. For a small branch torn from the parent stem, and placed in water, imbibes nourishment at its pores. Thus the *Fuci*, and other marine vegetables, are nourished without a root, solely by the pores dispersed through their whole substance. The bark of trees every year deposits its gelatinous internal layer, which is added to the wood, and assimilates itself to it. The medullary, which is the other essential part of vegetables, is multiplied and extended without end; and whenever it is entirely lost, the death of the plant necessarily follows. In examining this substance, we must be careful, in two cases, that we be not misled; first, by the straws of grasses, and by other hollow stems, where the medulla lines the inside of the bark; and secondly, by large trees, whose trunks become perfectly solid throughout, except in the very summits of the branches. The wood performs the office of bones, when there is no longer any occasion for the medulla in that part; and trees, although become hollow, continue nevertheless to grow so long as this substance remains in the extreme branches. It is by no means necessary that the medulla should have any connexion with the root, as it is only nourished by the cortical substance of the plant, and is therefore increased at its upper extremity without end if it meets with no resistance. In those animals whose spinal marrow is surrounded by a bony covering, as in the larger and more perfect kinds, this substance never comes out of its confinement; and the harder its case, the more absolutely is its increase prevented; but in the smaller tribes of worms, where this covering is less rigid, a perpetual and unlimited increase of the animal takes place.

"The most important parts of the flower, and which are absolutely essential to it (our author proceeds to observe *), are the stamens and pistils. So *Dissert.* essential are they, that among the many thousands of flowers with which we are acquainted, no one can be found not furnished with both these organs. The *Plantes,* stamens derive their origin from the substance of the *Transl.* wood, which was originally formed from the inner bark, and they may therefore be said to spring from the cortical substance of the vegetable. This is perfectly evident in the asarum (asarabacca), whose twelve stamens proceed from twelve fibres in the inner bark. Double flowers illustrate the same fact: in them, the stamens being weakened and dissolved by excess of nourishment, the woody substance re-assumes the softness of the inner bark, of which it was originally formed. All stamens consist of vessels containing the pollen, or impregnating powder, which they discharge in due time, not without the strictest observance of certain natural laws. The form of these vessels, like that of the capsules of the fruit, is accurately defined, as well as their cells, their particular manner of bursting, and the pollen which they contain; this pollen, likewise, is no less certain and uniform in its figure, size, and colour, than the seeds themselves.

"The pistillum is the only part which originates from the medullary substance, and is therefore invariably situated in the centre of the flower. It always contains the rudiments of the seed, which, in process of time, ripen into fruit. The rudiments of the fruit are called the germen, or seed-bud; this has constantly another organ connected with it, named the stigma, which is in its highest degree of vigour and perfection during the time of flowering.

"Another circumstance worthy of attention is, that the root, which the first year of its growth is large and filled with medullary pulp, the following season becomes hollow, in producing the stem, flowers, and seed; all this pulp being conveyed to the flower, and seeming to be only destined to the formation of seed, so many new and distinct animations being formed from it as there are rudiments of new plants. This is particularly observable in the turnip.

"Thus vegetables, like insects, are subject to a metamorphosis; with this difference only, that their flowers are fixed to one spot, instead of being able, like insects, to fly from place to place; and that their nourishment is not given them by means of peculiar organs for the formation of chyle. We have seen, that the outer bark becomes calyx, the internal bark corolla, the wood stamens, and the medulla pistillum; the fructification exhibiting the internal parts of a plant naked and unfolded. We have likewise seen, that the fructification puts an end to vegetation in the part from whence it arises, stopping the progress of the medulla, which would otherwise have extended itself without end by the branches, and occasioning the division of that medulla into a number of seeds, each endowed with a separate living principle. But as the medulla exists naked in the germen, it cannot support itself, or make any farther progress, without the assistance of the cortical substance which it has left; it must therefore receive this assistance by some means or other, and in fact does receive it from the stamens and their pollen, which owe their origin to the woody matter derived from the inner bark, and originally generated by the outer bark. But if it happens that the cortical substance is able to invest the medullary rudiments of the seed in the flower itself, the plant becomes viviparous, as in festuca, aira and poa vivipara, in which nearly the same thing takes place as in the medulla of other plants, which remains in the branches, and is variously distributed, being at once both clothed and nourished by the bark, and enabled to form new branches, just as it happens in the compound animals, or sertulariae.

"The organs common in general to all plants are,

1. The root, with its capillary vessels, extracting nourishment from the ground. 2. The leaves, which may be called the limbs, and which, like the feet and wings of animals, are organs of motion; for being themselves shaken by the external air, they shake and exercise the plant. 3. The trunk, containing the medullary substance, which is nourished by the bark, and for the most part multiplied into several compound plants.

4. The fructification, which is the true body of the plant, set at liberty by a metamorphosis, and consists only of the organs of generation; it is often defended by a calyx, and furnished with petals, by means of which it in a manner flutters in the air.

"Many flowers have no calyx, as several of the lily tribe, the hippocoris, &c.; many have the corolla, as grasses, and the plants called apetalous; but there are none destitute of stamens and pistilla, those important organs destined to the formation of fruit. We therefore infer from experience, that the stamens are the male organs of generation, and the pistilla the female; and as many flowers are furnished with both at once, it follows that such flowers are hermaphrodites. Nor is this so wonderful, as that there should be any plants in which the different sexes are in distinct individuals; for plants being immovably fixed to one spot, cannot, like animals, travel in search of a mate. There exists, however, in some plants, a real difference of sex. From seeds of the same mother, some individuals shall be produced, whose flowers exhibit stamens without pistilla, and may therefore be properly called males; while the rest, being furnished with pistilla without stamens, are therefore denominated females; and so uniformly does this take place, that no vegetable was ever found to produce female flowers, without flowers furnished with stamens being produced, either on the same individual, or on another plant of the same species, and vice versa.

"As all seed-vessels are destined to produce seeds, so are the stamens to bear the pollen, or fecundating powder. All seeds contain within their membranes a certain medullary substance, which swells when dipped into warm water. All pollen, likewise, contains in its membrane an elastic substance, which although very subtle and almost invisible, by means of warm water often explodes with great vehemence. While plants are in flower, the pollen falls from the antherae, and is dispersed abroad, as seeds are dislodged from their situation when the fruit is ripe. At the same time that the pollen is scattered, the pistillum presents its stigma, which is then in its highest vigour, and, for a portion of the day at least, is moistened with a fine dew. The stamens either surround this stigma, or, if the flowers are of the drooping kind, they are bent towards one side, so that the pollen can easily find access to the stigma; where it not only adheres by means of the dew of that part, but the moisture occasions its bursting, by which means its contents are discharged. What issued from it, being mixed with the fluid of the stigma, is conveyed to the rudiments of the seed. Many evident instances of this present themselves to our notice; but I have nowhere seen it more manifest than in the jacobean lily (anarhylis formosissima), the pistillum of which, when sufficient heat is given to the plant to make it flower in perfection, is bent downwards, and from its stigma issues a drop of limpid fluid, so large that one would think it in danger of falling to the ground. It is, however, gradually re-absorbed into the style about three or four o'clock, and becomes invisible till about ten the next morning, when it appears again; by noon it attains its largest dimensions; and in the afternoon, by a gentle and scarcely perceptible decrease, it returns to its source. If we shake the antherae over the stigma, so that the pollen may fall... fall on this limpid drop, we see the fluid soon after become turbid, and assume a yellow colour; and we perceive little rivulets, or opake streaks, running from the stigma towards the rudiments of the seed. Some time afterwards, when the drop has totally disappeared, the pollen may be observed adhering to the stigma, but of an irregular figure, having lost its original form. No one, therefore, can assent to what Morland and others have asserted, that the pollen passes into the stigma, pervades the style, and enters the tender rudiments of the seed, as Leeuwenhoek supposed his worms to enter the ova. A most evident proof of the falsehood of this opinion may be obtained from any species of mirabilis (marvel of Peru), whose pollen is so very large, that it almost exceeds the style itself in thickness, and, falling on the stigma, adheres firmly to it; that organ sucking and exhausting the pollen, as a cuttle-fish devours every thing that comes within its grasp. One evening in the month of August I removed all the stamens from three flowers of the mirabilis longiflora, at the same time destroying all the rest of the flowers which were expanded; I sprinkled these three flowers with the pollen of mirabilis jalappa: the seed-buds swelled, but did not ripen. Another evening I performed a similar experiment, only sprinkling the flowers with the pollen of the same species; all these flowers produced ripe seeds.

"Some writers have believed, that the stamens are parts of the fructification which serve only to discharge an impure or excrementitious matter, and by no means formed for so important a work as generation. But it is very evident, that these authors have not sufficiently examined the subject; for as, in many vegetables, some flowers are furnished with stamens only, and others only with pistils, it is altogether impossible, that stamens situated at so very great a distance from the fruit as on a different branch, or perhaps on a separate plant, should serve to convey any impurities from the embryo.

"No physiologist could demonstrate, à priori, the necessity of the masculine fluid to the rendering the eggs of animals prolific; but experience has established it beyond a doubt. We therefore judge à posteriori principally of the same effect in plants.

"In the month of January 1760 the antholyza cucumis flowered in a pot in my parlour; but produced no fruit, the air of the room not being sufficiently agitated to waft the pollen to the stigma. One day, about noon, seeing the stigma very moist, I plucked off one of the anthers, by means of a fine pair of forceps, and gently rubbed it on one of the expanded stigmata. The spike of flowers remained eight or ten days longer; when I observed, in gathering the branch for my herbarium, that the fruit of that flower only on which the experiment had been made had swelled to the size of a bean. I then dissected this fruit, and discovered that one of the three cells contained seeds in considerable number, the other two being entirely withered.

"In the month of April I sowed the seeds of hemp (cannabis) in two different pots. The young plants came up so plentifully, that each pot contained 30 or 40. I placed each by the light of a window, but in different and remote apartments. The hemp grew extremely well in both pots. In one of them I permitted the male and female plants to remain together, to flower and bear fruit, which ripened in July; and being macerated in water and committed to the earth, sprung up in twelve days. From the other, however, I removed all the male plants as soon as they were old enough for me to distinguish them from the females. The remaining females grew very well, and presented their long pistils in great abundance, these flowers continuing a very long time, as if in expectation of their mates; while the plants in the other pot had already ripened their fruit, their pistils having, quite in a different manner, faded, as soon as the males had discharged all their pollen. It was certainly a beautiful and truly admirable spectacle, to see the unimpregnated females preserve their pistils so long green and flourishing, not permitting them to begin to fade till they had been for a considerable time exposed, in vain, to the access of the male pollen. Afterwards, when these virgin plants began to decay through age, I examined all their calyxes in the presence of several botanists, and found them large and flourishing, although every one of the seed-buds was brown, compressed, membranaceous, and dry, not exhibiting any appearance of cotyledons or pulp. Hence I am perfectly convinced, that the circumstance which authors have recorded, of the female hemp having produced seeds, although deprived of the male, could only have happened by means of pollen brought by the wind from some distant place. No experiment can be more easily performed than the above; none more satisfactory in demonstrating the generation of plants.

"The clucia tenella was in like manner kept growing in my window through the months of June and July. The male plant was in one pot, the female in another. The latter abounded with fruit, not one of its flowers proving abortive. I removed the two pots into different windows of the same apartment: still all the female flowers continued to become fruitful. At length I took away the male entirely, leaving the female alone, and cutting off all the flowers which it had already borne. Every day new ones appeared from the axilla of every leaf; each remained eight or ten days; after which their footstalks turning yellow, they fell barren to the ground. A botanical friend, who had amused himself with observing this phenomenon with me, persuaded me to bring from the stove in the garden a single male flower, which he placed over one of the female ones, then in perfection, tying a piece of red silk round its pistillum. The next day the male flower was taken away, and this single seed-bud remained and bore fruit. Afterwards I took another male flower out of the same stove, and with a pair of slender forceps pinched off one of its anthers, which I afterwards gently scratched with a feather, so that a very small portion of its pollen was discharged upon one of the three stigmata of a female flower, the other two stigmata being covered with paper. This fruit likewise attained its due size; and on being cut transversely, exhibited one cell filled with large seed, and the other two empty. The rest of the flowers, being unimpregnated, faded and fell off. This experiment may be performed with as little trouble as the former.

"The datisca cannabina came up in my garden from seed ten years ago, and has every year been plentifully increased by means of its perennial root. Flowers in great number have been produced by it; but being all female, they proved abortive. Being desirous of procuring male plants, I obtained more seeds from Paris. Some more plants were raised; but these likewise, to my great mortification, all proved females, and bore flowers but no fruit. In the year 1757, I received another parcel of seeds. From these I obtained a few male plants, which flowered in 1758. These were planted at a great distance from the females; and when their flowers were just ready to emit their pollen, holding a paper under them, I gently shook the spike or panicle with my finger, till the paper was almost covered with the yellow powder. I carried this to the females, which were flowering in another part of the garden, and placed it over them. The cold nights of the year in which this experiment was made, destroyed these datiscas, with many other plants, much earlier than usual. Nevertheless, when I examined the flowers of those plants which I had sprinkled with the fertilizing powder, I found the seeds of their due magnitude; while in the more remote datiscas, which had not been impregnated with pollen, no traces of seeds were visible.

"Several species of *momordica*, cultivated with us, like other Indian vegetables, in close stoves, have frequently borne female flowers; which, although at first very vigorous, after a short time have constantly faded and turned yellow, without perfecting any seed, till I instructed the gardener, as soon as he observed a female flower, to gather a male one and place it above the female. By this contrivance we are so certain of obtaining fruit, that we dare pledge ourselves to make any female flowers fertile that shall be fixed on.

"The *jatropha urens* has flowered every year in my hot-house; but the female flowers coming before the males, in a week's time dropped their petals, and faded before the latter were opened; from which cause no fruit has been produced, but the germs themselves have fallen off. We have therefore never had any fruit of the *jatropha* till the year 1752, when the male flowers were in vigour on a tall tree at the same time that the females began to appear on a small *jatropha* which was growing in a garden pot. I placed this pot under the other tree, by which means the female flowers bore seeds, which grew on being sown. I have frequently since amused myself with taking the male flowers from one plant, and scattering them over the female flowers of another, and have always found the seeds of the latter impregnated by it.

"Two years ago I placed a piece of paper under some of these male flowers, and afterwards folded up the pollen which had fallen upon it, preserving it so folded up, if I remember right, four or six weeks, at the end of which time another branch of the same *jatropha* was in flower. I then took the pollen, which I had so long preserved in paper, and strewed it over three female flowers, the only ones at that time expanded. These three females proved fruitful, while all the rest which grew in the same bunch fell off abortive.

"The interior petals of the *ornithogalum*, commonly, but improperly, called *candideae*, cohere so closely together, that they only just admit the air to the germ, and will scarcely permit the pollen of another flower to pass: this plant produced every day new flowers and fruit, the fructification never failing in any instance; I therefore, with the utmost care, extracted the antherae from one of the flowers with a hooked needle; and, as I hoped, this single flower proved barren. This experiment was repeated about a week after with the same success.

"I removed all the antherae out of a flower of *cladonium corniculatum* (scarlet horned poppy), which was growing in a remote part of the garden, upon the first opening of its petals, and stripped off all the rest of the flowers; another day I treated another flower of the same plant in a similar manner, but sprinkled the pistillum of this with the pollen borrowed from another plant of the same species; the result was, that the first flower produced no fruit, but the second afforded very perfect seed. My design in this experiment was to prove, that the mere removal of the antherae from a flower is not in itself sufficient to render the germen abortive.

"Having the *nicotiana fruticosa* growing in a garden-pot, and producing plenty of flowers and seed, I extracted the antherae from a newly-expanded flower before they had burst, at the same time cutting away all the other flowers; this germen produced no fruit, nor did it even swell.

"I removed an urn, in which the *aspodelas fistulosus* was growing, to one corner of the garden; and from one of the flowers which had lately opened I extracted its antherae; this caused the impregnation to fail. Another day I treated another flower in the same manner: but bringing a flower from a plant in a different part of the garden, with which I sprinkled the pistillum of the mutilated one; its germen became by that means fruitful.

"*Ixia chinensis*, flowering in my stove, the windows of which were shut, all its flowers proved abortive. I therefore took some of its antherae in a pair of pincers, and with them sprinkled the stigmata of two flowers, and the next day one stigma only of a third flower; the seed-buds of these flowers remained, grew to a large size and bore seed; the fruit of the third, however, contained ripe seed only in one of its cells.

"To relate more experiments would only be to fatigue the reader unnecessarily. All nature proclaims the truth I have endeavoured to inculcate, and every flower bears witness to it. Any person may make the experiment for himself, with any plant he pleases, only taking care to place the pot in which it is growing in the window of a room sufficiently out of the reach of other flowers; and I will venture to promise him that he will obtain no perfect fruit, unless the pollen has access to the pistillum."

Sect. V. Of the Natural Method of Classification.

Besides all the above-mentioned methods of classing and distributing plants into their different orders, genera, &c., which are deduced from the fructification, and are therefore called artificial, Linnaeus and most other botanists are of opinion that there is a natural method, or nature's system, which we should diligently endeavour to find out. That this system, say they, is no chimera, as some imagine, will appear particularly from hence, that all plants, of what order soever, show an affinity to some others; and thus, as formerly observed, served, not only the virtues of a great number of species may be ascertained, but we may know with certainty how to find a proper succedaneum for plants which cannot easily be had.—Linnaeus divides vegetables into the §8 natural methods following.

1. *Palmae.* These are perennial, and mostly of the shrub and tree kind. The stem is in height from 2 to 100 feet and upwards. The roots form a mass of fibres which are commonly simple and without any ramifications. The stem is generally simple, without branches, cylindrical, and composed of strong longitudinal fibres. The leaves, which are a composition of a leaf and a branch, by Linnaeus called *frondes*, are of different forms; being sometimes shaped like an umbrella or fan; sometimes singly or doubly winged; the small or partial leaves, which are often three feet in length, being arranged alternately. The branches, or principal leaves, are six, eight, ten, or twelve feet long; the length varying according to the age and size of the plant. They are covered at first with a thick brown dust, like those of the ferns. The base of the leaves frequently embraces the greater part of the stem. The flowers are male and female upon the same or different roots. The flowers are all disposed in a panicle or diffused spike, except in the hydrocharis, strobilotes, and vallisneria; in which they proceed singly from the wings or angles of the leaves. The common calyx, in this order, is that termed *spathea* or *sheath*, and has either one or two valves. The spathe, or head of flowers protruded from the sheath, is generally branched. Each flower is generally furnished with a perianthium or proper flower-cup, consisting of three leaves or divisions that are small and permanent. The petals are three in number, of a substance like leather, and permanent like the leaves of the calyx. The stamens are from 2 to 20 and upwards, cohering slightly at their base. The seed-buds are from one to three in number, placed in the middle of the flower, and supporting a like number of styles, which are very short. The seed-vessel is generally a pulpy fruit of the berry or cherry kind, containing one cell filled with fibrous flesh, and covered with a skin which is of a substance like leather. The seeds are in number from one to three in each pulpy fruit, of a hard bony substance, round or oval, and attached by their base to the bottom of the fruit.—These plants, particularly the seeds, are astringent, and of efficacy in dysenteries.

2. *Piperita.* These plants are mostly herbaceous and perennial. The stalks of pothos creep along rocks and trees, into which they strike root at certain distances. The greatest height which any of them is known to attain is 15 feet; the greater part do not exceed three or four. The fleshy roots of many of these plants are extremely acrid when fresh. They lose this pungent quality, however, by being dried, and become of a soapy nature. The smell of many of them is extremely fetid, frequently resembling that of human excrements. The flowers, however, of an Ethiopian dracunculus or arum, and the cover in which they are involved, are said to emit a very fragrant odour. With regard to their virtues, these plants are commonly astringent.

3. *Calamarie.* In this class the base of the leaf, which embraces the stalk like a glove, has no longitudinal aperture, but is perfectly entire. The stalk is generally triangular, and without knots or joints. The roots of some are long and knotty; in others they are composed of fleshy fibres which pierce deep into the ground; and in others, of a bulb. The flowers are either hermaphrodite, or male and female upon the same root. The mode of inflorescence in this order is generally a spike; sometimes a capitulum or head. The calyx is either a gluma or an amentum. The corolla is wanting. The filaments of the stamens are three in number, short, slender like a hair, and sometimes bristly. The antherae are generally long, slender, and erect. The seed-bud is very small, blunt, and sometimes three-cornered. The style is thread-shaped, and of the length of the scaly calyx. The stigmata are generally three in number; slender, hairy, and sometimes permanent. The virtues, uses, and sensible qualities, of this order of plants are the same with those of the following.

4. *Graminae.* Most of these plants are annual or perennial herbs; some of them creep upon the ground, others are erect. The roots, in the greatest number, are creeping, and emit fibres from each knot or joint; in others they are simply branching and fibrous. The stems and branches are round. The leaves are simple, alternate, entire, very long, and commonly narrow. They form below a sort of sheath, which embraces or surrounds the stem, and is generally cleft or divided on one side through its whole length. The flowers are either hermaphrodite, male and female on the same root, or hermaphrodite and male on the same root. They proceed either singly from the sheath of the leaves, or are formed into a panicle or loose spike. The calyx and corolla in this order are not sufficiently ascertained; in some a single scale or husk, in others two, supply the place of both covers; some grasses have four husky scales, two of which serve for the calyx, and the other two for the corolla; some have five; others six, four of which constitute the calyx, and the other two are termed improperly enough the husky petals. The corolla is sometimes composed of one petal with two divisions; and in general the husks of the calyx are always placed opposite to those of the corolla. The stamens are generally three in number, and placed irregularly with regard to the situation of the calyx and corolla. The antherae are long, furnished with two cells, and slightly attached to the filaments. The seed-bud is placed upon the same receptacle as the calyx, corolla, and stamena. The style is generally double, and crowned with a hairy stigma or summit. The seed-vessel is wanting. The seeds are single, oval, and attached below to the bottom of the flower.—The roots of the grasses are opening; such as have an aromatic smell are stomachic; their seeds are mealy, mucilaginous, and nourishing. All the parts of these plants are wholesome.

5. *Tripetaloidae* (from *tres*, three; and *petalum*, a petal). These plants have no very striking characters, and are nearly allied to the grasses. All the genera of this order have not the circumstance expressed in the title.

6. *Ensatae.* This order, which is very nearly allied to the grasses and liliaceous plants, furnishes a very beautiful collection of perennial herbs, which are of different heights, from one inch to 15 feet. The roots are tuberous or fleshy, and garnished with fibres; the stalks are simple, and commonly flat or compressed on the sides. The leaves are simple, alternate, entire, sword-shaped, and, like the liliaceous plants, form at their origin a sheath or glove, which in the greatest number is cleft or divided through the whole length, except at the base, where it is entire, and embraces the stalk like a ring. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and generally proceed from the summit of the stalks either singly, in an umbel, a spike, or in a panicle. In piontederia they proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves either singly or in an umbel. Most of these plants want the perianthium or flower-cup; the flowers burst from a common cover or sheath, termed by Linneus spathea, which in this order is frequently permanent. The petals are in number from one to six. The stamens are generally three. The seed-bud is placed sometimes above the flower, sometimes below it. The style is generally single, and crowned with a triple stigma. The seed-vessel is a dry capsule, generally of an oblong shape, and opens at three valves, discovering the same number of cells, each inclosing a quantity of roundish seeds.—These plants resemble the liliaceous in their powers and sensible qualities: very few of them, however, are used in medicine.

7. Orchideae. The roots of many of these plants are composed of one or more fleshy tubercles or knobs, attached to the lower part of the stem, and sending forth fibres from the top. Those of orchis bear an obvious resemblance to the scrotum in animals: from which circumstance the genus has derived its name. The leaves are of a moderate size, inscribed with a number of longitudinal nerves or ribs, and without any foot-stalk. At their origin they form round the stalk a kind of sheath, which is long, entire, cylindrical, but not furnished, like the grasses and some other plants, with a crown at top. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and placed at the summit of the stalk either in a spike or in a panicle. The calyx is that sort termed by Linneus a spathea or sheath, that bursting open protrudes a head or cluster of flowers, termed the spadix, which have no perianthium or flower-cup. The petals are five in number, and very irregular. The nectarium in this order is remarkably conspicuous; yet so different in the different genera, that Linneus has employed it for his principal character or mark of distinction, instead of the root, which had chiefly engaged the attention of former botanists. It has the appearance of a sixth petal. The filaments are always two in number, and placed upon the pistillum or female organ. The antherae are erect, and generally covered by the upper lip of the nectarium. The seed-bud is either oblong or pillar-shaped, twisted like a screw, and universally placed below the receptacle of the flower. The style is single, very short, and forms one substance with the inner margin of the nectarium. The seed-vessel is generally a capsule with one cavity or cell, and three valves or openings, which are keel-shaped, and open on the angular sides, being jointed both at the bottom and top. The seeds are numerous; very small, like saw-dust; and attached, without foot-stalks, to a slender receptacle or rib, which extends itself lengthwise in the middle of each inclosure or valve. The plants of this order are reckoned strong aphrodisiacs.

8. Scitamineae. This class consists of beautiful exotic plants, all natives of very warm countries. Some of them furnish exquisite fruits; but though the plants rise very high, they are perennial only by their roots. Those which have only one filament, have in all their parts an aromatic odour, and an acid or poignant taste; qualities, however, possessed in a much greater degree by the roots, which are hot and resinous.

9. Spathaceae, so called because their flowers are protruded from a spathea or sheath. They are nearly allied in habit and structure to the liliaceous plants, from which they are chiefly distinguished by the spathea out of which their flowers are protruded.

10. Coronarie. These plants are herbaceous, perennial, and from one inch to 15 feet high. The roots are either bulbous, fibrous, or composed of small fleshy knots, which are jointed at top. The bulbs either consist of scales laid over each other like tiles, or are solid. The stem of the liliaceous bulbous plants is properly wanting; what supplies its place being nothing else than the base of the leaves, which, wrapping or enfolding each other, form at bottom a roundish fleshy bulb, hitherto distinguished, though perhaps improperly, by the name of root. In the others the stem is simple, that is, has few branches, and is either furnished with leaves, or rises naked. The branches are alternate and cylindrical. The leaves are simple, alternate, and entire. Those next the root, termed radical leaves, generally form at their origin a sheath, which in a great number is entire, that is, goes all round; whilst in others, it is cleft or divided longitudinally on one side. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite, except in white hellebore, which has both male and hermaphrodite flowers mixed together on the same root. The flowers are sometimes single, and terminate the stem; sometimes they form an umbel, sometimes a spike, and sometimes a panicle. The calyx or flower-cup, in this order, according to Linneus, is generally wanting. In strict propriety, however, the single cover that is present in most of these plants, though beautifully coloured, ought to be denominated a calyx; as its divisions, generally six in number, are placed opposite to the stamens. The petals, or, to speak more properly, the coloured leaves of the flower, are in number from one to six. Plants which have a single petal, have the limb or upper part split into six divisions or segments. The petals in some species are rolled or turned back. The nectarium is various; in the lily it is a longitudinal line which runs through each petal, and reaches from the base to the middle. In crown imperial, it is a small hollow or pore, formed at the base of each petal; in asphodel it consists of six very small valves, which, approaching, form a globe, and are inserted into the base of the petal; in hyacinth, it is composed of three mellowless pores, situated on the top of the seed-bud. In pineapple, it is a small scale lying within the substance of each petal above the base; and in albuca, or bastard star of Bethlehem, it consists of two sharp-pointed bodies proceeding from the furrows of the seed-bud, and covered by the broader base of the three fertile filaments. In some species of lily the nectarium is hairy; in others it is naked. The stamens are six in number; erect, erect, and inserted into the common receptacle, if the flower consists of many petals; into the tube, or divisions of the corolla, if it consists of one. The antherae are long, commonly divided below, and slightly attached by their sides to the filaments on which they turn like a vane or the needle of a compass. The seed-bud is single, and placed either within the flower-cup or below it. The style is single, thread-shaped, and generally of the length of the petals. The stigma is generally single, of a conic form, and shaggy or hairy at the extremity. The seed-vessel is generally a capsule, divided externally into three valves, internally into three cells.—With respect to the powers of the plants of this order, it may be affirmed in general, that such as have little taste or smell, as the roots of tulip, and star of Bethlehem, are perfectly innocent; whilst those which have a heavy nauseous smell, as squill, hyacinth, crown imperial, and spider-wort, are at least suspicious, and frequently prove noxious.

11. Sarmentose, (from sarmentum, a long shoot, like that of a vine). This order consists of plants which have climbing stems and branches, that, like the vine, attach themselves to the bodies in their neighbourhood for the purpose of support. These plants are far from being a true natural assemblage; in fact they scarce agree in a single circumstance, except that expressed in the title, which is far from being peculiar to this order.

12. Holeraceæ. This order consists of plants which are used for the table, and enter into the economy of domestic affairs; it contains trees, shrubs, perennial and annual herbs. Some of the woody vegetables retain their green leaves during the winter. The roots are very long, and frequently spindle-shaped; from the knots on the stems and branches of such plants as creep on the ground, or float on the water, proceed fibrous and branching roots. The stems and young branches are cylindric; and in the greatest part of the aquatic plants of this order, the stalks are hollow within. The buds are of a conic form, and naked; that is, not accompanied with scales. The leaves are generally simple, entire, alternate, and attached to the branches by a cylindric foot-stalk, which is sometimes very long, but commonly very short. Some plants of this kind have two stipules or scales which are attached to the branches near the origin of the foot-stalk of each leaf. In many others, instead of stipules, each leaf bears on its foot-stalk a membranaceous sheath, which is cylindric, frequently fringed on the margin, and pierced or penetrated by the stem. The flowers are either hermaphrodite; male and female upon the same root; male and female upon different roots; hermaphrodite and male on the same root; hermaphrodite and female on the same root; or hermaphrodite and male on different roots.

13. Succulentæ. This order consists of flat, fleshy, and juicy plants, most of them evergreens. They are astringent, refreshing, and very wholesome.

14. Gruinales (from grus a crane). These consist of geranium, vulgarly called cranes-bill, and a few other genera which Linnaeus considers as allied to it in their habit and external structure. The order furnishes both herbaceous and woody plants. The roots are sometimes fibrous, sometimes tuberous. In some species of wood-sorrel they are jointed. The stems are cylindric; the young branches, in some, nearly square. The buds are of a conic form, and covered with scales. The leaves are either simple or compound. The flowers are hermaphrodite; they proceed from the wings of the leaves either singly or in clusters. The calyx or flower-cup consists of five distinct leaves, or of one leaf divided almost to the bottom into five parts. It generally accompanies the seed-bud to its maturity. The petals are five in number, spreading, and frequently funnel-shaped. The stamens are generally ten in number, awl-shaped, erect, and of the length of the petals. The stamens are generally oblong; and frequently attached to the filaments by the middle, so as to lie, and sometimes to veer about, upon them. The seed-bud is either oblong or five-cornered. The number of styles is either one or five. In tribulus, the style is wanting. The seed-vessel is generally a five-cornered capsule, with one, three, five, or ten cells. The seeds are generally equal in number to the internal divisions or the cells of the seed-vessel; one seed being placed in each cell.

15. Inundate. The plants of this order are aquatic, of low stature, herbaceous, and mostly perennial. The roots are fibrous. The stem is generally wanting. In its place is an assemblage of leaves, which wrapping or enfolding each other mutually form a sheath; and from the middle of this sheath is produced the foot-stalk of the flower. The leaves are sometimes alternate, sometimes placed in whorls round the stem. In a great many genera the foot-stalk is extended at its origin into a membranaceous substance, which forms a sheath that is cleft through the whole length, on the side opposite to the leaf. The flowers are hermaphrodite, or male and female on the same root. The flower-cup is either wanting, or consists of three, four, or five divisions or leaves, which accompany the seed-bud to its maturity. The petals are generally wanting. The stamens are in number from 1 to 16 and upwards. The filaments in some genera are so short, that they seem wanting. The antherae are short, and generally marked with four longitudinal furrows. The seed-buds are in number from one to four, the style is frequently wanting. The seed-vessel is universally wanting, except in elatine, which has a dry capsule, with four external openings, and the same number of cells. The seeds are generally four in number.

16. Calycifloræ, (from calyx the flower-cup, and flos the flower), consisting of such plants as have the stamens (the flower) inserted into the calyx. All the plants of this order are of the shrub and tree kind. Some of them rise to the height of 12 or 14 feet; others not above two or three. The roots are branching, fibrous, and woody. The stems are cylindric. The branches, when young, are cornered; the buds of a conic form, and without scales. The leaves are simple, alternate, and attached to the branches by a very short footstalk. The flowers are either male or female upon distinct roots, or hermaphrodite and male on the same root. The calyx is a perianthium composed of one leaf, divided into two, three, or four segments. It is commonly placed upon the germen or seed-bud, which accompanies it to maturity. The corolla is universally wanting, except in trophis, the male plants of which, according to Linnæus, have four obtuse and spreading petals. The stamens are generally four in number, slender. slender like a hair, short, placed at a considerable distance from the style, and inserted into the tube of the calyx. The pistillum is composed of a roundish germen, crowned with the calyx; a single thread-shaped style; and a cylindric stigma. The seed-vessel is either an obtuse oval fruit of the cherry kind, or a globular berry with one cell, containing a roundish seed. The plants of this order are astringent.

17. *Calyxanthemae*, (from *calyx* the flower-cup, and *anthera* the flower); consisting of plants, which, among other characters, have the corolla and stamina inserted in the calyx. This order furnishes trees, shrubs, and annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. The herbaceous annuals are by much the most numerous. The roots are branching and fibrous; the stems and branches cylindric, square, or four-cornered while young. The buds are of a conic form, and without scales. The leaves are generally either alternate, simple, and attached to the branches by a short foot-stalk, or opposite at the bottom of the stem; and, in some, alternate towards the top. They are universally sessile; that is, attached to the branches without any foot-stalk. The calyx is universally a perianthium, and generally monophyllous, or composed of one leaf. The corolla consists of four, five, and six petals, which are attached to the tube of the calyx, and are sometimes placed alternate, sometimes opposite to the divisions of the limb. The stamens, which are in number from 4 to 20 upwards, are attached to the cube of the calyx either on its margin or lower down. When the number of stamens is double the divisions of the calyx, the stamens which stand opposite these divisions are a little longer than the rest. The antherae are generally of a hemispherical figure; frequently cleft or slit below; and by that aperture attached slightly to the filaments, on which they often veer about like a vane or needle. They are surrounded longitudinally, and open on the sides into two loculi or cells. The pollen, or male dust, consists of a number of minute particles, of an oval figure, yellow and transparent. The germen, or seed-bud, is placed either above or under the receptacle of the flower. The style is single, thread-shaped, and of the length of the stamens. The stigma is generally single and undivided. The seed-vessel is a capsule, which is generally divided internally into four loculi or cells. The seeds are numerous, minute, and frequently three-cornered. The plants of this order are reckoned astringent.

18. *Bicornes*, (from *bis* twice, and *cornu* a horn), plants whose antherae have the appearance of two horns. This appearance, however, is not very conspicuous, unless in a few genera. The plants of this order are all of the shrub and tree kind. The roots are branching and fibrous. The stems and branches are cylindric; the buds conic, sometimes covered with scales, and sometimes naked. The leaves are generally alternate. In most plants of this order they are either sessile, or supported by a very short foot-stalk, which is semi-cylindric, and flat above. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite, except in one genus, the Indian date-plum, where hermaphrodite and male flowers are produced in the same species upon distinct roots. They proceed either solitary, or in a corymbus, from the angles formed by the leaves and branches; or hang down in spikes and clusters at the end of the branches; each flower having a small scale or floral leaf placed under it. In most plants of this order the calyx is placed around or below the germen. The calyx is universally a perianthium, and generally monophyllous or of one piece, deeply divided into four or five segments, which are permanent, that is, accompany the germen to its maturity. The segments are often acute, and sometimes coloured. The corolla is generally mono-petalous, and bell or funnel-shaped: the figure, however, is not very constant, even in plants of the same genus. The limb or upper part of the petal, is generally divided into four or five segments, which are sometimes rolled back, sometimes bent inwards. The limb too is sometimes slightly cut, sometimes divided almost to the bottom. The tube, or lower part of the petal, is cylindric, and generally of the same length with the calyx. The number of stamens is from 4 to 20. These are generally erect, and attached to the lower part of the tube of the corolla. The antherae are bifid or forked below, and being slightly attached to the filaments, are frequently inverted in such a manner as to exhibit the appearance of two horns, at top. The germen or seed-bud, is generally roundish, and seated above the receptacle. The style is single, thread-shaped, of the same length with the corolla, and in a few genera permanent. The seed-vessel is either a capsule with five cells, a roundish berry, or an oblong four-cornered nut with two cells.—The plants of this order are astringent.

19. *Hesperideae*, (from the Hesperides, whose orchards are said to have produced golden apples). The plants of this order are of the shrub and tree kind, and mostly evergreen. The bark of the stalks is slender, and comes off in thin plates. The leaves are generally opposite, and covered with small transparent points. In some, the leaves are placed opposite at the bottom of the stalks, and alternate above. The buds are of a conic form, the flowers generally hermaphrodite; they proceed from the wings of the leaves either singly, or in clusters like ivy-berries. The calyx is placed above the seed-bud, and accompanies it to its maturity. The petals are three, four, or five in number, and stand upon the brims of the tube of the calyx. The seed-bud is large, oblong, and placed below the receptacle of the flower. The style is single, awl-shaped, of the length of the stamens, and terminated with a single stigma. The seed-vessel in some genera is a berry furnished with one or three cells; a capsule with four cells, or of the nature of the cherry, containing a stone. The seeds are generally numerous, small and oblong. The leaves and fruits are astringent, the berries esculent.

20. *Rotaceae* (from *rota*, a wheel), consisting of plants with one wheel-shaped petal without a tube. These resemble in quality those of the order of *Preciae*, to which they are in all respects very nearly allied; but very few of them can be said in strict propriety to possess the character specified in the title.

21. *Preciae* (from *precios* early). These consist of primrose, an early flowering plant, and some others which agree with it in habit and structure, though not always in the character or circumstance expressed in the title. These plants, which possess no striking uniform characters, are, in general, innocent in their quality; yet the root of sow-bread is dangerous, if taken internally.

22. *Caryophyllaceae*. All the plants of this order are herbaceous, and mostly annual. Some of the creeping kinds do not rise above an inch, and the tallest exceed not seven or eight feet. The roots are branching, fibrous, and of moderate length. The stems are cylindrical. The branches proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves, and are generally opposite, and as it were jointed at each knot. In some species of cerasium the branches are square. The leaves are generally placed opposite in pairs, so as to resemble a cross; and are slightly united at the bottom by their foot-stalks, which form a sort of glove round the stem. The hairs are simple, like silk. The flowers are hermaphrodite; but some have male and female flowers upon distinct roots. They either stand single on their foot-stalks, and proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves and branches, or are disposed in a spike, corymbus, umbel, or panicle. The calyx is permanent, and composed either of one piece with five indentments, or of four or five distinct leaves. The corolla generally consists of five petals, which have claws of the length of the calyx; and a spreading limb, sometimes entire, but oftener cleft or divided into two. The stamens are in number from 3 to 5, and of moderate length. When their number is double the divisions of the calyx, they are attached alternately to the claws of the petals, those so attached being shorter than the rest; the remaining stamens are inserted into the common receptacle, and stand opposite to the segments of the calyx. In some genera of this order the number of stamens is found to vary, even in the different flowers of the same plant. The anthers are short, hemispherical, marked with four longitudinal furrows, frequently divided or cleft below, most commonly erect; sometimes, however, incumbent, that is, fastened to the filaments by the sides. The pointal is composed of a single seed-bud, which is generally roundish, sometimes cornered. The styles are thread-shaped, of the length of the stamens, and crowned with a simple stigma, which is sleek or smooth externally, and slightly hollowed or vaulted within. The seed-vessel is a dry capsule, of an oval form, of the length of the calyx, and consists of one or three cells. The plants of this order are innocent in their quality; they abound in a watery sort of phlegm, and have bitter seeds. With respect to their virtues, they are reckoned astringent, attenuating, and detergent.

23. Tribilata (from tres three, and hidum an external mark on the seed); consisting of plants with three seeds, which are marked distinctly with an external cicatrix or scar, where they are fastened within to the fruit.

23. Corydaliae (from xepos, a helmet); consisting of plants which have irregular flowers, somewhat resembling a helmet or hood. These plants are mostly herbaceous and perennial. The roots are tuberous or knobby. The stems are generally branching. The leaves are alternate, sometimes simple, but most commonly winged. The footstalk of the leaves is strict or narrow, except in epimedium, where it is large, and has a membranous edge or border. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite. They proceed either singly from the wings and angles of the leaves, or are collected in clusters at the end of the branches. The calyx consists of two, four, five, or six leaves, which are frequently coloured, and commonly fall off immediately before, or very soon after, the expansion of the petals. The corolla is generally irregular; of one, or many pieces; gaping; and furnished with a nectarium, which is very different in the different genera. The stamens are in number from two to six, and of a proportionate length, except in honey-flower, which has two shorter than the rest. The filaments are distinct, except in two genera, fumitory and monniera, which have two sets of strings or filaments united in a cylinder. The antherae are universally distinct, except in impatiens, where they are formed into a cylinder divided at the base. The seed-bud is generally roundish, but sometimes angular or cornered. The style is commonly single, extremely short, slender, or thread shaped, and crowned with a simple stigma. The seed-vessel is either a hollow blown-up berry, a capsule of one cell, a longish, or a roundish pod. The seeds are generally numerous and round.

25. Putaminaceae (from putamen, a shell): consisting of a few genera of plants allied in habit, whose fleshy seed-vessel or fruit is frequently covered with a hard woody shell. Most of these plants are acid and penetrating; and yield, by burning, a great quantity of fixed alkali. With respect to their virtues, they are powerful aperients. The Indians pretend that the fruit of a species of caper-bush, which they call badneca, extinguishes the flames of love.

26. Multisiliquae (from multus many, and siliqua a pod); consisting of plants which have more seed-vessels than one. From the etymology of the term, one would naturally imagine that the seed-vessels in question were of that kind called by Linnaeus siliqua, or pod; but the fact is, that not a single plant of this order bears pods; the greater part having many dry capsules, and the remainder being furnished properly with no seed-vessel, but bearing numerous distinct seeds. Plants of this order are mostly perennial herbs: the stems of some are erect; others creep upon the ground, and produce roots near the origin of each leaf; lastly, others climb, and attach themselves to the bodies in their neighbourhood, either by the footstalk of the leaves, or by tendrils and claspers which terminate the footstalk. The greatest height of those which rise erect, seldom exceeds eight feet. Those which climb rarely exceed 15 or 20 feet. The roots are generally fleshy. In some they are hand-shaped; in others finger-shaped, or cylindric. In some species of heliobore and ranunculus they are divided into spherical knobs. Lastly, in some plants of this order, the roots are fibrous. The stems and young branches are cylindric. The leaves which are of different forms, being sometimes simple and entire, sometimes hand-shaped or winged, are generally alternate. The footstalk, which is sometimes cylindric, sometimes angular, is membranous, and very large at its origin, surrounding a great part of the stem from which it proceeds. The flowers are hermaphrodite. They proceed either singly from the wings of the leaves or termination of the branches, or terminate the branches in a spike, panicle, or head. The calyx in some is wanting; in others it is generally composed of five pieces, which fall off with the petals. The petals are in number from 4 to 15; generally equal, and sometimes disposed in two or three series; five is the prevailing number. The stamens are in number from 5 to 300, distinct, and attached generally in several rows or series to the receptacle. The seed-buds are generally numerous; the style is frequently wanting. from the seed-vessel is wanting; in others it is composed of several dry capsules, each containing a single cell. The seeds are numerous, and frequently angular. Most of these plants are acid, and many of them poisonous. In general, plants that have a great number of stamens are noxious in their quality. When burnt, these plants furnish a fixed alkali; by distillation there is drawn from them a kind of nitrous and aluminous substance. With respect to their virtues, they are caustic and purgative.

27. Rhaedaceae, consisting of poppy, and a few genera which resemble it in habit and structure. These plants, upon being cut, emit plentifully a juice, which is white in poppy, and yellow in the others. With respect to their virtues, they seem to operate principally upon the nerves. Their juice is soporific and narcotic, their seeds less so, their roots aperient. Applied externally they are slightly corrosive.

28. Luridae, consisting of plants whose pale and ominous appearance seems to indicate something baleful and noxious in their natural quality. Most of these plants are herbaceous and perennial. Many of them are of the masked tribe of flowers; others resemble these in their general appearance, but differ from them essentially in the equality of their stamens. The roots are generally branched, sometimes tuberous. The stems and branches are cylindric. The leaves are generally simple, and placed alternate. The flowers are hermaphrodite. They proceed either singly or in clusters from the angle formed by the leaves and branches. In some species of lycium, they terminate the branches. The calyx is generally of one piece, deeply divided into five parts. The corolla consists of one petal, which is either bell, funnel, or wheel-shaped. The stamens are four or five in number; and those either of equal lengths, as in the greater, or unequal. The seed-bud is placed above the receptacle of the flower. The style is single; and is terminated by a summit which is hemispherical, and frequently channelled or furrowed. The seed-vessel, in such as have equal stamens, is a berry; in the rest, it is generally a capsule. The seeds are numerous, and frequently kidney-shaped.—These plants in general are poisonous. They have an insipid taste, and a nauseous disagreeable smell.

29. Campanaceae (from campana, a bell); plants with bell-shaped flowers. The plants of this order are herbaceous and perennial. The roots are either spindle-shaped, or branching and fibrous. The stems are round. The branches are generally alternate. The leaves are simple alternate, and commonly attached to the branches by a semi-cylindric footstalk, which is furrowed above. The indentsments are terminated by a small white tubercle or knob, which renders them conspicuous. The flowers are hermaphrodite; and proceed either solitary from the wings of the leaves, or are collected into a spike and head at the end of the flower-stalk. The calyx is universally a perianthium situated upon or round the germen, and generally composed of one leaf deeply divided into five segments. The corolla is monopetalous, and of the bell, funnel, or wheel shape. The tube, in flowers of the bell and wheel shape, is very short; in those of the funnel shape, very long. In Greek valerian, the tube is shut with five valves, which are placed on its apex or top. The limb or upper part of the corolla is deeply divided into five segments, which spread, and are alternate with the divisions of the calyx. The corolla is generally permanent. The stamens are five in number, attached to the base of the tube of the corolla, alternate with its divisions, and opposite to those of the calyx. The filaments are distinct; very large at their origin; and frequently approach so as to form a sort of vault, which covers the summit of the germen. They are slender and awl-shaped above. The anthers are very long; oval; marked with four longitudinal furrows, either distinct, or united in a cylinder. The pollen is composed of very small, spherical, white, shining, and transparent particles. The germen is roundish, and situated either wholly or in part under the flower. The style is generally single, and of the length of the stamens or corolla. The stigma is commonly single, but deeply divided. The seed-vessel is a roundish capsule, generally divided into three cells, and furnished externally with the same number of valves. The seeds are small, numerous, attached to a receptacle in the centre of the fruit, generally rounded, and sometimes cornered.—This order furnishes many excellent medicines. The plants abound with a white milky juice, which, upon the stalk being cut, flows out in great quantities.

30. Contortae, (from con together, and torqueo to twist); consisting of plants which have a single petal that is twisted or bent towards one side. This order furnishes trees, shrubs, and fat succulent plants, some of which retain their leaves during the winter. The herbaceous vegetables in this order are generally perennial. The roots are sometimes branching, but commonly fleshy, succulent, and garnished with fibres or strings like those of turnip. The stems are round, and in some genera pulpy and succulent. The branches are sometimes placed alternate, and sometimes opposite. The buds are of a conic form, and naked or without scales. The leaves are sometimes alternate, sometimes placed opposite in pairs, and not seldom surround the stem in whorls. They are attached to the branches by a cylindrical footstalk, which is short, and frequently united to the footstalk of the opposite leaf. The defensive and offensive weapons in this order are a downy sort of pubescence, and simple or forked prickles, which, in some genera, issue from the wings of the leaves. The flowers are hermaphrodite; and stand either singly upon their footstalks, or are collected into umbels and clusters. These bunches or collections of flowers sometimes terminate the branches, sometimes proceed from the angles of the branches, and sometimes stand at the side of the wings without issuing from them. The flower-cup is composed of one leaf divided almost to the base in five unequal segments, which embrace each other, and are permanent, or accompany the seed-bud to its maturity. The corolla consists of one petal, which in the different genera is bell, salver, funnel, or wheel-shaped. The limb, or upper spreading part of the petal, is generally divided into five equal parts, which are slightly bent or twisted to the left, and embrace or enfold each other like the petals of the mallow tribe. The tube is generally long and cylindrical; sometimes club-shaped, and often wanting. In several flowers of this order the petal is accompanied with that species of superfluous termed a nectarium. In the different genera, however, it assumes very different appearances. The stamens are five in number, short, equal, equal, attached at the same height to the tube of the petal, alternate with its divisions, and opposite to those of the calyx. The anthers are generally erect, and frequently approach so as to form a compact body in the middle of the flower. The seed-bud is either single or double. In some the style is wanting. The stigma is frequently double. The seed-vessel in some genera is a pulpy fruit, of the berry and cherry kind; but most frequently that species termed by Linnaeus *conceputaculum*, and *folliculus*, which has one valve or external enclosure, opens lengthways on one side, and has not the seeds fastened to it. Two of these dry fruits, with a single cell, compose the seed-vessel of most plants of this order. The seeds are generally numerous, and in several genera crowned with a long pappus or downy wing like that of the compound flowers, by means of which they easily disperse and sow themselves.

The plants of this order being cut, emit a juice which is generally milky, and sometimes of a greenish white. From the circumstance of their abounding in this milky juice, the greater part are deemed poisonous; repeated observations having established this aphorism, That milky plants, except those of the plain compound flowers, are generally of a baneful destructive nature, and ought at least to be administered with caution. With respect to their sensible qualities, they are bitter; particularly the seed, roots, and bark, in which resides their principal virtue.

31. *Veprecular*, (from *vepres*, a briar or bramble), consisting of plants resembling the daphne, dirca, goidia, &c., but which, however, do not constitute a true natural assemblage.

32. *Papilionaceae*, plants that have papilionaceous flowers, i.e. somewhat resembling a butterfly in shape; of which number are all the leguminous plants. The plants of this order are of very different duration; some of them being herbaceous, and those either annual or perennial; others woody vegetables of the shrub and tree kind, a few of which rise to the height of 70 feet and upwards. The herbaceous plants of this order generally climb; for, being weak, and as it were helpless of themselves, they are provided by nature with tendrils, and even sharp-pointed hooks, at their extremities, to fasten upon the neighbouring trees or rocks; or the stalks are endowed with a faculty of twisting themselves, for the purpose of support, around the bodies in their neighbourhood. The pea, vetch, and kidney-bean, afford familiar examples of this appearance. The shrubs and trees of this order are mostly armed with strong spines. The roots are very long, and furnished with fibres; but some genera have fleshy knobs or tubercles placed at proper intervals along the fibres. The stems are cylindric, as likewise the young branches, which are placed alternately; those which climb, twist themselves from right to left, in a direction opposite to the apparent motion of the sun. The bark of the large trees is extremely thick and wrinkled, so as to resemble a net with long meshes; the wood is very hard in the middle, and commonly coloured or veined. The buds are hemispherical, without scales, and proceed from the branches horizontally a little above the angle which they form with the leaves. The leaves are alternate, and of different forms, being either simple, finger-shaped, or winged. This last form is very common; the lobes or lesser leaves are entire, and sometimes placed in pairs, but most commonly the winged leaf is terminated by an odd lobe. The winged or pinnated leaves of this order have a daily or periodical motion, depending upon the progress of the sun in his diurnal course. The common footstalk of the winged and compound leaves is marked on the upper surface with a cavity or furrow which runs through its whole length. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and proceed either from the wings of the leaves, or from the extremity of the branches. The calyx is a perianthium of one leaf, bell-shaped, bunching out at the bottom, and cut on its rim or margin into five irregular divisions or teeth; the lowestmost of which, being the odd one, is longer than the rest; the other four stand in pairs, of which the uppermost is shortest, and stands farthest asunder. The bottom of the calyx is moistened with a sweet liquor like honey, so may be deemed the nectarium of these plants. The petals are four or five in number, very irregular, and from their figure and position bear an obvious resemblance to a butterfly expanding its wings for flight. These petals have been characterized by distinct names; the upper one, which is commonly the largest, is termed the standard, (*vesillum*); the two side petals, the wings, (*ala*); and the lowermost, which is generally united at top, and divided at bottom, the keel, (*carinu*). The stamens are generally ten; these are either totally distinct, or united by the filaments into one or two bundles involving the seed-bud. In the latter case, where there are two sets of united filaments, one of the sets is composed of nine stamens, which are united into a crooked cylinder, that is cleft on one side through its whole length; along this cleft lies the tenth filament or stamen, which constitutes the second set, and is often so closely attached to the second bundle, that it cannot be separated without some difficulty. The anthers are small, round, marked with four longitudinal furrows, and slightly attached to the filaments. In lupine, the anthers are alternately round and oblong. The seed-bud is single, placed upon the receptacle of the flower, oblong, cylindrical, slightly compressed, of the length of the cylinder of the united stamens by which it is involved, and sometimes elevated by a slender footstalk which issues from the centre of the calyx. The style is single, slender, and generally crooked or bent. The stigma is commonly covered with a beautiful down, and placed immediately under the anther. The seed-vessel is that sort of pod termed a *legumen*, which is of an oblong figure, more or less compressed, with two valves, and one, two, or more cavities. These cavities are often separated, when ripe, by a sort of joints. The seeds are generally few in number, round, smooth, and fleshy. Jointed pods have generally a single seed in each articulation. The seeds are all fastened along one suture, and not alternately to both, as in the other species of pod termed *silique*.—The plants of this family are, in general, mucilaginous. From the inner bark of most of them flows, either naturally or by incision, a clammy liquor, which dries and hardens like gum; the juice of others is sweet like sugar; some taste bitter, and are purgative, emetic, or even mortal. A species of eastern astragalus, with goats-rue leaves, is said to be remarkably caustic, and to burn the tongue excessively when chewed. In general, however, these plants are soft and clammy. With respect to their virtues, the plants of this order are highly emollient; some of them are vulnerary and astringent; and the root of anemis, or rest-harrow, is diuretic.

33. Lomentaceae, (from lomentum, a colour used by painters.) Many of these plants furnish beautiful tinctures, and some of them are much used in dyeing. They very much resemble the last order, differing only in the following particulars. 1. In all plants of this order, except milk-wort, the stamens are distinct. The flower is not shaped like a butterfly, but is less irregular, and frequently consists but of one petal. The leaves are sometimes simple, but most commonly winged. The seeds are commonly marked with a circular furrow on both sides. Like those of the leguminous tribe, the plants of this order are generally mucilaginous. From the inner bark of the greater number exudes, either naturally or by incision, a mucilaginous liquor, which sometimes dries upon the plant, and becomes a gummy substance.

34. Cucurbitaceae, (from cucurbita, a gourd); consisting of plants which resemble the gourd in external figure, habit, virtues, and sensible qualities.—The plants of this order, which generally climb, and have long diffused branches, are mostly herbaceous and perennial. The roots in the perennial plants of this order are shaped like those of the turnip; in the annuals they are branching and fibrous. The stems are cylindric and succulent. The young branches have generally five corners. In some species of passion-flower they are square. The leaves are alternate, angular, and sometimes hand-shaped. They are attached to the branches by a footstalk, which is pretty long and cylindrical, without any furrow. From the wing or angle of each of the upper leaves proceeds a tendril, which is either simple or branching, and twists itself spirally round the different bodies in its neighbourhood, for the purpose of supporting and training of the branches. The lower leaves have no tendril. The flowers are either hermaphrodite or male and female. In this last, the male flowers are generally separated from the female upon the same root; and that either in the same wing or angle of the leaves, or in different angles. The flower-cup, in the female flowers, is placed upon the seed-bud; and generally consists of one bell-shaped leaf, that is deeply divided into five unequal segments, and unlike the other plants which have the calyx seated upon the fruit, falls off with the petals and the other parts of the flower. The corolla consists of one petal, with five equal divisions, which adhere to the tube of the calyx, as if glued to it. A species of passion-flower, termed by Linnaeus passiflora suberosa, wants the petals. The stamens are in number from one to five, short, and generally inserted into the calyx. The filaments are distinct; the anthers of many genera are united in a cylinder. In the passion-flower they are slightly attached to the filaments, on which they turn like a vane or the needle of a compass. The seed-bud is single, and placed below the receptacle of the flower. The style is generally single, cylindrical, of the length of the calyx, and crowned with a triple stigma. The seed-vessel is generally pulpy, of the apple or berry kind, and consists of one, two, or three cells. The seeds are numerous, generally flat or compressed, and sometimes covered with that kind of proper coat called by Linnaeus arillus.—The fruit of these plants is generally purgative and refreshing; that of some of them proves a very violent emetic when used too freely.

35. Senticoseae (from sentis, a briar or bramble); consisting of the rose, bramble, and other plants which resemble them in port and external structure. These plants are so nearly allied in form, habit, and structure, to those of the natural order Pomaceae, that they ought never to have been separated from it. The leaves have a styptic taste; the fruits are acid and cooling. With respect to their virtues, the leaves are vulnerary and astringent, the roots are diuretic. The acid fruits, as strawberry and raspberry, are used with success in putrid and bilious fevers, as likewise in contagious and epidemic dysenteries, which prevail in summer and autumn, and are occasioned by a sudden transition from a hot to a cold air, or by the acrid humour which flows into the intestines.

36. Pomaceae, (from pomum an apple); consisting of those which have a pulpy esculent fruit, of the apple, berry, or cherry kind. The plants of this order, which furnish many of our most esteemed fruits, are mostly of the shrub and tree kind. The roots are branched, fibrous, and in the greater part very long. The stems and branches are cylindric. These last are placed alternate; and, when young, are, in some genera, angular. The bark is thick and wrinkled. The buds are of a conic form, placed in the angles of the leaves, and covered with scales which lie over each other like tiles. The leaves, which differ in form, being in some genera simple, in others winged, are, in the greater number, placed alternate. The footstalks of the leaves is furrowed above, and frequently accompanied by a number of knobs like glands. Most of these plants are furnished with two stipules at the origin of the young footstalks of the leaves. These, in some genera, are pretty large; in others, they are so small as scarce to be perceived; and in cocoa-plum, in particular, they by their minuteness resemble hairs. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite, except in spiraea aruncus, in which male and female flowers are produced on distinct parts. In the greater number of genera they are produced in clusters or heads at the end of the branches. The calyx is of one piece, with five segments or divisions, which are permanent, and placed above the seed-bud in some; in the rest, they either fall off with the flower, or wither upon the stalk. The petals are five in number, and are inserted into the tube of the calyx. The stamens are generally 20 and upwards, and attached like the petals to the margin of the tube of the calyx. The anthers are short, and slightly attached to the filaments. The seed-bud is single; and in those genera which have the calyx permanent, it is placed below the receptacle of the flower. The seed-vessel is a pulpy fruit of the apple, berry, or cherry kind. Those of the apple kind are divided internally into a number of cavities or cells. The seeds are numerous.—The pulpy fruits of this order are acid, esculent, and of great efficacy in putrid and bilious fevers.

37. Columbineae, (from columna a pillar, and fero to bear); consisting of plants whose stamens and pistil have the appearance of a column or pillar in the centre of the flower. This order furnishes a choice collection of herbs both annual and perennial, shrubs and trees. These are very different in size and height, from the creeping creeping mallows, and low shrubby tea-tree, to the stately limes, and the more lofty silk-cotton trees, which by some modern writers are affirmed to be so large as not to be fathomed by 16 men, and so tall that an arrow cannot reach their top. The shrubs and trees of this order are deciduous, pretty thick, of a beautiful appearance, with an erect stem, which is formed by its branches and foliage into a round head. The roots are extremely long, branch but little, and either run perpendicularly downwards, or extend themselves horizontally below the surface. The stems are cylindric. The young branches, though commonly of the same figure, are sometimes angular. The bark is thick and plant. The wood, in general, is very soft and light. The buds are of a conic form, naked, or without scales; and situated either at the extremity of the branches, or in the angle formed by the branch and leaf. The leaves are alternate, simple, divided into several lobes, and frequently hand or finger-shaped. The ribs or nerves on the back of the leaf, in some genera of this order, are provided near their origin with a number of hollow furrows or glands, which, being filled with a clammy honey-like liquor, have been considered as so many vessels of secretion. The foot-stalk of the leaves is cylindric, swelled at its origin, and appears jointed at its junction with the branch. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite, except in higgeleria and a species of Virginia marshmallow, called by Linnæus nopea dioica; the former of which bears male and female, the latter male and hermaphrodite, flowers on different roots. In many plants of this order, the flowers generally open about nine in the morning, and remain expanded till one in the afternoon. The flowers either terminate the branches, proceed from the angles of the leaves, or are disposed either singly, or in a corymbus, along the branches or stem. In most of these genera the calyx is single, but in others frequently double. In these last the inner calyx is always of one piece, generally divided into five segments; the outer consists either of one leaf, of three distinct leaves, or of many. The calyx, when single, is sometimes composed of one leaf which is permanent, or of several distinct leaves, which are generally coloured, and fall off with the petals. In plants that have a double calyx, both flower-caps are generally permanent. The petals in this order are from four to nine; five is the prevailing number. The stamens, which are in number from 5 to 20 and upwards, are generally inserted into the common receptacle of the calyx, or into the pistillum or seed-bud. The filaments are either distinct, or united in a cylinder, which, proceeding from the receptacle of the calyx, surrounds the seed-bud, and attaches itself to the base of the petals, with which it slightly unites. The antheric are frequently roundish, and placed erect on the filament; most commonly, however, they are oblong or kidney-shaped, and slightly attached by the middle, or sides, to the filaments, on which they turn like a vane or needle. This last is, particularly, the characteristic of all the mallow tribe. The seed-bud is generally roundish or conic; and sometimes, as in the tea-tree, angular. The seed-vessel is generally a capsule; sometimes a pulpy fruit of the berry or cherry kind. In some it is a woody or membranous capsule, divided into as many cells internally as there were partitions in the seed-bud. The seeds are generally solitary, sometimes angular, and sometimes kidney-shaped.—These plants are mucilaginous and lubricating.

48. Tricoccce (from τρεις, three, and κόκκος, a grain); consisting of plants with a single three-cornered capsule, having three cells or internal divisions, each containing a single seed. The single seed-vessel of these plants is of a singular form, and resembles three capsules, which adhere to one common footstalk as a centre, but are divided externally into three pretty deep partitions. This family is not completely natural. It must be observed, however, that the character expressed in the title is a striking one; and that though the plants which possess it are not connected by such numerous relations as to form a true natural assemblage, yet they are by that circumstance distinguished from all other plants with as great, nay greater facility, than by any artificial character yet known. But all the genera of this order have not the striking character just mentioned.

39. Siliqueae, (from siliqua a pod); consisting of plants which have a pod for their seed-vessel. This order chiefly furnishes biennial and perennial herbs of an irregular figure. The roots are long, branched, crooked, and fibrous. In some they are succulent and fleshy, in others jointed. The stems and young branches are cylindric. The leaves, which differ in point of form, being sometimes simple, sometimes winged, are generally placed alternate. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and in the greater number disposed in a spike at the extremity of the branches. The flower-cup is composed of four leaves, which are oblong, hollow, blunt, bunched at the base, and fall with the flower. These leaves are sometimes erect, and sometimes spread horizontally. The petals, which are four in number, spread at top, and are disposed like a cross: the claws or lower part of the petals are erect, flat, awl-shaped, and somewhat longer than the calyx. The upper part widens outwards. The stamens are six in number; two of which are of the length of the calyx, and the remaining four somewhat longer, but shorter than the petals. The antheric are of an oblong figure, pointed, thicker at the base, and erect. Betwixt the stamens, in plants of this order, are generally lodged one, two, or four, round greenish knots, which in some genera are so small as to elude the sight. These glands, called by Linnæus glandulae nectariferæ, and used very improperly by that author as an essential character in discriminating the genera, seem to be prominences of the receptacle of the flower, occasioned by the stamens being deeply lodged in its substance. The seed-bud is single, and stands upon the receptacle of the flower. The style, which is either cylindric or flat like a scale, is of the length of the four longer stamens in some genera; in others it is very short, or even wanting. It accompanies the seed-bud to its maturity. The stigma is blunt, and sometimes deeply divided into two parts. The seed-vessel is either a long pod or a short and round one. Either sort has two valves, or external openings, and in a great many genera the same number of internal cavities or cells, the partition of which projects at the top beyond the valves. The seeds are roundish, small, and attached alternately by a slender thread to both sutures or joinings of the valves. These plants have a watery, sharp, lixivial taste; and are charged with a fixed alkaline salt, salt, which is drawn from them by burning, and being distilled without any addition produces a volatile alkali. Most of them have a stinking smell. With respect to their virtues, they are diuretic, attenuating, detergent, and antiscorbutic. These qualities, however, are most eminently possessed by the live plants; when dried, they either entirely disappear, or are greatly diminished. Applied externally, these plants are useful in diseases of the skin, as the itch, leprosy, &c.

40. Personatae (from persona, a masque); consisting of a number of plants whose flowers are furnished with an irregular, gaping, or grinning petal, in figure somewhat resembling the snout of an animal. This order furnishes both herbaceous and woody vegetables of the shrub and tree kind. The roots are generally fibrous and branched. The stems and branches are cylindric when young, except in some species of figwort, in which they are square. The leaves are simple, generally placed opposite in pairs at the bottom of the branches, but in many genera stand alternate towards the top. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite; they proceed either singly or in clusters from the wings of the leaves, or terminate the branches in a spike, panicle, or head. The calyx is of one leaf, which is cut into two, three, four, or five segments, or divisions, that are permanent. The corolla is composed of one irregular petal, with two lips, resembling, as was already observed, the head or snout of an animal. In some plants the stamens are two or four in number, and of an equal length; in others they are universally four in number, two of which are long and two short. The seed-bud is single, and placed above the receptacle of the flower. The calyx is single; thread-shaped; bent in the direction of the stamens; and crowned with a stigma, which is generally blunt, and sometimes divided into two. The seed-vessel is a capsule, generally divided internally into two cavities or cells, and externally into the same number of valves or enclosures. The seeds are numerous, and affixed to a receptacle in the middle of the capsule.—These plants possess nearly the same qualities with the lip flowers, though in a less degree. With respect to their virtues, many of them are aperient, anodyne, purgative, and even emetic. The internal use of many of them is extremely pernicious; applied externally, they are anodyne, and powerful resolvents.

41. Asperifoliæ, rough-leaved plants. The greatest part of these are herbaceous and perennial. The roots are branching and fibrous; the stems and branches rounded; the buds of a conic form, naked or without scales. The leaves are simple, alternate, commonly very rough to the touch, and in most of the herbaceous plants sessile, or attached to the stem and branches without any footstalk. In the few trees, however, of this order, the leaves have a footstalk, the lower part of which, after the fall of the leaves, remains like a spine or thorn. The hairs are simple, and generally very rough to the touch. The flowers are in some genera solitary; but commonly collected in a spike or corymbus. They do not proceed from the angle formed by the stem or branch with the leaf, as in many plants; but from the side of the leaf, or from that part of the stem which is opposite to the leaf. They are almost universally hermaphrodite: in a few species of cordia, male and female flowers are produced upon different roots. The calyx is composed of one leaf, which is divided into from three to ten equal or unequal parts. Those with four naked seeds have the calyx deeply divided into five parts which are permanent. The corolla is monopetalous, or composed of one petal, which in different plants is bell, funnel, salver, and wheel shaped. The divisions of the limb or upper part of the petal are generally five, alternate with those of the calyx; equal and regular, except in echium. The stamens are five in number, alternate with the divisions of the corolla. They are equal, attached to the tube of the corolla, a little above its origin, and of the same height. The anthers are in some genera connivent; that is, approach and form a compact body above the filaments. The pistillum is generally composed of a slender style of the same length with the stamens, and crowned with a simple stigma. It proceeds from a germen or seed-bud, which in some plants is divided, but generally split into four. The seeds are generally four in number, and lodged in the bottom of the calyx. Most of the rough-leaved plants are used in medicine: the flowers are esteemed cordial; the leaves and roots vulnerary and astringent; and the hard bony seeds are reckoned powerful promoters of urine. Externally, these plants are used for burnings and poisonous bites; they extirpate warts, and relieve disorders of the loins.

42. Verticillatae, consisting of herbaceous vegetables, having four naked seeds, and the flowers placed in whorls round the stalk. The roots are branched and fibrous. The stems are round when old, but square when young; as are likewise the young branches, which stand opposite. The leaves are opposite, and in the greater number covered with transparent points. Those which are placed next the flower generally differ from the stem leaves. In the greater number of plants of this kind, the leaves are supported upon a long cylindrical footstalk that is furrowed above. The flowers are universally hermaphrodite, except in a species of thyme mentioned by Mr Adanson, which appears to have male or barren flowers on one root, and female or fertile flowers on the other. They are disposed round the stem in whorls or small heads with short footstalks. The calyx is of one piece, that is generally cut into five unequal divisions, whose disposition sometimes represents two lips; the uppermost of which has commonly a less number of divisions: it accompanies the seeds, which it nourishes in its bosom, to their maturity. The petal is of the gaping or lip kind, and in the different genera is more or less irregular or unequal, either in its tube, or in the divisions of the lips; the number of which varies from two to five. These divisions frequently form two lips; of which the uppermost, termed the crest and the helmet, is sometimes entire, sometimes more or less deeply cut into two; the lowermost, termed the beard, generally into three. The stamens are two or four in number. In the greater part there are four stamens of unequal length, two of them being long and two short. These four unequal stamens are frequently dissimilar, and approach by pairs: they are inclined towards the back of the petal, and parallel; the two innermost being shortest, and attached somewhat lower than the two others to the tube of the flower. The seed-bud which consists of four distinct ovaries, is placed upon the seat of the flower, and ele- vates from their centre a common style, which is slender, bent in the same manner as the filaments, which it somewhat exceeds in length, and terminated by a double stigma or summit, the divisions of which are unequal, and turned backwards. The seed-vessel in this order is wanting. The seeds are four in number, and lodged in the bottom of the calyx as in a matrix or seed-vessel. Each seed has two covers; the one external, of a cartilaginous or leathery substance; the other internal, membranaceous, of a very fine texture, and placed immediately above the radicle or embryo plant. The plants of this order are fragrant, warm, penetrating, and accounted cordial and cephalic. Their chief virtue resides in the leaves.

43. Dumosae, (from dumus, a bush); consisting of a number of shrubby plants, which are thick set with irregular branches, and bushy. The plants of this order are all of the shrub and tree kind, thick and bushy, rising from 6 to 25, 30, and even 40 feet high. Many of them too, as bastard alaternus, holly, iron wood, New Jersey tea, star apple, viburnum, winter berry, and some others, retain their beautiful leaves during the whole year. The roots are branched and fibrous. The stems are cylindric; the young branches sometimes angular. The buds are naked, that is, without scales, in the evergreen shrubs of this order; covered with scales in most of the others. The leaves, which in some genera are simple, in others compound, are placed alternate in some, and opposite in others. The flowers are mostly hermaphrodite. They proceed from the wings of the leaves either singly or in clusters; or they terminate the stem in that sort of flowering head called a corymbus. The calyx is generally very small, placed below or around the seed-bud; and consists of one leaf, with four, five, or six divisions, which are permanent. The rhamnus has no calyx. The petals are in number from one to five. The stamens are either four, five, six, or ten. The seed-bud is generally roundish, and placed within the flower. The style is commonly single, and sometimes wanting. The stigma is either single or triple. The seed-vessel is generally a berry, sometimes a dry capsule; the seeds are generally single and egg-shaped. The berries, bark, and flowers of many of these plants are purgative, and act particularly on the lymph and bile.

44. Scopariae, (from sepse, a hedge); consisting of a beautiful collection of woody plants, some of which, from their size, elegance, and other circumstances, are very proper furniture for hedges. This order furnishes woody plants both of the shrub and tree kind, most of which do not drop their leaves till nearly the time when the new leaves begin to appear.

45. Umbellatae, (from umbella, an umbel); consisting of plants whose flowers grow in umbels, with five petals that are often unequal, and two naked seeds, that are jointed at top and separated below. These plants are herbaceous, and chiefly perennial. The roots are either tuberous or spindle-shaped, and sometimes forked. The stems are cylindric, full of pith, and frequently hollow. The branches are alternate. The leaves, which like the branches are put on alternately, are very different in point of form; being simple and entire in some; target-shaped, in a species of navel-wort; finger or hand-shaped, in some others; and winged or pinnated with numerous minute divisions, as in the greater number. They are supported by a footstalk, which is very broad and membranous at its origin, and commonly embraces the whole contour of the stem and branches. The flowers are in general hermaphrodite. There are, however, some that have male or barren flowers in the same umbel. This is particularly the case with those umbelliferous plants which have the petals in the flowers of the circumference large and unequal. In these plants the flowers in the circumference only prove fertile; those in the centre, or disk, proving abortive. Oenanthe and imperatoria, on the contrary, have the flowers in the circumference abortive. In ginseng, hermaphrodite and male flowers are produced upon distinct plants. The flowers are disposed in an umbel, which is either simple or compound. The common calyx in this order is that sort termed very improperly by Linnæus involucrum, or the flower-cover; which in the greater number consists of one or more leaves placed under the partial or universal umbel, or both, for the purpose of support. The presence or absence of one or both of these covers affords excellent marks in discriminating the genera of this very similar order of plants. The proper calyx of each flower, in the aggregate, consists of five minute indentments placed upon the seed-bud, which it envelopes, and accompanies to its maturity. The petals are five in number, and disposed upon the sides of the flower-cup in form of a rose. In the florets of the centre, the petals are generally pretty equal and small; in those of the circumference, they are frequently unequal and larger; in the greater number, they are heart-shaped, and cut almost to the middle in two. The stamens are five in number, placed opposite to the divisions of the flower-cup, and alternate with the petals. The seed-bud is universally placed under the seat of the flower, and supports two styles which are turned backwards, and crowned with simple summits which do not differ in appearance from the styles. The seed-vessel in this order is wanting. The seeds are two in number, which, when ripe, separate below, but remain closely attached at top. The plants of this order, which grow in dry places, are sudorific, stomachic, and warming. Their virtue resides chiefly in the seeds and leaves. Those which grow in marshy places are generally poisonous; but, notwithstanding the extremely warm and even caustic quality of most of these plants, many of them are employed in the kitchen, and in the economy of domestic affairs.

46. Hederaeae, (from hedera, ivy); consisting of ivy and a few other genera that seem nearly allied to it. This order furnishes both herbaceous and shrubby plants; most of which, particularly ivy and vine, have creeping branches, which attach themselves by roots or tendrils to the bodies in their neighbourhood. The roots are long, with few branches. The stems and young branches are cylindric. In some species of vine they are square. The leaves are alternate; sometimes simple, sometimes winged, in which the surface of the leaves is covered with points. The footstalk of the leaves is cylindrical, and without any furrow. The buds are of a conic form, and without any scales. The flowers are either hermaphrodite, male and female upon different roots, or hermaphrodite and male upon different roots. In some they terminate the branches in an umbel; in others they proceed in clusters from the side. side opposite to the leaves; and in some, they are produced along the branches. The calyx consists of one leaf divided in five parts, which are small and generally permanent. The stamens are in number five; awl-shaped, erect, and generally of the length of the petals. Cissus has only four stamens, which are inserted into the nectarium, a sort of border surrounding the seed-bud. The anthers are roundish, and sometimes, as in ivy, attached to the filaments by the sides. The seed-bud is sometimes round, sometimes shaped like a top or pear, and ends in one, two, or five awl-shaped styles, which are crowned with a simple stigma. The flowers of the vine have no style. The seed-vessel is of the berry kind, with one, two, or five styles. The seeds are from one to five in number; placed either in distinct cells, or dispersed through the pulp without any partition.

47. *Stellata*, (from *stella*, a star); consisting of plants with two naked seeds, and leaves disposed round the stem in form of a radiant star. This order contains herbs, shrubs, and trees. The herbs, which are most numerous, are chiefly annual, and creep along the surface of the ground. The shrubs and trees are mostly evergreens, which rise erect, and are of an agreeable conic form.—These plants are opening; some of their seeds, particularly those of coffee, are bitter and cordial; some of them are used in dyeing, and others in medicine.

48. *Aggregata*, (from *aggregare*, to assemble or collect); comprehending those plants which have aggregate flowers, consisting of a number of florets or small flowers, each of which has a proper and common calyx.

49. *Compositae*, consisting of plants with compound flowers. In this order Linnaeus has constructed his first or primary divisions from the different sexes of the florets, which he terms *polygamy*; the subaltern divisions are constructed from the figure of the petals, the disposition of the flowers, the pappus or crown of the seed, the common receptacle, and other circumstances which characterize the subaltern divisions in other authors.

50. *Amentaceae* (from *amentum* a catkin), plants bearing catkins; as salix, populus, plantanus, &c.

51. *Coniferae*, (from *conus* a cone, and *fero* to bear); consisting of plants whose female flowers, placed at a distance from the male, either on the same or distinct roots, are formed into a cone. In this character, the only one expressed in the title, the plants in question seem to be nearly allied to the family of mosses: from which, however, they are easily distinguished by their habit, as well as by the structure of the small flowers, in which the stamens are united below into a cylinder, and distinct at top. The plants of this order are mostly of the shrub and tree kind, and retain their leaves all the year. The form of these plants is generally conic, and extremely beautiful, from the disposition of the branches, which cover the stems even to the roots, extending themselves horizontally and circularly like so many rays. The height of some genera of this order does not exceed half a foot, that of others approaches to a hundred. The roots are short, branching, not very fibrous, and extend horizontally. The stems and branches are cylindric. The bark is thin, and split into slender scales. The wood, except that of the yew tree, possesses little hardness. The buds are of a conic form, and naked, or without scales. The leaves are entire, small, and thick, frequently triangular, and generally pointed. Juniper has a prickly and thorny leaf. With respect to situation, they admit of great variety, being either alternate, opposite, placed in whorls round the stem, or collected into small bundles which proceed from a single point. They are placed on the branches without any sensible footstalk. The flowers in this order are universally male and female. In some genera, the male flowers are collected into a spike or cone at the end of the branches; in others, they proceed singly from the wings of the leaves, or termination of the branches. The female flowers are generally collected into a cone; but in yew tree and shrubby horse-tail they are single, and terminate the branches. The calyx of the male flowers is a catkin; of the female, a cone. The petals of this order are wanting; except in the female flowers of juniper, which have three sharp, rigid, and permanent petals. The stamens are in number from 3 to 20 and upwards; united by their filaments into a cylinder or pillar, which rises out of the centre of the calyx. The anthers are erect, distinct, of a roundish form, and divided into internal partitions or cells, which, in the different genera, are in number from two to ten. The seed-buds are generally numerous, and placed betwixt the scales of the cone, which serve for a calyx. From each seed-bud arises a very short cylindric style, crowned with a simple stigma, of a conic form. These plants have probably no seed-vessel or fruit; the seeds being naked, and involved only by the scales of the calyx. In some genera these scales are of a bony nature, and almost united; in others, they are of a substance like leather; in juniper, they are united, and become fleshy and succulent like a berry. The seeds in this order, being nourished, as in a seed-vessel, by the scales of the cone, or common calyx, differ in nothing from the germina or seed-buds.—Most of the cone-bearing plants are resinous, or gummy; and the gums proceeding from them have a bitter taste, but generally a very agreeable smell.

52. *Coadunatae*, (from *coadunare*, to join or gather together); so termed from the general appearance of the seed-vessels, which are numerous, and being slightly attached below, form altogether a single fruit in the shape of a sphere or cone; the parts of which, however, are easily separated from one another. This order, which consists of exotic plants, furnishes a beautiful and choice collection of shrubs and trees, both evergreen and deciduous. The trees are often 60 feet high, and garnished from the bottom to the top with spreading branches and leaves of a bright green colour, which assume a very agreeable conic form. The roots are branching and fibrous. The stems are cylindric, and the wood very hard. The buds are conic, flat, and generally without scales. The leaves are universally simple and alternate. The footstalk is cylindric, without furrows, frequently swelled at its origin, and appears jointed at its insertion into the branch. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are generally produced either along or at the end of the branches. The calyx generally consists of three oblong plain leaves, like petals, which fall off with the flower. The petals are in number from 6 to 18, oblong, concave, and frequently disposed in two or three series or rows, the outermost of which are largest. The stamens are numerous, short, inserted into the common common receptacle in some, and into the seed-bud in others. The filaments are very short and slender, some genera having scarce any at all. The anthers are numerous, slender, and placed round the seed-bud. The pistillum generally consists of a number of seed-buds disposed in the form of a cone, and seated upon a receptacle which rises like a small pillar above the receptacle of the calyx. From each seed-bud generally arises a cylindric style, which is very short. The stigma is commonly blunt. The seed-vessel is commonly a berry; but in magnolia it is an oval cone, consisting of a number of roundish capsules laid over each other like tiles. The fruits or seed-vessels, whether of the berry, capsule, or cherry kind, are equal in number to the seed-buds, and generally slightly attached below. The seeds are numerous, hard, roundish, and sometimes cornered. The plants of this order have a strong, agreeable, and aromatic smell; the fruits and seeds have a pungent taste like pepper: the bark and wood are bitter.

53. Scabridae, (from seaber, rough, rugged or bristly), consisting of plants with rough leaves. There seems to be some impropriety in characterizing these plants by a name expressive of the roughness of their leaves, as that circumstance had previously furnished the classic character of the Asperifoliaceae. The degree of roughness, however, is much greater in the plants which make the subject of the present article.—The plants of this order are in general of an astringent nature: their taste is bitter and styptic.

54. Miscellaneae, miscellaneous plants. This order consists of such genera as are not connected together by very numerous relations. They are, datisca, petasites, reseda, sanguisorba, lemma, pistia, coriaria, empetrum, achyranthus, amaranthus, celosia, gomphrena, irises, phytolacca, nymphea, saracenia, cedrela, swietenia, corrigola, limeum, telephium.

55. Filices, ferns; consisting of plants which bear their flower and fruit on the back of the leaf or stalk. These plants, in figure, approach the more perfect vegetables; being furnished, like them, with roots and leaves. The roots creep, and extend themselves horizontally under the earth, throwing out a number of very slender fibres on all sides. The stem is not to be distinguished from the common foot-stalk; or rather middle rib of the leaves: so that in strict propriety the greater number of ferns may be said to be aculeates; that is, to want the stem altogether. In some of them, however, the middle rib, or stalk proceeding from the root, overtops the leaves, and forms a stem upon which the flowers are supported. The leaves proceed either singly, or in greater number, from the extremities of the branches of the main root. They are winged or hand-shaped in all the genera except in adders-tongue, pepper-grass, and some species of spleen-wort. The flowers, whatever be their nature, are, in the greater number of genera, fastened, and as it were glued, to the back of the leaves; in others, they are supported upon a stem which rises above the leaves; but in some, are supported on a flower-stalk, as already mentioned. The stamens are placed apart from the seed-bud in a genus termed by Mr Adanson palma filix; in the other ferns, where we have been able to discover the stamens, they are found within the same covers with the seed-bud. Most of the ferns have a heavy disagreeable smell: as to their virtues, they are opening and attenuating.

56. Musci, mosses. These plants resemble the pines, firs, and other evergreens of that class, in the form and disposition of their leaves, and manner of growth of the female flowers, which are generally formed into a cone. They frequently creep, and extend themselves like a carpet upon the ground; trees, and stones, being generally collected into bunches and tufts: the smallest are only one-third of an inch in height, and the largest do not exceed five or six. Few of the mosses are annual; as small as they are, the greater number are perennial and evergreens. Their growth is remarkably slow, as may be judged by the time that the anthers take to ripen. This reckoning from the first appearance of the antherce, to the dispersion of its powder or male dust, is generally four or six months. Although preserved dry for several years, these plants have the singular property of resuming their original verdure upon being moistened. It would be worth while to determine whether they do not also resume their vegetative quality. The roots of plants of this order are fibrous; slender, branched, and short. The stems are cylindric and weak, as are also the branches; they creep upon the ground, and strike root on every side. The leaves are very small and undivided. They differ with respect to situation; being either alternate, opposite, or placed by fours round the stalk. They have no perceptible foot-stalk nor middle rib, and are seated immediately upon the stems. The flowers are universally male and female: in some, the male flowers are produced upon the same plants with the female, and stand before them; in others, they are produced sometimes on the same, and sometimes on distinct plants. The male flowers consist entirely of anthers, and their covering; proceed either singly, or in clusters, from the extremity of the branches, or angles of the leaves; and are either seated immediately upon the branches, or supported by a long foot-stalk. The female flowers, which generally resemble capsules or cones, are all placed immediately upon the stem or branches, without any foot-stalk; and proceed singly either from the wings of the leaves, or summit of the branches; when produced upon the same plant with the male, they are always placed under them. The female cones of the mosses greatly resemble those of the pines and evergreen trees of that class; the scales which form them are true leaves, each containing in its wing or angle a single seed. When the seeds are ripe, the cones probably open for their dispersion. When shut, they resemble buds, and have sometimes been ignorantly mistaken for such. The calyx, in this order, if it can be called such, is that appearance resembling a veil or monk's cowl, which in the male flower covers or is suspended over the tops of the stamina like an extinguisher, and is termed by Linnæus calyptra. The petals are universally wanting. The mosses in general are almost tasteless, have few juices, and being once dried do not readily imbibe moisture from the air. Those which grow in water, being thrown into the fire, grow red, and are reduced to ashes without receiving or communicating any flame; on which account some superstitious people, the Siberians in particular, place water moss in their chimneys as a preservative against fire. Most of the mosses are purgative; some violently so, and even emetic. They are all of wonderful efficacy in preserving serving dry such bodies as are susceptible of moisture; and in retaining, for a long time, the humidity of young plants, without exposing them to putrefaction. For this reason, such plants as are to be sent to any considerable distance, are generally wrapped up in them.

57. Algae, flags; consisting of plants whose root, leaf, and stem, are all one. Under this description are comprehended all the sea weeds, and some other aquatic plants.

58. Fungi, mushrooms. These plants are rarely branched, sometimes creeping, but most commonly erect. Such as are furnished with branches have them of a light spongy substance like cork. Mushrooms differ from the fuci, in that those which, like the fuci, have their seeds contained in capsules, are not branched, as that numerous class of sea weeds are. The greatest part of mushrooms have no root: some, instead of roots, have a number of fibres, which, by their incusations, frequently form a net with unequal meshes, some of which produce plants similar to their parent vegetable. The stamens in these plants are still undetermined. The seeds are spread over the surface of the plant, or placed in open holes or cavities, resembling the open capsules of some of the fuci. In mushrooms which are branched, the seeds are frequently visible by the naked eye, and always to be distinctly observed by the assistance of a good microscope. These plants are very astringent, and some of them are used for stopping violent hemorrhages. As a vegetable food they are at best suspicious: some of them are rank poison.

Dubii ordinis. Under this name Linnaeus classes all the other genera which cannot be reduced to any of the above-mentioned orders, and which are near 120 in number.

For a historical view of the different systems of botany, and of the progress and latest improvements of the science, see Botany, Supplement.

**Alphabetical Explanation of Botanical Terms.**

A.

Abrupt (abruptus), when a winged leaf ends without a little leaf.

Acorn, the seed of the oak.

Acotyledones, seeds without lobes, which produce no seminal leaves.

Acute (acutus), tapering to a slender, but not thorny termination.

Air-bag (folliculus), a distended seed-vessel opening on one side.

Alternate (alternos), applied to branches, leaves, or flowers, springing out regularly one above another.

Androgynous, having some flowers on the same plant, bearing stamens, but no pistils; and other flowers bearing pistils, but no stamens.

Angiosperma, seeds in a capsule.

Angular (angulatus) having corners; opposed to cylindrical.

Capsule, as in flower-de-luce.

Annual (annuous), living only one year.

Anomalous (anomalus), irregular.

Anther (anthers), the top of the stamen fixed on the filament, and containing the pollen.

Apex, termination.

Apophysis, excrescence.

Approaching, see Converging.

Arrow-shaped, (sagittatus), leaf shaped like an arrow head, as sorrel.

Ascending, growing first horizontally, and then bent upwards.

Attenuate (attenuatus), tapering.

Awl-shaped (subulatus), slender.

Awn (arista) or beard, the sharp substance growing to the valves of corn or grass.

Awnless (nuticus), without awns.

Axillary (axillaris) at the base of the leaves or branches.

B.

Bark (cortex), the covering of the stems, roots, and branches of vegetables.

Barren (masculi, abortivi), flowers or florets which produce no perfect seeds; generally wanting pistils.

Base, see Axillary.

Battle-dore-shaped (spatulatum), rounded with a neck.

Beaded (granulatus), consisting of many little knobs, connected by small strings.

Beak or Bill (rostrum), a projecting appendage to some seeds.

Bearded (barbatus), beset with straight parallel hairs.

Bell-shaped (campanulatus), like the blossom of the convolvulus.

Bellying (ventricosus) distended.

Beneath (inferus). A blossom is beneath, when it includes the germen, and is attached to the part immediately below it. A germen is said to be beneath when it is not included in the corolla or blossom.

Berry (bacca), a pulpy seed-vessel without valves.

Biennial, continuing alive for two years.

Bird-footed (pedatus), resembling the foot of a land fowl.

Bitten, ending in no regular form, not tapering.

Bill (rostrum), a long substance attached to a seed.

Bladders, air-bags on some species of fucus.

Bladder-shaped (inflatus), inflated or distended.

Blistered, when the surface of a leaf rises high above the veins.

Blossom (corolla), part of a flower, consisting of one or more leaves called petals. It is an expansion of the inner bark of the plant, and is the ornamented cover of the stamens and pistils.

Blunt (obtusus), opposed to acute.

Boot-shaped (navicularis), like a little keel-bottomed boat.

Border (limbus), the upper part of a corolla of one petal.

Bowled (arcuatus), bent.

Branched (ramosus), having lateral divisions.

Bristles (setae), stiff cylindrical hairs.

Bristle-shaped (setaceus), slender, and like a bristle.

Bud (gemma), a protuberance on the stem or branches, containing the rudiments of the leaves or flowers to be expanded the following year.

Bulb (bulbus), a bud placed on the root or stem.

Bulging (gibbus) irregularly swollen out. Bunch (racemus), a fruitstalk with short lateral branches.

Bundle (fasciculus), several flowers rising to the same point from their respective fruitstalks, as in sweet-william.

Bundled, applied to leaves, as in the larch.

Butterfly-shaped (papilionaceus), as the pea and broom flowers.

C.

Calyced (calyculatus), having a double calyx.

Calypre, veil.

Calyx, or empalement, a continuation of the outer bark of the plant, forming part of the flower, is called a cup, as in primrose, involucreum in carrot, catkin in hazel, calypre in the mosses, a husk in oats, a sheath in the narcissus, and a curtain in some fungi.

Capsule, a dry hollow seed-vessel opening in some determinate manner.

Catkin (amentum), a composition of flowers and chaff on a long thread-shaped receptacle; the whole like a cat's tail; e.g., the willow.

Cell (loculamentum), vacuity in the capsule to lodge the seed.

Central florets (flores flosculosi); those which occupy the middle part of a compound flower, as the yellow ones in a common daisy.

Chaff (pales), thin membranaceous substance separating the florets from each other, and growing on a common receptacle.

Channelled (canaliculatus), having a furrow from the base to the end.

Cicatrised, scarred.

Ciliate, fringed.

Circumference, the florets farthest from the centre of a compound flower, as the white ones in the common daisy.

Clammy (viscosus), adhesive like bird-lime.

Cloth (unguis), the part of a petal next the base, distinguished from the limb or upper part.

Cleft, divided half-way down.

Climbing (scandens), plants that rise by the aid of others.

Clothing (pubes), hairiness on the surface of plants.

Cloven, see Cleft.

Club-shaped (clavatus), thinner at the base, and thicker upwards.

Cluster (thyrsus), flowers collected in somewhat of an egg-shaped form, like the lilac.

Coated (tunicatus), root, composed of layers like the onion.

Cobwebbed (arachnoideus), covered with a substance resembling a cobweb.

Coloured (coloratus), not green.

Column (columella), the little pillar in the centre of some capsules to which the seeds are fixed.

Comb (coma), a collection of floral leaves terminating the flowering stem, as in the pine-apple.

Comb-like (pectinatum), a sort of winged leaf; the leaflets of which are like the teeth of a comb.

Common calyx, including several flowers, as in thistles.

Compact, growing close together.

Compound flowers (compositi flores) consist of many florets or little flowers, on a receptacle or seat, as in thistles.

Compressed (compressus), a cylindrical substance, more or less flatted.

Cone (strobilus), a seed-vessel, formed by a catkin, with hardened scales, as in the pine and fir.

Cone-shaped (cuncullatus), applied to leaves rolled up, as the grocers roll up paper to hold spices, sugar, &c.

Confluent (confluentia folia), running into one another at the base.

Congregated (glomeratus), spikes, &c., crowded together, somewhat in a globular form.

Connected (adnatus) leaves, having their upper surface at the base, growing to the stem or branch.

Contiguous (adpressus) leaves, &c., close to the stem.

Converging (connivens), approaching at the top.

Convex, rising like the surface of a globe.

Convolute, twisted spirally.

Corolla, blossom.

Corymb, a collection of flowers standing each on its own fruitstalk, with fruitstalks of such a length, that the whole collection forms a flat broad surface at the top, as in the pear-tree.

Cotton, Cottony (tomentosum, tomentosus), downy, covered with a whitish soft substance.

Cotyledones, seed-lobes.

Creeping (repens) stem; creeping along the ground, as ivy.

——— root, as spearmint.

Crescent-shaped (lunaris, lunatus), shaped like a waxing moon, like the anthers of the strawberry.

Crested (cristatus) flowers, tufted.

Crooked (cernuus) fruitstalk, with the flower facing the earth, and so stiff, that it cannot be straightened without breaking; as in the crown imperial.

Cross-pairs (decussatoe), leaves in pairs, each pair pointing in a direction different from the pair above or below it.

Cross-shaped (cruciatus, cruciformis) flowers, having four petals in a form of a cross; called cruciform plants.

Crowded (coronatus) seed, a seed to which the calyx adheres, e.g., teazel.

Cruciform, see Cross-shaped.

Cryptogamia, stamens and pistils indistinct.

Cup (perianthium), a calyx contiguous to the other parts of the flower.

——— double (calyculatus), when the base of one cup is surrounded by another cup.

Curtain (volva), the calyx of agarics and boleti.

Cut-round (circumscissus), when a seed-vessel opens in a circle, and not longways.

Cylindrical (teres), round like a walking stick.

D.

Dagger-pointed (mucronatus), ending, not gradually, but suddenly in a sharp point.

Deciduous (deciduous) leaves, which fall at the approach of winter.

——— cup or calyx, falling off before the blossom.

——— seed-vessel, falling off before it opens.

Declining (declinatus), bent like a bow, with the arch downwards.

Decurrent (decurrans) leaf, without a leafstalk, but where the leaf runs down the stem. Dented (retusus), a blunt leaf with a blunt notch at the end.

Depressed (depressus), when the surface of a leaf is slightly sunk.

Diadelphia, the 17th class of plants, having the filaments united into two sets.

Diamond-shaped (rhombus), applied to leaves resembling a diamond on cards.

Diandra, two stamens.

Didynamia, the 14th class, having two stamens longer.

Digynia, two pistils.

Dimpled (umbilicatus), having a hollow dot.

Dicoccum, dioecious, having the flowers bearing stamens and those bearing pistils on different plants.

Disk (discus) of a leaf is its surface; of a compound flower is its central florets; thus, in a daisy, the minute yellow florets form the disc, and the larger white-shaped florets form the ray.

Distant (distantis) far asunder, as the stamens of mint.

Distended (ventricosus), as the cup of the rose.

Diverging (divergens), spreading wide from the stem almost horizontally, opposed to compact.

Divided (partitus), or parted, partite, signifies that a cup, leaf, or petal, is parted more than half way down.

Dodecandra, 12 stamens.

Dorsal, fixed to the back.

Dotted (punctatus), marked with little hollow dots.

Double (didymus), applied to two anthers on one filament.

Doubly-compound (decompositus) leaves, having the primary leaf-stalk divided, so that each division forms a compound leaf. They are twin-fork (begeminius), when a forked leaf-stalk has several leaflets at the end of each fork; or, doubly-threefold (bi-ternatus), when a leaf-stalk, with three divisions, has three leaflets on the end of each division or fork; or doubly-winged (duplicato-pinnatum, bi-pinnatum), when a leaf-stalk has lateral ribs, each of which forms a winged leaf.

Down (pappus), the fine hair or feather-like substance, crowning the seeds of some plants, and wafting them abroad.

Downy leaf, see Cottony.

Drupe, a pulpy seed-vessel, without valves, consisting of a nut surrounded by a pulpy substance, ex gr. a cherry.

Dusted (pulveratus), applied to some plants which appear covered with a kind of powder.

Ear-shaped (auriculatus), somewhat resembling a human ear.

Egg-shaped (ovatus), in form of an egg.

Egg-spear-shaped (ovato-lanceolatum), see Spear-egg-shaped.

Elliptic, oval.

Embracing (amplexicaulis) the stem, when the base of a leaf nearly surrounds the stem.

Entire (integer), opposed to cleft, gashed, &c.

Equal (aequalis), regular.

Erect, upright.

Even (levis) surface; level, regular.

Exerescence (apophysis), a substance growing on some of the mooses from the seat of the flower.

Expanding (patens), between upright and horizontal.

Eye (hilum), the scar by which a seed is fixed to the seed-vessel.

Feathered (plumosum), the down of seeds when it sends out lateral hairs.

Feeble (debilis), unable to stand upright.

Female flowers or florets, such as have one or more pistils, but no stamens.

Ferns, the first order of the class of cryptogamia.

Fertile (fertiles vel feminiei) flowers, those that produce seed capable of vegetation. Those that have stamens only are always barren. Those that have pistils only, are only barren when placed beyond the reach of the pollen coming from the anthers of staminiferous flowers.

Fibres (nervi), woody strings running along a leaf.

Fibrous (fibrosus) roots, composed of small threads or fibres.

Fiddle-shaped (panduriformis), oblong, but narrow in the middle, and broader below.

Filament or thread (filamentum) the slender part of a stamen supporting the anther.

Fistulous, hollow.

Finger-like (digitatus) leaves, expanded like a man's hand, in pairs, threes and fives.

Flat-topped (fastigiatus), rising to the same height, so as to form a flat surface.

Fleshy seed-vessel, ex gr. an apple.

Floral leaves (bracteae) are generally on the fruitstalk, so that they are sometimes mistaken for the calyx; but the calyx withers when the fruit is ripe, whereas the floral leaves endure as long as the other leaves of the plant.

Flower (flos), a temporary part of a plant subservient to the formation of the seed. It consists of eight parts, a calyx, corolla or blossom, stamens, pistils, seed-vessel, seeds, receptacle, and a nectary. Wanting any of these parts, a flower is incomplete.

Forked (furcatus, dichotomus), divided.

Fringed (alatus), as the blossom of the buck-bean.

Fruit (fructus), a part of a flower consisting of the seed-vessel, seed, and receptacle.

Fruitstalk (pedunculus), a part of a branch or stem bearing flowers, but not leaves.

Fungus, the last order of the class of cryptogamia.

Funnel-shaped (infundibuliformis), when a one-petaled blossom is tubular at the base, and conical at the top.

Furrowed (sulcatus), marked with lines running lengthwise.

Gaping (ringens, personatus) blossom, so called from its resemblance to a gaping mouth.

Gashed (lobatus), divided nearly half way down into lobes, convex at the edges, and distant from each other.

Gelatinous, jelly-like.

Gem, a bud.

General involucrum, a calyx at the base of a general umbel, as in carrot.

Germ, germen, seed-bud.

Gibbous, bulged, or bulging.

Gills (lamellae), thin plates on the under side of the pileus. pileus or hat of an agaric; remarkable in the common mushroom.

Glass-shaped (cyathiformis), tubular, but widening towards the mouth.

Glaucous (glauces), hoary, as the back of a cabbage-leaf.

Globular (globosus), like a round ball.

Glume (gluma), husk.

Gnawed (erosum), when an indented leaf seems as if bitten at the edges.

Granulated, resembling beads.

Gymnospermia, naked seeds.

Gynandria, stamens on the pistils.

Hair-like (capillaris), slender, undivided, and cylindrical.

Hairs (pili), by some thought secretory ducts.

Hand-shaped (palmatus), like the human hand with the fingers expanded.

Hat (pileus), the upper broad part of funguses.

Hatchet-shaped (dolabriforme) leaf, like an axe of unequal thickness.

Headed (capitatus) stalk, supporting one compact knob of flowers at its extremity.

Heads (capitatus) of flowers, growing in compact knobs, as in peppermint.

Heart (corculum), that part of a seed which is the future plant in miniature.

Helmet (galea), the upper part of a gaping blossom.

Hemispherical, like a half globe.

Herbaceous stem, succulent, opposed to woody.

Hermaphrodite flowers or florets, such as contain both a stamen or stamens, and a pistil or pistils, as the greater part of flowers.

Hexagonal, or six-sided.

Hexogygia, having six pistils.

Hexandra, six-stamened.

Hoary (incanus), covered with a silvery-looking substance.

Honey-combed (favosum), a receptacle with cells open at the top, and having a seed in each.

Hook (gluma), the calyx of a grass plant.

Hybrid (hybrida), a plant produced by the pollen of one plant fertilizing the germen of a plant of a different species. A mule.

Jagged (laciniatas) leaves, irregularly divided and subdivided into lobes.

Icosandra, 20-stamened.

Imperfect flowers, wanting anther or pistil, or both.

Incomplete flowers want the cup, the corolla, or some other important part. See Flower. The tulip wants a cup, and the nettle has no blossom or corolla.

Incorporated (aggregatus), when little flowers or florets form a compound flower, as a daisy.

Incumbent, anthers fixed by the side, or stamens leaning or resting against.

Indented leaf, having the edges deeply scolloped, and the lobes far asunder.

Inflated, as if blown up like a bladder.

Inferior, see Beneath.

Interrupted, broken in its regular form, as a spike by leaves intervening.

Inversely heart-shaped (obcordatus), with the point of the heart next the stem.

Involutum, a partial involucrem.

Involucrem or fence, the calyx of an umbel placed at a distance from the flowers.

Jointed (articulatus), ex gr. a wheat straw.

K.

Keel, the lowest petal in a butterfly-shaped corolla.

Keeled (carinatus), bent.

Knob, see Heads.

L.

Lactescent, having a milky juice.

Laminated, when the flat surfaces of leaves lie close on each other.

Lateral branches, growing from the sides of the stem, opposed to terminating.

Leaf, the part of a plant corresponding to the lungs, and also to the organs of motion of animals.

Leaflet, or little leaf, one of the single leaves of a compound leaf.

Leaf-stalk (petiolus), the footstalk of a leaf.

Leather-like (coriaceus), tough like leather.

Legume (legumen) or shell, a seed-vessel of two valves with the seeds fixed to one seam, as in the pea.

Level, when several branches or fruitstalks grow to equal heights.

Lid (operculum), a cover to the capsules of several mosses.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Limb, the upper spreading part of a petal.

Limber (flaccidus) bending with its own weight.

Lip, the upper or under division of a gaping corolla.

Lobes, the division of a gashed leaf.

Lopped (truncatus), looking as if cut off by scissors.

M.

Male flowers, which have stamens, but no pistils.

Matted (cespitosus), thickly interwoven.

Membranous (membranaceus), thin, skinny, and semi-transparent.

Monadelphia, united filaments.

Monandria, one stamen.

Monoeia, one house, or plants having the stamens and pistils in different flowers, but on the same plant.

Monogynia, one pistil in each flower.

Monopetalous, one-petaled.

Mouth (faux), the upper or opening part of the tube in a one-petaled corolla.

Mules, see Hybrid.

N.

Naked, without leaves or hairs.

Nectary, or honey-cup, the part of the flower which secretes the honey.

Nut, a seed covered by a hard woody shell.

O.

Oblong-egg-shaped, oblong at the base, but egg-shaped towards the end.

Octandra, eight-stamened.

Octogynia, eight pistils.

P.

Paleaceous, chaffy.

Panicle, an irregular assemblage of flowers.

Papilionaceous flowers, butterfly-shaped, as the pea.

Parasitical plants, which grow not on the earth, but on other plants.

Pedicle, a little fruitstalk.

Pentagon, five-cornered.

Pentagynia, five pistils.

S 2

Pentandra, Pentandra, five stamened.

Perennial, continuing more than two years.

Petals (petala), the leaves which constitute the corolla or blossom.

Pillar (stipes), the pedicle of the down of some seeds, as in dandelion.

Pimpled (papillosus), beset with little hard protuberances.

Pistil, a part of a flower consisting of the germen, the style, and the summit.

Pitcher-shaped (urceolatus), bellying like a jug.

Pith, a soft substance filling the cavities of some plants.

Plaited, folded.

Pod (silique), seed-vessel of two valves, within which the seeds are alternately fixed to each seam.

Pollen (farina), a fine powder in the anthers of flowers.

Polyadelphia, stamens in three or more sets.

Polyandria, many stamens.

Polygamia, see introduction to the 23rd class.

Poros, little holes.

Pouch, a short pod.

Prism-shaped, different from cylindrical, in having the circumference angular.

Proliferous, when one flower, &c. springs out of another.

Pubescent, clothed with soft wool or hair.

R.

Radiate, compound flowers in which the florets of the centre differ from those of the circumference. See Disk.

Rays (radii), outer florets of a radiate compound flower. See Disk.

Receptacle, the seat or base of a flower.

Reflected, bent back.

Remote whorls, having a considerable length of stem between each.

Rhomboidal, nearly diamond-shaped.

Rigid, inflexible.

Root-leaves (radicalia), those which proceed immediately from the root.

Ruffle or ring, the part of the curtain of an agaric which adheres to the stem after the outer part is gone.

S.

Salver-shaped (hypocrateriformis), when a one-petaled corolla has its lower part tubular, and its higher part flat and expanded.

Scaly (squamous), like the skin of a fish.

Scurfy (squamosus), applied to the rough cop of some compound flowers.

Seed, that which contains the rudiments of the new plant.

Seed-lobes (cotyledones), the perishable part of a seed which affords food to the rest in germination.

Seminal leaves, those which rise from the seed-lobes.

Serrated, like the teeth of a saw.

Sheath (spatha), a kind of calyx like that of the crocus.

Simple, undivided.

Sitting leaves or flowers, without leaf or flower-stalks.

Solitary, only one in a place.

Spear-egg-shaped, like a spear at the base, and an egg at the extremity.

Spike (spica), a collection of flowers placed alternately on each side of a common fruitstalk without little fruitstalks.

Stamen, consists of a filament and anther.

Staminiferous, bearing stamens.

Streaked, marked with depressed lines.

Syngenesia, united anthers.

T.

Target-shaped leaf, having the stalk fixed, not in the edge, but the centre.

Tetragnonia, four pistils.

Tetradynamia, four stamens longer.

Tiled, one leaf or scale partly covering another.

Tooth-serrated, when the edge of a leaf is marked with little serrated teeth.

Triandra, three stamens.

Trigynia, three pistils.

Tubercled, having solid warts; applied to certain lichens.

Tuberous root, having many roundish knobs in a bundle.

Tubular, hollow like a tube.

U.

Umbel (umbrella), an assemblage of flowers in which a number of slender fruitstalks, proceeding from the same centre, rise to nearly the same height, so as to form a regular surface at the top, as in hemlock or carrot.

Unequal florets (radiati), when the florets of an umbel are larger in the circumference than in the centre.

Valve, the pieces of a capsule are called valves.

Vaulted (fornicatus), like the roof of the mouth.

Veil (calyptra), the calyx of mosses.

W.

Wheel-shaped, a corolla of one petal, with a flat border and a short tube.

Whirls of branches, leaves or flowers; ex gr. the branches of the fir.

Wings, the lateral petals of a butterfly-shaped blossom.

Winged leaf-stalk, with a thin membrane on each side.

— leaf, when an undivided leaf-stalk has many little leaves growing from each side.

Wing-cleft, a leaf deeply cut.

Woody, opposed to herbaceous.

Woodly, curly haired clothing on some plants.

Z.

Zigzag, having many contrary bendings.

INDEX. | A. | Alopecurus | page 97 | Arabis | page 224 | Azorella | |----|-----------|---------|--------|----------|---------| | Abronia | Alpinia | 74 | Arachis | 235 | Bacalia | | Abrus | Alsine | 128 | Aralia | 128 | Baccharis | | Acacia | Alstroemeria | 152 | Arbutus | 178 | Bacopa | | Acalypha | Althea | 231 | Arctium | 245 | Baca | | Acanthus | Alyssum | 124 | Arctopus | 280 | Baeotus | | Acer | Amannia | 110 | Arctotis | 247 | Baeckea | | Achania | Amaranthus | 263 | Ardisia | 120 | Ballota | | Achillea | Amaryllis | 151 | Arduina | ib. | Baltimora | | Achimenes | Amazonia | 215 | Areca | 288 | Bambusa | | Achras | Ambrosia | 263 | Arenaria | 179 | Banara | | Acharanthes | Ambrosinia | 259 | Arethusa | 228 | Banksia | | Acia | Amelos | 247 | Aretia | 179 | Bannisteria | | Acnida | Amethystea | 80 | Argemone | 201 | Barbacenia | | Acoustum | Ammi | 126 | Argophyllum | 124 | Barleria | | Acorus | Amomum | 74 | Arista | 95 | Barnadesia | | Acrostichum | Amorpha | 235 | Aristida | 97 | Barreria | | Actaea | Amygdalus | 193 | Aristolochia | 238 | Barringtonia | | Adansonia | Amyris | 164 | Aristotelia | 189 | Bartsia | | Adelia | Anabasis | 125 | Arnica | 246 | Basella | | Adenanthera | Anacardium | 169 | Artea | 126 | Bassia | | Adiantum | Anacyclis | 246 | Artemisia | 245 | Bassonia | | Adonis | Anagallis | 118 | Artocarpus | 201 | Batia | | Adoxa | Anagyris | 176 | Arum | 259 | Bauhinia | | Egieceras | Anastatica | 224 | Aruna | 81 | Bebaria | | Eglops | Anchusa | 118 | Arundo | 97 | Begonia | | Egnatia | Ancient writers on botany | 289 | Asarum | 188 | Bellardia | | Euphila | Ancistrum | 81 | Asciun | 201 | Bellis | | Epopodium | Andraeche | 265 | Asclepias | 125 | Bellium | | Epopicon | Andromeda | 178 | Ascyrum | 242 | Bellonia | | Eschynomene | Andropogon | 279 | Assonia | 230 | Berberis | | Esculus | Andryala | 244 | Aspalathus | 235 | Bergera | | Ethusa | Anemone | 203 | Asparagus | 153 | Bergia | | Agapanthus | Anethum | 127 | Asperugo | 118 | Bertiera | | Agathophyllum | Angelica | 1b. | Asperula | 109 | Besleria | | Agaricus | Anguria, v. Auguria | 262 | Asphodelus | 152 | Beta | | Agave | Annona | 203 | Asplenium | 284 | Betonica | | Agaratum | Anthemis | 247 | Aster | 246 | Betula | | Agrimonia | Authericum | 152 | Astragalus | 236 | Bideus | | Agrostemma | Autherylium | 193 | Astranthus | 152 | Bignonia | | Agrostis | Anthoceros | 284 | Astrantia | 126 | Bladdia | | Agyneta | Antholyza | 95 | Astronium | 273 | Bladdiaria | | Agira | Anthospermum | 280 | Athamanta | 127 | Biscutella | | Agiton | Anthoxanthum | 81 | Athanasia | 245 | Biserrula | | Juga | Anthyllis | 235 | Atractylis | ib. | Bixa | | Ixoom | Antichorus | 164 | Atragne | 203 | Blackwellia | | Ilangium | Antidesma | 273 | Atraphaxis | 153 | Bladlia | | Iboca | Antirrhinum | 214 | Atriplex | 280 | Blaria | | Ichemilla | Apactis | 188 | Atropa | 121 | Blakia | | Idrusanda | Aphyllanthes | 152 | Aubletia | 201 | Blasia | | Lectra | Aphyteia | 229 | Aucuba | 263 | Blechnum | | Letris | Apium | 128 | Augea | 178 | Blitum | | Lisma | Aploda | 279 | Avena | 97 | Boconia | | Llamanda | Apocynum | 125 | Averrhoa | 180 | Boerhaavia | | Illionia | Aponogeton | 189 | Avicennia | 213 | Boerhaave's botanical arrangement | | Illion | Aquartia | 108 | Axyris | 262 | Boletus | | Lophyllus | Aquilegia | 202 | Ayenia | 123 | Bombax |

Bonetia. | Botany | Index | |--------|-------| | Bonetia | page 200 | | Bontia | 215 | | Borassus | 288 | | Borago | 118 | | Borbonia | 235 | | Boscia | 112 | | Bosea | 126 | | Botany, elements of | 63 | | Brabeium | 279 | | Brassica | 224 | | Briza | 97 | | Bromelia | 150 | | Bromus | 97 | | Brossa | 120 | | Browallia | 213 | | Brownea | 230 | | Brunfelsia | 213 | | Brunia | 124 | | Brunnicia | 179 | | Bryonia | 265 | | Bryum | 284 | | Bubon | 127 | | Buchnera | 214 | | Bucida | 178 | | Budleia | 108 | | Bufonia | 111 | | Baginvillea | 164 | | Bulbocodium | 152 | | Bumalda | 125 | | Bumelia | 120 | | Bunias | 224 | | Bunium | 127 | | Baphthalamum | 247 | | Bupleurum | 127 | | Burmannia | 150 | | Butomus | 169 | | Buttneria | 123 | | Buxbaumia | 284 | | Buxus | 262 | | Bysus | 284 | | Bystropogon | 211 | | C. | | | Cadrota | 165 | | Cesalpinia | 176 | | Cesalpinus's botanical arrangement | 292 | | Cactus | 192 | | Cadia | 177 | | Calile | 224 | | Calamus | 153 | | Calea | 245 | | Calceolaria | 80 | | Calendula | 247 | | Calla | 162 | | Callicarpa | 108 | | Calligonum | 189 | | Callisia | 96 | | Callitriche | 75 | | Callocladum | 123 | | Callophyllum | 200 | | Caltha | 203 | | Calycanthus | 194 | | Calyptranthus | 193 | | Camax | 121 | | Camellia | 213 | | Cameria | 120 | | Campanula | 111 | | Canarina | 151 | | Canarium | 273 | | Cannella | 189 | | Canna | 74 | | Cannabis | 273 | | Canephora | 122 | | Cantua | 119 | | Capparis | 200 | | Capraria | 214 | | Capsicum | 121 | | Capra | 151 | | Cardamine | 225 | | Cardiospermum | 165 | | Carduus | 245 | | Carex | 262 | | Carica | 274 | | Carissa | 120 | | Carlina | 245 | | Carolinea | 230 | | Carpesium | 246 | | Carphalea | 109 | | Carpinus | 264 | | Carpodetus | 124 | | Carthamus | 245 | | Carum | 127 | | Caryocar | 202 | | Caryota | 288 | | Casearia | 178 | | Cassia | 176 | | Cassine | 128 | | Cassyta | 169 | | Castilleja | 212 | | Casuarina | 261 | | Catananche | 244 | | Catesbea | 109 | | Caturus | 272 | | Caucalis | 126 | | Ceanothus | 123 | | Cecropia | 272 | | Cedrela | 123 | | Celastrus | ib. | | Celosia | 124 | | Celsia | 214 | | Celtis | 279 | | Cenchros | 96 | | Centaurea | 247 | | Centella | 263 | | Centunculus | 108 | | Cephalis | 122 | | Cephalanthus | 108 | | Cerastium | 180 | | Ceratocarpus | 261 | | Ceratonia | 280 | | Ceratopterum | 177 | | Ceratophyllum | 264 | | Cerbera | 120 | | Cercis | 176 | | Cerithine | 118 | | Ceropogia | 125 | | Cestrum | 120 | | Chaerophyllum | 127 | | Chamomilla | 288 | | Chara | 224 | | Cheiranthus | 200 | | Chelidonium | 214 | | Chelone | 124 | | Chenodia | 126 | | Chenopodium | 179 | | Cherleria | 121 | | Chimarrhis | 122 | | Chicococa | 79 | | Chionanthus | 119 | | Chironia | 164 | | Chloranthus | 111 | | Chomelia | 108 | | Chondrilla | 244 | | Chorchorus | 200 | | Chrysanthemum | 246 | | Chrysanthrix | 280 | | Chrysobalanus | 193 | | Chrysocoma | 245 | | Chrysogonum | 248 | | Chrysophyllum | 121 | | Chrysosplenium | 179 | | Cicca | 263 | | Cicer | 236 | | Cichorium | 244 | | Cicta | 127 | | Cinfurgia | 230 | | Cimicifuga | 202 | | Cinchona | 121 | | Cineraria | 246 | | Cinna | 75 | | Circea | 81 | | Cissampelos | 275 | | Cissus | 110 | | Cistus | 200 | | Citbarexylon | 215 | | Citrus | 242 | | Classes, botanical, | 64, 67 | | Classification of plants, | | | natural | 306 | | Clathrus | 285 | | Clavaria | ib. | | Claytonia | 123 | | Clematis | 203 | | Cleome | 224 | | Cleonia | 212 | | Clerodendron | 215 | | Clethra | 177 | | Clibadium | 263 | | Clifforia | 274 | | Clinopodium | 212 | | Clitoria | 236 | | Clusia | 279 | | Clutia | 275 | | Clypeola | 224 | | Cineorum | 96 | | Cnicus | 245 | | Coccoloba | 165 | | Coccygopetalum | 109 | | Cochlearia | 224 | | Cochryss | 127 | | Cocos | 288 | | Codia | 165 | | Codon | 178 | | Coffea | page 122 | | Coix | 262 | | Colchicum | 156 | | Coldenia | 112 | | Collinsonia | 80 | | Colletia | 124 | | Columnae | 213 | | Colutea | 231 | | Comarum | 196 | | Combretum | 16 | | Commelina | 9 | | Commersonia | 123 | | Comocladia | 90 | | Conarus | 220 | | Conserva | 28 | | Conium | 12 | | Conohea | 21 | | Conocarpus | 12 | | Convallaria | 15 | | Convolvulus | 11 | | Conyzza | 24 | | Cookia | 17 | | Copainera | 17 | | Cordia | 12 | | Cordylocarpus | 22 | | Coreopsis | 24 | | Coriandrum | 12 | | Coriaria | 27 | | Coris | 11 | | Corispermum | 7 | | Cornetes | 11 | | Cornucopiae | 9 | | Cornus | 11 | | Cornuta | 21 | | Coronilla | 23 | | Correa | 16 | | Corrigiola | 12 | | Cortusa | 11 | | Corylus | 26 | | Corymbum | 11 | | Corynecarpus | 12 | | Corypha | 251 | | Cossignea | 1 | | Costus | 22 | | Cotula | 11 | | Cotyledon | 11 | | Crambe | 22 | | Crassula | 1 | | Crataegus | 1 | | Crateva | 1 | | Crenca | 11 | | Crepis | 2 | | Crescentia | 2 | | Cressa | 1 | | Crinodendrum | 2 | | Crinum | 1 | | Crithmum | 1 | | Crocus | 2 | | Crossostylis | 2 | | Crotalaria | 2 | | Croton | 3 | | Crucianella | 1 | | Crudia | 1 | | Cruzita | 1 | | Crypsis | 1 |

Cryptostomum | Index | Botany | |-------|--------| | Cryptostomum | Diocia, class of | | Uloca | Diodia | | Ucubalos | Dionaea | | Ucularia | Dioscorea | | Ucunis | Diosma | | Ucorbita | Diospyros | | Uminum | Diplocas | | Unila | Dirca | | Uninghamia | Disa | | Unonia | Disandra | | Upania | Dodartia | | Uphaea | Dodecanthia, class of | | Upressus | Dodecas | | Uratella | Dodecatheon | | Uraligo | Dodonaea | | Curcumina | Dolichos | | Curtisia | Dombea | | Cuscuta | Donatia | | Cussonia | Dorinea | | Cyanella | Doronicum | | Cyca | Dorstenia | | Cyclamen | Draba | | Ymbaria | Dracena | | Yananchum | Dracontium | | Yanara | Drimia | | Ynoglossum | Drosera | | Ynometra | Dryas | | Yrranda | Drypis | | Yrphus | Duranta | | Yppripedium | Durio | | Yyrilla | Duroia | | Cyrtanthus | Ebenus | | Cyttus | Echinophora | | Cyttus | Echinops | | Dactylis | Echites | | Dais | Echium | | Dalbergia | Eclipta | | Dalechampia | Ebretia | | Damasonium | Ehrharta | | Daphne | Ekebergia | | Dalisca | Elaeagnus | | Datura | Elaeis | | Datus | Eleocharis | | Dauces | Eleocharis | | Decandria, class of | Elate | | Decamaria | Elaterium | | Delphinium | Elatine | | Dentaria | Elephantopus | | Dentella | Elisia | | Dentzia | Elsholtzia | | Diadelphia, class of | Embotrium | | Dialium | Empetrum | | Diandra, class of | Enargia | | Dianthus | Enneandra, class of | | Dispendia | Epacris | | Dichondra | Ephedra | | Dictamnus | Ephielis | | Didynamia, class of | Epidendrum | | Digitalis | Epigaea | | Dilatris | Epigera | | Dillenia | Epilobium | | Dimocarpus | Equisetum | | Dioctria | Erica | | Dioctria | Erinus | | Dioctria | Eriophorum | | Dioctria | Eriospermum | | Dioctria | Erithalis | | Dioctria | Erithroxylon | | Dioctria | Ernodia | | Dioctria | Erodium | | Dioctria | Ervum | | Dioctria | Eryngium | | Dioctria | Erythrina | | Dioctria | Escalonia | | Dioctria | Ethulia | | Dioctria | Eucalyptus | | Dioctria | Euclea | | Dioctria | Eucomis | | Dioctria | Eugenia | | Dioctria | Evolvulus | | Dioctria | Euparia | | Dioctria | Eupatorium | | Dioctria | Euphorbia | | Dioctria | Euphrasia | | Dioctria | Eustephia | | Dioctria | Eurya | | Dioctria | Evonymus | | Dioctria | Exococcaria | | Dioctria | Exocanatha | | Dioctria | Fabricia | | Dioctria | Fagaria | | Dioctria | Fagus | | Dioctria | Falkia | | Dioctria | Ferraria | | Dioctria | Ferula | | Dioctria | Festuca | | Dioctria | Fewiliea | | Dioctria | Ficus | | Dioctria | Filago | | Dioctria | Fissilia | | Dioctria | Flagellaria | | Dioctria | Fectidia | | Dioctria | Fontinalis | | Dioctria | Fontanesia | | Dioctria | Forskalia | | Dioctria | Forstera | | Dioctria | Fothergilla | | Dioctria | Fragrea | | Dioctria | Frangaria | | Dioctria | Frankenia | | Dioctria | Fraxinus | | Dioctria | Freziera | | Dioctria | Fritillaria | | Dioctria | Frulichia | | Dioctria | Fucus | | Dioctria | Fuirena | | Dioctria | Fumaria | | Dioctria | Fuschia | | Dioctria | Gaertnera | | Dioctria | Gahnia | | Dioctria | Galanthus | | Dioctria | Galax | | Dioctria | Galaxia | | Dioctria | Galega | | Dioctria | Galenia | | Dioctria | Galeopsis | | Dioctria | Galipea | | Dioctria | Galopina | | Dioctria | Garcinia | | Dioctria | Gardinia | | Dioctria | Garidella | | Dioctria | Gaura | | Dioctria | Genera, botanical, explained | | Dioctria | Geniostoma | | Dioctria | Genista | | Dioctria | Gentiana | | Dioctria | Geoffroya | | Dioctria | Geranium | | Dioctria | Gerardia | | Dioctria | Geropogon | | Dioctria | Gesneria | | Dioctria | Gesner's botanical arrangement | | Dioctria | Geothyllis | | Dioctria | Geum | | Dioctria | Ghinia | | Dioctria | Glabaria | | Dioctria | Gladiolus | | Dioctria | Glaux | | Dioctria | Glecoma | | Dioctria | Gleditsia | | Dioctria | Glirina | | Dioctria | Globularia | | Dioctria | Gloriosa | | Dioctria | Glossoma | | Dioctria | Gloxipetalum | | Dioctria | Gloxinia | | Dioctria | Gluta | | Dioctria | Glycine | | Dioctria | Glycyrrhiza | | Dioctria | Ginellia | | Dioctria | Ginepali | | Dioctria | Gnetum | | Dioctria | Gnidiia | | Dioctria | Gonoplia | | Dioctria | Gomphrena | | Dioctria | Gomphocarpus | | Dioctria | Goodenia | | Dioctria | Gordonia | | Dioctria | Gorteria | | Dioctria | Gossypium | | Dioctria | Guanania | | Dioctria | Grangeria | | Dioctria | Gratia | | Dioctria | Grewia | | Dioctria | Griess | | Dioctria | Grielum | | Dioctria | Grisea | | Dioctria | Gronovia | | Dioctria | Grubbia | | Dioctria | Guarea | | Dioctria | Guaiacum | | Botanical Name | Page | |---------------|------| | Guaiacum | 177 | | Gualtheria | 178 | | Guettarda | 263 | | Guillandina | 176 | | Gundelia | 248 | | Gunnera | 258 | | Gustavia | 230 | | Gymandria, class of | 257 | | Gynopogon | 120 | | Gypsophila | 179 | | Hæmanthus | 151 | | Hematoxylon | 177 | | Haemodorum | 95 | | Hagenia | 163 | | Halesia | 188 | | Halleria | 213 | | Halloragis | 156 | | Hamamelis | 111 | | Hamellia | 122 | | Hartogia | 110 | | Hasselquistia | 126 | | Hebenstretia | 212 | | Hedera | 124 | | Hodwigia | 164 | | Hedycaria | 275 | | Hedychium | 74 | | Hedyotis | 109 | | Hedyssarum | 236 | | Heisteria | 177 | | Helenium | 246 | | Helianthus | 247 | | Heliconia | 125 | | Helicteris | 230 | | Heliocarpus | 189 | | Heliophila | 226 | | Heliotropium | 118 | | Helonias | 154 | | Hellenia | 74 | | Helleborus | 203 | | Helvella | 285 | | Hemerocallis | 152 | | Hemimeris | 214 | | Hemionitis | 284 | | Heptandria, class of | 161 | | Herbarium, how formed | 72 | | Hernacleum | 126 | | Hermannia | 229 | | Herman's botanical arrangement | 293 | | Hermas | 280 | | Hernandia | 262 | | Herniaria | 126 | | Hesperis | 224 | | Heuchera | 125 | | Hexandria, class of | 150 | | Hibiscus | 231 | | Hieracium | 245 | | Hillia | 151 | | Hippia | 247 | | Hippocrates | 95 | | Hippocrepis | 236 | | Hippomane | 265 | | Hippophaë | 273 | | Hippuris | 75 | | Hiraea | 122 | | Hirtella | 289 | | History of botany | 109 | | Holcus | 279 | | Holmskioldia | 213 | | Holostemum | 98 | | Homalium | 202 | | Honkenya | 163 | | Hordeum | 98 | | Hornstedtia | 74 | | Hortus siccus, bow formed | 72 | | Hopea | 242 | | Hostea | 125 | | Hottonia | 119 | | Houstonia | 109 | | Houyttinia | 162 | | Hovenia | 123 | | Hudsonia | 189 | | Hudonia | 229 | | Humboldtia | 123 | | Humulus | 273 | | Hura | 264 | | Hyacinthus | 152 | | Hydnum | 285 | | Hydrangea | 179 | | Hydrastis | 202 | | Hydrocharis | 274 | | Hydrocotyle | 126 | | Hydrolyla | 125 | | Hydrophyllum | 109 | | Hyuncena | 176 | | Hyobanche | 215 | | Hyoscyamus | 119 | | Hyoseros | 245 | | Hypoecum | 111 | | Hyperanthera | 176 | | Hypericum | 242 | | Hypaum | 284 | | Hypocheris | 244 | | Hypoxis | 132 | | Hyptis | 211 | | ib. | 101 | | Jasione | 124 | | Jasminum | 79 | | Jatropha | 265 | | Iberis | 224 | | Icosandra, class of | 192 | | Ignatia | 120 | | Illecebrom | 124 | | Ilex | 112 | | Illicium | 293 | | Impatiens | 123 | | Imperatoria | 127 | | Incarville | 214 | | Indigofera | 236 | | Inocarpus | 178 | | Inula | 246 | | Jonesia | 161 | | Jonquicia | 180 | | Ipomoea | 95 | | Iris | 273 | | Isatis | 224 | | Ischaenum | 279 | | Isnardia | 111 | | Isotes | 284 | | Isopyrum | 203 | | Itca | 124 | | Iva | 263 | | Juglans | 264 | | Junceus | 153 | | Jungermannia | 284 | | Jungia | 248 | | Juniperus | 275 | | Jussieu | 178 | | Justicia | 80 | | Ixia | 95 | | Ixora | 109 | | Kämpferia | 74 | | Kalmia | 158 | | Kiggelaria | 274 | | Kitabellia | 231 | | Kleinhovia | 188 | | Knautia | 107 | | Knaut's, Christopher, botanical arrangement | 293 | | Knaut's Christian, botanical arrangement | 295 | | Knoxia | 109 | | Koenigia | 98 | | Koebreuteria | 163 | | Krameria | 111 | | Kyllingia | 96 | | Labatia | 108 | | Lachenalia | 152 | | Lachnea | 164 | | Lacis | 202 | | Lacistema | 75 | | Lactuca | 244 | | Laetia | 202 | | Lagerstroemia | 101 | | Lagocacia | 124 | | Lagunaea | 230 | | Lagurus | 97 | | Lamium | 211 | | Lanaria | 152 | | Langeria | 120 | | Lantana | 213 | | Lappago | 98 | | Lapsana | 245 | | Lasiostoma | 108 | | Laserpitium | 126 | | Lathroca | 213 | | Lathyrus | 236 | | Lavatera | 231 | | Lavandula | 211 | | Laurus | 169 | | Lawsonia | 164 | | Leccytos | 201 | | Leea | 121 | | Ledum | 177 | | Leersia | 97 | | Legnotis | 200 | | Lemna | 262 | | Lemniscia | 200 | | Leontice | 151 | | Leontodon | 244 | | Leonurus | 211 | | Lepidagathis | 215 | | Lepidium | 224 | | Leptospermum | 193 | | Lerchea | 229 | | Leucodendrum, v. Protea. | 151 | | Leuconium | 246 | | Leysera | 284 | | Lichen | 284 | | Licium | 121 | | Licuala | 151 | | Lightfootia | 124 | | Ligusticum | 127 | | Ligustrum | 97 | | Lilium | 133 | | Limeum | 162 | | Limodorum | 238 | | Limonia | 177 | | Limosella | 213 | | Linonia | 125 | | Lindera | 133 | | Lindernia | 213 | | Linnæa | 213 | | Linociera | 82 | | Linum | 129 | | Liparia | 236 | | Lippia | 213 | | Liquidambar | 263 | | Liriodendron | 203 | | Lisianthus | 119 | | Lita | 16 | | Lithophila | 8 | | Lithospermum | 118 | | Littorella | 263 | | Loasa | 200 | | Lobelia | 12 | | Loeflingia | 9 | | Loeselia | 21 | | Lolium | 9 | | Longitius | 28 | | Lonicera | 12 | | Lopezia | 7 | | Loranthus | 15 | | Lotus | 23 | | Ludia | 20 | | Ludwigia | 11 | | Lunaria | 22 | | Lupinus | 23 | | Lychnis | 18 | | Lycoerodon | 28 | | Lycopodium | 28 | | Lycopus | 8 | | Lycopsis | 11 | | Lygeum | 9 | | Lysimachia | 11 | | Lythrum | 18 | | Maba | 27 | | Macrocnemum | 12 | | Macrolobium | 12 | | Botany | Page | |--------|------| | Iscrobolum | 95 | | Ixora | 201 | | Iagnolia | 203 | | Iahernia | 129 | | Ialachra | 231 | | Fallingtonia | 215 | | Iaslope | 231 | | Ialpighia | 179 | | Ialva | 231 | | Iamosea | 200 | | Ianettia | 109 | | Iangifera | 123 | | Iansuris | 279 | | Ianulea | 214 | | Iapanta | 96 | | Iaranta | 74 | | Iarchantia | 284 | | Iaregravia | 200 | | Iargaritaria | 274 | | Iarica | 95 | | Iarilla | 200 | | Iarrubium | 212 | | Iarsilea | 284 | | Iartynia | 214 | | Iassonia | 152 | | Iaticaria | 246 | | Iathbiola | 122 | | Iattuschea | 108 | | Iaurandia | 214 | | Iauritia | 288 | | Iedolca | 154 | | Iedicago | 236 | | Ielaleuca | 242 | | Ielampodium | 247 | | Ielamprum | 213 | | Ielanthium | 154 | | Ielastoma | 178 | | Ielia | 177 | | Ielanthus | 215 | | Ielica | 97 | | Ielicoca | 164 | | Ielitcope | ib. | | Ielissa | 212 | | Ielittis | ib. | | Ielochia | 229 | | Ielodinus | 125 | | Ielothria | 95 | | Iemecylon | 163 | | Iennis | 120 | | Ienyanthes | 119 | | Ienspernum | 274 | | Lentha | 211 | | Lentzelia | 200 | | Lenzesia | 164 | | Lercarialis | 274 | | Leriana | 178 | | Lesembryanthemum | 194 | | Espilus | ib. | | Lesserschmidia | 118 | | Eus | 239 | | Erosideros | 193 | | Schauzia | 104 | | Ichelia | 203 | | Iicrocos | 201 | | Microtea | 126 | | Micropus | 247 | | Miegia | 96 | | Millea | 152 | | Millium | 97 | | Milleria | 247 | | Mimosa | 279 | | Minulos | 214 | | Minusops | 163 | | Minuartia | 98 | | Mirabilis | 117 | | Mitchella | 109 | | Mitella | 179 | | Mithridatea | 75 | | Mnasium | 151 | | Moniarum | 75 | | Monium | 284 | | Moehringia | 165 | | Molinsea | 163 | | Mollugo | 98 | | Molluccella | 212 | | Momordica | 205 | | Monadelphia, class of | 228 | | Monandria, class of | 74 | | Monarda | 80 | | Monetia | 110 | | Monnieria | 234 | | Monoceca, class of | 261 | | Monotropa | 177 | | Monsonia | 230 | | Montia | 98 | | Montinea | 273 | | Morcea | 95 | | Morina | 80 | | Morinda | 122 | | Morisonia | 230 | | Morus | 268 | | Mucor | 285 | | Muhlenbergia | 97 | | Mullera | 236 | | Munchausia | 242 | | Montingia | 101 | | Muraya | 178 | | Musa | 278 | | Mussenda | 122 | | Mutisia | 246 | | Myagrum | 223 | | Myginda | 112 | | Myonima | 108 | | Myoporum | 215 | | Myosotis | 118 | | Myosurus | 129 | | Myrica | 273 | | Myriophyllum | 264 | | Myrmecia | 108 | | Myrodia | 230 | | Myrosma | 74 | | Myrsine | 120 | | Myroxylon | 176 | | Myrtus | 193 | | Napaea | 275 | | Nardus | 96 | | Natural classification of plants | 306 | | Nauclea | 123 | | Nectris | 153 | | Nelumbium | 203 | | Nepenthes | 258 | | Nepeta | 212 | | Nephelium | 263 | | Nerium | 120 | | Nerteria | 111 | | Neurada | 180 | | Nicandra | 178 | | Nicotiana | 119 | | Nigella | 202 | | Nipa | 261 | | Nissolia | 235 | | Nitharia | 180 | | Noiana | 118 | | Nyctanthes | 79 | | Nympheea | 201 | | Nyssa | 280 | | Obolaria | 212 | | Ochna | 201 | | Ochroma | 229 | | Octandra, class of | 163 | | Ocymum | 212 | | Oedera | 248 | | Oenanthe | 126 | | Oenothera | 163 | | Olax | 96 | | Olea | 79 | | Olyra | 262 | | Omphalea | ib. | | Onestis | 180 | | Onoclea | 283 | | Ononis | 233 | | Onopordon | 245 | | Onosma | 118 | | Ophiorrhiza | 119 | | Ophioglossum | 283 | | Ophiorylon | 279 | | Ophira | 164 | | Ophrys | 257 | | Orchis | ib. | | Orders of plants explained | 65, 67 | | Origanum | 212 | | Orixa | 110 | | Ornithogalum | 153 | | Ornithopus | 236 | | Ornitrophe | 164 | | Orobanche | 212 | | Orocus | 236 | | Orontium | 153 | | Ortega | 96 | | Oryza | 153 | | Osbeckia | 163 | | Osmites | 247 | | Osmunda | 283 | | Osteospermum | 247 | | Osyris | 272 | | Othera | 110 | | Othonna | 247 | | Ovieda | 215 | | Oxalis | 180 | | Oxybaphus | 95 | | Ozophyllum | 229 | | P. | | | Pederota | 79 | | Paedera | 120 | | Paonia | 202 | | Palavia | 230 | | Panax | 280 | | Pancousia | 161 | | Pancratium | 150 | | Pandanus | 272 | | Panicum | 96 | | Panke | 169 | | Panzera | 178 | | Papaver | 200 | | Pappophorum | 97 | | Parietaria | 280 | | Paris | 169 | | Parkinsonia | 176 | | Parnassia | 128 | | Parthenium | 263 | | Paspalum | 97 | | Passerina | 164 | | Passiflora | 229 | | Pastinaca | 127 | | Paulinia | 165 | | Pavetta | 109 | | Pavonia | 231 | | Pectis | 246 | | Pedalium | 215 | | Pedicularis | 214 | | Peganum | 188 | | Pelargonium | 229 | | Peltaria | 224 | | Penna | 168 | | Pentandria, class of | 117 | | Pentapetes | 230 | | Penthorum | 180 | | Penthsternon | 214 | | Perdicium | 246 | | Pergularia | 125 | | Perilla | 211 | | Periploca | 125 | | Perotis | 97 | | Persoonia | 163 | | Petaloma | 177 | | Petesia | 109 | | Petitia | 108 | | Petiveria | 161 | | Petrea | 214 | | Petrocarya | 161 | | Peucedanum | 126 | | Peziza | 285 | | Phaca | 236 | | Phalaris | 97 | | Phallus | 285 | | Pharmaceutum | 128 | | Pharus | 263 | | Phascum | 284 | | Phaseolus | | | Botanical Name | Page | |----------------------|------| | Phaseolus | 235 | | Phaylopsis | 213 | | Phellandrium | 127 | | Philadelphus | 193 | | Philesia | 153 | | Phillyrea | 79 | | Phleum | 97 | | Pilomis | 211 | | Phlox | 119 | | Phoenix | 288 | | Phormium | 152 | | Phryma | 212 | | Phrynium | 74 | | Phylica | 124 | | Phyllidrum | 74 | | Phyllachne | 261 | | Phyllanthus | 262 | | Phyllis | 126 | | Physalis | 121 | | Phyteuma | 180 | | Phytolacca | 244 | | Picris | 123 | | Pilocarpus | 284 | | Pilularia | 284 | | Pimelea | 79 | | Pimpinella | 128 | | Pinguiicula | 80 | | Pinus | 264 | | Piper | 81 | | Piscidia | 235 | | Pisonia | 161 | | Pistacia | 273 | | Pistia | 229 | | Pisum | 236 | | Pitcairnia | 150 | | Pittosporum | 123 | | Plagianthus | 230 | | Plantago | 108 | | Plants, parts of, explained | 63 | | Platanus | 264 | | Plates explained | 72 | | Plectranthus | 212 | | Plectronica | 124 | | Plegorhiza | 169 | | Plocama | 122 | | Plukenetia | 265 | | Plumbago | 118 | | Plumieria | 120 | | Plumier's botanical arrangement | 296 | | Podalyria | 176 | | Podophyllum | 201 | | Polemonium | 119 | | Pollia | 153 | | Polyandria, class of | 199 | | Polyanthus | 152 | | Pollicia | 75 | | Polyadelphia, class of | 241 | | Polycarpus | 98 | | Polycardia | 123 | | Polycenenum | 96 | | Polygala | 235 | | Polygamia, class of | 278 | | Polygonum | 165 | | Polymaena | 247 | | Polypodium | 283 | | Polypremum | 108 | | Polytrichum | 284 | | Pommerentia | 96 | | Pontederia | 152 | | Populus | 274 | | Porana | 119 | | Portulaca | 189 | | Potamogeton | 112 | | Potentilla | 194 | | Poterium | 264 | | Potheas | 111 | | Poureatia | 230 | | Prasiun | 212 | | Premna | 213 | | Prenanthes | 244 | | Primula | 119 | | Prinos | 151 | | Prockia | 201 | | Prosopis | 98 | | Protea | 111 | | Prunella | 212 | | Prunus | 193 | | Psathura | 151 | | Psidium | 193 | | Psoralea | 236 | | Psychotria | 122 | | Pteris | 284 | | Pterocarpus | 235 | | Pteronia | 245 | | Pterospermum | 230 | | Pugionium | 224 | | Pulmonaria | 118 | | Pultenacea | 176 | | Punica | 193 | | Pyrola | 177 | | Pyrostria | 108 | | Pyrus | 194 | | Qualea | 75 | | Quassia | 177 | | Quercus | 264 | | Quinchamala | 98 | | Quisqualis | 118 | | Rajania | 274 | | Ranunculus | 203 | | Raphanus | 224 | | Rawolfia | 120 | | Ray's botanical arrangement | 293 | | Reanumaria | 202 | | Reichelia | 128 | | Renealmia | 74 | | Reseda | 189 | | Restis | 272 | | Retzia | 119 | | Rhamnus | 169 | | Rheum | 163 | | Rhizanthus | 213 | | Rhizophora | 188 | | Rhodiola | 274 | | Rhododendron | 178 | | Rhodora | 176 | | Rhus | 128 | | Ribes | 124 | | Riccia | 284 | | Richardia | 151 | | Ricinus | 265 | | Ricotia | 224 | | Rivina | 111 | | Rivinus's botanical arrangement | 294 | | Roberghia | 180 | | Robinia | 236 | | Robinsonia | 193 | | Rochefortia | 125 | | Roella | 121 | | Rohria | 95 | | Rondellela | 121 | | Roridula | 124 | | Rosa | 194 | | Rosmarinus | 80 | | Rotabala | 96 | | Rottboellia | 98 | | Roussca | 108 | | Roxburghia | 163 | | Royena | 179 | | Rubia | 109 | | Rubus | 194 | | Rudbeckia | 247 | | Ruellia | 214 | | Ruigia | 231 | | Rumex | 154 | | Rumphia | 196 | | Rupala | 111 | | Rupia | 112 | | Ruscus | 275 | | Russelia | 213 | | Ruta | 177 | | Ruyschia | 123 | | Ryania | 202 | | Saccharum | 97 | | Sagina | 112 | | Sagittaria | 264 | | Salacia | 258 | | Salicornia | 75 | | Salix | 272 | | Salmasia | 128 | | Salvadora | 111 | | Salvia | 80 | | Samara | 110 | | Sambucus | 128 | | Samolus | 121 | | Samyda | 178 | | Sandoricum | 177 | | Sanguinaria | 201 | | Sanguisorba | 109 | | Sanicula | 120 | | Sansevicta | 15 | | Santalum | 11 | | Santolina | 24 | | Sapindus | 16 | | Saponaria | 17 | | Saraca | 23 | | Sarothra | 12 | | Sarracenia | 20 | | Satureia | 21 | | Satyrium | 25 | | Sauururus | 16 | | Sauvagesia | 12 | | Saxifraga | 17 | | Scabiosa | 10 | | Scavola | 12 | | Scandix | 12 | | Schefflera | 12 | | Schenckera | 15 | | Schinus | 27 | | Schmidelia | 16 | | Schrenus | 9 | | Schrebea | 12 | | Schwalbea | 21 | | Schwennckia | 8 | | Schwenkfeldia | 12 | | Scilla | 15 | | Scirpus | 9 | | Scitamineae | 7 | | Sciuirus | 8 | | Scleranthus | 17 | | Sclerocarpus | 24 | | Scolopia | 10 | | Scolosanthus | 10 | | Scolymus | 22 | | Scoparia | 10 | | Scopolia | 12 | | Scorpiurus | 2 | | Scorzonera | 2 | | Scrophularia | 2 | | Scutellaria | 2 | | Secale | 1 | | Sections in botany | | | Securidaceae | 1 | | Sedum | 1 | | Seguteria | 2 | | Selago | 2 | | Semicarpus | 1 | | Semperivivum | 1 | | Senecio | 2 | | Senecioa | 1 | | Septae | 1 | | Serapias | 2 | | Seriana | 1 | | Seriola | 2 | | Seriphium | 2 | | Serissa | 2 | | Serpicula | 2 | | Serratula | 2 | | Sesamum | 1 | | Botany | Page | |--------|------| | Sterbeckia | 127 | | Sterculia | 193 | | Sternodea | 119 | | Stilbe | 280 | | Stipa | 97 | | Stilago | 258 | | Stellaria | 265 | | Stoebe | 248 | | Streptizia | 125 | | Strigilia | 178 | | Stromelia | 122 | | Strumpia | 124, 248 | | Stromaria | 151 | | Struthiola | 110 | | Strychnos | 120 | | Stuartia | 230 | | Styphelia | 120 | | Syringa | 79 | | Subularia | 223 | | Suriana | 180 | | Symphonia | 229 | | Symplectos | 242 | | Syngenesia, class of | 244 | | Syringa | 79 | | Systems of botany | 292 | | Swartzia | 199 | | Swertia | 125 | | Swietenia | 177 | | Symphytum | 118 | | Tabernemontana | 120 | | Tables of the numbers of plants | 289 | | Tacca | 151 | | Tagetes | 246 | | Talinum | 189 | | Tamarindus | 220 | | Tamarix | 128 | | Tamus | 274 | | Tanacetum | 212 | | Targionia | 284 | | Taxus | 275 | | Tectona | 120 | | Terminalia | 279 | | Tetracera | 202 | | Tetradynamia, class of | 223 | | Tetragonaria | 194 | | Tetrandria, class of | 197 | | Tetralbea | 163 | | Teucrium | 211 | | Thalia | 74 | | Thalictrum | 203 | | Thapsia | 127 | | Thea | 201 | | Theligonum | 264 | | Theobroma | 241 | | Thesium | 125 | | Thlaspi | 224 | | Thunnius | 120 | | Thrinax | 153 | | Thryallis | 177 | | Thuja | 164 | | Thumbergia | 215 | | Thymbra | 212 | | Thymus | 16 | | Tiarella | 179 | | Tilia | 201 | | Tillaea | 112 | | Tillandsia | 150 | | Toloufera | 176 | | Tonsella | 96 | | Tordylium | 126 | | Torenia | 212 | | Tormentilla | 194 | | Tormex | 188 | | Tortula | 215 | | Touretta | 214 | | Tournefortia | 120 | | Tournefort's botanical arrangement | 296 | | Tozzia | 213 | | Trachelium | 121 | | Trachonanthus | 245 | | Tradescantia | 105 | | Tragia | 262 | | Tragopogon | 244 | | Trapa | 110 | | Tremella | 285 | | Triandra, class of | 95 | | Trianthema | 179 | | Tribulus | 177 | | Trichilia | ib. | | Trichocarpus | 202 | | Trichomanes | 284 | | Trichosanthes | 205 | | Trichostema | 212 | | Tricratus | 117 | | Tridax | 247 | | Trientalis | 161 | | Trifolium | 236 | | Triglochin | 154 | | Trigonella | 236 | | Triguera | 121 | | Trillium | 154 | | Tripteris | 179 | | Trosticum | 122 | | Triticum | 98 | | Triumfetta | 188 | | Trollius | 203 | | Troceolum | 163 | | Trophis | 273 | | Tulbagia | 152 | | Tulipa | 133 | | Turraea | 177 | | Tornera | 128 | | Turritis | 224 | | Tussilago | 246 | | Typha | 262 | | Ucriana | 122 | | Ulex | 235 | | Ulmus | 126 | | Ulva | 285 | | Uniola | 164 | | Unoxia | 212 | | Urena | 16 | | Urtica | 179 | | Uteria | 201 | | Utricularia | 112 | | Uvaria | 150 | | Uvularia | 176 | | Vaccinium | 96 | | Vahlia | 126 | | Vaillantia | 212 | | Valentinia | 194 | | Valeriana | 188 | | Vallea | 215 | | Vallisneria | 214 | | Vandellia | 120 | | Vangueria | 123 | | Ventilago | 244 | | Veratrum | 110 | | Verbascum | 285 | | Verbena | 95 | | Verbesina | 179 | | Vera | 177 | | Veronica | 284 | | Vicia | 236 | | Vinea | 205 | | Viola | 117 | | Virecta | 117 | | Viscum | 247 | | Vitex | 236 | | Vitis | 154 | | Vitmannia | 121 | | Volkameria | 215 | | Voltheimia | 152 | | Wachendorfia | 95 | | Wahlbornia | 202 | | Waldsteinia | 98 | | Wallenia | 188 | | Walkera | 203 | | Waltheria | 163 | | Webera | 273 | | Weigelia | 152 | | Weinmannia | 133 | | Wendlandia | 177 | | Willughbeis | 128 | | Willichia | 224 | | Wintera | 163 | | Wintheringia | 246 | | Witsenia | 262 | | Writers, ancient, on botany | 289 | | Wulfenia | 79 | | Wurmbea | 285 | | Xanthium | 154 |