John, a Protestant divine, born in the province of Angenois in 1619. Mess. de Port Royal using their utmost endeavours to convert M. de Turenne to the Catholic faith, presented him with a piece calculated to that end, which his lady engaged Mr Claude to answer; and his performance gave rise to the most famous controversy that was ever carried on in France between the Roman Catholics and Protestants.

a vestal virgin at Rome, who being suspected of unchastity, is said to have been cleared from that imputation in the following manner: the image of Cybele being brought out of Phrygia to Rome in a barge, and it happening to stick so fast in the river Tiber that it could not be moved, she tying her girdle, the badge of chastity, to the barge, drew it along to the city, which a thousand men were unable to do.

**Claudia Aqua** (Frontinus), water conveyed to Rome by a canal or aqueduct of eleven miles in length, the contrivance of Appius Claudius the Censor, and the first structure of the kind, in the year of Rome 441. Called also **Aqua Appia**.

**Claudia Copia**, (Inscriptions), a name of Lugdunum, or Lyons in France, the birthplace of the emperor Claudius: a Roman colony called Claudia, from its benefactor the emperor; and Copia from its plenty of all necessaries, especially corn. See **Lugdunum**.

**Claudia**, or **Clodia Via** (Ovid,) was that road which, beginning at the Portus Milvius, joined the Flaminia, passing through Etruria on the south side of the Lacus Sabatinus, and striking off from the Cassia, and leading to Luca (Antonine): large remains of it are to be seen above Bracciano (Holstenius).

**Claudia Lex, de Comitiis**, was enacted by M. Cl. Marcellus in the year of Rome 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent. Another, **de Usura**, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment, after the decease of their parents. Another, **de Negotiatione**, by Q. Claudius the tribune, 535. It forbade any senator or father of a senator to have any vessel containing above 300 amphorae, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connexions could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state. Another, 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Liv. 41. c. 8. Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists which Cesar had carried to Noviomagus.

**Claudianus**, Claudius, a Latin poet, flourished in the 4th century, under the emperor Theodosius, and under his sons Arcadius and Honorius. It is not agreed of what country he was a native; but he came to Rome in the year of Christ 395, when he was about 20 years old; and there insinuated himself into Stilicho's favour; who, being a person of great abilities both for civil and military affairs, though a Goth by birth, was so considerable a person under Honorius, that he may be said for many years to have governed the western empire. Stilicho afterwards fell into disgrace, and was put to death; and it is more than probable that the poet was involved in the misfortunes of his patron, and severely persecuted in his person and fortunes by Hadrian, an Egyptian by birth, who was captain of the guards to Honorius, and succeeded Stilicho. There is reason, however, to think that he rose afterwards to great favour, and obtained several honours both civil and military. The princess Serena had a great esteem for Claudian, and recommended and married him to a lady of great quality and fortune in Libya. There are a few little poems on sacred subjects, which through mistake have been ascribed by some critics to Claudian; and so have made him be thought a Christian. But St Austin, who was contemporary with him, expressly says that he was a Heathen. The time of Claudian's death is uncertain, nor do we know any farther particulars of his life than what are to be collected from his works, and which we have already related above. He is thought to have more of Virgil in his style than all the other imitators of him.

**Claudius I.** Roman emperor, A.D. 41. The beginning of his reign was very promising; but it was soon discovered that little better than an idiot filled the throne, who might easily be made a tyrant: accordingly he became a very cruel one, through the influence of his empress, the infamous Messalina: after her death, he married his niece Agrippina, who caused him to be poisoned to make room for Nero, A.D. 54. See (History of) ROME.

**Claudius II. Aurelius**, surnamed Gothicus, signalled himself by his courage and prudence under the reigns of Valerian and Julian; and on the death of the latter was declared emperor in 268. He put to death Aureolus, the murderer of Gallienus; defeated the Germans; and in 269 marched against the Goths, who ravaged the empire with an army of 300,000 men, which he at first harassed, and next year entirely defeated; but a contagious disease, which had spread through that vast army, was caught by the Romans and the emperor himself died of it a short time after, aged 56. Pollio says, that this prince had the moderation of Augustus, the virtue of Trajan, and the piety of Antoninus.