Sect. 7. De Auribus marinis. Sect. 8. Cap. 1. De Trochis pyramidalibus, apertura sive basi leviter tumida. Cap. 2. De Trochis pyramidalibus, basi paululum cava sive sinuata. Cap. 3. De Trochis, apertura sive basi plana. Cap. 4. De Trochis brevioribus, umbilicatis, dentatis. Cap. 5. De Trochis cochleariformibus, umbilicatis, edentulis. Cap. 6. De Trochis clavícula breviore, columella paulo erectiore integra. Cap. 7. De Trochis, basi media leviter tumida, quasi altera clavícula. Cap. 8. De Trochis, unico dente ad columellam acuto.

Sect. 9. Cap. 1. De Conchis venereis unicoloribus. Cap. 2. De Conchis venereis, lineis nigris secundum longitudinem depictis. Cap. 3. De Conchis undatus depictis. Cap. 4. De Conchis venereis fasciatis, immaculatis; et de conchis venereis fasciatis et maculatis, aut alias cum fascis variegatis. Cap. 5. De Conchis venereis, punctis nigris distinctis. Cap. 6. De Conchis venereis, maculis albis nigriave interspersis insignis; et de conchis venereis maculis albis quasi reticulatim depictis. Cap. 7. De Conchis venereis, striis eminentibus conspicuis. Cap. 8. De Conchis venereis, punctis elatis exasperatis, nodis inequalibus. Cap. 9. De Conchis venereis, apertura non dentata, basi integra. Cap. 10. De Conchis venereis, basi umbilicatae coelestis.

Sect. 10. Cap. 1. De Rhombis cylindraceis columella dentatis, crassis, unius coloris. Cap. 2. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, maculosis. Cap. 3. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, fasciatis. Cap. 4. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, undatis. Cap. 5. De Rhombis cylindraceis dentatis, dorso gibboso. Cap. 6. De Rhombis cylindraceis edentulis, ore strictiore. Cap. 7. De Rhombis edentulis tenuibus, ore patulo, clavícula paululum exserta. Cap. 8. De Rhombis edentulis, ore patulo, clavícula compressa.

PARS II. Cap. 1. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, unius coloris. Cap. 2. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, quibus lineae maculatas circum injiciuntur. Cap. 3. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, striatis. Cap. 4. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, undatis. Cap. 5. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, fasciatis. Cap. 6. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, reticulatis. Cap. 7. De Rhombis cylindrico-pyramidalibus, dentatis.

Sect. 11. Cap. 1. De Buccinis persicis dictis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis musicis dictis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis columella dentata, clavícula longissima et tenuissima.

Sect. 12. Cap. 1. De Buccinis bilinguibus, laevibus. Cap. 2. De Buccinis bilinguibus, striatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis bilinguibus, asperis et muricatis. Cap. 4. De Buccinis bilinguibus, digitatis.

Sect. 13. Cap. 1. De Buccinis ampullaceis laevibus, aut certe minus asperis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis ampullaceis, muricatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis ampullaceis, ad sinistrum convolutis.

Sect. 14. Cap. 1. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, laevibus. Cap. 2. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis densis et tenuioribus exasperatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis paucioribus donatis, labro simplici. Cap. 4. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, striis paucioribus, labro duplicato donatis. Cap. 5. De Buccinis utrinque productioribus, muricatis.

Sect. 15. Cap. 1. De Buccinis brevirostris, nodosis. Cap. 2. De Buccinis brevirostris, striatis. Cap. 3. De Buccinis brevirostris, laevibus, fere clavícula productiore. Cap. 4. De Buccinis brevirostris, labro repando, tenuibus. Cap. 5. De Buccinis brevirostris, labro repando, crassis. Cap. 6. De Buccinis brevirostris, compressis. Cap. 7. De Buccinis auritis, sive rostro recurvo donatis, ventriculosis. Cap. 8. De Buccinis brevirostris, sive reflexo, laevibus. Cap. 9. De Buccinis brevirostris, rostro reflexo, clavícula productiore.

Sect. 16. Seu appendix de buccinitis, iisve lapidibus que buccina omnigena valde referant.

II. In 1722, Langius presented to the world the following work on conchology. Caroli Nicolai Langii Lucernae, Helvet. Phil. et Med. &c. Methodus novæ et faciei, testacea marina plerique, quae huc usque nobis nota sint, in suas debitas et distinctas classes, genera, et species, distribuendi, nominibusque suis propriis, structure potissimum accommodatis nuncupandi, &c. Lucerna, 1722, 4to, p. 102.

SYSTEM OF LANGIUS.

PARS PRIMA. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinate.

CLASSIS PRIMA. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et in se non contorta.

Sect. 1. Testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et in se non contorta nullo modo, vel sollemmodo in summo apice tantillum incurvata. Gen. 1. Patellae. Gen. 2. Balani.

Sect. 2. Tubuli marini, seu testacea marina univalvia, non turbinata, et in se non contorta, elongata tubuli instar concava. Gen. 1. Penicillae. Gen. 2. Dentales. Gen. 3. Tubuli radiciformes. Gen. 4. Tubuli vermicularis.

CLASSIS SECUNDA. Testacea marina univalvia, non turbinata, sed ita in se contorta, ut eorum spirae non prominant.

Sect. 1. Testacea marina univalvia ita in se transversim, vel oblique secundum longitudinem contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones vix appareant. Gen. 1. Nutili. Gen. 2. Nucæ marine.

Sect. 2. Porcellaneæ, seu testacea marina univalvia non turbinata. Gen. 1. Porcellaneæ vulgares. Gen. 2. Porcellaneæ fimbriatae. Gen. 3. Porcellaneæ spirales. Gen. 4. Porcellaneæ thoracicae. Gen. 5. Porcellaneæ minores integrae.

Sect. 3. Divis. 1. Cornua ammonis, que sunt testacea marina univalvia non turbinata, et serpentum in modum in se contorta, ut eorum circumvolutiones nulla ex parte prominant, et tamen ex utroque latere omnes appareant. Gen. 1. Cornua ammonis unita. Gen. 2. Cornua ammonis anomala. Divis. 2. Gen. 1. Cornua ammonis simpliciter divisa. Gen. 2. Cornua ammonis integra divisa. Pars Secunda. Cochleae marinae, seu testacea marina univalvia turbinate, quae unica tantum constant valvis et figura sua cochlearum in modum intorta sunt, ita ut intima eorum spira aliquo saltem modo promineat et producatur.

Classis Prima. Cochleae marinae longae, seu cochleae marinae ore admodum elongato et superius aperito.

Sect. 1. Cochleae marinae longae ore labiis rectis. Gen. 1. Cochleae pyramidales. Gen. 3. Cochleae cylindroides.

Sect. 2. Cochleae longae pyriformes, seu cochleae marinae longae ore labiis leviter incurvatis, idoque etiam leviter ventricosis. Divis. 1. Cochleae longae pyriformes minores. Gen. 1. Cochleae longae pyriformes minores vulgares. Gen. 2. Cochleae longae pyriformes minores intortae integrae. Gen. 3. Cochleae longae pyriformes minores intortae et insulcatae. Divis. 2. Cochleae longae pyriformes majores. Gen. 1. Cochleae longae pyriformes majores vulgares. Gen. 2. Cochleae longae pyriformes majores, intortae integrae. Gen. 3. Cochleae longae pyriformes majores intortae cylindroides.

Classis Secunda. Cochleae canaliculatae, seu cochleae marinae ore elongato et superius in canaliculum abeunte.

Sect. 1. Cochleae marinae canalicula recta. Gen. 1. Cochleae canaliculatae rectae tenuiores. Gen. 2. Cochleae canaliculatae rectae crassiores. Gen. 3. Purpureae rectirostrae.

Sect. 2. Cochleae marinae canaliculatae incurvatae. Gen. 1. Cochleae canaliculatae introssum incurvatae. Gen. 2. Cochleae canaliculatae extrossum incurvatae. Gen. 3. Murices. Gen. 4. Cochleae muriciformes insigniter incrispatae. Gen. 5. Purpureae curvirostrae. Gen. 6. Cochleae cassisformes umbilicatae. Gen. 7. Casside.

Classis Tertia. Buccina sunt cochleae marinae ore et mucrone simul elongatis, primaque spira notabiliter ventricosa.

Sect. 2. Buccina parva mucrone mediocriter elongato et tenue acuminato. Gen. 1. Buccina parva pruniforia acuminata. Gen. 2. Buccina parva pruniforia canaliculata. Gen. 3. Buccina parva curvirostra. Gen. 4. Buccina parva sulcata. Gen. 5. Buccina parva sulcata et canaliculata. Gen. 6. Buccina parva integra ore perpendiculari. Gen. 7. Buccina parva integra ore obliquo.

Sect. 2. Buccina majora, quae sunt Buccina mucrone admodum elongato et acuminato. Gen. 1. Buccina majora canaliculata rostrata ore simplici. Gen. 2. Buccina majora canaliculata, ore labioso. Gen. 3. Buccina majora canaliculata rostrata, ore labioso fimbriata. Gen. 4. Buccina majora canaliculata et sulcata.

Classis Quarta. Strombi, qui sunt cochleae marinae ore et mucrone simul insigniter elongatis, et prima spira notabiliter angustiore quam in Buccinis.

Sect. 1. Strombi ore superius aperto. Gen. 1. Strombi canaliculati acuminati. Gen. 2. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore simplici. Gen. 3. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore anguloso. Gen. 4. Strombi canaliculati rostrati, ore labioso. Gen. 5. Strombi sulcati vulgares. Gen. 6. Strombi sulcati, ore labioso.

Sect. 2. Strombi integri, ore superius clause, ore integro. Gen. 1. Strombi integri vulgares, ore simplici. Gen. 2. Strombi integri, ore labioso. Gen. 3. Strombi integri, ore fimbriato et dentato.

Classis Quinta. Cochleae marinae, ore admodum brevi seu parvo, mucrone vero insigniter elongato.

Sect. 1. Turbinæ apertæ, seu cochleae marinae, ore admodum brevi seu parvo superius aperto, mucrone longissimo. Gen. 1. Turbinæ apertæ latæ. Gen. 2. Turbinæ apertæ acuminati. Gen. 3. Turbinæ aperti canaliculati recte rostri. Gen. 4. Turbinæ aperti canaliculati oblique incurvati. Gen. 5. Turbinæ aperti sulcati.

Sect. 2. Turbinæ integri, ore superius clause ore integro. Gen. 1. Turbinæ integri vulgares. Gen. 2. Turbinæ integri acuminati. Gen. 3. Turbinæ integri fimbriati.

Sect. 3. Trochi seu cochleae marinae ore admodum brevi, seu parvo e basi lata et quasi plana in macro nem quasi rectilineam conoidem insigniter elongato abeunte. Gen. 1. Trochi ore angusto et horizontaliter compresso. Gen. 2. Trochi ore ampliore et subrotundo.

Classis Sexta. Cochleae marinae breviores, seu cochleae marinae ore et mucrone breviores, magisque contracto.

Sect. 1. Cochleae breviores proportionatae. Gen. 1. Cochleae trochiformes breviores proportionate et mucronatae. Gen. 2. Cochleae marinae terrestriformes breviores proportionatae. Gen. 3. Cochleae depressae.

Sect. 2. Cochleae marinae breviores perpendiculariter anomale. Gen. 1. Neritæ. Gen. 2. Cochleae umbilicatae foraminæ spirarum semicirculari. Gen. 3. Cochleae umbilicatae foraminæ spirarum rotondo.

Sect. 3. Cochleae marinae breviores horizontaliter anomale. Gen. 1. Cochleae planæ. Gen. 2. Aures marinae.

Sect. 4. Varia hucusque enarratarum cochlearum opercula qua aut propter usum aut propter singularem structuram, magis nota sunt. Gen. 1. Opercula cochlearum marinorum subrotunda. Gen. 2. Ungues marinii, seu opercula cochlearum marinorum oblonga.

Pars Tertia. Conchæ marinae, id est testacea marina bivalvia quae duabus constant valvis in cardine, articulatione quadam inter se conjunctis, ut commodè claudi et aperti queant.

Sect. 1. Conchæ marinae notabiliter umbonatae et recte incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchæ marinae valvis æqualibus æquilateræ. Gen. 2. Conchæ cordiformes umbone cardinum deducto. Gen. 3. Conchæ marinae cordiformes æquilateræ, umbone cardinum, unito. Sect. 2. Conchæ marinae valvis æqualibus æquilateræ leviter umbonatae. Gen. 1. Conchæ crassæ. Gen. 2. Pectines. Pectines tenues. Gen. 3. Pectunculi. Gen. 4. Conchae pectiniformes sequilaterae subrotundae. Gen. 5. Conchae pectiniformes sequilaterae.

Sect. 3. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus sequilaterae, notabiliter umbonate et oblique incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchae marinae incavatae subrotundae vulgares. Gen. 2. Chamae sequilaterae.

Sect. 4. Conchae marinae, valvis aequalibus sequilaterae, leviter umbonate et oblique incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus subrotundae. Gen. 2. Telline sequilaterae.

Sect. 5. Pinnae, seu conchae marinae valvis aequalibus sequilaterae, cardine umbone destituta. Gen. 1. Pinnae rectae. Gen. 2. Pinnae incurvatae.

Classis Secunda. Conchae inequilaterae, seu conchae marinae valvis aequalibus ex utroque cardinis latere inequilaterae effusae.

Sect. 1. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae notabiliter umbonate, et recte incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae subrotundae. Gen. 2. Conchae marinae cordiformes inequilaterae, umbone cardine deducto. Gen. 3. Conchae marinae cordiformes inequilaterae, umbone cardinum unico.

Sect. 2. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae, leviter umbonate et recte incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchae marinae leviter umbonate et recte incurvatae subrotundae.

Sect. 3. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae, notabiliter umbonate et oblique incurvatae, subrotundae vulgares. Gen. 1. Chamae inequilaterae. Gen. 2. Conchae rhomboidales.

Sect. 4. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae, leviter umbonate et oblique incurvatae. Gen. 1. Conchae marinae, &c. subrotundae. Gen. 2. Conchae pectiniformes inequilaterae triangulares. Gen. 3. Telline inequilaterae. Gen. 4. Conchae tellineformes. Gen. 5. Musculi. Gen. 6. Conchae longerugosae. Gen. 7. Conchae soleniformes. Gen. 8. Mytili.

Sect. 5. Conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae, leviter umbonate et oblique incurvatae, structura et striis peculiaribus. Gen. 1. Conchae imbricatae. Gen. 2. Pholades. Gen. 3. Dactyli. Gen. 4. Heteroconchae. Gen. 5. Conchae alveares. Gen. 6. Conchae quadratae.

Sect. 6. Conchae inequilaterae non umbonate, seu conchae marinae valvis aequalibus inequilaterae, cardine umbone destituto. Gen. 1. Solenes. Gen. 2. Conchae marinae, &c. structura peculiari.

Classis Tertia. Conchae anomale, seu conchae marinae valvis aequalibus.

Sect. 1. Conchae marinae anomale umbonate et aurite. Gen. 2. Pectines anomali. Gen. 1. Spondyli.

Sect. 2. Ostreae, seu conchae marinae anomale omnino, non vel irregulariter tantum umbonate rugosae. Gen. 1. Ostrea vulgaris. Gen. 2. Ostrea denticulata. Gen. 3. Ostrea rostrata. Gen. 4. Ostrea peculiaris.

III. A different system was proposed for the classification of testaceous animals by Breynius, in the following work, which was published in the year 1732.

SYSTEM OF BREYNIUS.

In this system the author has divided shells into the eight following classes, viz. 1. Tubulus. 2. Cochlidium. 3. Polytalamium. 4. Lepas. 5. Concha. 6. Conchoidea. 7. Balanus. 8. Echinus.

1. Tubulus, est testa tubulosa monothalamia, vel in lineam rectam extensa, vel incurva, vel contorta, vel aliquando ad spiram, sed irregulariter, accedens. Huic pertinent dentalia, entalia, solenes univalvi, &c.

2. Cochlidium, est testa tubulosa, monothalamia, conica, inspirans constanter regularem, convoluta aliquando opercula praedita, sepium vero eo constituta. Ad hanc classem spectant nautili tenues sive vacui vulgo dicti; aures marinae, nerite, cochleae, buccinae, murices, cassis, cylindri, volute, porcellanae, et omnes testae turbinatae, exceptis nautilo et anomni, ad classem tertiam referendis.

3. Polytalamium, est testa tubulosa polythalamia, conica, recta, vel in spiram regularem convoluta, cum syphunculo thalamos transeunte: huic reducendi nautili anomia, litui, et orthocerata.

4. Lepas, est testa vasculosa minuscula, referens vasculum magis minusve cavum, orificio multum patente, ut patellae similesque.

5. Concha, est testa vasculosa composita bivalvis, id est quae ex duabus componitur valvis, sive vasculis magis minusve concavis in cardine articulatione quadam inter se junctis ut apertur et claudi quanti; ut chamae, mytili, telline, pinne, ostreae, pectines anomiae.

6. Conchoidea, est testa vasculosa composita bivalvis, sed que praeterea et aliquot minoribus portiunculis testaceae componitur, ut pholades anatierae.

7. Balanus, est testa vasculosa composita, que præter unicam testam majorem alias portiones minores habet ex quibus componitur, ut balanus vulgo dictus.

8. Echinus, est testa vasculosa composita, undique clausa; magis minusve concava, duobus tantum foraminibus seu aperturis pro ore et ano perforata, externe aculeis vel claviculis mobilibus testaceis armata.

IV. The system of Tournefort appeared for the first time, and was published from the author's manuscript in the treatise on conchology by Gualtieri. In this system shells are divided into three classes, viz. Monotoma, Ditoma, and Polytoma.

SYSTEM OF TOURNEFORT.

Testacea dicuntur quorundam animalium integumenta, quae testae seu lateris duritiem habent, et in quibus tantum, in testa animalia vivant.

Testacea autem omnia quae hucusque in museis curiosiorum adversari et congeri solent, ad tres classes facile revocari possunt. Hec enim vel monotoma sunt, vel ditoma, vel polytoma.

Monotoma testacea appellantur ea quorum testa indivisa est; ditoma quae geminis constant testis ad cardinem Classis Prima. Quae testacea monotoma complectitur. Testacea monotoma quorum testa indi- visa est, in tres familias absent; alia enim univalvia sunt, alia spiralia, alia fistulosa.

Familia I. Testaceorum univalvium. Monotoma u- nivalvia dicimus quorum quorum testa simplex est, in os amplius effusa. Gen. 1. Lepas. Gen. 2. Eruca.

Familia II. Testaceorum spiralia. Monotoma spi- ralia dicimus testacea quorum pars inferior in spiram contortuetur; horum autem spirae seu helices exterius patent, et simpliciter spiralia dicuntur, vel corum spira intus recedit, et convoluta dicuntur.

Divis. 1. Testacea monotoma simpliciter spiralia, seu quorum spira exterior est. Gen. 1. Murex. Gen. 2. Murex alatus. Gen. 3. Murex aporhais. Gen. 4. Murex veneres. Gen. 5. Murex pyramidalis. Gen. 6. Buccinum. Gen. 7. Buccino-murex. Gen. 8. Purpu- ra. Gen. 9. Buccino-purpura. Gen. 10. Peribolus. Gen. 11. Turbo. Gen. 12. Vetricillus. Gen. 13. Cochlea. Gen. 14. Cochlea terrestris. Gen. 15. Ce- ratites. Gen. 16. Cochlea marina. Gen. 17. Nerita. Gen. 18. Auris marina.

Divis. 2. Testacea monotoma spiralia convoluta, quae cochleam interiorem habent vix foris conspicuum. Gen. 1. Concha venerea. Gen. 2. Concha persica. Gen. 3. Nautilus. Gen. 4. Conchilium.

Familia III. Testaceorum fistulosorum. Testacea monotoma fistulosa seu tubulosa, ut ex nomine patet, fistulae in modum tenuantur. Gen. 1. Dentale. Gen. 2. Entale. Gen. 3. Tubuli marinii.

Classis Secunda, quae testacea ditoma continet. Testacea ditoma semper ex duabus testis ad cardinem articulatis compinguntur, et vel arte undique clauden- tur, vel utrinque hiant; unde in duas familias dividi possunt.

Familia I. Testaceorum ditomorum quae arce clau- duntur. Gen. 1. Concha. Gen. 2. Conchula. Gen. 3. Ostreum. Gen. 4. Mytilus. Gen. 5. Pinna. Gen. 6. Perna. Gen. 7. Pholas. Gen. 8. Pecten. Gen. 9. Pectunculus.

Familia II. Testaceorum ditomorum quae semper hiant. Gen. 1. Chama. Gen. 2. Solen.

Classis Tertia, quae testacea polytoma continet. Polytoma testacea dicuntur quorum quorum testa ex pluribus partibus vel articulatis, vel per cartilaginem connexis compinguntur; unde in duas familias absent.

Familia I. Eorum quorum partes articulantur. Gen. 1. Echinus.

Familia II. Eorum quorum partes per cartilaginem connectuntur. Gen. 1. Balanus.

V. M. D'Argenville, in 1742, published at Paris a treatise on Conchology with 33 plates. A second edition of the same work appeared at Paris in 1757. In this edition the number of the plates was increased to 41. A more splendid edition was published after the death of the author, by M. M. de Favanne de Montcerville father and son. This edition is extended to 3 volumes, two of which consist of letter press, and the 3rd contains the engravings, which are 80 in number, and are executed with great accuracy and elegance. But the descriptions of the genera and species only reach the 16th plate; so that the work which was published in 1780 is still unfinished.

SYSTEM OF D'ARGENVILLE.

In this system shells are divided into four parts. I. Sea-shells. II. Fresh-water shells. III. Land-shells. IV. Fossil-shells.

Part I. Sea-shells are divided into 3 Classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves. 3. Multivalves.

Class I. contains 15 families, viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Oeilles de mer. 3. Tuyaux et Vermisseaux de mer. 4. Nautilles. 5. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 6. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 7. Limaçons à bouche aplatie. 8. Cornets ou Volutes. 9. Olivés ou Cylindres. 10. Rochers ou Murex. 11. Tonnes. 12. Porcelaines. 13. Buccins. 14. Pourpres. 15. Vis.

Class II. contains 7 families, viz. 1. Huitres. 2. Ca- mes. 3. Tellines. 4. Moules. 5. Coeurs. 6. Peignes. 7. Manches de couteaux.

Class III. consists of 7 families, viz. 1. Oscabriens, ou lepas à huit pieces. 2. Oursins. 3. Glands de mer. 4. Pousse-pieds. 5. Conques anatieres. 6. Pholades. 7. Tuyaux de mer multivalves.

Part II. Fresh-water shells are divided into 2 Classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves.

Class I. contains 8 families, viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Nautil- les ou cornes d'ammon. 3. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 4. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 5. Li- maçons à bouche triangulaire. 6. Tonnes. 7. Bu- ccins. 8. Vis.

Class II. is composed of two families. 1. Cames. 2. Tellines.

Part III. Land shells, constituting a single class, viz. Univalves, which contains 6 families; viz. 1. Lepas. 2. Limaçons à bouche ronde. 3. Limaçons à bouche demi-ronde. 4. Limaçons à bouche aplatie. 5. Buccins. 6. Vis.

Part IV. Fossil shells, which consist of 3 classes. 1. Univalves. 2. Bivalves. 3. Multivalves.

Class I. is composed of 15 families having the same names as the first class of sea-shells.

Class II. contains 7 families similar to the 2d class of sea-shells.

Class III. consists of 5 families, viz. 1. Oursins. 2. Glands de mer. 3. Pousse-pieds. 4. Pholades. 5. Tuyaux multivalves.

VI. A system of Conchology was published by Klein Of Klein in 1753, and illustrated with engravings. In the same work the author enters into an investigation concerning the formation, increase, and colours of shells. The following is an abridged view of this arrangement. SYSTEM OF KLEIN.

In this system, shells are divided into 6 parts.

PART I. which is entitled Cochlis, is divided into 2 sections, viz. 1. Cochlis simplex, and Cochlis composita.

Sect. I. consists of 8 classes, viz. 1. Cochlis plana, containing 4 genera. 2. Cochlis convexa, 6 genera. 3. Cochlis formicata, 5 genera. 4. Cochlis elliptica, 6 genera. 5. Cona-cochlis, 16 genera. 6. Cochlea, 8 genera. 7. Buccinum, 5 genera. 8. Turbo, 14 genera.

Sect. II. Consists of five classes, viz. 1. Cochlis rostrata, 7 genera. 2. Voluta longa, 15 genera. 3. Voluta ovata, 8 genera. 4. Alata, 6 genera. 5. Murex, 2 genera.

PART II. Concha, is also divided into 2 sections, viz. Monoconcha and Diconcha regales.

Sect. I. contains 2 classes, viz. 1. Patella, 2 genera. 2. Ansata, 4 genera.

Sect. II. consists of three subdivisions, viz. 1. Diconcha conniventes. 2. Diconcha interruptae. 3. Diconcha inaequales.

Subdiv. 1. is composed of 6 classes, viz. 1. Diconcha figurata, 4 genera. 2. Ostreum, 6 genera. 3. Musculus, 3 genera. 4. Cyclas. 5. Diconcha aurita, 9 genera. 6. Diconcha cardiformes, 3 genera.

Subdiv. 2. consists of 5 classes, viz. 1. Diconcha sulcata. 2. Diconcha umbilicata, 3 genera. 3. Diconcha sinu profundo, seu chamae, 3 genera. 4. Diconcha sinu prominulo, seu tellinae, 6 genera. 5. Pyloris, 9 genera.

Subdiv. 3. Diconcha inaequales, 7 genera.

PART III. Polyconcha, consists only of one genus.

PART IV. Niduli Testacci, comprehends one class, viz. Balanus, which includes 4 genera.

PART V. Echinus marinus, seu echinodermata, is divided into 3 sections, viz. 1. Anocysti. 2. Catocysti. 3. Pleurocysti.

Sect. I. contains 2 classes, viz. 1. Cidaris, 9 genera. 2. Clipeus, 1 genus.

Sect. II. is composed of four classes, viz. 1. Fibula, 2 genera. 2. Classis, 2 genera. 3. Scutum, 2 genera. 4. Placenta, 3 genera.

Sect. III. consists of 3 classes, viz. 1. Arachnoides, 1 genus. 2. Cor marinum, 2 genera. 3. Ovum marinum, 2 genera.

PART VI. Tubulus marinus is composed of 11 genera.

In the systems of Conchology which we have now exhibited, the characters are taken from the shells. In the three following, the marks of discrimination are derived from the animal as well as from the shell. The first by M. Adanson was published in 1757.

SYSTEM OF ADANSON.

This system consists of 3 classes, viz. 1. Limaçons. 2. Les conques. 3. Les conques multivalves.

CLASS I. Limaçons. Sect. I. Limaçons univalves. Sect. II. Limaçons operculés.

Sect. I. Famille 1. Les limaçons univalves qui n'ont ni yeux ni cornes. Gen. 1. La goudole, cymbium. Famille 2. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes, et les yeux placés à leur racine et sur leur côté interne. Gen. 2. Le bulin, bulimus. Gen. 3. Le coret, coretus. Gen. 4. Le pietin, pedipes. Famille 3. Les limaçons univalves qui ont quatre cornes, dont les deux extérieures portent les yeux sur leur sommet. Gen. 5. Le limaçon, cochlea. Gen. 6. L'ormier, halotis. Famille 4. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes, et les yeux placés à leurs racines, et sur le côté externe, par derrière. Gen. 7. Le lepas, lepas. Gen. 8. L'aret, retus. Gen. 9. La vis, terebra. Famille 5. Les limaçons univalves qui ont deux cornes et les yeux posés un peu au-dessus de leur racine, et sur leur côté externe. Gen. 10. La porcelaine, porcellana. Gen. 11. Le pucelage, cypraea. Gen. 12. Le manetelet, peribolus.

Sect. II. Famille 1. Limaçons operculés qui ont deux cornes, avec un renflement, et qui portent les yeux ordinairement au-dessus de leur racine, et à leur côté externe. Gen. 1. Le rouleau, strombus. Gen. 2. La pourpre, purpura. Gen. 3. Le buccin, buccinum. Gen. 4. Le cerite, cerithium. Famille 2. Limaçons operculés, qui ont deux cornes sans renflement, et les yeux placés à leur racine, et sur leur côté externe. Gen. 5. Le vermet, vermetus. Gen. 6. La toupie, trochus. Gen. 7. La natice, nativa. Famille 3. Les limaçons operculés, qui ont quatre cornes, dont les deux extérieures portent les yeux sur leur sommet. Gen. 8. Le sabot, turbo. Gen. 9. La nerite, nerita.

CLASS II. Les conques. Sect. I. Les conques bivalves. Famille 1. Les conques bivalves, qui ont les deux lobes du manteau séparés, dans tout leur contour. Gen. 1. L'huitre, ostreum. Famille 2. Les conques bivalves dont les deux lobes du manteau forment trois ouvertures sans aucun tuyau. Gen. 2. Le jataron, jataronum. Gen. 3. Le jambonneau, perna. Famille 3. Les conques bivalves dont les deux lobes du manteau forment trois ouvertures dont deux prennent la figure d'un tuyau assez long. Gen. 4. La came, chama. Gen. 5. La telline, tellina. Gen. 6. Le pectoncle, pectunculus. Gen. 7. Le solen, solen.

CLASS III. Les conques multivalves. Famille 1. Les conques multivalves, dont aucune des pièces de la coquille ne prend la forme d'un tuyau. Gen. 1. La pholade, pholas. Famille 2. Les conques multivalves, dont une des pièces de la coquille prend la forme d'un tuyau qui enveloppe entièrement toutes les autres. Gen. 2. Le taret, teredo.

VIII. The method of Geoffroy, formed on similar principles with the last, was published at Paris in 1767, in a work entitled "A Summary Treatise on the Testaceous Animals found in the vicinity of Paris." The following is a view of this method.

SYSTEM OF GEOFFROY.

Sect. I. Coquilles univalves.

Gen. 1. Le limax, cochlea. Quatre tentacules, dont deux plus grands portent des yeux à leur extrémité. Coquille univalve en spirale. Gen. 2. Le buccin, buccinum. Deux tentacules plats en formes d'oreilles. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté interieur. Coquille univalve en spirale et conique.

Gen. 3. Planorbis, planorbis. Deux tentacules filiformes. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté interieur. Coquille univalve en spirale, et ordinairement aplatie.

Gen. 4. La nerite, nerita. Deux tentacules. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté externe. Opercule à la coquille. Coquille univalve en spirale et presque conique.

Gen. 5. Ancile, ancylus. Deux tentacules. Les yeux placés à la base des tentacules du côté inférieur. Coquille univalve concave et unie.

Sect. II. Coquilles univalves.

Gen. 1. La chame, chama. Deux siphons simples et longs. Charnière de la coquille dentelle. Coquille arrondie.

Gen. 2. La moule, mytilus. Deux siphons courts et frangés. Charnière de la coquille membraneuse et sans dents. Coquille longue.

IX. The system of Muller first published in 1773, and afterwards extended in a different work which appeared in 1776, arranges testaceous animals into three families. The following is a view of this arrangement taken from the latter work on the zoology of Denmark and Norway.

SYSTEM OF MULLER.

Familia I. Testacea Univalvia.

Sect. I. Testacea univalvia, testa pervia.

Gen. 1. Echinus. Testa crustacea, ano verticali, tentaculis simplicibus.

Gen. 2. Spatagus. Testa crustacea, ano infero, tentaculis penicillatis.

Gen. 3. Dentalium. Testa calcarea, testa rudi, tentaculis nulli.

Sect. II. Testacea univalvia, testa patula.

Gen. 4. Aker. Apertura effusa, tentaculis nullis.

Gen. 5. Argonauta. Apertura profunda, tentaculis binis.

Gen. 6. Bulla. Apertura repanda, tentaculis binis seateis, colliculo extrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 7. Buccinum. Apertura ovata, tentaculis binis triangularibus, angulo intrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 8. Carychium. Apertura ovata, tentaculis binis truncatis conspicuis, angulo extrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 9. Vertigo. Apertura subquadrata, tentaculis binis sublineariibus, apice oculatis.

Gen. 10. Turbo. Apertura orbiculari, tentaculis binis seateis, conspicuis, angulo extrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 11. Helix. Apertura lunari, tentaculis quattuor linearibus, apice oculatis.

Gen. 12. Planorbis. Apertura semilunari, tentaculis binis seateis, angulo extrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 13. Ancylus. Apertura totali tentaculis binis truncatis, occultis, angulo extrinseco oculatis.

Gen. 14. Patella. Apertura totali, tentaculis binis seateis, occulto angulo, extrinseco oculatis.

Familia II. Testacea Bivalvia.

Sect. I. Testacea bivalvia cardine dentata.

Gen. 1. Mya. Testa altera extremitate hiante; cardine dente crasso solitario.

Gen. 2. Solen. Testa utraque extremitate hiante; cardine dente reflexo, scepe gemino.

Gen. 3. Tellina. Siphone duplici, murico; cardine dentibus utrinque tribus alternis.

Gen. 4. Cardium. Siphone duplici, cirrato, pedeque falciformi; cardine dentibus mediiis alternis, remotis penetrabilibus.

Gen. 5. Venus. Siphone duplici, cirrata, pedeque laminoformi; cardine dentibus tribus approximatis, lateralibus divergentibus.

Gen. 6. Mactra. Cardine dente medio complicato, adjacente foveola.

Gen. 7. Donax. Cardine dentibus doobus, lateralique solitario.

Gen. 8. Arcas. Cardine dentibus numerosis, alternis, penetrantibus.

Gen. 9. Terebratula. Branchiis circinatis; cardine dentibus alterius uncinatis, valvula superiore deorsum perforata.

Sect. II. Testacea bivalvia, cardine edentulo.

Gen. 10. Anomia. Branchiis simplicibus; valvula inferiore perforata.

Gen. 11. Ostrea. Branchiis simplicibus, pede nullo; cardines fossula cava.

Gen. 12. Pecten. Branchiis cirratis, pede juxta auriculam cardine fossula ovata, byssum emittens.

Gen. 13. Mytilus. Siphone duplici brevi; fossula lineari, byssum emittens.

Familia III. Testacea Multivalvia.

Gen. 1. Chiton. Valvulae dorsales, tentacula nulla.

Gen. 2. Lepas. Valvulae erectae, tentacula bipartita.

Gen. 3. Pholas. Valvulae ad cardinem minores.

X. To this account of the different methods of ar-Da Costa, ranging shells, we shall only add the system proposed by Da Costa in his Elements of Conchology. In this system the author adopts the usual general division into Univalves, Bivalves, and Multivalves.

I. Univalves are distributed into 16 families, which are divided into four orders.

Order I. Simple; consists of four families. 1. Patella. 2. Haliotis. 3. Vermiculi. 4. Dentalia. Order II. includes only one family. 5. Polythalamia. Order III. Revolved. Fam. 6. Turbinata involuta. Order IV. Turbinated II. Bivalves composed of 3 orders.

Order I. With unequal valves, and shut close. Fam. 1. Pecten. Fam. 2. Spondylus. Fam. 3. Ostreum. Fam. 4. Anomia. Ord. II. With equal valves, and shut close, is divided into three sections, Sect. 1. Animals Multarticulate. Fam. 5. Pectinoides. Fam. 6. Pectunculus. Fam. 7. Area. Sect. 2. Articulate. Fam. 8. Musculus. Ord. III. With valves that never shut close. Fam. 13. Chama, Gapers.

III. Multivalves contain one order. Fam. 14. Pholas. Fam. 15. Anatiferae. Fam. 16. Balani.

CHAP. II. OF THE ANIMALS WHICH INHABIT SHELLS.

Before we proceed to the classification of shells, we shall here give a short description of the animals which inhabit them. Of these, however, a minute and accurate anatomical description is not to be expected; for little more is known of the structure of these animals than what has been given by naturalists concerning their external characters.

Some of the animals, which inhabit shells, are also found in the mollusca state; that is, without any testaceous covering. Such, for instance, is the limax, or snail.

The animals which have been found inhabiting shells are the following; viz. Doris, Triton, Ascidia, Tethys, Limax, Spio, Amphitrite, Terebella, Neris.

Doris.—The body is creeping, oblong, and flat beneath; the mouth is placed below on the forepart; vent behind on the back, and surrounded by a fringe. Feelers two or four, situated on the upper part of the body in front, and retractile within the proper receptacles.

The animal which inhabits the chiton belongs to this genus.

Triton.—The body is oblong, and the mouth is furnished with an involute spiral proboscis; tentacula or arms 11, six on each side, divided nearly to the base. The hind ones cheliferous.

The triton inhabits different species of lepas.

Ascidia.—The body is fixed, roundish, and apparently issuing from a sheath; apertures two, generally placed near the upper end, one beneath the other. The animals are found in the sea, and adhere by their base to rocks, shells, and other submarine substances; they are more or less gelatinous. The only powers of motion which they possess seem to be that of contracting and dilating themselves alternately; by which means they are enabled to throw out the water which they take in with considerable force.

This animal inhabits the pholas, solen, some species of the mys, mactra, and other bivalves.

Tethys.—The body is detached, rather oblong, fleshy, without peduncles; the mouth is furnished with a terminal cylindrical-proboscis, under an expanded membrane or lip: apertures two, on the left side of the neck.

The tethys inhabits a great proportion of bivalve shells, as many species of tellina, cardium, mactra, venus, ostrea, and others.

Limax.—The body is oblong, creeping, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a longitudinal flat disc beneath: aperture placed on the right side within the shield: feelers 4, situated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the larger ones.

The animals belonging to this genus inhabit the turbinated univalve shells; but it appears that all the animals which inhabit these shells do not exactly correspond with the above generic characters.

Spio.—The body projecting from a tube, jointed and furnished with dorsal fibres; peduncles or feet rough with bristles, and placed towards the back; feelers 2; long, simple; eyes 2; long.

This animal inhabits some species of sabella.

Amphitrite.—Body projecting from a tube, and annulate; peduncles or feet small, numerous, with lateral fasciculi, and branchiae; feelers 2, approximate, feathered; no eyes.

The amphitrite inhabits some species of sabella and serpula.

Terebella.—Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnished with lateral fasciculi, or tufts, and branchiae; mouth placed before, furnished with lips, without teeth, and protruding a clavated proboscis; feelers numerous, ciliated, capillary, and placed round the mouth.

This animal is an inhabitant of many species of dentalium, serpula and sabella.

Neris.—Body long, creeping, with numerous lateral peduncles or feet on each side; feelers simple, rarely none; eyes 2 or 4, rarely none. According to some naturalists, the neris inhabits some species of sabella.

Sepia.—Body fleshy, receiving the breast in a sheath, with a tubular aperture at its base; arms 8, beset with numerous warts or suckers, and in most species 2 pedunculated tentacula; head short; eyes large; mouth resembling a parrot's beak.

The animal which inhabits the argonauta is considered by naturalists as belonging to this genus.

Clio.—Body oblong, natant, generally sheathed, and furnished with two dilated membranaceous arms or wing-like processes; tentacula 3, besides 2 in the mouth.

According to some naturalists, it is an animal belonging to this genus, which inhabits the argonauta. CHAP. III. OF THE TERMS WHICH ARE EMPLOYED IN DESCRIBING SHELLS.

As it will tend to facilitate our progress in the study of Conchology, clearly to understand the terms which are employed in describing shells, and the names by which the different parts have been distinguished by naturalists; we shall here give a few definitions of the principal terms. And that these definitions may be easily consulted, we shall observe the same order as in the classification which is to be adopted. They may be conveniently arranged, therefore, into the three divisions of multivalves, bivalves, and univalves.

1. Explanation of the Terms of Multivalve Shells.

Multivalve shells are composed of more than two pieces.

Articulated (testae articulatae), when the different pieces of which the shell is composed are so strongly united that they seem to form one shell.

Equivalve shells (testae equivalves), when the valves of the two sides have the same form, size, and position.

A shell is said to adhere (testa adherens), when it is attached to solid bodies by some of the pieces of which it is composed; it is said to be loose (testa libera), when it is not attached by any point.

Pedunculate (testa pedunculata), when all the pieces of which it is composed, are supported by a tendinous peduncle which is fixed to solid bodies.

Tubular (testa tubulosa), when the greatest part of the shell is formed of a cylindrical tube.

Base of the shell (basis testae), that part on which it is supported.

Ligament (ligamentum), is a membranous or tendinous substance which connects the valves together, and sometimes lines the cavity of the shells. Of this there are several varieties.

— scaly (ligamentum squamatum), when the surface is covered with small granular scales.

— prickly (ligamentum aculeatum), when the surface is furnished with small rough points.

— smooth (ligamentum leve), when the surface has neither points, scales, nor tubercles.

— punctated (ligamentum punctatum), when the surface is marked with small cavities.

Lid (operculum), is the name given to four small triangular valves, articulated in the form of a cross, which shut up the superior orifice of some species of multivalve shells.

Peduncle (pedunculus) is the tendinous substance which supports some of the multivalve shells. It is flexible while the animal is alive, and is smooth or scaly.

Rays (radii); these are impressions on the external surface of some shells; they are of a conical form, having the vertex turned towards the base of the shell. They are only distinctly seen in adult shells.

— filiform (radii filiformes) are long and narrow.

— smooth (radii leves).

— striated (radii transversim striati).

Valves (valvulae) are the different pieces of which multivalve shells are composed.

2. Explanation of the Terms applied to Bivalve Shells.

A bivalve shell is said to adhere (testa adherens), when it is fixed by any part of one of its valves to a solid body.

It is said to have ears (testa aurita), when it forms at its base, one or two compressed angles.

Gaping (testa hians), when the valves do not shut close.

Bearded (testa barbata), covered externally with an epidermis composed of strong hair or bristles.

Compressed (testa compressa), when the valves are flat, forming a small cavity.

Heart-shaped (testa cordata), having the form of a heart; (subcordata) approaching to that form.

Toothless (edentula) without teeth at the hinge.

Equilateral (testa equilatera), when the anterior and posterior part of the shell is equal in form and figure.

Equivalve (equivalvis), when the two valves are similar in form and convexity.

Irregular (testa irregularis), when the form varies in the individuals of the species.

Lenticular (lenticularis) when the valves are round, and little elevated in the middle, and diminish gradually in thickness towards the edges.

Linear (testa linearis), when the length considerably exceeds the breadth, but without a cylindrical form.

Tongue-shaped (linguiformis), flat and oblong, having the two extremities round and obtuse.

Boat-shaped (navicularis), resembling the figure of a boat.

Pectinated (pectinata), when the valves being furnished with longitudinal ribs, have on their anterior surface ribs nearly transverse, which form by their union with the first acute angles.

Radiated (radiata), when it is marked on the external surface with rays, ribs, or elevated striae, which proceed from the extremity of the summits, and terminate in the circumference of the valves.

Beaked (rostrata), when one of its surfaces, either anterior or posterior, being contracted and elongated, terminates in form of a beak.

Base (basis). The situation in which Linnæus has described and considered bivalve shells, consists in placing the beaks of the shell turned downwards, in such a way that the ligaments of the valves may be seen, so that the base of the shell is the region of its beaks.

Margin of the shell (margo testae) signifies the whole circumference of the shell, parallel to the edge of the valves. It is divided into anterior, posterior, and superior.

— anterior (margo anterior), when the shell is placed on the beak of the valve, commences at the side of the ligament, on the fore-part of the beaks, and extends to one-third of the whole circumference of the valves.

Margin posterior (margo posterior), extends to one-third of the circumference from the beaks of the valves behind.

— superior (margo superior), includes the upper part of the circumference of the valves comprehended between the superior extremity of the anterior margin, and the superior extremity of the posterior margin. Hence the whole circumference of the shell is divided into three equal parts.

Margins of the valves (margines valvarum), signify the whole interior circumference of the valves, including about the breadth of a line of the outer edge. They are divided into

— furrowed (margines canaliculati), having on some part of the anterior circumference, a small gutter parallel to it.

— notched (margines crenulati), furnished internally with rounded notches.

— toothed (margines dentati), provided with pointed teeth.

— folded (margines plicati), furnished with folds which reciprocally correspond with those of the opposite valve.

— simple (margines simplices), having neither folds, teeth, nor notches.

— striated (margines striati), having longitudinal striae.

Hinge. The hinge of a shell is the most solid and thickest part of the circumference of the valves, constituting their base. It is almost always furnished with teeth of different proportions, which serve to fix the valves together. The hinge is

— compressed (cardo depressus), formed of one compressed tooth.

— lateral (cardo lateralis), when it is placed at one of the sides of the shell.

— oblong (cardo oblongus), when it occupies the whole base of the shell.

— reflected (cardo reflexus), when its edges are folded back externally towards the convexity of the valves.

— terminal (cardo terminalis), situated at the inferior extremity of the shell.

— truncated (cardo truncatus), when the base of the shell terminates transversely and suddenly, and the teeth of the hinge are fixed in this part.

Teeth (dentes), are solid protuberances, commonly pointed, with which the hinge of shells is usually furnished, and which are destined to fix the two valves together. They are divided into

— alternate (dentes alternati), when they are placed in a line parallel to the edges of the hinge; and when the teeth of one valve are received into the interstices of the teeth of the other valve.

— articulated (dens insertus), when it is received in a corresponding cavity at the opposite valve.

— forked (dens duplicatus seu bifidus), having the point divided into two.

— cardinal (dens primarius seu cardinalis), is the tooth which is placed immediately opposite.

— compressed (dens depressus), which is very much flattened.

Teeth erect (dens erectus), when the valve is laid on the convex side, the tooth rises perpendicularly.

— longitudinal (dens longitudinis), when it extends like a rib on the base of the valves.

The disk (discens), signifies the convex centre of the valves, which is usually situated between the belly of the shell and its limb.

Limbs (limbus), is the circumference of the valves from the disk to their edges.

Belly of the shell (testae umbo), is the most inflated part of the valves.

It is vaulted (umbo forniciatus), when in the interior of the valves it exhibits a cavity separated from the hinge by a vertical membrane.

Nates are two protuberances of a conical figure, somewhat spiral, which accompany the external base of most bivalve shells. They are

— flattened (nates depressa), when the surface is sensibly compressed.

— approximate (nates approximatae), meeting together when the shell is shut.

— horned (nates corniformes), when the angles being considerable, and their direction waved or spiral, they resemble a horn.

— bent (nates incurvatae), when the curvature of the one is directed towards that of the other.

— separated (nates distantes), when they are separated from each other, at least the distance of a line.

— distant (nates remotissimae), when the interval is very great.

— reflected (nates recurvae), when the curvature is directed towards the posterior surface of the shell.

— wrinkled (nates rugosae), when the surface is marked with unequal lines.

— spiral (nates spirales), when the curvature exhibits more than one circumvolution.

Vulva, is situated at the lower part of the anterior margin of the valves. It is divided into

— hollowed (excisa, seu canaliculata), when it is marked with a groove during its whole length.

— distinct (distincta), marked by a perceptible difference of colour.

— lettered (scripta seu literata), when the surface is marked with lines resembling written characters.

— inflected (inflexa), when the edge of the lips is bent towards the inner surface of the valves.

Anus, is an impression, usually hollow, placed at the lower part of the posterior surface. It is divided into

— bordered (marginatus), when it is circumscribed by a distinct elevation.

— heart-shaped (cordatus), exhibiting the form of a heart.

— toothed (dentatus), furnished with teeth or notches.

— lanceolated (lanceolatus) when the length is greater than the breadth, and the extremities are pointed.

— open (patulus seu bianus), forming by the separation of its edges, a considerable opening, which penetrates into the interior of the shell.

— oval (ovatus), of an elliptical figure. Valves, of bivalve shells, are divided into right and left, equal and unequal, equilateral and inequilateral, superior and inferior.

— right valve (dextra), is distinguished from the left, by placing the shell on its base, having the cardinal ligament before, and the anus behind. In this position the right valve of the shell corresponds to the left of the observer, and the left valve (sinistra) to the right of the observer.

— equal (eques), when the right valve corresponds with the left in form, size, and other external characters.

— superior (valvula superior). In an irregular shell, such as the oyster, one of the valves is attached to solid bodies; the other in this case is superior. This valve is sometimes called by Linnaeus, the lid (operculum): in some species it is flat and small, and in others more convex than the inferior valve.

— keel-shaped (valvula carinate), when one part of their convexity presents a sharp edge.

— chambered (concamerata), when they exhibit in their cavity testaceous plates, detached and raised.

— spinous (spinosæ), when the whole surface is furnished with spines.

— banded (fasciata), exhibiting large coloured transverse stripes or bands.

— lamellated (lamellosæ), when the surface is furnished with plates more or less separated.

— radiated (radiata), exhibiting divergent or coloured rays.

— sinuated (lacunose), when one of the valves has a sensible depression at the middle of its margin, and a corresponding elevation of the opposite valve.

— striated (striata) when the surface is marked with striae.

— transverse, when the striae are parallel to the margin of the valves.

— longitudinal, when they run from the base to the circumference.

Muscular impressions (impressiones), are marks on the interior surface of the valves, where the muscles of the animal are attached.

— solitary (solitaria), when the inner surface of each valve has only one.

— double (duplicata), two on the inner surface of each valve.

— triple or ternate (ternatae), three in each valve.

Ligament (ligamentum), is a horny substance, of little flexibility, which unites the two valves near their base, and which in almost all bivalve shells is placed at the lower end of their anterior surface. It is divided into

— gaping (bianis), when its upper extremity is divided into two.

— double (duplex), when under the external ligament there appears a second, in a particular hollow of the hinge, which does not appear externally.

— internal (internum), when it unites the valves without appearing externally.

— profound (retractum seu intractum), when it is so deep in the suture as scarcely to be seen when the valves are shut.

— truncated (truncatum), when shorter than its Terms employed in describing Shells.

Furrows (sulci), are those impressions or interstices between the ribs or rays on the surface of the valves.

— square (quadrati), when the bottom is flat.

— lamellated (lamellosi), when the bottom is marked with small transverse scales.

— punctated (excavato punctati), when the whole surface is marked with small cavities or dots.

3. Explanation of Terms applied to Univalve Shells.

The base, (basis) is the most elevated part of the Univalve shell, opposite to the spire. It is divided into

— notched (emarginata), when it is accompanied with a deep notch.

— tubular (tubulosa seu cordata), when it is formed by a tube.

— simple or entire (simplex aut integra) without notch or tube.

Summit (vertex) signifies the top of some patelle, and from its position is central, marginal, or submarginal.

The shell (testa) is divided with regard to its position into superior and inferior.

The anterior part (pars antica), is that which forms the spire of the shell; and it is also the superior part.

The form of shells is

— bordered (marginata), when the two sides of the opening are broader and thicker than the rest of the diameter.

— chambered (polythalamia), when it is internally divided by different partitions parallel to the opening.

— convoluted (convoluta), when the spires turn round a lengthened cone, nearly vertical to each other.

— rooted (radicata), when it is attached to a solid body by a ligament proceeding from its base.

— interrupted (interrupta), when the successive additions to the shell are marked with distinct rings.

— umbilicated (umbilicata), when the axis round which the spire turns, being empty, forms a cavity at the base of the shell, whose diameter is at least a sixth part of that of the shell.

— imperforated (imperforata seu exumbilicata), when its inferior axis has neither hole nor umbilicus.

— oval or elliptic (ovalis), the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the two extremities equal and a little contracted.

— egg-shaped (ovata), the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the extremities terminated by the segment of a circle.

— beaked (rostrata), when the two extremities, sometimes tubular, form a projection in form of a beak.

— imbricated (imbricata), when the surface is covered with parallel scales, so arranged as to cover each other.

— turbinated (turbanata), when the belly of the shell is large in proportion to the spires, which seem to proceed from its centre.

Opening Opening or mouth (apertura), is that part of the cavity of the shell which is visible. It is

- angular (angulata), when its circumference has several angles. - gaping (dehiscens), when one of the extremities is wider than the other. - bimarginated (bimarginata), when the right lip forms a double margin. - compressed (coarctata), when it is distinctly flattened. - semicircular (semiorbiculata), when it forms half a circle. - linear (linearis), when it is narrow, and the length considerably exceeds the breadth. - longitudinal (longitudinalis), when the length is greater than the breadth, and the greatest dimension is parallel to the axis of the shell. - orbicular (orbicularis), forming an entire circle. - striated (striata), when the cavity is marked with striae, parallel to the direction of the convolutions. - transverse (transversa), when the breadth is greater than the length.

Pillar (columella), is that part of the shell situated within the opening, near its axis, round which the spires turn. It is brought into view by dividing the shell its whole length. It is

- flattened (plana), when the surface is flat and smooth. - caudated (caudata), when it is lengthened beyond the base of the shell. - folded (plicata), marked with transverse and distinct folds. - spiral (spiralis), proceeding from the base, and forming a small twisted elongation. - truncated (truncata), cut transversely at the base.

Convolutions (anfractus), are the turnings of the spire round the pillar, from the opening to the base of the shell. They are

- bifid (bifidi), when each is divided into two equal parts by a furrow or spiral line. - grooved (canaliculati), when the superior edge is marked with a groove. - keel-shaped (carinata), when the outer turn of the shell is marked with an angle more or less acute. - crowned (coronata), when the upper surface is bordered at a little distance from the sutures, with a single row of tubercles or spinous scales. - dextral (dextri), turning from the left to the right. - sinistral (sinistri), turning from the right to the left. - lettered (scripti), marked with characters. - spinous (spinosi), having short spines on the surface. - entire (simplices), without furrows or tubercles. - banded (fasciati), when the surface is marked with broad coloured stripes. - lamellated (lamellati), the surface marked with longitudinal or transverse excrescences, and laminated like membranes.

- lineated (lineati), marked with coloured lines. - radiated (spinoso-radiati), having the circumference bordered with straight spines, separating and divergent. - separated (disjuncti), having an interval between each convolution. - furrowed (sulcati), having the surface marked with furrows, which are always broader than striae. - decussated (decussati), when the striae cross each other at right angles.

Spire (spira), signifies all the convolutions taken together. It is

- pointed (acuta), when the convolutions joined together form an acute angle. - flattened (depressa), forming a flat surface. - convex (convexa), when it is rounded, and the point of the base has little elevation. - convex (convexo-acuta), rounded at the outer edge, but elevated into an acute angle. - convex and elevated (convexo-exserta), rounded at the outer edge, and elevated without forming an acute angle. - convex and pointed (convexo-mucronata), obtuse and almost rounded at the outer edge, and terminated at the centre with a pointed elevation. - crowned (coronata), when the outer edges of each convolution are accompanied with a row of spines or tubercles. - capitate (capitata), the convolutions united, forming a swelling resembling a head. - obtuse (obtusa), the convolutions united, forming an obtuse angle. - plano concave (plano-concava), the convolutions forming no elevation, but are slightly grooved. - pyramidal (pyramidata), of a conical form.

Sutures (suturae), signify the place of junction of the different convolutions, forming a spiral line. They are

- grooved (canaliculatae), when they are so deep as to form a small canal. - notched (crenulate), when the points of contact are marked with notches. - double (duplicate), accompanied with two striae, which run parallel. - effaced (obsolete), when the place of junction is not perceptible.

Siphon (sipho), is a small canal situated in the internal part of the shell of the nautilus, which penetrates into the divisions of which it is composed. It is

- central (centralis), when it is situated in the middle of the divisions. - lateral (lateralis), situated at one side. - oblique (obliquus), cutting the axis of the divisions obliquely.

Veins (varices), are elevations or ribs, running in the direction of the length of the shell, formed by the junction of the different additions which the shell has received. They cut the convolutions of the spire transversely. They are

- continued (continuatae), proceeding from the base of the spire to the convolution at the opening, without interruption. - spinous (spinosae), furnished with strong spines. - interrupted (decussate), not corresponding with the different convolutions. CHAP. IV. CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLS.

SHELLS are divided by Linnæus into multivalve, bivalve, and univalve. In the following classification the same arrangement will be adopted; and we shall first exhibit in one view the characters of each genus, in the original language of Linnæus, with a translation opposite, for the sake of the English reader; so that the genus of any shell may be easily determined. In describing the species, we shall observe the utmost brevity, giving such characters only as are necessary to afford precise marks of distinction. In arranging the species under each genus, the British species will be distinguished with an asterisk; so that, with the advantage of a general classification, this will answer the purpose of a British conchology.

GENERIC CHARACTERS.

I. MULTIVALVE SHELLS.

1. CHITON. Animal doris. Testae plures, secundum longitudinem sibi appositae dorso incumbentes.

2. LEFAS. Animal triton. Testa basi affixa multivalvis: valvis inaequalibus erectis.

3. PHOLAS. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis divaricata, cum minoribus accessoris deformibus: cardo recurvatus cartilagine connexus.

4. MYA. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis bianis, ut plurimum, altera extremitate: cardo dente (plerisque uno) solido, crasso, patulo, vacuo; nec inserto testae apposito.

5. SOLEN. Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis oblongata, utroque latere bianis. Cardo dens subulatus reflexus, sape duplex, non insertus testae apposito; margo lateralis magis obsoletus.

6. TELLINA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, anterioris hinc ad alterum latus flexa. Cardinis dentes ut plurimum tres: laterales plani anterioris teste.

7. CARDIUM. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis subaquilatera, aquivalvis, plerumque convexa, longitudinaliter costata, striata aut sulcata, margine dentata. Cardo dentibus mediis binis alternatis: altero ut plurimum incurvo; lateralibus remotis insertis.

8. MACTRA. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, inaquilatera, aquivalvis. Cardo dente medio complicato cum adjecta foveola, lateralibus remotis insertis.

9. DONAX. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, margine sepe crenulato antico obtusissimo, Cardo dentibus duobus; marginalique solitario (rarus duplicis, triplices, aut nullo) subremoto sub ano.

10. VENUS. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis; labis margine antico incumbentibus. Cardo dentibus tribus, omnibus approximatis lateralibus apice divergentibus.

II. BIVALVE SHELLS.

1. C. Animal inhabiting the shell a doris. Shell consisting of several segments or valves disposed down the back.

2. L. Animal a triton. Shell affixed at the base, and consisting of many unequal erect valves.

3. P. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, divaricate, differently shaped; accessory valves; hinges bent back, united by a cartilage; beneath the hinge, internally, is an incurved tooth.

4. M. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end. Hinge with broad, thick, strong teeth (seldom more than one), and not inserted into the opposite valve.

5. S. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends. Hinge with a subulate, reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve; the lateral margin more effaced.

6. T. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally sloping on one side, in the fore part of one valve a convex, of the other a concave fold. Hinge usually with three teeth: the latter ones in one shell being smooth.

7. C. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, aquivalve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated, or grooved, with a toothed margin. Hinge with two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each side, each looking into the opposite.

8. M. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, of unequal sides, and aquivalve. Middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow on each side, lateral ones remote and inserted into each other.

9. D. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally with a notched margin: the frontal margin very obtuse. Hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed behind (rarely double, triple or none).

10. V. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve; the frontal margin flattened with incumbent lips. Hinge with three teeth, all approximate; the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

II. SPONDYLUS. II. Spondylus. Animal tethys. Testa inequivalvis rigida. Cardo dentibus duobus recurvis, cum foveola intermedia.

12. Chama. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis crassior, cardo callo gibbo, oblique inserto fossulae obliquae.

13. Arcia. Animal tethys? Testa bivalvis inequivalvis. Cardo dentibus numerosis, acutis, alternis inscritis.

14. Ostrea. Animal tethys. Testa bivalvis, plurimis inequivalvis subaurita. Cardo edentulus, fossula cava, ovata, sulcisque (in plurimis) lateribus transversis.

15. Anomia. Animal corpus ligula emarginata ciliata: ciliis valve superiori affixis: brachis duobus linearibus corpora longioribus conniventibus porrectis, valvae alternis utrinque ciliatis: ciliis affixis valve utrique: testa inequivalvis, valva altera planiuscula, altera basi magis gibba: parum altera basi scopo perforata. Cardo cicatricula lineari prominente introsum dente lateralis; valvae vero planioris in ipso margine. Radii duo ossi pro basi animalis.

16. Mytilus. Animal ascidia? Testa bivalvis, rudis, saepius affixa bysso, ut plurimum, crassiori. Cardo in plurimis edentulus, distinctus, paucis exceptis, linea subulata, excavata longitudinali.

17. Pinna. Animal limax. Testa sub-bivalvis fragilis, erecta hians, emittens barbam byssinam. Cardo edentulus, coailitis in unam valvis.

III. Univalve Shells.

18. Argonauta. Animal sepia aut clio. Testa univalvis, spiralis, involuta, membranacea, unilocularis.

19. Nautilus. Animal? Testa univalvis, isthmis perforatis concamerata, polythalamia.

20. Conus. Animal limax. Testa univalvis convoluta, turbinate; apertura effusa, longitudinalis, linearis, edentula, basi integra; columella levis.

21. Cypraea. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, involuta, sub-ovata, obtusa, levis. Apertura utrinque effusa, linearis utrinque dentata longitudinalis.

22. Bulla. Animal limax. Testa univalvis convoluta, inermis. Apertura sub-coarctata, oblonga, longitudinalis, basi integerrima. Columella obliqua, levis.

23. Voluta. Animal limax. Testa unilocularis spiralis. Apertura ecaudata, sub-effusa. Columella plicata: labio umbilicovo (ut plurimum) nullo.

24. Buccinum. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, gibbosa. Apertura ovata desinens in canaliculum (retusam lacunam) dextrum, cauda retusa. Labium internus explanatum.

25. Strombus. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, latere ampliata. Apertura labro scipios dilatato, desinens in canalem sinistrum.

26. Murex. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, exasperata suturis membranaceis. Apertura desi-

II. S. Animal a tethys. Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves. Hinge with two recurved teeth, separated by a small cavity.

12. C. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, rather coarse. Hinge with a callous protuberance, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow.

13. A. Animal a tethys? Shell bivalve equivale. Hinge with numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each other.

14. O. Animal a tethys. Shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared. Hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate cavity, and in most with lateral, transverse furrows.

15. A. Animal an emarginate, ciliated, strap-shaped body, with bristles attached to the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the body, projecting and approaching together, alternate on the valve, and ciliated on each side, with bristles affixed to each valve. Shell inequivalve, one of the valves flattish, the other protuberant at the base: one of the valves often perforated near the base. Hinge with a linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed within; but on the very margin of the flat valve there are two bony rays for the base of the animal.

16. M. Animal an ascidia? Shell bivalve, rough, generally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments. Hinge mostly without teeth, and in most cases with a subulate, hollow, longitudinal line.

17. P. Animal a limax. Shell bivalve, brittle, gaping at one end, and having a byssus or beard. Hinge without teeth, the valves being united into one.

18. A. Animal a sepia or clio. Shell univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, one cell.

19. N. Animal? Shell univalve, divided into several chambers communicating with each other.

20. C. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate; aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth; entire at the base. Pillar smooth.

21. C. Animal a slug. Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse. Aperture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each side.

22. B. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute, without teeth. Aperture a little narrowed, oblong, longitudinal, quite entire at the base. Pillar oblique and smooth.

23. V. Animal a limax. Shell one cell, spiral. Aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse. Pillar twisted or plaited: generally without lips or perforation.

24. B. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous. Aperture ovate, ending in a short canal, leaning to the right, with a retuse beak. Internal or pillar lip expanded.

25. S. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, enlarged at the side. Aperture dilated with the lip expanding, and ending in a groove towards the left.

26. M. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures. Aperture oval, terminating nens in canalem integrum rectum sive subascenden- tem.

27. TROCHUS. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, subconica. Apertura subtetragono-angulata seu rotundata, superius transverse coarctata; columella obliquata.

28. TURBO. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spi- ralis, solida. Apertura coarctata, orbiculata, inte- gra.

29. HELIX. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spi- ralis, subdiaphana, fragilis. Apertura coarctata, intus lunata seu subrotunda; segmento circuli dempto.

30. NERITA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis, spi- ralis, gibba, subtus planiuscula. Apertura semiobicu- laris, vel semilunaris; labio columellae transverso, truncato, planiusculo.

31. HALLIOTIS. Animal limax. Testa auriformis, patens: spirae occulta lateraliter disco, longitudinaliter poris pertusa.

32. PATELLA. Animal limax. Testa univalvis subconica, absque spira.

33. DENTALIUM. Animal terebella. Testa tubu- losa, recta, monothalamia, utraque extremitate pervia.

34. SERPULA. Animal terebella. Testa unival- vis, tubulosa, adherens (scie isthmis integris passim intercepta).

35. TEREDO. Animal terebella. Valvis duabus calcaris hemisphericis, anterioris excisis, et duabus lan- ceolatis. Testa teres, flexuosa, lignum penetrans.

36. SABELLA. Animal nereis. Ore ringente, ten- taculis duoibus crassioribus pone caput. Testa tubulosa, contexta ex arenulis confertim membranae vaginali in- sertis.

I. MULTIVALVES.

Gen. 1. CHITON.

Gen. Char.—The animal inhabiting this shell is a doris. The shell consists of several segments or valves, ar- ranged along the back.

Species.

All the Species marked * are British.

1. Eight valves, semistratified; margin covered with minute scales; 2 inches long. America. Wood, t. 1. f. 1.

2. With eight doubly striated valves, middle valves with curvilinear striae; margin scaly. Chemnitz. viii. t. 94. f. 788 to 91.

3. With eight valves, and whitish dotted striae; margin coriaceous; 1 inch long. S. America. Wood, t. 1. f. 2.

4. With eight smooth valves; margin coriaceous and spiny; colour pitchy; 2 inches long. Red sea. Wood, t. 1. f. 3.

5. Flat above, with numerous raised dots in rows; border broad, coriaceous, spinous; 2 inches long. W. Indies. Chemnitz. viii. t. 96. f. 806.

6. Eight-valved, striated; valves prickly; margin terminating in an entire straight, or slightly ascending canal.

27. T. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, somewhat conic. Aperture somewhat angular, or rounded: the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely.

28. T. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, so- lid. Aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.

29. H. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, sub- diaphanous, brittle. Aperture contracted, semilunar or roundish.

30. N. Animal a limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gib- bous, flattish at bottom. Aperture semiobiccular or semilunar, pillar lip transversely truncated and flatten- ed.

31. H. Animal a limax. Shell ear-shaped dilated, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface; the spire lateral and nearly concealed.

32. P. Animal a limax. Shell subconic, without spire.

33. D. Animal a terebella. Shell tubular, straight, or slightly curved, with one cavity open at both ends.

34. S. Animal a terebella. Shell tubular, generally adhering to other substances (often separated internally by entire divisions.)

35. T. Animal a terebella. With two calcareous, hemispherical valves, anteriorly cut off, and two lan- ceolate ones. Shell round, flexuous, penetrating wood.

36. S. Animal a nereis. With a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head. Shell tu- bular, consisting of particles of sand united to a mem- brane by a glutinous cement.

with bristles; 2½ inches long. Asia. Chemnitz, v. t. 173. f. 1692.

7. With eight valves; lower triangular, half of the fasciatus. 6 middlemost granulated; 1½ inch long. W. Indies. Chemnitz, viii. t. 94. f. 792 and 3.

8. Eight-valved, smooth, varied with white and marmor- black; margin tumid and scaly; 1½ inch long. W. tus. Indies. Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 803 to 5.

9. Eight-valved, smooth, within sea-green; margin maculatus covered with gray white scales; 1½ inch long. India. Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 802.

10. With eight smooth, white valves; above the tunicatus. membrane roundish; margin coriaceous and reflected; 4 inches long, and 1½ inch broad. North seas. Wood, t. 2. f. 1.

11. Eight-valved, thick, convex, white; first valve gigas, notched, last toothed, middle ones emarginate; 4 inches long; margin coriaceous. Cape of Good Hope. Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 819.

12. Eight-valved, kidney-shaped, fragile; valves im-amicula- bricated; covered with a broad coriaceous membrane; tus. 6 inches long. Kurile islands. Pallas, t. 7. f. 26.

13. With eight very smooth chestnut-coloured valves, castaneous, inside row; 2 inches long. Wood, t. 2. f. 2.

14. With eight valves, with slight curved striae; ruber. margin red; 1 inch long. North seas. Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 813. punctatus. 15. With eight valves, smooth body; with excavated dots on the margin. Asia, Europe, and America.

indicus. 16. Eight-valved, whitish ash colour, border scaly; middle valves finely punctured; 1 inch long. W. Indies. Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 811.

virides. 17. With eight valves; keel triangular, very rough and slightly toothed; margin scaly; 2 inches long. Chemnitz, x. t. 173. f. 1689.

lineatus. 18. With eight smooth streaked valves; margin broad and coriaceous; 1½ inch long. Wood, t. 2. f. 4 and 5.

fasciculatus. 19. With eight valves, having one lateral tuft of hair at the junction of each valve, and two in the front; from ½ to 1 inch long. Barbary. Wood, t. 2. f. 6.

sulcatus. 20. With eight thick, convex, grooved valves; margin broad and scaly; 4 inches long. South seas. Wood, t. 3. f. 1.

bicolor. 21. Eight-valved, thick ridged; the outside sea-green; margin blackish, inside white; 2½ inches long. India. Chemnitz, viii. t. 94. f. 794 and 5.

cerasinus. 22. With eight smooth cherry-coloured valves, and a white crenated border; 1½ inch long. Surinam. Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 797 and 8.

magellanicus. 23. Eight-valved, thick, striated, black brown; 2½ inches long. Straits of Magellan. Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 797 and 8.

fuscus. 24. Eight-valved, brown, smooth; inside teeth of the margin snowy; 2½ inches long. India. Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 799 and 800.

minimus. 25. Eight-valved, smooth, black, very small, mealy, with a transverse band on each; ½ inch long. Norway. Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 814.

cinex. 26. Eight-valved, carinated, diaphanous, banded; terminal valves finely punctured; ¼ inch long. Norway. Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 815.

asellus. 27. Eight-valved, deep black, convex above, with a yellowish spot on each valve; ½ inch long. North seas. Chemnitz, vii. t. 96. f. 816.

islandicus. 28. With eight convex black valves, covered with very minute raised dots; margin cinereous, minute. Iceland.

marginalis. 29. Eight-valved, carinated along the back; the valves projecting over each other in a point; ½ inch long. Salcomb bay, Sandwich. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 1. f. 3.

cinereus. 30. Eight valves, smooth, carinated, oval, compressed; margin ciliated at the edge; ½ to ¾ of an inch long. Gorée and Britain.

albus. 31. Eight valves, smooth, with transverse lines at the margin of the valves; body white, oval; first valve notched on the hinder edge; ¾ inch long. Northern seas; on oyster shells from Poole. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 1. f. 4.

achatinus. 32. With eight valves, oblong, elevated, with indistinct striae; anterior and posterior valves, with curved striae; margin very broad, minutely shagreened; ½ inch long. Newhaven. Brown, t. 1. f.

levius. 33. Eight-valved, smooth, with an elevated band down the back; the length ½ inch. Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Salcomb bay. Pennant, iv. t. 36. f. 3.

spinosus. 34. With eight black valves; anterior one with raised dots; whole shell substriated, and slightly dotted at the sides of the valves; margin broad, with long black tapering spines; 2½ inches long. N. Holland. Very rare. Brown's Collection, No. 10.

35. Seven-valved, body tuberculated; 1½ inch long. tuberculatus. Schroeter, t. 9. f. 19.

36. With seven striated greenish valves; striped tessellate with black and white on the back; margin scaly; 2 inches long. St Thomas'. Chem. x. t. 173. f. 1690.

37. Seven-valved, thick set with short hairs; ½ inch erimitus. long. Sandwich, Aberdeen. Pennant, iv. t. 36. f. 1.

38. Six-valved, glabrous, oval, a little convex, sea-thalassinegreen; ½ inch long. America. Schroeter, t. 1. f. 1. nut.

39. With six plates or valves striated; colour black-hispidish gray, with white spots and dots. Schroeter, t. 9. f.

40. With five valves oval, carinated, and strongly quinque-shagreened; margin broad, and finely ciliated at the valve-edge, and shagreened; ½ long. Tenby. Brown, p. 1.

Gen. 2. LEPAS. Acorn-shell.

Shell with many unequal valves, fixed by the base.

A. Shells sessile.

With the base solid.

Gen. Char.—Animal a triton; shell affixed at the base, and composed of many unequal erect valves.

Species.

1. Conic, truncated, grooved, with the interstices balanus, striated transversely; lid with four valves, sharp-pointed, and bent. European seas, Britain. Brown, t. vi. f. 1.

2. Conic, truncated, smooth; lid 4-valved, two up-balanus per slightly striated transversely, obtuse. American and Indian seas; abundant on the coasts of Britain. Brown, t. vi. f. 4.

3. Conical, truncated, rugged; lid with four flat punctata valves, punctured. Britain. Brown, t. vii. f. 13.

4. Conical, contracted at the aperture; valves and hæris interstices smooth; lid 4-valved and blunt. E. Indies. Chem. viii. t. 79. f. 715.

5. Conical, truncated; longitudinally striated; valves striatus, rounded at the summits; interstices straight and smooth. Britain and Holland. Chem. t. 97. f. 823.

6. Subcylindrical, wrinkled longitudinally; operculum 4-valved, acute. Dorset. Brown, t. vii. f. 1.

7. Club-shaped, elongated, and dilated at the aperture; lid with four obliquely striated valves. Newfoundland. Wood, t. 7. f. 2.

8. Conic, smooth, valves pointed, aperture very consider small; shell small, reddish; valves finely tessellated. Weymouth. Brown, t. vi. f. 7.

9. Semiowate, valves longitudinally striated; aperture small, and much contracted. Barbary and E. Indies. Wood, t. 6. f. 5.

10. Somewhat conic, with equidistant ribs, divergent from the aperture; lid sharp-pointed. On rocks on the Pembrokeshire coast. Brown, t. vi. f. 3.

11. Depressed, with four serrated interlaced valves, striatus striated obliquely. Britain. Brown, t. vii. f. 30.

12. Convex, with six equal 3-lobed valves; aper-hemipure oval; lid convex, 4-valved. Africa. Chem. viii. rica. t. 98. f. 833.

13. Depressed, with five radiated angular ribs; aper-patellar ture small, and somewhat pentagonal. Coromandel. Chem. t. 98. f. 839. 14. Conical, thick, of a violet colour; valves slightly grooved longitudinally, and the interstices smooth. E. Indies. Chem. viii. t. 99. f. 842.

15. Conical, of a violet colour; valves strongly ribbed longitudinally; interstices faintly striated transversely. Wood, t. 8. f. 5.

16. Erect, conic; valves palmated at the base; shell white.

17. With six smooth valves, marked with longitudinal violet rays, and the interstices very finely striated transversely. Wood, t. 7. f. 7.

18. Conical, with unequal transversely striated dotted valves, and the interstices smooth; aperture beaked at one side. Wood, t. 7. f. 6.

19. Conical, with rows of incurved spines on the valves, and the interstices striated transversely. E. Indies. Wood, t. 7. f. 4. and 5.

20. With rugged irregularly murred valves; interstices transversely striated. E. Indies. Wood, t. 8. f. 1. to 4.

21. Conic, longitudinally striated; aperture very small; lid with four valves striated transversely. Tenby. Brown, t. vii. f. 9. to 12.

22. Conical, purplish, with the valves strongly and irregularly ribbed; interstices delicately striated transversely. W. Indies. Lister, t. 443. f. 385.

23. Subconical; whitish, with the valves slightly wrinkled; interstices striated longitudinally. Iceland. Wood, t. 6. f. 3.

24. Conical, strong; valves with deep longitudinal striae, and the interstices very regularly striated transversely. S. America. Brown's Collection, No. 20.

25. Conical, strong, irregularly wrinkled; interstices with fine regular transverse striae. E. Indies. Brown's Collection, No. 19.

26. Subconic, slightly striated longitudinally; interstices substriated; lid 4-valved, upper two strongly striated transversely and longitudinally, under two very slightly, with a longitudinal groove. Hartlepool. Brown, t. vi. f. 10.

A. ** With radiated cells at the base.

27. Subhemispherical, transversely striated throughout, and strongly ribbed longitudinally. Northern ocean. Wood, t. 4.

28. Depressed, longitudinally ribbed, upper half smooth, lower parts and interstices striated transversely. Northern ocean, adhering to the Balena Boops. Wood, t. 5. f. 1. to 3.

29. Oval, depressed, with four nearly smooth valves. Attached to the backs of turtles. Wood, t. 5. f. 4.

A. *** Porous at the base.

30. Subconical, with four consolidated rugged valves, and the base porous. Tranquebar. Wood, t. 9. f. 4.

31. Angular, with four subconsolidated rugged valves, and the base porous. Amboyza, Wood, t. 9. f. 1. to 3.

A. **** With a cup-like appendage at the base.

32. Shell formed of two cones connected by a ligament at their base, of which the upper is 6-valved and spinous. Britain. Brown, t. vii. f. 24. to 26.

33. Shell formed of two cones, connected by a ligament at the base, of which the upper is 6-valved and smooth. Mediterranean. Phil. Trans. i. t. 14. f. 19.

A. ***** Tubular and truncated at both ends.

34. Tubular, truncated at both ends, longitudinally trachalitis striated, and transversely ribbed. Inhabits the S. seas, imbedded in the skin of whales. Wood, t. 4. f. 1. to 3.

B. Shells seated on a fleshy peduncle.

B. * With more than five valves, and a wreath of smaller ones round the base.

35. Compressed round the base, irregularly striated mitella. transversely, and the peduncle scaly. Amboyza. Wood, t. 10. f. 1.

36. Compressed, smooth, and the peduncle covered pollicipes, with minute scales. Britain. Brown, t. v. f. 11.

37. Compressed, with 13 valves concentrically stri scalpellum ated; peduncle hairy, with testaceous scales. Britain. Brown, t. v. f. 8, 9, and 10.

B. ** With five contiguous valves.

38. Compressed, with five striated valves; peduncle anserifera wrinkled transversely. Britain. Brown, t. v. f. 1.

39. Compressed, somewhat triangular, with five anatifa, smooth valves seated on a red and long peduncle. Britain. Adheres to the bottom of ships, when it is well known by the name of bernacle. Brown, t. iv. f. 1. and 2.

It was from this species of shell that the bernacle goose was supposed to have had its origin. Gerard's account of this transformation, as it affords a remarkable instance of the credulity of the times, is too curious to be omitted. "There are found in the north parts of Scotland, and the islands adjacent called Orchades, certain trees whereon do grow certain shells tending to russet, wherein are contained little living creatures: which shells in time of maturitie do open, and out of them grow those little living things, which falling into the water do become fowles, which we call barnakles; in the north of England brant geese; and in Lancashire, tree geese; but the other that do fall upon the land perish, and come to nothing. Thus much from the writings of others, and also from the mouths of people of those parts, which may very well accord with truth.

"But what our eyes have seen, and hands have touched, we shall declare. There is a small island in Lancashire, called the Pile of Feoders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof have been cast thither by shipwrecke, and also the trunks and bodies with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there likewise: wherein is found a certain spume or froth that in time breedeth into certain shells, in shape like those of the muskell, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour: wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace of silke, finely woven as it were, together of a whitish colour, one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell, even as the fish of oysters and muskells are; the other end is made fast unto the belly of a rude bird, which in time cometh to the shape and form of a bird: when it is perfectly formed the shell gargeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the formal legs or string next come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the shell by degrees till at length it is all come forth and hangeth only by the bill; in short space after it cometh to full maturitie, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and growth to a fowl bigger than millard, and lesser than a goose, having blacke legs, bill or beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted in such a manner as is our magpie, called in some places a pie-anet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a tree goose: which place aforesaid, and those parts adjoining do so much abound therewith, that one of the best is bought for three pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, let them repaire unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of good witnesses." Herball, p. 1588.

sulcata. * 40. Compressed, subtriangular, with five strongly ribbed valves; peduncle short and dusky. Britain. Brown, t. v. f. 6.

pumicicula. * 41. Compressed, five striated, and strongly spinous valves; peduncle short and brown. Devonshire. Brown, t. v. f. 3.

fascicularris. * 42. Compressed, with five smooth, membranaceous, semitransparent valves; dorsal valve dilated at the base, and forming a prominent acute angle. Britain. Brown, t. v. f. 2.

dentata. * 43. Compressed, with five smooth valves, and the dorsal ridge serrated. Britain. Brown, t. iv. f. 5.

villosa. * 44. Compressed, with five smooth valves, seated on a short downy peduncle. Mediterranean. Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 2.

dorsalis. * 45. Compressed, with five valves, scaly at the base; dorsal valve transversely wrinkled; peduncle scaly. Mosquito shore. Ellis Zoop. t. 15. f. 5.

B. *** With minute distant valves placed on a fleshy extension of the peduncle.

vittata. * 46. Membranaceous, ventricose, truncated, and angular at the summit; green, with black stripes, and five minute narrow distant valves. Mediterranean. Brown, t. v. f. 16, 17, and 18.

aurita. * 47. Membranaceous, ventricose, seated on a tube, and ending in two ear-like appendages; aperture with 8 toothed valves. Northern ocean. Brown, t. v. f. 14, and 15.

blainvilli. * 48. Ventricose, membranaceous, seated on a tube, and ending in two ear-like appendages; colour whitish, spotted, and streaked with brownish purple. Devonshire. Brown, t. v. f. 13.

Gen. 3. PHOLAS.

Gen. Char.—The animal is an ascidia. Shell bivalve, divaricate, with several lesser differently accessory ones at the hinge. Hinges recurved, united by a cartilage. Beneath the hinge internally is an incurved tooth.

SPECIES.

daetylus. 1. Oblong, with reticulated, subspinous striae, on the upper part, and the anterior end strongly muricated and beaked. Europe. Salcomb bay, Devonshire. Five inches long; is found in hard clay, marl, and wood; has a phosphorescent property. Brown, t. viii. f. 1, 2, and 3.

orientalis. 2. Oblong, with a straight margin; one half quite smooth, the other reticulated with striae. Siam and Tranguebar. Lister, t. 431. f. 274.

costata. 3. Ovate; striated with strong elevated ribs; 6 inches long. American seas. Lister, t. 434. f. 277.

candida. 4. Oblong, muricated on all sides, with decussated prickly striae. Europe, America, Salcomb bay. Brown, t. ix. f. 6, 7, and 8.

parva. * 5. Ovate, with reticulated striae; and the teeth of the hinge issuing from a tubercle. Britain. Brown, t. ix. f. 11, and 12.

strigata. * 6. Ovate, multifariously striated; wedge-shaped before, and ventricose behind. Europe, India. Brown, t. viii. f. 4. to 9.—This species seems to be nearly equally destructive with the teredo navalis. The pholas perforates the wood across the grain or fibre; the teredo insinuates itself along the fibres, or in the same direction.

7. Oblong, rounded; stria arched. America, In-paludis. This animal penetrates the bottom of ships. Wood, t. xvi. f. 1, 2, and 3.

8. Short, turgid, furrowed, with fine elevated transverse striae; aperture heart-shaped. Ency. Method. t. 169. f. 8. to 10.

9. Somewhat oval, variously striated; hiatus very falcata; hinge with a hooked tooth. Wood, t. 16. f. 5. to 7.

10. Bivalve, white, with transverse arched striae; hians, convex in the middle, and wedge-shaped below; aperture large, oval; perforates calcareous rocks. American islands. Chem. t. 172. f. 1678 to 81.

11. Oval; part next the hinge more obtuse, waved, crenated; tooth of the hinge curved, large, and strong. Two inches long. Europe. West of England. Brown, t. ix. f. 1. to 5.

II. BIVALVE SHELLS.

Gen. 4. MYA. Gapers.

Gen. Char.—The animal is an ascidia. The shell is bivalve, generally gaping at one end. The hinge has broad, thick, strong teeth, seldom more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve.

SPECIES.

* Hinge with one or two rounded teeth, not inserted in the opposite valve.

1. Gaping at both ends, thick, transversely wrinkled, &c., lamellous, oblong, oval; 5 inches long, 10 broad. Mediterranean sea. Donovan, t. 142.

2. Ovate, truncated, gaping greatly behind; tooth truncate projecting, obtuse; 2½ inches long. Europe. Brown, t. x. f. 2.

3. Ovate, rounded behind; hinge with a tooth projecting forwards, and a smaller one by its side; 2½ inches long. European seas, Portsmouth. Brown, t. io. f. 1.

4. Ovate, obliquely angulated, and subtruncated at declivity, the anterior end; hinge with a thick tooth; 2½ inches long. Hebrides. A fish much esteemed as food by the inhabitants. Brown, t. xi. f. 5.

5. Oval, convex, brittle; anterior end obliquely convex, angulated; tooth in the hinge semioval. Cramond Island; 2 inches long. Brown, t. xi. f. 3.

6. Sub-oval, with tumid deformed valves; hinge distorts with a thick tooth. Plymouth. ½ inches long. Brown, t. xi. f. 7.

7. Subovate, obsoletely wrinkled; hinge with two ferrugineous projecting teeth, separated by a large triangular notch. Portobello. Brown, t. xi. f. 8. and 9.

8. Oval, thin, brittle, flat; striae fine, concentric; hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth; ½ inch long. Brown, t. xiv. f. 1.

9. Suborbicular, covered with decussated striae; hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth. Mouth of the Niger. 6 inches long. Chem. vi. t. 2. f. 13. to 16.

10. Suborbicular, with transverse striae, decussated globosa, on one side; hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth. Wood, t. 24. f. 4. to 6.

11. Oblong, attenuated at one end; obsoletely stri-prismaticated. ated concentrically; hinge somewhat spoon-shaped; of an inch long. Portobello. Brown, t. xiv. f. 5.

12. Oval, striated concentrically; hinge with a single tooth in one valve, which shuts into a deep cleft between slight elevations in the other. ¼ inch long. West Indies. Wern. Tr. I. t. 8. f. 4.

13. Ovate, oblong; valves equal, with decussated striæ; hinge with a broad perpendicular spoon-shaped tooth. ¼ inch long. Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz, vi. t. 3. f. 17. and 18.

14. With a long cylindrical beak at one end, and gibbous at the other; hinge with a small excavated tooth. ½ inch long. Bergen. Chem. xi. p. 189. f. C and D.

15. Suboval, compressed; hinge with two broad, erect, laminated teeth in one valve; none in the other. Salcombe bay. Brown, t. xiv. f. 10. and 14.

16. Ovate, with irregular concentric ridges, and longitudinal striæ, forming tubercles at the anterior end; margin undulated. Mont. t. 28. f. 1.

17. Ovate, transversely wrinkled; hinge with an erect bifid tooth in each valve; 1 line long. Britain.

18. Minute, subovate, with distant obsolete longi- tudinal striæ. Devonshire.

19. Oblong, back margin nearly straight; thin, transparent; anterior end truncate; posterior round- ed; hinge with a single broad erect tooth in one valve. Linn. Tr. xi. t. 13. f. 1. A.

** Hinge callous without teeth.

20. Oval, striated with equal valves, forming a large hiatus. Caspian sea. 1 inch long.

21. Oval, membranaceous and white; one side is extended so as to form a beak; margin reflected; hinge toothless; ¼ inch long.

22. Oval, transparent, longitudinally and thickly striated; one end rounded, the other truncated. Tenby.

23. Thick, strong, gaping at both ends, and covered with a black epidermis; 1 inch long, 3 broad. North America. Wood, t. 22. f. 5.

*** Hinge with teeth inserted into the opposite valve.

24. Suboval; rounded at both ends; 1 inch long, and ½ broad. Danube. Lister, t. 146. f. 1.

25. Ovate; a single, longitudinal, notched tooth, in one hinge; a long lateral tooth in one valve, and two in the other; near 2 inches long, and ¾ broad. Europe, Barbary, River Kennet, Berkshire.—This shell is employed by painters for holding water colours. Brown, t. xxvi. f. 2.

26. Ovate, thick, and narrower on the anterior side; ¾ inch long, and ½ broad. Britain. Brown, t. xxvi. f. 4.

27. Equivalve, pellucid, finely striated transversely; broad at one end and narrow at the other; 1½ inches long, and 2 broad. Rivers of Malabar. Ency. Me- thod. vi. t. 2. f. 7.

28. Ovate, ponderous, narrow before, and truncated towards the cartilage-slope; beaks decorticated. China rivers. Wood, t. 20. f. 21.

29. Ovate, compressed, front margin straight, and obliquely truncated towards the cartilage slope; hinge with the primary teeth three-sided. Mississippi river; 2 inches long, ¾ broad. Lister, t. 150. f. 5.

30. Suboval, and studded with tubercles; hinge nodulosa, with a thick crenated tooth. Wood, t. 22. f. 1. to 4.

31. Ovate, a little contracted in the middle of the margari- thinner margin; primary tooth of the hinge conic; tifera. length 2½ inches, breadth 5 inches; inhabits most parts of the arctic circle, and is most frequently found in mountainous rivers, and about cataracts.—This shell yields mother-of-pearl and pearl. The river Conway, in Wales, was formerly famous for producing pearls of great size and value. They have also been found in the river Irt, in Cumberland. Sir John Hawkins ob- tained a patent for fishing them in that river. Brown, t. xxvi. f. 1.

32. Rhombic, green, protuberant parts wrinkled. corrugata. Rivers of Coromandel. Wood, t. 24. f. 1. to 3.

33. Oval, wrinkled; primary teeth crenulated; la-rugosa. teral teeth long, and in one valve double; outwardly greenish, within pearly; 1 inch long, ½ broad. Rivers of Coromandel. Ency. Meth. t. 249. f. 3.

34. Sub-rhomboidal, gibbous and longitudinally variabilis. wrinkled at the beaks; hinge with two teeth diverging at the apex; and inserted into corresponding linear cavities; 1 inch long. South America. Linn. Tr. x. t. 24. f. 4. to 7.

35. Oval, thin, with raised tubercles about the nodosa. beaks; ½ inch long, ¼ broad. Chem. x. t. 170. f. 1650.

36. Ovate, depressed; margin of the hinge with a syrmato- subulate projection near the primary tooth; that of phora. the other valve dilated; 2½ inches long, and 2 broad. Rivers of Guinea. Gronovius, t. 18. f. 1. and 2.

37. Subpellucid, faintly striated transversely; sides suborbicu- nearly equal, rounded; hinge central; ½ of an inch; laris. found in hard limestone at Plymouth. Montagu, t. 26. f. 6.

38. Subtriangular, opaque, white; under valve inaequi- deep; upper valve not half the size of the other. Corn-valvis. wall, Devonshire. Montagu, t. 26. f. 7.

39. Suboval, with the valves shutting very close; labiata. and the margin of one valve projecting like a lip; ½ inch long, 1 broad. Linn. Tr. x. t. 24. f. 1. to 3.

**** Hinge toothless, with a conical rounded hollow for the reception of the cartilage.

40. Tongue-shaped; hinge terminal, toothless, with valsella. a conical rounded hollow for the reception of the carti- lage; semiorbicular; 4 inches long, and 1½ broad. Indies. Lister, t. 1055. f. 10.

Gen. 5. Solen, Razor-sheath.

Gen. Char.—The animal inhabiting this shell is an as- cidia: shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends; hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve.

Species.

* Shells linear.

1. Linear, straight; roundish; one end margined; vagina. hinge with a single opposite tooth in each valve. Eu- ropean and Indian seas, Caermarthenshire, Weymouth. Brown, t. xiii. f. 2.

2. Linear, straight, truncated at one end; hinge with truncatus. a single opposite tooth in each valve. Amboyna. Wood, t. 27. f. 2.

3. Linear, straight, one hinge 2-toothed. European siligua. and Indian seas. Length 1 inch, breadth 8 inches. Common on the shores of Britain, where it is employed as food. Brown, t. xiii. f. 3.

linearis.

4. Linear, straight, cylindrical, and very thin; hinge with a single tooth in each valve; thickness of a quill; breadth 3 inches. Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 27. f. 3.

ensis.

5. Linear, in form of a scymeter; one hinge 2-toothed; ¼ of an inch long, ½ inches broad. European seas; not uncommon on the British shores. Brown, t. xiii. f. 3.

pellucidus.*

6. Subarched, suboval, pellucid; one hinge 2-toothed; length ½ inch, breadth above 1 inch. Anglesea, Cornwall. Brown, t. xiii. f. 4.

legumen.

7. Linear, oval, straight; hinge in the middle 2-toothed, one of them bifid; ¾ inches broad. European and Atlantic seas, Anglesea, Hampshire. Brown, t. xiii. f. 8. and 9.

sultellus.

8. Kidney-shaped, a single tooth in one valve, two in the other. Europe and India. Wood, t. 29. f. 2.

** Shells ovate or oblong.

gigas.

9. Linear, oval, subdiaphanous, rounded at both ends; a longitudinal rib within extends from the hinge to the margin; 2 inches long and 5 broad. Amboyna. Wood, t. 31. f. 3.

magnus.

10. Linear, oval, subdiaphanous, straight; hinge lateral, with two teeth not shutting into each other, and furnished with a rib; ½ inch long, 4 broad. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 5. f. 35.

minimus.

11. Linear, oval, straight; hinge lateral, with two teeth, one bifid, with a longitudinal rib; ¼ inch long, ½ broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 5. f. 31.

guineensis.

12. Oblong, oval, ventricose, subpellucid; inside with a longitudinal rib; 1 inch long, 3 broad. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 198. f. 1937.

infexus.

13. Ovate-oblong, margin somewhat inflected; hinge with two teeth in one valve, and a prominent longitudinal rib; 1 inch long, 3 broad. Wood, t. 32. f. 1. and 2.

diphos.

14. Oval, straight, smooth, with prominent membranes; 2½ inches long, 5 broad. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 32. f. 3.

radiatus.

15. Oval, straight, smooth, with two teeth in one valve; and a transverse depressed rib on one side. India. Wood, t. 31. f. 1. and 2.

strigulatus.

16. Oval, obliquely and concentrically striated, except at one end; ½ inch long, 3 broad. Atlantic and Indian seas. Wood, t. 30. f. 1.

triangularis.

17. Flat, fore-part truncated, yellow; ½ inch long, and 2 broad. Chem. vi. t. 10. f. 87.

scarctatus.

18. Transversely wrinkled, contracted in the middle, rounded at both ends; ¼ of an inch long, 2½ broad. Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 29. f. 3.

fragilis.

19. Linear-oval, nearly smooth, and marked with a brown longitudinal stripe in the middle; ½ inch long, 1 broad. Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 29. f. 4. and 5.

anatinus.

20. Membranaceous, gibbous, with a short longitudinal suture at the apex; hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth, and crooked rib; ½ inch long and 2 broad. Amboyna. Wood, t. 30. f. 2. to 4.

rosens.

21. Equivalve, rosy, tooth of the hinge subfied; 1 inch long, 2 broad. Red sea. Chem. vi. t. 7. f. 55.

striatus.

22. Equivalve, diaphanous, transversely striated; hinge with a single tooth; ½ long. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 7. f. 57. and 58.

23. Oval, pellucid, smooth, marked with triangular caustic characters, umbones prominent; hinge with a single tooth; 10 inches long. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 198. f. 1935. and 1936.

24. Oval, with two white rays on the anterior side; biradiate hinge with two bifid teeth in each valve; 1½ inch long, 2½ broad. Wood, t. 33. f. 1.

25. Suboval, quite smooth; hinge callous, two-toothed, sanguined, flesh-coloured or rosy; 1½ inch long and 2 broad. Jamaica. Wood, t. 33. f. 4. and 5.

26. Concentrically striated; hinges 2-toothed, with occidentals, a hollow in the middle; 4 inches broad and 2 long. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 7. f. 61.

27. Oblong-oval, truncated at the anterior end; variegated hinge with two teeth in one valve and one in the other; ½ inch long and 2 broad. Wood, t. 34. f. 2. to 4.

28. Oblong-oval, compressed, transversely striated, amethyste and longitudinally rayed; hinge with two teeth in each valve; 1½ inch long and 2½ broad. India. Wood, t. 34. f. 1.

29. Roundish-ovate, inflated, longitudinally grooved, bullatus, gaping and muricated at the anterior margin; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. Jamaica. Wood, t. 56. f. 3.

* 30. Oval; angles of the valves serrated; size of a minute cucumber seed. Coral rocks in Norway and Greenland; in hard limestone at Plymouth. Brown, t. xiii. f. 1.

31. Ovate, oblong, with tumid bosses. Java. vivens.

32. Suborbicular, minutely punctured; hinge with squamosa two bifid teeth diverging from the umbo; ½ inches long, ¼ broad.

Gen. 6. Tellina, Tellin.

Tellina.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys: the shell is bivalve, generally sloping on one side; in the fore part of one valve there is a convex, and in that of the other, a concave fold; the hinge has usually three teeth, the lateral ones flat or nearly obsolete, in one valve.

Species.

* Shells ovate and thickish.

1. Roundish, compressed, wrinkled on the fore-part; garganic; 1½ inch long, 1½ broad. Indian ocean, very rare. Chem. vi. t. 8. f. 65.

2. Wrinkles transversely undulated; hinged with rugosa; two lateral teeth. Indian and American seas. Wood, t. 41. f. 1. and 2.

3. Subovate, rough, with lunated scales, disposed in luneau quincunx order; 1½ inch long. Indian ocean. Wood, felis. t. 40. f. 2. and 3.

4. Ovate-roundish, angulated at the anterior end, margi-striated transversely; hinge subcentral; 2½ inches long, natalis. China. Wood, t. 36. f. 2.

5. Angular, with transverse, recurved striæ; 2 curgato inches long, and 2½ broad. Indian and Atlantic oceans. Wood, t. 35. f. 2. and 3.

6. Ovate-oblong, beaked, angulated, and bent at the interval anterior end; rough, with transverse striæ; 1½ inch long. W. Indies. Wood, t. 36. f. 3.

7. Rounded, thick, gibbous; striæ longitudinal, fine; inflata; lateral teeth remote; 1½ inch long. Chem. vi. t. 9. f. 76.

8. Subovate 8. Subovate, angular before, with transverse, recurved striae; no lateral teeth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, and 2 broad. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 43. f. 1.

9. Subventricose, transversely striated, orbicular, angular on the fore-part; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 9. f. 77.

10. Ovate, thin, ventricose; hinge without lateral, but with two primary teeth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Guinea. Chem. vi. t. 9. f. 78.

11. Angular, ventricose, and finely striated transversely. Gualteri, t. 77. f. Q.

12. Striae recurved, transverse; lateral teeth obsolete; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 10. f. 92.

13. Oblong, ovate, compressed, with fine, transverse striae; 1 inch long, and 2 broad. North seas, Weymouth, Yorkshire. Brown, t. xvi. f. 182.

14. Ovate, white, gibbous, with transverse, recurved striae; beaks yellowish; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. European seas. Chem. vi. t. 9. f. 84.

15. Oval, very smooth, and marked with interrupted purple lines; lateral teeth rather prominent; 1 inch long. Wood, t. 41. f. 4. and 5.

** Shells ovate, and compressed.**

16. Oval, smooth, with prominent membranes, without lateral teeth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. W. Indies and Britain. Brown, t. xvi. f. 3.

17. Slightly wedged, whitish, and transversely striated; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch broad, and 1 long. Chem. vi. t. 10. f. 85.

18. Oblong, brittle, yellowish; rounded on one side; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Europe. Chem. vi. t. 10. f. 87.

19. White, transversely striated, and bifurcantly hooked on each side; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 37. f. 2.

20. Oval, with rough pubes, flattened sides, serrated; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, and 3 broad. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 36. f. 1.

21. Oval, compressed, very minutely striated longitudinally; margins sharp; 2 inches long. W. Indies. Wood, t. 44. f. 1.

22. Ovate, compressed, transversely striated, smooth, with acute margins; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 2 broad. European and Mediterranean seas. Born, t. 2. f. 9.

23. With whitish bands, glabrous and wrinkled at the margin. African shores. Adamson, t. 17. f. 19.

24. Ovate, smooth, lateral teeth, margined. European and Indian seas. Wood, t. 41. f. 1.

25. Oval, a little pointed at one end; 2\( \frac{1}{2} \) inches long and 3\( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Madagascar. Wood, t. 39. f. 2. and 3.

26. Oblong; striae faint, longitudinal. European and American seas. Wood, t. 38. f. 2. and 3.

27. Oblong, striated transversely, beaked, and obliquely angulated; hinge central. E. Indies. Lister, 398. f. 237.

28. Oblong, the fore-part produced into an angular beak. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 37. f. 3.

29. Purple, with white bands, and decussated striae; one valve convex, the other flat; 2\( \frac{1}{2} \) inches broad, and \( \frac{1}{2} \) long. Wood, t. 42. f. 1.

30. Oval, yellowish white, with decussated striae, and one valve much more convex than the other; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 1\( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. E. Indies. Chem. vi. t. 11. f. 98.

31. Oval, inequivalve, flat, pellucid, with fine decussated striae; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 3 broad. Guinea. Chem. vi. t. 11. f. 99.

32. Oblong, produced into a beak, upper valve flat, inequilateral convex; length \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch, breadth 1 inch. Euro-valves. Pecan and North seas. Wood, t. 47. f. 2 to 4.

33. Ovate, smoothish, triradiate with red, and slightly trifasciata ly striated transversely. European seas. Chem. vi. t. 12. f. 114.

34. Oval, pellucid, scarlet, transversely striated, coccinea, very thin; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 1\( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Mediterranean. Chem. vi. t. 12. f. 109.

35. Ovate, a little produced on the fore-part, flat-incarnata, tish; 2 inches broad. European and Mediterranean seas. Gualteri, t. 88. f. M.

36. Oval, pellucid, with a rib in each valve, reach-opalina, ing from the hinge to the outer margin; very thin. Nicobar. Chem. vi. t. 112. f. 107.

37. Oval, very thin, transversely striated; 10 lines lanceolata, long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch broad. India. Wood, t. 45. f. 2.

38. Oblong-oval, transversely striated, angular, sanguinea and somewhat beaked at the anterior end; hinge with pointed lateral teeth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Wood, t. 44. f. 2.

39. Oval, compressed, somewhat angular on the anterior side; hinge with a solitary cleft primary tooth, in one valve, inserted between two in the opposite. American ocean. Wood, t. 46. f. 1.

40. Oval, flat, transversely grooved, and angulated; sulcata, hinge with two teeth in one valve, and the lateral tooth prominent; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Wood, t. 47. f. 1.

41. Ovate, flatish, very obtuse on the fore-part; donacina, striated concentrically. Mediterranean, Sandwich, Weymouth. Brown, t. xvi. f. 6.

42. Flattish, red, with white rays; one end pointed, angusta, the other rounded. Lister, t. 383. f. 226.

43. Oval, compressed, substriated; fore-part trunc-truncataed. Java.

44. Oval, flat, equal sided, transversely striated; punicea, 1 inch long, 2 broad. Don, t. 123.

45. Very thick, depressed, oblong, with transverse depressa, concentric striae; anterior end pointed. Europe, Britain. Brown, t. xvi. f. 12.

46. Oval, compressed, inflated, lengthened before; sabula, one valve smooth, the other with oblique reflected striae. Mediterranean, American and North seas, Wales. Wood, t. 45. f. 4.

47. Yellowish, very thin, perpendicularly striated, vitrea. North and Baltic seas. Chem. vi. t. 11. f. 101.

48. Unequal sided, found at both ends, rosy white, striata, pellucid; 2 inches broad, \( \frac{1}{2} \) long. Gualteri, t. 89. f. C.

49. Dilated, orbicular, lateral teeth in one valve, balauistica Mediterranean. Wood, t. 44. f. 3. and 4.

50. Ovate, very brittle, glabrous, and inflected at calcaria, the anterior end; hinge with a primary cleft tooth in one valve, which shuts into a cavity in the other. Iceland. Chem. t. 13. f. 136.

*** Shells suborbicular.***

51. Compressed and transversely wrinkled; 3 inches remies, long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Indian and American oceans. Wood, t. 38. f. 1.

52. Roundish-ovate; somewhat truncated at the antifausta, anterior end, and obsoletely striated transversely. Jamaica. Lister, 265. f. 101.

53. Lentiform. reticulata. 53. Lentiform, compressed, recticulate. India. Wood, t. 42. f. 2. and 3.

cancellata. 54. Thin, with numerous longitudinal grooves crossing the transverse wrinkles. Atlantic. Adanson, t. 17. f. 19.

guinaiaca. 55. With transverse, minute, longitudinal striae; and the anterior surface waved. Guinea. Chem. x. t. 170. f. 1651. to 1653.

scabra. 56. Squarish, convex, inflected on the anterior side, strongly striated transversely; hinge with a single primary tooth. W. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 199. f. 1943. and 1944.

crassa. 57. Very thick, broad, depressed; concentric striae numerous, 1½ inch broad, and 1½ long. Europe, Britain. Brown, t. xvi. f. 16.

decussata. 58. With fine decussated striae, inside variegated with purple-brown zig-zag streaks; 1 inch long. Wood, t. 43. f. 2. and 3.

cordiformis. 59. Densely striated longitudinally, and transversely; two primary teeth in each valve, and oblong lateral teeth. W. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 199. f. 1941. and 2.

maricata. 60. Compressed, closely striated longitudinally, with imbricated serrated striae. W. Indies. Chem. 209. t. 199. f. 1945.

scobinata. 61. Lentiform, rough, with lunated scales disposed in a quincunx; 2½ inches long, 2½ broad. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 35. f. 1.

laetca. 62. Lentiform, gibbous, white, pellucid, smooth. Mediterranean. Montagu, t. 2. f. 4.

rotundata. 63. Rather convex; hinge with two teeth in each valve; one is bifid, the other a little diverging. Mont. t. 2. f. 3.

flexuosa. 64. Convex, thin, with a longitudinal furrow at the anterior end extending from the apex. Britain. Wood, t. 47. f. 7. and 8.

carnaria. 65. White, with a rosy tinge within and without; fine striae, disposed obliquely. Europe and American islands. Wood, t. 40. f. 4. and 5.

zonata. 66. Rosy, with a white band. Shores of Tuscany. Lister, 405. f. 250.

bimaculata. 67. Triangularly rounded, smooth, whitish, with two oblong red spots on the inside; scarcely an inch broad. Europe and American seas. Don, t. 19. f. 1.

balthica. 68. Roundish, smooth, outside bloom colour; size of a horse bean. Baltic. Chem. vi. t. 11. f. 128.

pisiformis. 69. Subglobular, smooth, obliquely substriated; size of a pea. Mouths of rivers in Europe.

divaricata 70. Subglobular, white, with oblique bifarious striae. American seas. Wood, t. 46. f. 6.

dentata. 71. Suborbicular, convex, with the two sides obliquely striated, in opposite directions; margin serrated. Bahamas. Wood, t. 46. f. 6.

digitaria. 72. Subglobular, pale, surrounded with oblique uniform striae; size of a pea, nearly an inch long. American and Indian seas. Chem. t. 12. f. 127.

cornea. * 73. Globular, glabrous, horn-colour, with a transverse groove; size of a pea. Ponds and fresh waters of Europe, Britain. Wood, t. 45. f. 3.

lacustris. 74. Rhombic, flattish, glabrous, with an acute protuberance. Pools and marshes of Europe. Wood, t. 49. f. 5.

annica. 75. Heart-shaped, transversely grooved. Pools and ditches of Europe. Wood, t. 47. f. 6.

pulsilla. 76. Ovate, ventricose, thin, transversely striated, very minute. Rivers of Europe. Lister, t. 159. f. 15.

77. Ovate, transversely striated, and purple within; limose; umbones prominent and acute. S. American rivers; ½ inch long. Linn. Tr. x. t. 24. f. 8. and 9.

78. Triangular, gibbous, transversely striated. Ri-flumine ver Euphrates. Chem. vi. t. 30. f. 320.

79. Triangular, gibbous, transversely ribbed. China. flumine Chem. vi. t. 30. f. 322. and 323.

80. Triangular, transversely wrinkled. Canton, flumine Chem. vi. t. 30. f. 321.

81. Heart-shaped, triangular, thick, ponderous, herma-coarse, but very smooth. Rivers in Guinea. Chem. phrudin vi. t. 31. f. 327. to 329.

82. Obliquely subovate, transversely grooved; size rivalis of a pea. River Avon near Salisbury.

Gen. 7. Cardium, Cockle.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys: the shell is bivalve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated or grooved, with a toothed margin. Hinge of the two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each side; each looking into the opposite.

Species.

1. Gibbous, equivalve, with elevated, carinated, costate concave, membranaceous ribs; three inches long, three and a half broad, three high. African ocean. Wood, t. 56. f. 1.

2. Gibbous, with prickly ribs; anterior ones with lima recurved, membraneous tubercles, crenated at the sides. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 15. f. 153.

3. Heart-shaped; valves compressed and carinated cardine with teeth; two inches and a half long, above two broad. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 59. f. 1. and 2.

4. Heart-shaped, valves compressed and keeled; human anterior side convex; umbones approximate. Wood, t. 59. f. 3. and 4. East Indies.

5. Heart-shaped; fore part surrounded with lines, rostrum hind part with broader striae, forming by their union the figure of a heart. Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 57. f. 6.

6. Gibbous; one side impressed and ochraceous, monte the other convex, heart-shaped, and whitish, spotted sum. with yellow. Nicobar islands. A very rare species. Chem. vi. t. 14. f. 149. and 50.

7. Heart-shaped; valves striated, notched; behind refuse the beaks a lunated heart-shaped gape; two inches long, and nearly the same breadth. India, Arabia, and Egypt. Wood, t. 58. f. 4. and 5.

8. Heart-shaped, subquadrilateral, with punctured hemis grooves; valves carinated, beaks distant; 1½ inches diam. long. Indian ocean. Wood, t. 57. f. 7.

9. Something heart-shaped, subangular; valves an median, grooved, smooth. European and American seas. Wood, t. 50. f. 3.

10. Somewhat heart-shaped, longitudinally grooved; donacy anterior end truncated; umbones cancellated. West Indies. Chem. vi. t. 16. f. 165.

11. Somewhat heart-shaped, subangular; grooves exiguous imbricated, or beset with recurved scales. Falmouth, Sandwich. Don, t. 32. f. 3.

12. Somewhat heart-shaped, ribs high, and grooved aculeate down the middle, and beset with large hollowed spines near near the circumference, European and Mediterranean seas, Devonshire. Wood, t. 48.

13. Somewhat heart-shaped, nearly equilateral, with crowded longitudinal ribs, marked along the middle with an obsolete groove, and very spinous. Mediterranean. Wood, t. 51. f. 1.

14. Slightly heart-shaped; ribs spinous, carinated. European seas, Britain. Wood, t. 49. f. 1. and 2.

15. Slightly heart-shaped, with elevated subtriangular, ciliated grooves. North seas.

16. Somewhat heart-shaped, with obtuse, knotty, transversely striated grooves. Mediterranean. Wood, t. 50. f. 1. and 2.

17. Heart-shaped, with arched imbricated scales along the grooves. Mediterranean. Wood, t. 52. f. 1. and 2.

18. Somewhat heart-shaped, subangular. India. Wood, t. 58. f. 1. and 2.

19. Subcordate, with lunated, coloured grooves. India. Wood, t. 58. f. 3.

20. Rounded, ventricose, white, with deep teeth on the margin; anterior ones rosy. Africa and America. Lister, t. 330. f. 167.

21. Subcordate, grooved, and muricated at the sides. America. Wood, t. 51. f. 2. and 3.

22. Oblong, with angular grooves, serrated at the side. America and India.

23. Oblong, with numerous longitudinal ribs, crenated on both sides, and imbricated at the anterior. Jamaica. Wood, t. 53. f. 3.

24. Ventricose, with longitudinal angular ribs, striated transversely on the posterior side. Virginia. Lister, t. 328. f. 165.

25. Subovate, grooved; anterior margin rough, posterior, one toothed. India. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 11.

26. Obovate, with obsolete, longitudinal striae, and a few transverse ones concealed by a glossy, yellowish brown epidermis. European and American seas. Wood, t. 54. f. 1.

27. Oblong, ventricose, ribbed longitudinally, except at the ends, which are nearly smooth. Mediterranean. Wood, t. 55. f. 1.

28. Heart-shaped, carinated; fore part obliquely truncated, thin, quite smooth, snowy, with gilt striae above an inch long. Wood, t. 52. f. 3.

29. Obovate, smooth, with obsolete striae; interior margin serrated. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Wood, t. 54. f. 3.

30. Pellucid, cinereous, with numerous thin longitudinal ribs. India. Wood, t. 55. f. 5.

31. With obsolete slightly crenated longitudinal ribs; anterior end produced and gaping. Jamaica. Wood, t. 56. f. 2.

32. Broad, unequal sided, within white; ribs flat and spinulous: two inches long, two and a half broad. Tranquebar and Nicobar islands. Wood, t. 57. f. 4. and 5.

33. Roundish, angulated at the anterior end, and produced at the margin; ribs crenulated and somewhat nodulous. Wood, t. 57. f. 2. and 3.

34. Roundish, compressed, with triangular ribs, and sides muricated. Chem. vi. t. 17. f. 185.

35. Ovate, equilateral, with convex longitudinal ribs, and elevated crescent-shaped transverse striae; lamellated at the anterior end. St Domingo.

36. Antiquated, with 28 depressed ribs, with obsolete recurved scales. Abounds frequently on all sandy coasts, and is lodged a little beneath the sand. This is employed as a wholesome and nourishing food. It is the common cockle of this country. Wood, t. 55. f. 4.

37. Heart-shaped with 24 longitudinal ribs; mar-fimbriagin fringed. Wood, t. 56. f. 4. and 5.

38. Antiquated, with 20 remote grooves, the inter-rusticum, intermediate spaces rugged. Mediterranean seas. Wood, t. 55. f. 2. and 3.

39. Grooved with about 36 triangular, smooth ribs, islandic-Iceland and Greenland seas. Chem. vi. t. 19. f. 196. cum. and 7.

40. Antiquated, glabrous, thin, with angular fer-green-ruginous lines; two and three fourth inches long, three landicum, and a half broad. Greenland and Iceland. Chem. vi. t. 19. f. 108.

41. Slightly heart-shaped and pectinated. Mediterranean. Wood, t. 57. f. 1.

42. Subantiquated, hind part with 20 grooves im-glaucum, bridged upwards. Barbary.

43. Rounded, whitish, with a brown band; ribs fasciatum, flattened 27, with distant transverse striae. Montagu, t. 27. f. 6.

44. Suboval, angulated, compressed, with 21 round-clongatum ed and slightly wrinkled ribs. Devonshire.

45. Minute, rounded, convex, glabrous, and pellu-rubrum-cid; hinge with nearly obsolete primary teeth. Devon and Tenby. Montagu, t. 27. f. 4.

46. Minute, heart-shaped, opake, margin muricated. Kent. Walker, f. 84.

Gen. 8. Mactra.

Mactra.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys; the shell is bivalve, unequal sided and equivale; the middle tooth of the hinge is complicated, with a small hollow on each side; the lateral ones are remote, and inserted into each other.

Species.

Shells subtriangular.

1. Smooth, with a flat anterior margin, on which is spongleri, a lunated cape, 3½ inches broad. Cape of Good Hope. Chem. vi. t. 20. f. 199. to 201.

2. With transverse, wrinkled plaits, diaphanous; plicatoria, anterior margin flattish, shell thin like paper; from 1 to 2 inches long, 2½ broad. Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 20. f. 202. to 204.

3. Thin, pellucid, white, convex, fore-part a little papyracea, gaping, finely striated and ribbed. Nicobar islands. Very rare. Chem. vi. t. 23. f. 201.

4. Somewhat heart-shaped, diaphanous and brittle, vitrea, transversely plaited; anterior depression lanceolate; posterior ovate-oblong. Chem. xi. t. 200. f. 1959.

5. Smooth, diaphanous; back substrated, with striatula, smooth marginal impression before them, surrounded with a rim; 2½ inches long, 3 broad. Mediterranean and Coromandel coasts. Chem. vi. t. 21. f. 205. and 206.

6. Three-sided, finely striated transversely; fore-cygnea, part flattish and slightly wrinkled; 1 inch long and rather broader. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 21. f. 207.

7. Obtusely triangular, smooth, thin, with pellucid maculata. chesnut spots; within white, and finely striated; a heart-shaped impression behind the beaks; 1½ inch long, and rather broader. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 21. f. 208.

turgida. 8. Inflated, faintly striated, ochraceous and white within; hinge with a supernumerary, triangular, double tooth; 2½ inches long, 3½ broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 21. f. 210. to 212.

violacea. 9. Thin, obsoletely radiated, finely striated transversely; margins on each side the beaks whitish; 2 inches long and 3 broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 200. f. 1954.

cuneata. 10. Wedge-shaped, blue, with fine transverse striae; margin notched within; 1 inch long, and scarcely so broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 22. f. 213. and 214.

rotundata. 11. Obtusely triangular, whitish, with milk-white bands on the beak; margins on each side the beaks violet; 1½ inch long, and nearly 2 broad. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 263. f. 99.

glabrata. 12. Smooth, diaphanous, striated; beaks smooth, margins on each side of them striated; 1½ inch long and 2 broad. African and Indian oceans. Chem. t. 22. f. 216. and 217.

nitida. 13. Snowy, glossy, thick, diaphanous, smooth; depressions on each side the beaks striated. Schroeter, t. 8. f. 2.

corallina. 14. Smooth, subdiaphanous, white, with paler bands; 2 inches broad, 1½ long. Mediterranean and Guinea. Chem. vi. t. 22. f. 218. and 219.

lactea. 15. Thin, turgid, pellucid, white; fore-part finely striated, with paler bands. Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 22. f. 220. and 221.

striata. 16. Triangular, thick, with strong, thick crowded, arched striae. Chem. vi. t. 22. f. 222. and 223.

radiata. * 17. Subtriangular, thin, brittle, compressed, with five transverse and minute longitudinal striae. Portsmouth. Dom. t. 161.

stultorum. * 18. Semitransparent, smooth, glossy, obsoletely radiated, white without, purplish within; sides nearly equal; length 1½ inch, breadth 1¼. European and American seas, England, and shores of Scotland. Brown, t. xv. f. 2.

grandis. 19. Semitransparent, smooth, fawn colour with pale rays; beak and hinge placed beyond the middle; 2½ inches long, 3½ broad. New Jersey. Chem. vi. t. 23. f. 228.

achatina. 20. Heart-shaped, smooth, radiated towards the margin, with two violet spots on the anterior and two on posterior slope. Tranquebar. Chem. xi. t. 200. f. 1957. and 1958.

salida. * 21. Strong, subtriangular, of a yellowish-white colour, with a few concentric ridges; equal sided; 1½ inch long, 1½ broad. Common on European shores, and also in Britain. Brown, t. xv. f. 4.

solidissima. 22. Ovate, subtriangular, solid, with obsolete concentric ridges; lateral teeth striated; hinge central. N. Jersey. Chem. x. t. 170. f. 1656.

truncata. * 23. Triangular, equilateral, strong; with concentric ridges; umbones thick and prominent; lateral teeth striated. Britain. Brown, t. xv. f. 5.

subtruncata. * 24. Triangular, thickish, finely striated transversely; umbones thick and prominent. Britain. Brown, t. xv. f. 7.

australis. 25. Transversely oval and wrinkled, compressed, nearly equilateral, and rounded at both ends; hinge with two lateral teeth. N. Zealand. Chem. vi. t. 3. f. 19. and 20.

ovate, compressed, transversely striated; hinge piperat teeth very minute, with a large oblique hollow. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 253. f. 88.

27. Subtriangular, rounded, compressed, and transversely wrinkled; hinge with lateral teeth in one valve only. Britain. Montagu, t. 17. f. 7.

28. Ovate, compressed, glabrous; hinge with lateral teeth in one valve only. Britain. Montagu, t. 3. f. 7.

29. Subtriangular, minute, strong, opaque; umbones triangular prominent; margin crenated. Britain. Montague, larv. t. 3. f. 5.

30. Subtriangular, minute; umbones prominent; margin entire. Britain. Montagu.

** Shells ovate oblong.

31. Ovate, dirty white, with glaucous rays, and fine glaucous transverse striae; 2½ inches long, 3½ broad. Mediterranean. Brown, t. xv. f. 1.

32. Ovate, thin, pellucid, white, with unequal trans-pellucid striae; 1½ inch long, and 2 broad. Guinea. Chem. vi. t. 24. f. 234.

33. Ovate, thin, smooth, pellucid, flattish; anterior fragilis gape transversely striated, and wrinkled. Nicobar islands. Chem. vi. t. 24. f. 235.

34. Ovate, dirty white, with elevated longitudinal rugose striae, crossing the transverse ones, which are a little more raised; 2½ inches long, 2½ broad; thick, and white within. Mediterranean. Chem. vi. t. 24. f. 236.

35. Oblong-oval, coated with a yellowish epidermis; longitudinally striated. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 200. f. 1955.

36. Oblong-oval, gaping, compressed, thick, finely glaucous striated and ridged transversely; hinge without lateral teeth. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 24. f. 238. and 239.

37. Oval, oblong, smooth, with irregular concentric infrastriae; inside glossy white, gaping a little at both ends. Europe, near the mouths of rivers. Found very large on the coast of Caermarthen, and some parts of Cornwall.—The animal which inhabits this shell, according to Montagu, is an ascidia; and he observes that it frequently protrudes not less than 7 or 8 inches from the smaller end in search of food. Brown, t. xii. f. 2.

38. Oblong, gaping, marked with irregular rugged transverse striae, and the upper margin incurved; hinge without lateral teeth. Britain. Brown, t. xii. f. 1.

Gen. 9. DONAX, or WEDGE-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys. The shell is bivalve, with generally a crenulate margin; the anterior margin very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little behind; rarely double or triple.

Species.

1. Triangular, heart-shaped, with a flat frontal mar-serotin. Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 25. f. 242 to 247.

2. Ciliated, with spines on the anterior margin. Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 25. f. 248.

3. Wrinkled and gibbous before, with notched rugose margins.

margins. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Chem. t. 25. f. 250.

4. Wedge-shaped; anterior end wrinkled; margin crenated; hinge without lateral teeth; cartilage cleft, oblong. Cape of Good Hope. Chem. vi. t. 25. f. 251 and 252.

5. Oblong, smooth, glossy, finely striated longitudinally; margin crenated; 1 inch broad. European coasts, Wales. Don. t. 29. f. 1.

6. Oblong, smooth, glossy, light yellow, with small spots or streaks of white, and one broad ray of the same from the back to the opposite margin; \(\frac{1}{4}\) inch long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad. Devonshire, but rare. Montagu, t. 5. f. 4.

7. Obtuse before, striated, the margin denticulated. Southern Europe. Chem. t. 26. f. 255.

8. Obtuse in front, lips transversely wrinkled; finely striated longitudinally; margin denticulated. European and American seas. Lister, t. 376. f. 218.

9. Oblong, suboval, smooth, glossy, commonly marked with two brown stripes longitudinally from the beak; margin smooth; scarcely \(\frac{1}{4}\) inch long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad. Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Montagu, t. 5. f. 2.

10. Ovate, glossy, and slightly wrinkled transversely; hinge with one large and one small primary tooth, in each valve, and no lateral teeth. Britain. Montagu, t. 17. f. 2.

11. Hind-part smooth and perpendicularly striated; fore-part truncated, and finely cancellated; angles spinous. Tranquebar. Very rare. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 258.

12. Flesh-coloured, anterior part truncated, wrinkled, and marked with reticulated striae; hind-part wedge-shaped, and furrowed with fine perpendicular striae. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 260.

13. Wedge-shaped, margins very entire; 1 inch long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 260.

14. Obtuse before; obsoletely striated at the sides; margin very entire; hinge without marginal teeth; \(\frac{1}{4}\) inch long, 2 inches broad. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 25. f. 249.

15. Ovate, compressed, smooth, marked with purple waved lines; margins crenulate. Malabar coasts. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 261 to 265.

16. Ovate, with narrow transverse grooves; anterior depression excavated; posterior lanceolate; margin crenulated. East Indies. Chem. vii. t. 43. f. 452.

17. Gibbous, finely striated transversely, spotted with yellow. Malabar. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 266 and 267.

18. Brown, with hyaline spots; outside with crowded, arched, transverse striae, inside with perpendicular ones; 1 inch broad, \(\frac{1}{4}\) long. Tranquebar. Schroeter, t. 8. f. 3.

19. Ovate, striae muricated; margin denticulated. Indian ocean.

20. With thin perpendicular striae, crossing the transverse ribs on the fore-part; straw colour, with darker transverse bands; margin tawny and entire behind; 1 inch long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad. Schroeter, t. 8. f. 4.

21. Entirely white, with a few thin, arched, transverse striae, which are oblique towards the rim; hinge with three oblique middle teeth; margin entire; 1 inch long, and something broader. Tranquebar. Schroeter, t. 8. f. 5.

22. Oval, with transverse, waved, erect, striated, membranaceous wrinkles; size of a small kidney bean. Mediterranean, shores of Devonshire and Cornwall, where it is found in the hardest limestone. Chem. vi. t. 26. f. 268 to 270.

Genus IO. VENUS.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys; shell bivalve, frontal margin flattened, with incumbent lips; hinge with three teeth, all of them approximate; the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

Species.

With the anterior depression spinous or toothed on the margin.

1. Transversely grooved, with a double row of spines dione, on the anterior slope. American ocean. This shell is very rare. Lister, t. 327. f. 145.

2. Somewhat heart-shaped, with thickened wrinkles; paphia, flattened side with attenuated wrinkles; lips complicated; 2 inches long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad. American islands. Lister, t. 279. f. 116.

3. Somewhat heart-shaped, with thick depressed fasciata, transverse ribs, of an uniform thickness throughout. W. Indies. Chem. vi. t. 27. f. 277 and 278.

4. Heart-shaped, with decussated stripe, flattened; marica, margin lamellated. American ocean. Very rare. Chem. vi. t. 27. f. 282 to 286.

5. Somewhat heart-shaped and compressed, with cingenda, transverse remote reflected ribs, and longitudinal striae. W. Indies. Lister, t. 278. f. 115.

6. Somewhat heart-shaped, with transverse, remote, dysera, reflected grooves; margin crenulated. American ocean. Lister, t. 277. f. 114.

7. Heart-shaped, with transverse, remote, excavated succincta, grooves; margin crenulated.

8. Somewhat heart-shaped, and angulated towards tiara, the anterior end, with a few distant much elevated ribs; striated strongly on the lower sides. E. Indies. Chem. t. 27. f. 279 to 281.

9. Somewhat heart-shaped, and angulated towards plicata, the anterior end, with numerous transverse, membranaceous ribs; cordiform depression, nearly smooth. Levant sea. Chem. vi. t. 28. f. 295 and 297.

10. Lentiform, transversely striated, with a deep, excavata, heart-shaped depression behind the beaks; flat side, broad. Schroeter, iii. t. 8. f. 10.

11. Sub-triangular, with numerous equidistant ribs, spinifera, becoming confluent in pairs, and forming short obtuse spines on the margin of the anterior slope. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 17. f. 1.

Somewhat heart-shaped.

12. With membranaceous, transverse, striated verrucosa, grooves, forming tubercles towards the outer margin; margin crenulated; 2 inches long, 2 broad. Mediterranean, Antilles islands, Cornwall. Don. t. 44.

13. Longitudinally striated forwards, and transverse lapicida, ly backwards. American islands. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1664.

14. With transverse, recurved, acute grooves; posterior margin crenated, and grooved behind the beaks. European seas. It is often found in a fossil state. Britain. Don. t. 147.

divergens. 15. White, with fine crowded, divergent striae. American islands. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1666.

cancellata. 16. With transverse, membranaceous, remote striae, and a heart-shaped depression behind the beaks; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. Indian ocean. Don. t. 115.

gallina. 17. Radiate, with transverse, obtuse striae; hind tooth of the hinge minute; margin crenulated; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. American and European seas, Cornwall. Don. t. 68.

circinata. 18. With transverse, acute striae; lips finely striated and rosy; margin very entire. Africa. Lister, t. 356. f. 109.

petulca. 19. Slightly grooved, margin crenated; size of a hazel-nut. South of Europe.

flexuosa. 20. Grooves obtuse, transverse; lips of the anterior margin with an elevated angle; 1 inch long, 1½ broad. American and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 281. f. 119.

erycina. 21. Grooves transverse, parallel, obtuse; anterior margin glabrous; depression behind the beaks ovate; 2½ inches long, 3 broad. India. Lister, t. 268. f. 104.

mercenaria. 22. Strong and thick, with slight transverse striae, and covered with a brown cuticle; within, pale violet; margin crenated; 3 inches long, and nearly 3 broad. North America. Shells of this species are found fossil in the mountains of Sweden. In North America they are called clams, and the Indians make wampum or money of them. Lister, t. 271. f. 107.

isandica. 23. Thick and strong, with slight transverse striae, and covered with a brown cuticle; within pure white, and smooth; margin entire; 3½ inches long, 4 broad. Europe, Africa, Caspian sea, Caernarvonshire, and shores of Scotland. The fish is employed as food by the Icelanders. Don. t. 77.

lutoria. 24. Somewhat heart-shaped, ponderous, with the anterior slope truncated, and the margin very entire. Amboyna. Chem. vi. t. 32. f. 340.

chione. 25. Smooth, with fine transverse wrinkles; margin entire; hind tooth of the hinge lanceolate; 3 inches long, 3½ broad. Asiatic seas; Cornwall, where this species is called queen. Don. t. 17.

maculata. 26. Smooth, with a few faint spots; 1½ inch long, 2½ broad. American ocean. Lister, t. 270. f. 106.

meretrix. 27. Glabrous, with a brown gibbous slope before, and gaping membranes; margin entire. Near the mouths of rivers, Indian ocean. Chem. vi. t. 33. f. 347 to 352.

paradoxa. 28. Somewhat heart-shaped, solid, compressed at both ends, and the cartilage slope protruded in the middle. Peru. Born, t. 4. f. 12 and 13.

lata. 29. Smooth, radiated with white; lips of the anterior slope violet; 1½ inch long, 1½ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 353a.

eastrensis. 30. Triangular, rounded, gibbous, smooth, and marked with angular characters; 1½ inch long, 2 broad. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 262. f. 98.

phryne. 31. Smooth, transversely striated before and behind; posterior slope obcordate, with violet veins. Southern ocean. Rumphius, t. 42. f. O.

minuta. 32. Subovate, transversely striated, and subpellucid; membranes closed; from 1 to 2 inches broad, 1½ long. Iceland.

rigida. 33. Heart-shaped, ventricose, with numerous transverse membranaceous reflected ribs; posterior depression kidney-shaped; margin crenulated. Jamaica. Lister, 286. f. 123.

* 34. Heart-shaped, with strong longitudinal striae, subcordate, and remote elevated transverse ribs. Montagu, t. 3. data. f. 1.

* 35. Rather compressed, very glossy, with broad minimal transverse striae, and two red streaks at the margin. Falmouth. Montagu, t. 3. f. 3.

* 36. Somewhat triangular, with transverse ribs, becoming obsolete towards the umbones, and the depression oblong oval; margin crenulated. Dunbar. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 2. f. 2.

* 37. Slightly compressed, with many regular parallel scutiform transverse ribs; margin entire. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 2. f. 3.

* 38. Slightly compressed, with regular strong equidistant transverse ribs; margin crenulated. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 29. f. 4.

* 39. Suborbicular, with numerous, thin, elevated, distal reflexant ribs, and the interstices minutely striated, longitudinally; margin crenulated. Gualter, t. 75. f. o.

* 40. Heart-shaped, much compressed, transversely grooved. Newhaven. Montagu, t. 26. f. 1.

* 41. Flattish, with transverse, elevated, slightly membranaceous striae; anterior depression lanceolate and wrinkled. Falkland islands. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1977.

* 42. Slightly gibbous, with elevated, decussated striae; and the margin crenulated. Jamaica. Lister, t. 338. f. 175.

* 43. Oval heart-shaped, slightly compressed, with oblique longitudinal grooves, and transverse striae; posterior depression oblong, and elevated in the middle; margin crenulated. Britain. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 2. f. 4.

* 44. Smooth, with the anterior depression oval, and papa the posterior, cordiform. Coromandel. Chem. xi. t. 202. cul. f. 1977.

* 45. Subtriangular, with a few transverse antiquated triangular ridges, and the margin entire; hinge with three teeth ris, in one valve; and two, besides a semilunar lamina, in the other. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 17. f. 3.

* 46. Oblong, heart-shaped, polished, with broad transverse ribs; anterior depression lanceolate, and the posterior cordiform. Ceylon. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1975.

* 47. Oblong, heart-shaped, polished, with flattish pacific transverse striae, and the posterior depression cordiform. South seas. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1976.

* 48. Somewhat heart-shaped, glabrous, thick, and pinguis tumid; anterior depression oval; posterior rounded and impressed; margin entire. East Indies. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 355 to 357.

* 49. Somewhat heart-shaped, glabrous, with three triradiate blackish rays; anterior depression oval; posterior ovate. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 358.

* 50. Somewhat heart-shaped, very smooth, without any posterior depression; anterior tooth of the hinge slightly crenulated. Malabar. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 362 and 363.

* 51. Somewhat heart-shaped, with three longitudinal recurved rays, and transversely striated; posterior depression impressed and oval. Coromandel. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1979.

* 52. Somewhat heart-shaped, ventricose; transversely pectinately striated; posterior depression oblong-oval, striated, and rather rather obsolete. Red sea. Chem. vi. t. 35. f. 375 to 377.

53. Smooth, with dark, transverse, zig-zag stripes; posterior depression cordiform. Ceylon. Chem. vi. t. 200. f. 1961.

54. Subtriangular-heart-shaped, smooth, with somewhat reticulated, angulated veins; posterior depression nearly obsolete. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 259. f. 95.

55. Oval, longitudinally wrinkled, semipellucid, faintly radiated with purple and white; 1½ inch long, ¼ broad. European and American seas. Lister, t. 425. f. 273.

56. Oval, gibbous, longitudinally striated, and transversely grooved; margin crenated; 2 inches long, 3 broad. East Indies. Lister, t. 1056. f. 1.

57. Striae elevated, decussated; with a heart-shaped depression behind; margin entire; 2 inches long, 2½ broad. India. Lister, t. 335. f. 172.

58. Striae reticulated, and scaly on the back part. Amboyna. Chem. vi. t. 31. f. 335.

59. Roundish, with decussated, membranaceous striae; lips flexuous. India. Gualteri, t. 76. f. G.

60. Ovate heart-shaped, with transverse membranaceous striae; and the interstices crenulated; posterior depression cordiform; margin crenulated. East Indies. Lister, t. 283. f. 11.

61. Triangular-heart-shaped, with decussated striae; posterior depression cordiform; margin crenulated; umbones violet. Chem. vi. t. 36. f. 386.

62. Triangular heart-shaped, ventricose, with broad transverse ribs, and the interstices crenulated; posterior depression cordiform; margin crenulated. Chem. vi. t. 36. f. 387.

63. Triangular, smooth, retuse behind and before; 1 inch long, and rather broader. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 252. f. 86.

64. Gibbous, with transverse, membranaceous, arching striae; posterior slope kidney-shaped; margin crenated; 2 inches long, 2 broad. India. Lister, t. 286. f. 123.

65. With transverse, acute striae, anteriorly membranaceous; anterior slope short, posterior indistinct. Red sea. Schroeter, iii. t. 8. f. 8.

66. With perpendicular, imbricated ribs, transversely striated; margin crenated. It has been found in a fossil state in France.

67. With fine transverse striae, crossing some diverging longitudinal ones towards the margin; posterior impression ovate; margin crenated. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1666.

68. Oblong, ovate, radiated, with thick, crowded, transverse striae; anterior slope broad, ovate; posterior impression heart-shaped; 1½ inch long, 2 broad. Malabar. Chem. vi. t. 32. f. 337 and 338.

69. Transversely striated, the back glabrous; anterior slope broad, with brown lines; posterior impressions heart-shaped, with brown lines. Red Sea. Schroeter, vii. t. 8. f. 12.

70. Green, within white, with transverse, unequal, membranaceous striae; margin acute; 2½ inches long, 3 broad. Rivers of Ceylon. Chem. vi. t. 32. f. 336.

71. Gibbous, snowy; anterior part convex; within pale violet; anterior slope roundish, posterior heart-shaped; margin very entire. India. Chem. vi. t. 32. f. 346.

72. Thin, glabrous, convex; white variegated with lacta. brown; posterior slope elongated, with oblique tumid lips; four teeth in the hinge. Mauritius. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 353.

73. Ochraceous, with cinereous and bluish spots; nebulosa. anterior slope oval; posterior slope ovate, bluish. Tranquebar. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 359. to 361.

74. Oblong, ovate, inequilateral; lid transverse; japonica. striae crowded at the sides; posterior slope oblong, ovate. Japan. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 364.

75. Ventricose, anteriorly angular, with transverse, striata. thick, smooth, and slightly arched striae; posterior slope heart-shaped. Nicobar. Rare. Chem. vi. t. 34. f. 365. and 366.

76. Solid, weighty, inequilateral, wrinkled on both plumbea. sides; margin crenulated; hinge with two teeth. Southern ocean. Chem. vii. t. 69. f. A. to D.

77. Posteriorly ovate, transversely and unequally callipyga. striated, and marked with angular lines. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 201. f. 1968.

78. Triangular, white or yellow, with transverse pa-mactroides parallel striae; 1½ inch long. Senegal. Lister, t. 251. f. 85.

*** Suborbicular.

79. Lentiform, with crenated, decussated striae; po-tigerina. striae impressed, ovate. American and Indian ocean. Lister, t. 337. f. 174.

80. Orbicular, transversely striated, with rough prostrata. membranaceous lips; 2 inches long, not so broad. Coromandel. Chem. vi. t. 29. f. 298.

81. Lentiform, with glabrous wrinkles, white with pennsylvanica longitudinal groove anteriorly on each side; 2 inches vanica. long. America. Lister, t. 305. f. 138.

82. Slightly ventricose, with transverse membrana-jamaicensis striae, and inflected with a longitudinal furrow at its both ends; posterior depression minute. Jamaica. Chem. vii. t. 39. f. 408. and 409.

83. White, somewhat glabrous, with a longitudinal spuria. groove anteriorly, and hinge without lateral teeth. Shores of Iceland and Ferro islands. Lister, 296. f. 133.

84. Lentiform, longitudinally grooved, dotted with punctata. in; 2 inches long, 2½ broad. India, but rare. Chem. vii. t. 37. f. 397. to 398.

85. Lentiform, transversely striated, pale with ob-exoleta. soletae rays; posterior slope heart-shaped; 2 inches long, and 2 broad. Norway, and coast of Britain, Cornwall. Lister, t. 291. f. 127.

86. Thin, convex, orbicular, whitish, tinged with undata. yellow, with thin transverse striae; margins waved. British seas, Falmouth. Don. t. 121.

87. Gibbous, with transverse, remote, rather obso-tumidula. lete grooves; margin entire.

88. Longitudinally striated, with transverse, white, sinensis. and violet arches; margin interiorly crenated. Chinese shores. Chem. x. t. 171. f. 1663.

89. Lentiform, transversely striated, with an oblong excisa. gaping vent on the anterior slope; hinge with 4 teeth. Nicobar islands. Lister, t. 294. f. 130.

90. Gibbous, with longitudinal nodulous ribs, branch-pectinata. ed at the anterior end; margin toothed. Amboyna. Lister, t. 313. f. 149.

91. Lentiform; with remote, transverse, membrana-borealis. naceus naceous striæ; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 2 broad. European seas, Britain. Chem. vii. t. 39. f. 412. to 414.

dispar.

92. With the posterior side transversely striated, and the anterior obliquely ribbed. South seas. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1981. and 1982.

equivoca.

93. Slightly compressed, with angulated diverging ribs; posterior depression lanceolate; margin crenated. E. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 202. f. 1982.

divaricata

94. With narrow transversely striated ribs, obliquely divaricating from the centre; margin crenulated. E. Indies. Lister, t. 310. f. 146.

contraria.

95. Suboval, convex, with oblique curved striæ; margin crenulated. Guinea. Chem. vii. t. 30. f. 317. to 319.

corrugata.

96. Ovate, whitish; striæ transverse, anteriorly thick and strong; posteriorly thin and undulating. Mediterranean. Chem. vii. t. 39. f. 410.

scripta.

97. Lentiform, compressed, striated, angular; the hinder angle straight. Indian ocean, and Red sea. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 40. f. 420. to 426.

edentula.

98. Subglobular, lenticular, wrinkled, without teeth; posterior slope ovate. American ocean. Chem. vii. t. 40. f. 427. to 429.

concentrica.

99. White, suborbicular, compressed, with concentric striæ; margin very entire; posterior slope heart-shaped. Atlantic and American seas. A large shell. Lister, t. 288. f. 124.

juvenis.

100. Lentiform, with transverse, crowded striæ; anteriorly circular, and terminating in wrinkles behind; posterior slope heart-shaped; margin very entire. India. Chem. vii. t. 38. f. 405.

histrio.

101. Lentiform, with transverse, acute, arched striæ; margin entire; posterior slope heart-shaped. India. Rare. Chem. vii. t. 38. f. 427.

globosa.

102. Globular, with fine transverse striæ; margin very entire; hinge with two teeth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Red sea. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 40. f. 430.

discors.

103. Orbicular, a little convex, with longitudinal striæ perpendicular in the middle, obliquely divergent towards the outside, and crossed by transverse ones; intermediate grooves and inner margin crenated. Isle of France. Lister, 312. f. 148.

aculeata.

104. Orbicular, subequilateral, with elevated, acute, tuberculated ribs; margin denticulated, and crenated. Schroeter, iii. t. 8. f. 13.

**** Suboval, and slightly angulated on the anterior side.

gigantea.

105. Ovate, livid, with numerous, interrupted, bluish rays; posterior slope ovate. Shores of Ceylon and Florida. Chem. x. t. 171. f. 1661.

literata.

106. Ovate, anteriorly angular, with undulated transverse striæ; 2 inches long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Europe and India. Lister, t. 402. f. 246.

geographica.

107. Inequilateral, thin, with fine decussated striæ; white, reticulated with brown. Mediterranean. Chem. vii. t. 42. f. 260.

rotundata.

108. Ovate, anteriorly angular, with transverse striæ; intermediate tooth of the hinge bifid; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 3 broad. Indian ocean. Chem. vii. t. 42. f. 441.

decussata.

* 109. Ovate, with decussated striæ anteriorly angular; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, 2 broad. Mediterranean, British coasts. Don. t. 67.

undulata.

110. Oval, quite smooth, inequilateral; slopes oblong; margin very entire; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Malabar, Red sea. Lister, t. 400. f. 239.

* 111. Subovate, anteriorly subangular, with unequal, virgin transverse striæ; anterior slope tumid. Adriatic. Britain. Lister, t. 403. f. 247.

112. Oval, with transverse striæ, which are stronger obsolete on the anterior side, and undulated in the middle. Mediterranean. Chem. vii. t. 42. f. 144.

113. Ovate, with fine decussated striæ; white or senegal flesh-coloured, varied with brown; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch broad, not six inches long. Senegal. Linn. Tr. vi. t. 17. f. 3.

* 114. Thin, convex, somewhat triangular, with a perforate deep obtuse sinus in the middle of the front. Britain, Montagu, t. 3. f. 6.

* 115. Suborbicular, inequilateral, transversely striated, and marked with faint longitudinal striæ; 1 inch long, \( \frac{1}{2} \) broad. Dorsetshire. Lister, t. 404. f. 149.

116. Ovate, whitish; striæ decussated; hinge with monstrously two teeth in the left valve. Nicobar islands. Chem. vii. t. 42. f. 445.

Gen. II. Spondylus.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys; shell solid, with unequal valves, one of them convex, the other rather flat; hinge with two recurved teeth, separated by a small hollow.

Species.

* Shells with ears.

1. Slightly eared and spinous. Mediterranean, Indian, and other seas.—This species varies greatly in size, thickness, and colours. Sometimes it is entirely purple, orange, white or bloom colour, and sometimes it is marked with various streaks, spot, dots, or bands. Lister, t. 206. f. 40.

2. White, base deep orange-coloured, longitudinally sulcated; spines very long, and somewhat tongue-shaped; apice subfoliated. S. America. Chem. vii. t. 45. f. 465.

3. Thin upper valve, deep rose-coloured, with short arachnid spines; the smaller valve with lamellated foliations, etc., and long submarginated spines. Knorr. Vig. v. t. 9. f. 1.

4. With distinct longitudinal striæ, white and unspotted, rough. N. Holland.

5. Round, white, larger valve purple, with longitudinal striæ; with tongue-shaped spines. E. Indies. Mellet. Chem. vii. t. 46. f. 472. and 473.

6. With white and purple longitudinal ribs and costae stripes; ribs spinous, and with subserrated teeth. Red sea. Knorr. Vig. i. t. 9. f. 2.

7. Longitudinally sulcated and ribbed; ribs with very long white spines. E. Indies. Chem. vii. t. 45. f. 464.

8. Longitudinally sulcated and ribbed, thickly spin-longed, of a reddish colour; alternate spines arenated, and spines tongue-shaped; umbones orange-coloured. E. Indies. Chem. vii. t. 46. f. 472. and 473.

9. Without ears, and spinous. In this species the regular shell is sub-globular, white within, without purplish, scarlet, flame colour, orange or white; spines generally two inches long, sometimes cylindrical, with a crenated margin. India, Malta. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 46. f. 471.

10. Oblong-

1. Oblong-oval, purple, longitudinally sulcated, ribbed, and spinous; smaller valve, with the base turned upwards, and very much produced. E. Indies. Guilt. t. 101. f. B.

2. Obtusely triangular, equilateral, plaited; anterior molktiana. slope elevated, with oblique plates and striae; size of a hazel nut. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 484. to 487.

3. Plaited, with arched scales; posterior slope gap-gigazing, with crenulated margins. Indian ocean.—This species sometimes measures only about an inch in length, but sometimes it is found to be the largest of shells, and equal to 532lb. weight. The fish which it contains is said to furnish a meal to 120 men, and its muscular strength is so great as to cut asunder a cable, or lop off the hand of a man. South Sea. Chem. vii. t. 49. f. 492. to 494.

4. Plaited, muricated, posterior slope retuse, closed, hippopus. toothed; 5 inches long, and 7 broad. Indian ocean. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 498. and 499.

5. Suborbicular, solid, tuberculated, and coated with plumbea. a brown epidermis; apices recurved, and the margin entire. South Sea. Chem. xi. t. 203. f. 1991.

6. Somewhat heart-shaped, with longitudinal grooves, antiquata. and transverse striae; ribs from 19 to 22. Atlantic and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 488. and 489.

7. Somewhat heart-shaped, slightly produced at the ejack. anterior end, with longitudinal flattish ribs, and transversely striated and tuberculated; posterior depression suborbicular. Mouth of the Niger. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 490. and 491.

8. Trapeziform, gibbous, with longitudinal, crenu-trapezium. lated grooves; about the size of a pea. Norway seas. Chem. xi. t. 204. f. 2005.

9. Suborbicular, compressed, coarse, with decus-semiorbitalis. sated striae. Arabia. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 502. and 503. culata.

10. Oblong, with imbricated grooves; anterior part calyculata. retuse; ½ inch long, ½ broad. American and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 500.

11. Heart-shaped, transversely striated; one side discordata. elongated, compressed. Indian and Red-seas.

12. Roundish, with toothed grooves, mixed with satiata. dots; posterior slope retuse; heart-shaped.

13. Oblong, fore-part angular, with anterior acute oblonga. teeth. Shores of Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 203. f. 1993.

14. Suborbicular, with very deep grooves; wrinkles rugosa. slightly imbricated; margin doubly folded. The grooves are about 30 in number.

15. Transversely wrinkled, and longitudinally stri-concavated. In the middle of each valve within is an addition-ratula. al chamber. American ocean. Small, whitish. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 506.

16. Oblong, obladed above, and produced at the pectunculus-base, with smooth longitudinal ribs. Lister, t. 347. f. lus. 185.

17. Cylindrical, white, diaphanous, with decussated corrugations; the transverse striae arched and imbricated. phaga. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1673.

Shells attached to some other substance.

18. Imbricated, with jagged lamellae; beak a lit-lazarus. tile spiral obliquely. India. Chem. vii. t. 51. f. 507.

19. Orbicular, muricated; one valve flatter, the gryphoides. other with a subspiral, produced beak. Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 52. f. 514.

20. With conic valves, and horn-shaped, oblique, cornuta. tubular beaks, longer than the valve. Indian and American seas.

12. Grooved,

Gen. 12. Chama, or Gaping Cockle.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys: the shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow; anterior slope closed.

Species.

Shells detached.

1. Roundish, smooth; beaks recurved; anterior sloped with a gaping fen. Adriatic and Caspian seas, Hebrides. Sometimes it is found of a large size. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 483.

2. Obtusely triangular, equilateral, plaited; anterior molktiana. slope elevated, with oblique plates and striae; size of a hazel nut. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 484. to 487.

3. Plaited, with arched scales; posterior slope gap-gigazing, with crenulated margins. Indian ocean.—This species sometimes measures only about an inch in length, but sometimes it is found to be the largest of shells, and equal to 532lb. weight. The fish which it contains is said to furnish a meal to 120 men, and its muscular strength is so great as to cut asunder a cable, or lop off the hand of a man. South Sea. Chem. vii. t. 49. f. 492. to 494.

4. Plaited, muricated, posterior slope retuse, closed, hippopus. toothed; 5 inches long, and 7 broad. Indian ocean. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 498. and 499.

5. Suborbicular, solid, tuberculated, and coated with plumbea. a brown epidermis; apices recurved, and the margin entire. South Sea. Chem. xi. t. 203. f. 1991.

6. Somewhat heart-shaped, with longitudinal grooves, antiquata. and transverse striae; ribs from 19 to 22. Atlantic and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 488. and 489.

7. Somewhat heart-shaped, slightly produced at the ejack. anterior end, with longitudinal flattish ribs, and transversely striated and tuberculated; posterior depression suborbicular. Mouth of the Niger. Chem. vii. t. 48. f. 490. and 491.

8. Trapeziform, gibbous, with longitudinal, crenu-trapezium. lated grooves; about the size of a pea. Norway seas. Chem. xi. t. 204. f. 2005.

9. Suborbicular, compressed, coarse, with decus-semiorbitalis. sated striae. Arabia. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 502. and 503. culata.

10. Oblong, with imbricated grooves; anterior part calyculata. retuse; ½ inch long, ½ broad. American and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 500.

11. Heart-shaped, transversely striated; one side discordata. elongated, compressed. Indian and Red-seas.

12. Roundish, with toothed grooves, mixed with satiata. dots; posterior slope retuse; heart-shaped.

13. Oblong, fore-part angular, with anterior acute oblonga. teeth. Shores of Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 203. f. 1993.

14. Suborbicular, with very deep grooves; wrinkles rugosa. slightly imbricated; margin doubly folded. The grooves are about 30 in number.

15. Transversely wrinkled, and longitudinally stri-concavated. In the middle of each valve within is an addition-ratula. al chamber. American ocean. Small, whitish. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 50. f. 506.

16. Oblong, obladed above, and produced at the pectunculus-base, with smooth longitudinal ribs. Lister, t. 347. f. lus. 185.

17. Cylindrical, white, diaphanous, with decussated corrugations; the transverse striae arched and imbricated. phaga. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1673.

Shells attached to some other substance.

18. Imbricated, with jagged lamellae; beak a lit-lazarus. tile spiral obliquely. India. Chem. vii. t. 51. f. 507.

19. Orbicular, muricated; one valve flatter, the gryphoides. other with a subspiral, produced beak. Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 52. f. 514.

20. With conic valves, and horn-shaped, oblique, cornuta. tubular beaks, longer than the valve. Indian and American seas.

12. Grooved, arcinella.

21. Grooved, muricated, with excavated dots; hinge with a sessile callus; 2 inches broad and 2 long. American ocean. Lister, t. 355, f. 192.

lamellata.

22. White, with foliaceous, serrated, transverse, strie; the interstices crenated, beaks recurved. Mediterranean and American seas.—This species is found fossil in Campania; it is sometimes round, and sometimes oblong. Chem. vii. t. 52, f. 521.

punctata.

23. Suborbicular, with transverse rows of rather distant scales, and the inside dotted. Guadaloupe. Ency. Meth. t. 197, f. 3.

sinerosa.

24. Ear-shaped, thick, scaly, with one or two longitudinal furrows; margin crenulated, and the summits reversed. West Indies. Chem. xi. t. 116, f. 992, and 993.

arcinella.

25. Somewhat heart-shaped, with spinous longitudinal ribs, and excavated dots; margin crenulated and slightly plaited. Brazil. Lister, t. 355, f. 192.

Gen. 13. ARCA, or Ark-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal a tethys: The shell bivalve, equivalve; the hinge with a number of teeth, sharp, alternate, and inserted all along the rim.

Species.

* With the teeth in a straight line.

tortuosa.

1. Parallelopiped, distorted, with unequal valves and sides, deeply striated longitudinally; lesser valve obliquely carinated. Indian ocean. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 53, f. 524, and 525.

noa.

2. Noah's ark; oblong, striated, and emarginated at the tip; beaks very remote, bent in; margin gaping. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas, Cornwall. Don. t. 158, f. 1, and 2.

barbata.

3. Oblong, striated, bearded with byssus; beaks approximate; margin closed. Europe and Indian seas. Lough Strangford, Ireland. Chem. vii. p. 186, f. 54, f. 535.

imbricata.

4. Ovate, rhomboidal, with decussated striae, of which the transverse are imbricated and acute; spines recurved and very remote. Jamaica and Ireland. Lister, t. 367, f. 207.

naviculata.

5. Oblong, rhomboidal, compressed in the middle, and longitudinally ribbed; spines incurved, and very remote; margin crenulated at both ends. West Indies. Chem. vi. t. 5, f. 533.

plicata.

6. Rhomboidal, with decussated striae on the sides, and plaited and angulated at the anterior end; margin crenated, and sinuated. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 204, f. 2008.

candida.

7. Oblong, subrhomboidal, with longitudinal, slightly decussated, crenulated striae, and intermediate smaller ones towards the anterior end; margin obsoletely toothed. Guinea. Lister, t. 229, f. 64.

lacerata.

8. Transversely subovate, depressed, with longitudinal decussated striae, alternately larger; margins crenulated and closed. East Indies. Chem. vii. t. 54, f. 536, and 537.

bicolorata.

9. Transversely oval, tumid, with decussated striae; summits approximated and recurved. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 204, f. 2007.

modiolus.

10. Oblong, striated, anteriorly angular; posterior slope incurved. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 365, f. 205.

II. Ovate, pellucid, substrated; anterior slope pellucidal, prominent; hinge ciliar. Mediterranean. Chem. vii. t. 55, f. 546.

12. Ovate, with decussated striae; snowy, and covered with russet brown epidermis; margin gaping. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 54, f. 538.

13. Pellucid, brittle, round at each end, obsoletely striated; teeth of the hinge very sharp. Nicobar islands. Ency. Method. t. 309, f. 8.

14. With cancellated striae, and bearded; margin cancellate gaping in the middle. American ocean. Schroeter, iii. t. 9, f. 2.

15. Transversely ovate, with longitudinal granulated fusca striae; summits approximated; margins nearly entire and closed. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 231, f. 65.

16. Entirely white, rhomboid, heart-shaped, and rhomboid-ribbed; anterior and dorsal ribs knotty; beaks remote. Indian and American oceans. Chem. vii. t. 56, f. 553, a.

17. With a rhomboidal, yellowish white shell, and lactea, obsolete, decussated striae; size of a horse bean. European seas, Devonshire. Don. t. 135.

18. Obliquely heart-shaped, with numerous unarm-antiqued grooves. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 230, f. 64, a.

19. Obliquely heart-shaped, smooth, with grooves; semilunar margin plaited; 3 inches long, 4 broad. America, Africa. Lister, t. 238, f. 72.

20. Slightly heart-shaped, with muricated grooves; grams 1½ inch long, 1½ broad. American and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 241, f. 78.

21. Ovate compressed; with perpendicular knotty cordula striae; beaks obtuse, approximate. Nicobar islands. Lister, t. 234, f. 68.

22. Ventricose; striae decussated; anterior slope concave heart-shaped; 2 inches long, and 3 broad. Nicobarata islands. Chem. vii. t. 53, f. 526, and 527.

23. Rounded on each side; chestnut, and marked magellan with decussated striae; external margin inflected, and expanded in the middle; beaks approximate. Straits of Magellan. Chem. vii. t. 53, f. 539.

24. Rhomboidal, white, with decussated striae; reticulate beaks approximate; anterior slope heart-shaped. West Indies. Chem. vii. t. 54, f. 541.

25. Pellucid, rhomboid, with decussated striae; fore-compressed part produced; hind-part truncated. American ocean, and African shores. Chem. vii. t. 55, f. 544, and 555.

26. Inequivalve, ovate, with flat, longitudinal striae indica, and deep grooves; anterior slope heart-shaped; 1½ inch long, 1½ broad. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 232, f. 66.

27. Ovate, longitudinally grooved, with slight transverse wrinkles; white; 8 lines long, 10 broad. Africa. Adanson, t. 18, f. 6.

** With the teeth in a curved line.**

28. Ovate, with broad, crenated, or scaly perpendicular striae; hinge arched. Campeachy bay and Bar-chienai-badoes. Lister, t. 237, f. 71.

29. Lenticular, without ears, smooth, with a plaited undata margin; 2 inches long, 2 broad. American ocean. Chem. vii. t. 57, f. 560.

30. Lenticular, slightly eared, with slightly imbricated grooves; margin plaited; 1½ inch long, and broader. American ocean and Red sea. Lister, t. 239, f. 73.

31. Lenticular Gen. Char.—The animal is a tethys; the shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral, transverse grooves.

Species:

- **Valves with auricles equal. Scallop.**

1. With 14 or 15 rounded ribs, longitudinally grooved.

---

Gen. 14. Ostrea, Oyster.

---

**Gen. Char.**—The animal is a tethys; the shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral, transverse grooves.

Species:

- **Valves with auricles equal. Scallop.**

1. With 14 or 15 rounded ribs, longitudinally grooved.

---

ed, with fine transverse striae; 5 inches long, 5 broad; ears large, with decussated striae; lower valve convex, white, often varied with red bands or spots; upper valve flat, reddish. Found in large beds in most European seas, where they are dredged up, pickled, and barrelled for sale. It is said, that the greatest quantity is taken after a fall of snow. This is the shell worn formerly by pilgrims on the hat or coat, as a mark that they had crossed the sea for the purpose of paying their devotion to the Holy Land; in commemoration of this it is still preserved in the arms of many families. Donovan, t. 49.

2. With about 14 angular and longitudinally striated *jacobsa* rays; upper valves flat, with rounded rays, which are finely striated transversely; lower valve with angular rays, which are striated longitudinally. Ears concave and smooth on the upper side. European seas. Dorsetshire, but rare. Don. t. 137.

3. With 18 flattened rays; ears finely wrinkled; *sic-sac* lower valve convex; rays finely striated transversely; upper valve flat, with about twice as many angular lines as there are rays. American ocean. Lister, t. 168.

4. With 16 faint rays, and transverse membrana-striata. cæus striae; margin very entire; valves nearly equally flat. Indian ocean.

5. With 20 convex rays; lower valve white and minuta. very convex; upper valve white, clouded with brown, flatter and plaited. Indian ocean.

6. Equivalve, with 12 doubled rays, and smooth on pleuroncethe outside; 4½ inches long, gaping at each end. Indian ocean. Chem. vii. t. 61. f. 595.

7. Equivalve, a little convex, margined with yel-japonica. low; upper valve with faint lines crossing transverse concentric bands, and 48 elevated striae within; 5½ inches long, about the same breadth. Guinea and Japan. Chem. vii. t. 62. f. 596.

8. Equivalve, glabrous, with oblong crowded striae; magellani. upper valve more convex, lower flatter than in most ca. others. Straits of Magellan. Chem. vii. t. 62. f. 597.

9. With 9 or 10 rays; the interstices longitudinally hybrida. striated; margin repand within. Norway seas. Chem. vii. t. 63. f. 601. and 602.

10. Nearly equivalve; with 12 convex rays crossed radula. by crenated striae; 3½ inches long, 2½ broad. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 175. f. 12.

11. Equivalve, flattish, with 9 unequal rays, imbr-imbricata. cated with scales. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 69. f. G.

12. Nearly equivalve, with 16 convex smoothshiplica. rays, and striated across; 1½ inch long, 1 inch broad. India. Chem. vii. t. 62. f. 598.

13. Somewhat wedge-shaped, with six convex ribs pes lutra. and longitudinal striae; auricles small and unequal. Lister, t. 171. f. 8.

**Valves with the auricles equal.**

14. Ducal mantle. Equivalve, with 12 convex rays, pallium. striated, rough, and imbricated with scales; red, varied with brown and white; ears striated, crenated or scaly. India. Lister, t. 187. f. 25.

15. Equivalve, with 9 thick obtuse rays; inter-sanguino-stices longitudinally striated, tuberculated and prickly. lenta. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 64. f. 608.

16. With about 20 angulated ribs, and slightly im-palliata. bricated transverse striae. Knorr, i. t. 19. f. 2.

---

Vol. VI. Part II. 17. With 9 rays, covered with apparently vesicular tubercles. American and African oceans. Lister, t. 174. f. 11.

18. With 9 striated rough rays; one of the ears very small. African seas. Chem. vii. t. 64. f. 612.

19. Nearly equivalve, with 9 rays; smooth, with spoon-like hemispherical scales on the lower valve; minute, pellucid; upper valve spotted with red. African seas. Lister, t. 184. f. 21.

20. Smooth on the outside, with 24 doubled rays. Indian ocean. Chem. vii. t. 66. f. 622. to 624.

21. Suborbicular, compressed; with about 11 prominent, convex, transversely scaly ribs, and striated longitudinally. Chem. vii. t. 65. f. 614.

22. With about 22 rounded, transversely wrinkled ribs; and granulated striae in the interstices; valves equal. Molucca islands. Chem. vii. t. 65. f. 617.

23. Suborbicular, slender, and smooth; margin acute and entire. Chem. xi. t. 207. f. 2037. and 2038.

24. Equivalve, with 22 rays; ears small; 2 inches long, 1½ broad. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Chem. vii. t. 66. f. 628.

25. Equivalve; rays about 30; compressed, and beset with transverse, prickly scales; one ear very small; 2½ inches long, 2 broad. European seas, coasts of Britain. Don. t. i. f. 1.

26. Equivalve, rays about 40, filiform; surface often irregular or distorted; 2 inches long, 1½ broad. European and American seas. Chem. vii. t. 67. f. 635.

27. Ovate, irregularly tumid; with about 45 unequal filiform ribs, and the auricles nearly equal. Britain. Don. t. 34.

28. Subovate, with numerous muricated filiform ribs, and the auricles nearly equal.

29. Equivalve, semi-transparent, smooth; dark purple; with 8 nearly obsolete rays; ½ inch long. British coasts. Don. t. i. f. 2.

30. Smooth; ears red; ¾ inch long. Anglesea, Falmouth, Montagu, t. 4. f. 4.

31. Orbicular, flattish, glabrous; with 20 convex rays, and intermediate longitudinal striae; ears nearly equal. Adriatic. Chem. vii. t. 67. f. 638. to 640.

32. Ears nearly equal, equivalve, smooth, with from 10 to 15 smooth flattish rays; inside with elevated double striae; 2 inches long, 2 broad. European and American seas. Chem. vii. t. 67. f. 641. to 645.

33. Suborbicular, with about 5 broad convex plaited, and numerous longitudinal striae; auricles nearly equal. Mediterranean. Chem. xi. t. 207. f. 2042.

34. Rays 20; roundish and rough, with decussated striae; upper valve a little more convex; 2½ inches diameter. North seas, Devonshire and Cornwall, where it is called frill or queen. Don. t. 12.

35. Suborbicular, with about 20 subcarinate ribs, and crowded decussated striae; upper valve more convex than the lower. Britain, and coast of France. Don. t. 116.

36. With 20 rounded rays; interstices finely wrinkled; margin repand; upper valve more convex. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 179. f. 16.

37. Equivalve, gibbous, with 20 glabrous rays, longitudinally striated; slightly wrinkled transversely; smaller auricle oblique. American ocean. Chem. vii. t. 65. f. 619. and 620.

38. White, with flesh-coloured spots; rays glabrous, sulcata. 32 on the lower valve, 35 on the upper; 1½ inch long. Malabar. Chem. vii. t. 63. f. 603. and 604.

39. Orbicular, with purple circles, and about 100 cinna- rays; 3½ inches long, 3½ broad. Mediterranean, Bri- tain. The fish of this species is employed as food. Lister, t. 1057. f. 4.

40. Equivalve, glabrous, immaculate, with minute triradii striae; upper valve with 3 rays. Norway seas. Chem. xi. t. 207. f. 2043.

41. Nearly equivalve, striated, spotted, rough towards the margin. Found on the fucus saccharinus in the North sea. Chem. xi. t. 207. f. 2039.

42. Nearly equivalve, striated, glabrous, red, with tigrina whitish spots. On fuci in the North seas. Chem. vii. t. 207. f. 2031.

43. Equally convex, both sides with 20 glabrous turgida rays; interstices with transverse, crowded wrinkles; margin with plaited teeth. Indian and American seas. Lister, t. 169. f. 6.

44. Convex, purple; within, white or red, with 25 porphyry thick, rounded, scaly rays; 2½ inches long. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 66. f. 622.

45. Hyaline, with an acute margin, very slender vitrea rays, and concentric scaly curves. North seas. Chem. vii. t. 67. f. 637. a.

46. Suborbicular, with about 30 smooth ribs; upper pyxidate valve flattish; margin plaited. Malabar. Chem. vii. t. 63. f. 603. and 4.

47. White, with purple spots, and numerous unequal suciate rays; margin crenated. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 69. f. H.

48. Orange, with 22 rounded rays, and plaited mar- gin; lower valve flatter. India. Chem. vii. t. 65. f. 618.

Valves more gibbous on one side than on the other.

49. Nearly equivalve, with 8 striated rays; margin flavescens rounded on one side. South sea.

50. Equivalve, with 20 rough rays; interstices fasciata striated; ears equal, small. Atlantic seas. Chem. vii. t. 68. f. 649. a.

51. Convex on each side; closed, oblong, pellucid; bullato. 32 rays; twice as long as it is broad. A rare shell. Chem. vii. t. 68. f. 649. b.

52. Equivalve, with 25 rays; margin very entire; fragilis; ears acute; 1½ inch long. Nicobar islands. Chem. vii. t. 68. f. 650.

53. Equivalve, with 22 imbricated scaly rays, lima. rounded at one margin; ears obliterated; 3 inches long, 2½ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Chem. vii. t. 68. f. 657.

54. With 50 imbricated, interrupted rays; ears glabrii equal; one of them unequally plaited. American ocean. Chem. vii. t. 68. f. 652.

55. Whitish, thin, gaping on each side, and oblique, hians. with obsolete, undulated rays, and transverse, rounded, semilunar striae; 1½ inch long, ½ broad. Norway. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 4.

56. Ovate, compressed, with about 50 narrow scabra- ribs, and the scales vaulted and imbricated; hinge slightly oblique; margin crenated. W. Indies. Lister, t. 176. f. 13.

57. Dirty white, with longitudinal, undulated striae, except and a few transverse rings; one ear obsolete; margin entire; **Valves coarse and rugged. Oysters.**

58. Equivalve, 3-lobed, two of them placed transversely like the head of a hammer; 6 inches long, and 4½ broad. Deep parts of the Indian and Southern oceans. Very rare. Chem. viii. t. 70. f. 655. and 656.

59. Subpellucid, narrow, elongated, lamellated; one end rounded; 3½ inches long, 1 broad. Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 70. f. 657.

60. Pellucid, lamellated, and laterally incurved; 1 inch broad, and including the curvature, 3 inches long. Nicobar islands. Chem. viii. t. 70. f. 658.

61. Rough, lamellated, unequal, and glabrous within; lower valve large; 4 inches long. Chinese shores. Chem. viii. t. 72. f. 668.

62. Ovate, obtusely plaited at the sides; parasitical; found adhering to gorgonia in the Indian ocean. Chem. viii. t. 71. f. 662. to 666.

63. Orbicular, flat, with an entire crenated margin; size of the end joint of the thumb. Chem. viii. t. 74. f. 680.

64. Eatible or common oyster; orbicular and rugged, with undulated, imbricated scales; one valve flat, and very entire. European and Indian seas. Pennant. iv. t. 62. f. 70.—It is found, either in large beds, or adhering to rocks. The shell is of various sizes, forms, and colours; within white, and often glossy, and of a pearly appearance. The old shells have often an annulus fixed to them, and they are frequently covered with the serpula and lepas, and the sertularia and other zoophytes.

The common oyster has been long known as a nutritious food, and indeed in most countries is greatly esteemed as a delicate luxury of the table. The oyster is supposed by naturalists to be a hermaphrodite animal. The spawn which they cast in May, adheres to the rocks and other substances at the bottom of the sea; and the shell, it is supposed, is formed in the space of 24 hours, and which, according to some, never leaves the spot till removed by violence. But from the observations of M. Dicquemare, who has particularly studied the economy of the oyster, it appears that it possesses the power of moving from place to place, and that it varies its habits according to circumstances. Oysters which are recently taken up from places which are left dry by the sea, open their shell, lose their water, and die in a few days. But the same oysters kept in reservoirs, where they are left occasionally by the sea, exposed to the rays of the sun, to severe cold, or are disturbed in their beds, acquire the habit of keeping the shell close when they are uncovered with water, and exist without injury from this treatment for a long time. The oyster should be fresh, tender, and moist. Those which are most esteemed are caught at the mouths of rivers, and in clear water. The want of fresh water, it is said, renders oysters hard, bitter, and unpalatable. Mud and sea weeds are extremely injurious to the propagation and increase of the oyster. Other shell fish, and crustaceous animals, as mussels, scallops, star-fish and crabs, are their most destructive enemies.

Oysters are of different colours in different places: in Spain they are found of a red and russet colour; in Illyria brown, with the fish black, and in the Red sea, of the colour of the iris. The green oyster, which is eaten in Paris, is brought from Dieppe. This colour is ascribed to the verdure which encompasses the bed on which they are produced. The oysters from Brittany in France, too, have been long famous; but those which are brought from Marennies in Saintonge, are in highest estimation. The oysters which are edged with a small brown fringe or beard, are generally preferred. These are accounted by the epicures fecundated oysters.

In tropical regions, the common oyster is found attached to trees. This assertion of the growth of oysters on trees has been often ranked among the exaggerated or groundless stories of the marvellous traveller; but this circumstance, when properly explained, will not appear different from the usual economy of this testaceous animal. In warm climates, where vegetation is so much more luxuriant than in northern latitudes, a great variety of plants, among which are seen large trees, grow on the shores to the very edge of the sea; and particularly on those places which are sheltered from the agitation of the waves. In such places, at the heads of bays and harbours, great abundance of mangrove trees grow up from the bottom, where it is several feet deep, covered with water. It is generally on the mangrove tree that the oyster is found in the West Indies. Without the trouble of picking them from the trees, the branches growing under water to which they are attached, are cut off, carried home in baskets, and in this state brought to table, where they are either eaten raw, or roasted, as the European oyster. We have eaten oysters which were produced in this way, in the Lagoons at the head of Port Morant harbour in Jamaica, a few minutes after they were taken from the water. They were of a small size, but extremely delicate and high flavoured.

Britain has been noted for oysters from the time of Juvenal, who, satirizing Montanus an epicure, says,

*Circeis nata forent, an Lucrinium ad sosum, Rutupinovae edita fundo, Ostrea, collebat primo depredere mosu.*

He, whether Circe's rock his oysters bore, Or Lucrine lake, or distant Richborough's shore, Knew at first taste.

The luxurious Romans were very fond of this fish, and had their layers or stews for oysters as we have at present. Sergius Orata was the first inventor, as early as the time of L. Crassus the orator. He did not make Pennant's them for the sake of indulging his appetite, but through Brit. Zool. avarice, and made great profits from them. Orata got vol. iv. great credit for his Lucrine oysters; for, says Pliny, p. 102, the British were not then known.

The ancients ate them raw, having them carried up unopened, and generally eating them at the beginning of the entertainment, but sometimes roasted. They also stewed them with mallows and ducks, or with fish.

Britain still retains its superiority in oysters over Oysters of other countries. Most of our coasts produce them naturally; and in such places they are taken by dredging, and are become an article of commerce, both raw and pickled. The shells calcined are employed in medicine as an absorbent, and in common with other shells, prove an excellent manure.

Stews or layers of oysters are formed in places which nature never allotted as habitations for them. Those near Colchester have been long famous; at present there are others that at least rival the former, near the mouth of the Thames. The oysters, or their spat, are brought to convenient places, where they improve in taste and size. It is an error to suppose, that the fine green observed in oysters taken from artificial beds, is owing to copper; this substance, or the solution of it, is destructive to all fish. The following is the account of the whole treatment of oysters, from Bishop Sprat's History of the Royal Society, from p. 307 to 309.

"In the month of May the oysters cast their spawn, (which the dredgers call their spat): it is like to a drop of candle, and about the bigness of a halfpenny. The spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-shells, pieces of wood, and such like things, at the bottom of the sea, which they call cultch. It is probably conjectured, that the spat in 24 hours begins to have a shell. In the month of May, the dredgers (by the law of the admiralty court), have liberty to catch all manner of oysters, of what size soever. When they have taken them, with a knife they gently raise the small brood from the cultch, and then they throw the cultch in again, to preserve the ground for the future, unless they be so newly spat, that they cannot be safely severed from the cultch; in that case they are permitted to take the stone or shell, &c. that the spat is upon, one shell having many times twenty spats. After the month of May, it is felony to carry away the cultch, and punishable to take any other oysters, unless it be those of size, (that is to say) about the bigness of a half-crown piece, or when, the two shells being shut, a fair shilling will rattle between them.

"The places where these oysters are chiefly caught, are called the Pent-Burnham, Malden, and Colne-waters; the latter taking its name from the river of Colne, which passeth by Colchester, gives name to that town, and runs into a creek of the sea, at a place called the Hythe, being the suburbs of the town. This brood and other oysters they carry to the creeks of the sea, at Bricklessea, Mersy, Langno, Fingrego, Wivenho, Tolesbury, and Saltcoase, and there throw them into the channel, which they call their beds or layers, where they grow and fatten; and in two or three years the smallest brood will be oysters of the size aforesaid. Those oysters which they would have green, they put into pits about three feet deep in the salt marshes, which are overflowed only at spring-tides, to which they have sluices, and let out the salt water until it is about a foot and a half deep. These pits, from some quality in the soil co-operating with the heat of the sun, will become green, and communicate their colour to the oysters that are put into them in four or five days, though they commonly let them continue there six weeks or two months, in which time they will be of a dark green. To prove that the sun operates in the greening, Tolesbury pits will green only in summer; but that the earth hath the greater power, Bricklessea pits green both winter and summer: and for a further proof, a pit within a foot of a greening pit will not green; and those that did green very well, will in time lose their quality. The oysters, when the tide comes in, lie with their hollow shell downwards; and when it goes out, they turn on the other side; they remove not far from their place, unless in cold weather, to cover themselves in the ooze. The reason of the scarcity of oysters, and consequently of their dearness, is, because they are of late years bought up by the Dutch.

"There are great penalties by the admiralty court laid upon those that fish out of those grounds which the court appoints, or that destroy the cultch, or that take any oysters that are not of size, or that do not tread under their feet, or throw upon the shore, a fish which they call a five-finger, resembling a spur-rowl, because that fish gets into the oysters when they gape, and sucks them out.

"The reason that such a penalty is set upon any that shall destroy the cultch is, because they find that if that be taken away, the ooze will increase, and the muscles and cockles will breed there, and destroy the oysters, they having not whereon to stick their spat.

"The oysters are sick after they have spat; but in June and July they begin to mend, and in August they are perfectly well; the male oyster is black-sick, having a black substance in the fin; the female white-sick (as they term it), having a milky substance in the fin. They are salt in the pits, salt in the layers, but saltest at sea."

The oyster affords the curious in microscopic observations a very pleasing entertainment. In the clear broth the liquor many little round living animalcules have been found, whose bodies being conjoined, form spherical figures, with tails, not changing their place otherwise than by sinking to the bottom, as being heavier than the fluid; these have been seen frequently separating, and then coming together again. In other oysters, animalcules of the same kind were found, not conjoined, but swimming by one another, whence they seemed in a more perfect state, and were judged by Mr Leeuwenhoek to be the animalcules in the roe or semen of the oyster.

A female oyster being opened, incredible multitudes of small embryo oysters were seen, covered with little shells, perfectly transparent, and swimming along slowly in the liquor; and in another female, the young ones were found of a browner colour, and without any appearance of life or motion.

Monsieur Joblot also kept the water running from oysters three days, and it appeared full of young oysters swimming about nimbly in it; these increased in size daily; but a mixture of wine, or the vapour of vinegar, killed them.

In the month of August oysters are supposed to breed, because young ones are then found in them. Mr Leeuwenhoek, on the 4th of August, opened an oyster, and took out of it a prodigious number of minute oysters, all alive, and swimming nimbly about in the liquor, by means of certain exceeding small organs, extending a little way beyond their shells; and these he calls their beards. In these little oysters, he could discover the joinings of the shells; and perceived that there were some dead ones, with their shells gaping. These, though so extremely minute, are seen to be as like the large oysters in form as one egg is to another.

As to the size of them, he computes, that 120 of them in a row would extend an inch; and consequently, that a globular body, whose diameter is an inch, would, if they were also round, be equal to 1,728,000 of them. He reckons 3000 or 4000 are in one oyster, and found many of the embryo oysters among the hairs; some fastened thereto by slender filaments, and others lying loose: he likewise found animaleoles in the liquor 500 times less than the embryo oysters.

It is not uncommon to see on oyster-shells, when in a dark place, a shining matter or bluish light, which sticks to the fingers when touched, and continues shining and giving light for a considerable time, though without any sensible heat. This shining matter being examined with a microscope, is said to consist of three sorts of animaleoles; but it is more probable that it is the phosphorescent light which separates from animal matters, particularly fish, in the incipient stage of the putrefactive process.

65. Parasitical, ovate, yellowish brown, with black rays, and one valve much flatter than the other. East Indies. Chem. viii. t. 71. f. 660.

66. Rough, oblong, linear, with divergent hinges; internally vaulted. Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 71. f. 667.

67. Orbicular, flattish, parasitical, longitudinally plaited, and transversely wrinkled towards the margin; margin obtuse, and somewhat toothed at the hinge.

68. Suborbicular, with strong, transverse, imbricated wrinkles, and somewhat truncated at the hinge, on both sides of which the margin is toothed. Cape of Good Hope. Lister, t. 193 and 194.

69. Equivalve, pellucid, flattened, oval, with perpendicular, undulated striæ on the upper valve; three inches long, 2½ broad. India. Chem. viii. t. 72. f. 669.

70. Plaited, and terminating in a long, incurved, hollow beak; middle ribs with imbricated, spinous wrinkles; 2 inches long, and 1 broad. Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 72. f. 671.

71. With longitudinal, wrinkled plaits; lower valve smaller and flatter; varies much in shape and size. American and Mediterranean seas. Chem. viii. t. 73. f. 674.

72. Oblong, rugged; upper valve lamellated, with a denticulated margin; the lower excavated, and longitudinally grooved. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 75. f. 676.

73. Nearly equivalve, thick, rough, lamellous; one valve with a prominent beak; 9 inches long, and 4 broad. American and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 200. f. 34.

74. Upper valve flat, lower one hollow and striated; rough with scales, wrinkles and plaits, and terminating in an elongated beak. Indian and African oceans. Chem. viii. t. 74. f. 679.

75. Thin; lower valve convex and thicker; the other flat. Atlantic and Indian seas.—This species, like the common oyster, fixes itself to the roots and branches of trees, particularly the mangrove, which grows out of the water. It varies in form and size, and is often as large as the palm of the hand, Chem. viii. t. 74. f. 681.

76. Rugged, with imbricated lamellæ; margin with cristata, obtusely plaited teeth; 1 inch long. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 7.

77. Equivalve, roundish, smooth, flat; 2 inches senegal-diameter. Shores of Senegal. Adamson, t. 14. f. 5. sis.

78. Oval, thin, terminating in a short, acute, lateral, ovalis, channelled beak; striæ perpendicular, unequal, obsolete; 1 inch long. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 8.

**** With the hinge composed of transverse furrows, in a straight line.

79. Oval, slightly eared, smooth, with an oblique semiaurita base; 1½ inch long, and 1½ broad. Mediterranean. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 6.

80. Equivalve, obovate, unequal, rounder at one perna end; 2½ inches long; has some resemblance to a gammon of bacon. Indian and American seas. Lister, t. 199. f. 33.

81. Equivalve, with a larger lobe, forming a right isogenum, angle with the hinge; from 5 to 7 inches long, and 1½ broad in the middle; shell blackish, violet without, pearly within. Indian ocean and South seas. Is a rare shell. Chem. vii. t. 59. f. 584.

82. Equivalve, thin, pellucid, and pointed at the pieta. hinge; the other end dilated; margin acute; 2 inches long, more than an inch broad. Red sea. Chem. vii. t. 51. f. 575.

83. Flat, hoary, thin, pellucid, lamellated; inter-legumen. stices of the grooves black; 2 inches long, 4 lines broad. Nicobar islands. Chem. vii. t. 59. f. 578.

84. Equivalve, orbicular, compressed, membrana-ephippium cœns; 5 inches long, 5½ broad. Indian ocean and Cape of Good Hope. Very rare. Chem. vii. t. 58. f. 576.

85. Flat, brittle, pellucid; dilated towards the mar-alata. gin; hinge oblique. W. Indies. Chem. vii. t. 58. f. 575.

Gen. 15. ANOMIA.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a ligula or strap-shaped body, emarginated and ciliated; the bristles being fixed to the upper valve. There are two linear arms, longer than the body, open, stretched out, alternate on the valve, ciliated on both sides; the hairs are fixed to both valves. The shell is inequivalve; one valve being rather flat, the other more gibbous at the base, with a produced beak, generally curved over the hinge; one of the valves is often perforated at the base; the hinge is without teeth. A small linear scar appears prominent, with a lateral tooth placed within; but on the very margin of the flat valve. There are two bony rays for the base of the animal.

Species—

1. Orbicular; the gibbous valve conico-convex; flat crania-valve with three hollows at the base; 1 inch long, ½ laris broad. Mediterranean seas and Philippine islands. It is sometimes found fossil. Chem. viii. t. 76. f. 688.

2. Oblong, with branched grooves; the gibbous peclinata. valve valve with two hollows behind; an inch long, \(\frac{1}{4}\) broad; flat valve perforated. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 76. f. 689 and 690.

**eplhippium** 3. Roundish, pellucid, with wrinkled plates; flat valve perforated; diameter sometimes \(3\frac{1}{2}\) inches, most frequently about two. European and American seas, shores of Britain.—It is often found adhering to the common oyster. Mr Montagu thus accounts for the perforation in these shells. The testaceous plug, he observes, by which the animal fixes itself to other bodies, is firmly attached by strong ligaments to these bodies, and so closely cemented, that they become inseparable. When, therefore, the shell is torn from its native place, the plug is left behind upon the stone or other shell to which it adhered. Don. t. 26.

**cepa** 4. Obovate, unequal, violet; upper valve convex; lower perforated. European and American seas, shores of Britain. Chem. viii. t. 76. f. 694 and 695.

**electrica** 5. Roundish, yellow, smooth; one valve convex and gibbous; very thin. Coasts of Africa. Lister, t. 205. f. 39.

**squamula** 6. Small, orbicular, entire, thin like the scale of a fish. European seas, Britain. Chem. viii. t. 76. f. 696.

**patelliformis** 7. Oval, convex, subdiaphanous, striated; posterior beak recurved and smooth. North seas. Chem. viii. t. 77. f. 700.

**scobinata** 8. Roundish, smooth, and rough within; beak perforated. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 706.

**aurita** 9. Subovate, striated, and slightly caved; beak perforated. Norway seas. Gualteri, t. 96. f. B.

**retusa** 10. Obovate, striated, retuse, with a longitudinal cavity; beak perforated. Norway seas, adhering to zoophytes.

**truncata** 11. Suborbicular, obsoletely striated; hinge truncated. European seas. Chem. viii. t. 77. f. 701.

**pubescens** 12. Obovate, grooved; beak of one valve prominent, the other gaping; about the size of a cucumber seed, covered with small, erect, distant hairs. Norway seas. Gualteri, t. 9. f. C.

**caput-serpentis** 13. Obovate, striated, downy; one valve with a longer perforated beak. Norway seas. It is generally found adhering to the madrepora prolifera. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 712.

**terebatinata** 14. Obovate, smooth, convex; one valve with three plaits; the other with two; the beak of one valve prominent and perforated. Found frequently in a fossil state. Knorr. iv. t. 30. f. 4.

**placenta** 15. Orbicular, flat, pellucid; hinge with two linear callosities growing within the shell; 5 inches diameter. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 225. f. 60.

**cella** 16. Nearly quadrangular, convex, and almost closed; bronzed; margin repand; 7 inches diameter. Indian ocean. Chem. viii. t. 79. f. 715.

**aculeata** 17. Roundish, prickly; crown smooth and recurved behind; lower valve flat, smooth, and perforated at the crown. Norway seas. Chem. viii. t. 77. f. 702.

**muricata** 18. Hyaline, ventricose; crown bent towards the right; upper valve longitudinally striated; lower valve flat, very thin, and the circumference of the perforation elevated. Guinea. Chem. viii. vig. p. 65. f. A. to D.

**aquama** 19. Oblong, with a rounded margin; one valve flat, thin, smooth, with a large ovate perforation at the tip; the other convex, and longitudinally striated. Seas of Norway. Chem. viii. t. 77. f. 697.

20. Orbicular, hyaline, thin, punctured; flat valve punctuated at the tip; small, brittle. Ferro islands. Chem. t. 77. f. 698.

21. Margin crenated; flat valve thin and smooth, undula with a large oval perforation; convex valve with transverse arched striae, crossing undulated longitudinal ones. Mediterranean, North seas, Devonshire. Don. t. 45.

22. Longitudinally striated, a little truncated; with copious a rounded notched margin. C. of G. Hope. Chem. viii. t. 77. f. 703.

23. Truncated, orbicular, longitudinally striated; decollate flat valve with three ribs within; other valve longitudinally striated within, and divided by a partition in the middle. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 705.

24. Horny, smooth, and convex on each side; upper sanguine valve emarginated, and radiated at the sides, with an elevated sanguineous back. India. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 706.

25. Smooth, ventricose, finely striated transversely; crater \(3\) inch broad, something longer. Norway seas. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 707 to 709.

26. Heart-shaped, solid, with arched transverse dorsal ring and wrinkles, and longitudinal striae and grooves. Magellanics seas.—Is often found fossil. Chem. viii. t. 78. f. 710 and 711.

27. Horny, and finely striated longitudinally; short pointed valve gibbous; longer one flat, with an incurved tip, triangularly perforated; rather large, pellucid. Greenland. Very rare. Lister, t. 212. f. 46.

28. Yellowish, pellucid, thin, finely striated transversely; tricuspidate with tubular points; valves united. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. vig. 13. f. F and G.

29. Very thin, cylindrical, and narrowed outwardly; cylinder upper valve gibbous, lower hollow. North seas. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 9.

30. Roundish, ovate, longitudinally ribbed, and co-erected with impressed dots; one summit perforated, and slightly inflected over the other. Leach Zool. Misc. i. t. 33.

31. Suborbicular, with the upper valve conical-concave, and the apex nearly marginal; lower valve flat, and very thin. Poli. ii. t. 30. f. 15. and 21 to 24.

**Gen. 16. Mytilus, the Mussel.**

**Gen. Char.**—The animal is allied to an ascidia; the shell bivalve, rough, generally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments; hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate, excavated, longitudinal line.

**Species.**

Parasitical, affixed by claws.

1. Plaited, spinous; both lips rough. Indian ocean cristata and Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 75. f. 683. and 684. galli.

2. Plaited and imbricated, with broad compressed hytis scales; both lips smooth. Inhabits the ocean, on beds of coral. Indian ocean. Chem. viii. t. 75. f. 685.

3. Plaited towards the margin, and transversely from wrinkled, smoothish; one lip rough. American ocean.

**Flat,** Flat, or compressed into a flattened form, and slightly cared.

4. Pearl-bearing mussel. Flattened, nearly orbicular, with a transverse base, imbricated with toothed tunics. American and Indian seas. Lister, t. 221. f. 56.—This species is about 8 inches long, and somewhat broader; the inside is finely polished, and produces the true mother-of-pearl; and frequently also it affords the most valuable pearls. When the outer coat of the shell, which is sometimes sea-green, or chestnut with white rays, or whitish with green rays, is removed, it exhibits the same pearly lustre as the inside; the younger shells have ears as long as the shell, and resemble scallops.

5. Roundish, with transverse membranaceous scales, forming spinous processes arranged in longitudinal lines. Tranquebar. Chem. viii. t. 80. f. 719.

6. Roundish; longitudinally striated, pellucid, and slightly cared. Mediterranean.

*** Somewhat ventricose or convex.

7. Cylindrical; rounded at both ends. European, American, and Indian seas. It is about an inch broad, and 3 long.—It perforates and eats away coral rocks, and even the hardest marbles. Those which are found in Europe have a thin brittle shell; the shell of those found in India is soft, and nearly coriaceous. Chem. viii. t. 82. f. 731.

8. Subcylindrical, rounded at the hinge, and armed at the opposite extremity with two beak-like processes which cross each other. Senegal. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 6. f. 2.

9. Oblong, smooth, rounded at both ends, and gaping on one side. Weymouth and Devonshire. Wood, t. 25. f. 2. and 3.

10. Rhombic; oval, brittle, rugged, antiquated, and rounded at the ends. Seas and lakes, north of Europe. Britain. Don. t. 101.—It is usually found lodged in limestone; each individual in a separate apartment, with apertures too small for the shell to pass through.

11. Oblong, distorted, with the valves unequal, and strongly wrinkled transversely; hinge terminal. Britain, adhering to roots of algae, or burrowed in limestone. Montagu, t. 4. f. 2.

12. Subcylindrical, smooth, compressed at the margin, and marked over one half with minute branching lines. China. Chem. xi. t. 108. f. 2016.

13. Striated, with vaulted knobs, and a white partition. Nicobar islands. Chem. viii. t. 82. f. 736.

14. Convex; one of the margins angular; the anterior extremity crenated; 1½ inch long. American ocean and Red sea. Lister, t. 366. f. 206.

15. Very finely striated longitudinally, with the anterior side slightly angulated, and the other incurved; striae slightly crenated. Northern ocean. Schroeter, iii. t. 9. f. 16.

16. Edible or common mussel. Smooth, violet; valves slightly recurved on the obtuse side, and somewhat angular on the acute side; beaks pointed; from 2 to 3 inches long. European and Indian seas. Lister, t. 362. f. 200.—This species is observed to be larger within the tropics, and to diminish gradually towards the north. It is found in large beds, and generally attaches itself to other bodies by means of its long silky beard. The fish is employed as food in many parts of the world, and is esteemed rich and nutritious.

17. Very crooked on one side near the beaks, then incurved; generally dilated; within with a violet tinge. Coast tus. of Anglesea. Linn. Trans. viii. t. 3. f. 7.

18. Oval, transparent, and elegantly radiated length-pellucidus, wise with purple and blue; 2 inches long. Anglesea, in oyster beds. Chem. t. 84. f. 755.

19. Smooth, slightly curved; hind margin inflect-ungulatus, ed; hinge terminal, two-toothed. Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope, and New Zealand. Found at the latter place resembling M. edulis; but is 5 inches long, and 2½ broad. Lister, t. 360. f. 199.

20. Ovate, with the posterior side rather convex, latus, and the apices distant and slightly curved; hinge channelled with a tooth in one valve. N. Holland. Lister, t. 362. f. 201.

21. Oblong, smooth, with the sides nearly straight, perna, and the apices acute; hinge with a tooth in each valve, and channelled. Straits of Magellan. Chem. viii. t. 83. f. 738.

22. Subtriangular and compressed; hinge with two smaragdi-teeth in one valve, and one in the other. Tranquebar, nas. Chem. viii. t. 83. f. 746.

23. Oblong, longitudinally striated, except on the demissus, anterior side next the hinge; summits rounded and approximated. Virginia. Lister, t. 358. f. 196.

24. Smooth, blackish, obtuse at the smaller end, modiolus, and rounded at the other; one side angular, near the beaks; from 6 to 7 inches long, 3 broad. European, American, and Indian seas, Devonshire, Weymouth. Don. t. 23. A variety, with a deep umbilicus under the summit, is not unfrequent on our coasts. Don. t. 40.

25. Ovate, very brittle, transversely wrinkled; an-cygneus, anterior end compressed, the other rounded; hinge lateral; from 2 to 5 inches broad, and 3 long. Frequent in the lakes and rivers of Europe, Britain.—It is the largest of British fresh-water shells. It arrives at the greatest size in ponds and stagnant waters. Lister, t. 156. f. 11.—With a suboval shell, of an olivaceous brown colour, with concentric wrinkles; size of the M. anatinus, but broader in proportion to its length. The posterior side generally more obtuse and rounded. River Avon in Wiltshire. Montagu, Test. Brit. 172.

Mytilus avonensis.

26. Transversely oval, rounded on both sides, and flaviatilis, smooth; umboes large and rounded; summits reflected. N. America. About 2 inches long, and 3 broad. Lister, t. 157. f. 12.

27. Oval, flattish, and transversely ribbed; 3 inches stagnalis, broad, 4½ long. In fresh waters. Sowerby, Brit. Misc. t. 16.

28. Oval, a little compressed; brittle and semi-anatinus, transparent, with a membranaceous margin. Fresh waters of Europe.—It resembles the last, but is longer and narrower. Ducks and crows, it is said, are extremely fond of both this and the last species. Don. t. 113.

29. Transversely wrinkled; obtuse at each end; dubius. fulvous, fulvous, within pearly; beaks obsolete; hinge without teeth; 5 inches broad, 2 long. Fresh waters of Senegal. Adanson, t. 17. f. 21.

ruber.

30. Wrinkled; valves oblique and anteriorly dilated. Southern ocean.

discrepens* 31. Transversely ovate, compressed, with the two sides longitudinally ribbed, and plain in the middle. Baltic, and Newhaven near Edinburgh. Montagu, t. 26. f. 4.

discors.

* 32. Oval, horny, subdiaphanous; extremities longitudinally striated; middle transversely. European and southern seas, Cornwall and Devonshire. From the South seas it is 1½ inch broad; in Britain rarely exceeds ½ inch. Don. t. 25.

impactus.

33. Transversely oval, somewhat four-sided, very convex, with the two sides longitudinally ribbed, and the middle transversely wrinkled; inside iridescent. New Zealand. Chem. viii. t. 86. f. 768.

hirundo.

34. Smooth; valves 2-lobed; lobe at the hinge longer and thinner. American, Mediterranean, and Indian seas. Chem. viii. t. 81. f. 722.

morio.

35. Transversely striated, with two lateral lobes, and the epidermis longitudinally undulated, and forming rays from the umbo. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 205. f. 2218.

ala-corvus.

36. With two rather obsolete lobes, and marked with minute white dots, forming longitudinal rays. South sea islands. Chem. viii. t. 81. f. 727.

tulgaris.

37. Flattened on one side and inflected; beaks incurved, convergent; hinge 1-toothed. American ocean. Chem. viii. t. 82. f. 732.

plicatus.

38. Rhombic, inequilateral; transversely striated and wrinkled; beaks incurved. Nicobar islands. Chem. viii. t. 92. f. 733.

niveus.

39. Ovate, subdiaphanous; finely striated longitudinally; margin acute; hinge 2-toothed; shell snowy and polished within. Nicobar islands. Very rare. Chem. viii. t. 82. f. 734.

corallophagus.

40. Carinated in the middle, and crenated at the margin, with an obtuse knob; ½ inch long. Indian and American oceans. Perforates rocks like a pholas. Chem. viii. t. 84. f. 752.

lineatus.

41. Triangular and dilated outwards, with angular, decussated, and confluent lines; hinge 2-toothed. A minute shell. Chem. viii. t. 84. f. 753.

fuscus.

42. Oblong, narrow, finely striated transversely; one side emarginated, the other rounded; beaks prominent, curved. A minute brown shell. E. Indies. Lister, t. 359. f. 197.

puniceus.

43. Gibbous, pointed, with 15 grooves; margin toothed; 1¼ lines long, and half as broad; hinge with 4 minute teeth. Africa. Adanson, t. 15. f. 2.

niger.

44. Flat, thin, with minute grooves, covered with a black skin, under which it is milky, and finely polished; 1½ inch long; grooves about 100. Africa. Adanson, t. 15. f. 3.

dubius.

45. Transversely wrinkled; obtuse at each end; fulvous, within pearly; beaks obsolete; hinge without teeth; 5 inches broad, 2 long. Fresh waters of Senegal. Adanson, t. 17. f. 21.

lingua.

46. Somewhat tongue-shaped, compressed, very brittle, and the umbones keeled; summits acuminate, and both ends gaping. Amboyna. Chem. x. t. 172. f. 1675. and 1676.

47. Oblong, thin, truncated; beak sharp and carinatated; valves completely closed. Japan.

48. Striated, slightly curved; hind margin inflected; hinge terminal, 2-toothed; scarcely an inch long. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Lister, t. 356. f. 193.

Gen. 17. Pinna, Sea-Wing.

Pinna.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a byssus or beard. Hinge without teeth; the valves united into one.

Species.

1. Vaulted with arched scales, arranged in rows; radius from 12 to 16 inches long, and from 4 to 8 broad; red; from 6 to 8 grooves. Atlantic, Indian, and Red seas. Lister, t. 373. f. 214.

2. Ovate, ventricose, with the margin rounded on nigra, both sides, and striated longitudinally. Amboyna and Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 88. f. 774.

* 3. Subtriangular, ovate, slightly incurved towards ingens, the summit, with irregularly scaly wrinkles, and interrupted longitudinal striae. Scotland, and Devonshire. Don. t. 152.

4. Longitudinally striated half way; one side prettily slightly wrinkled transversely; 3 inches long, 4 broad. Indian ocean. Chem. viii. t. 87. f. 770.

5. Subtriangular, ovate, and slightly keeled longitudinally, with abbreviated ribs on one side, and reticulated wrinkles on the other. Nicobar islands. Chem. viii. t. 87. f. 771.

* 6. Thin, flesh-coloured, subtriangular; pellucid, carnea; with 8 or 10 longitudinal ribs beset sparingly with vaulted spines at the broader end. West Indies, and Dorsetshire. Montagu, t. 5. f. 3.

7. Subtriangular, ovate, with about 13 spinous ribs rigidly on one side, and the other transversely wrinkled; spines tubular. Curaçoa. Chem. viii. t. 89. f. 775.

8. Striated, with channelled, tubular, subumbicated nubila; scales; 7½ inches long, 3½ broad. Mediterranean, Adriatic, and American seas. Chem. viii. t. 89. f. 776.

9. Striated with concave, ovate, acute scales; from muricata 3 to 9 inches long, and 1 to 3 broad. European and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 370. f. 10.

10. With obsolete scales, margin rounded; some rotund times 2 feet long. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 93. f. 787.

11. With fine undulated scales, and flexuous broad squamos wrinkles; smaller end pointed and naked; 13 inches long, 6½ broad. Mediterranean. Chem. viii. t. 92. f. 784.

12. Smooth, satchel-shaped; a little erect, and sacco-slightly fastigiated; 3½ inches long, 2½ broad. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 371. f. 212.

13. Smooth, tubular, finger-shaped, incurved; ex-digitifrons extreme margin membranaceous; pellucid. mit.

14. Naked, lobed, straw-coloured, with purple striae. lobata.

15. Hyaline, with longitudinal waved striae; the vitrea, striae with a few scales, and crossed by other transverse striae at the margin. Indian ocean. Very rare. Chem. viii. t. 87. f. 772.

16. Narrow, long, naked, carinated, with transverse, verse, undulated wrinkles. Indian ocean. Chem. t. 90. f. 778.

17. Thin, inflected at the lateral margin; yellowish, with black brown rays; thinly striated longitudinally. Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 90. f. 780.

18. Flattish, horny, with blackish rays, spots, and clouds; and many smooth striae. Southern ocean of India. Red sea. Chem. viii. t. 91. f. 782.

19. Truncated at the outer margin; dilated, naked, with a few black clouds; striated longitudinally on the fore-part, and transversely wrinkled behind. India. Very rare. Chem. viii. t. 91. f. 983.

20. Thin, brittle, horny, longitudinally ribbed; extreme margin roundish. Indian ocean. Chem. viii. t. 93. f. 786.

General Observations.—It has been doubted whether the animal which inhabits the pinna be a limax or slug, according to the opinion of Linnæus; and it is even asserted, that it has not the smallest affinity with this animal, but approaches much more nearly to that which belongs to the mytilus. In proof of this, it is said that the pinna possesses no locomotive power, but remains fixed by its byssus or beard to other bodies; and so firmly attached, that it can by no means be disengaged at the will of the animal; for the fibres are strongly agglutinated to the sand, gravel, or other extraneous bodies within reach. Indeed it seems not at all improbable that all testaceous animals, furnished with a similar beard, are intended by this structure to remain attached to the spot where they are originally produced.

The animal inhabiting the pinna has the power of affixing itself at pleasure to any substance, by throwing out an extensible member, and discharging from its tip a drop of gluten, which by the retraction of the same organ, is formed into a silky filament; and by frequently repeating this operation, a thick tuft is formed, by which the shell is fastened in any situation the animal chooses.

This shell-fish was celebrated among the ancients on account of the cloth which was made of the fine byssus or beard by which it is attached. As a rare and costly production it brought a high price, and was held in great estimation. At the present day even, according to the information of modern travellers, the inhabitants of Palermo and Naples manufacture gloves and stockings from the same substance.

The pinna has obtained a little reputation for the practice of some of the moral virtues, in treating a small species of crab with hospitality and friendship, by receiving it into the shell, and defending it against its enemies. In return for this kindness, the crab, like the jackall with the lion, acts the parts of a provider and monitor, by warning its host of the presence of its prey or of the approach of an enemy. But this friendly intercourse accords ill with the nature of the animals between whom it is practised. The crab, it is far more probable, is a troublesome intruder; and notwithstanding all the service he can repay, is considered as a very unwelcome guest, and is indebted for his lodging to his own activity, and the sluggish nature of his host, rather than to his kindness and hospitality.

Vol. VI. Part II.

III. UNIVALVE SHELLS.

Gen. 18. ARGONAUTA.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a sepia or elio. The shell is univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, with a single chamber.

Species.

1. The paper nautilus. Keel or ridge of the shell argo, slightly toothed on each side. Lister, t. 556. f. 7. The shell, which is thin as paper, brittle, and transparent, is white or yellowish, with smooth or knotty striae or ribs, which are sometimes forked; the keel is generally brownish. This shell presents considerable varieties. Sometimes the keel is narrow, and marked with close bifurcated wrinkles; sometimes it has a broad keel with tuberculated ribs; and sometimes a broad tuberculated keel with few and smooth ribs.

The singular structure and wonderful economy of this animal very early attracted the attention of naturalists. To its progressive motion on the surface of the ocean, mankind are indebted, it is said, for the first hint of the art of navigation. This is alluded to in the numbers of Pope.

Learn of the little nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.

What is the particular organization which enables this animal to rise to the surface or to sink to the bottom at pleasure, seems not to be understood by naturalists; whether it is by throwing out a quantity of water, by which it becomes specifically lighter than the element in which it lives, or by taking in a quantity of air, which will produce the same effect. It is only when the sea is calm and unruffled that the nautilus, with his feeble bark, appears on the surface. In rising through the water, the shell is reversed; the sharp edge of the keel presenting less resistance to the liquid; and when it reaches the surface, the animal, by exerting its arms, restores it to a proper position for its voyage. A quantity of water is taken into the shell to balance it. The animal then employs its arms as oars; or if a gentle breeze sweep the surface, it stretches two of them perpendicularly, by which means the membrane between them is extended in form of a sail; the other arms serve as oars to direct the course, or to keep the bark steady, as well as part of the body which hangs over the shell, and seems to answer for a rudder. Thus equipped, the solitary navigator glides smoothly along the bosom of the ocean. But, on the approach of the smallest danger, the appearance of an enemy, or the slightest ruffling of the surface of the water, it instantly retires within the shell, and taking in a quantity of water, or ejecting a quantity of air, quick as thought it sinks to the bottom. Mediterranean and Indian ocean.

2. With the keel rather broad and bluntly toothed; tubercular ridges tubercular. Amboyna. Martini, t. 17. lata. f. 156.

3. Keel of the shell toothed in the middle. The vitrea shell is conic, transversely ribbed, with a convex keel; aperture aperture oval. It is a very rare species. Amboyna. Martini, t. 18. f. 163.

cymbium. 4. Keel of the shell wrinkled, and without teeth; depressed, thin, wrinkled, with fine longitudinal striae crossing the wrinkles. Mediterranean. Martini, i. t. 18. f. 161. and 162.

cornu. 5. Keel with 4 smooth elevated rings; 1 line high, broad. Cape of Good Hope. Chem. x. t. 137. f. 1271.

arctica. 6. Shell perforated, with an entire keel; 3½ lines diameter. Greenland seas, where it is frequently seen floating in spring and autumn.

hians. 7. With the keel dilating outwards; lateral ridges distant, alternately shorter; aperture dilated. Mexico. Martini, i. t. 17. f. 158. and 159.

gonodola. 8. With the keel edged, with compressed teeth; lateral ribs numerous and branched; aperture broad, ovate.

hastrum. 9. With the keel edged, with compressed teeth; lateral ridges smooth and simple; aperture subtriangular. E. Indies. Martini, i. p. 221. f. 2.

Some species of the argonauta are met with in all climates, from the Indian ocean to the shores of Greenland.

Gen. 19. Nautilus.

Gen. Char.—The nature of the animal which inhabits this shell is not well known. The shell is univalve, divided into several compartments, communicating by an aperture with each other.

Species.

* Spiral, rounded, with contiguous whorls.

pompilius. 1. Aperture of the shell heart-shaped; whorls obtuse; smooth; spire involuted and concealed. Indian and African ocean. Lister, t. 550. f. 1. and 3.—This species is often very large, and it is finely variegated with brown flexuous streaks, spots, and marks, under the epidermis, which is white; within it exhibits a beautiful pearly gloss. It is employed for drinking cups by the inhabitants of the east.

suborbiculatus. 2. Aperture heart-shaped; whorls obtuse; slightly, obsoletely, striated transversely; spire with an umbilicus, involute, and concealed; very like the preceding species, but may at once be distinguished by the umbilicus. New Guinea. Lister, t. 552. f. 4.

calcar. 3. Aperture of the shell linear; whorls with elevated joints; minute, white, opaque. Sheppey island. Martini, i. t. 19. f. 169.

rotatus. 4. Spiral, smooth, keeled; joints six, with the partitions elevated and flexuous; keel entire; aperture semicordate. Rimini and England. Montagu, t. 15. f. 4.

levigatus. 5. Spiral, smooth; joints 10, with the partitions slightly elevated; aperture triangular. Kent. Montagu, t. 18. f. 7. and 8.

crispus. 6. With lateral spires, with about 20 flexuous, crested joints in the exterior whorl; marked by elevated striae; aperture semicordate; syphon central; very minute. Mediterranean, Sheppey island, and Sandwich. Montagu, t. 18. f. 5.

beccarii. 7. Aperture obovate; 4 or 5 volutions, with deep sulcated joints; 10 in the first spire, frequent on most shores; minute. Adriatic, Britain. Montagu, t. 18. f. 6.

* 8. Similar to the preceding species, but with the periers spires reversed. Shores of Britain, frequent. Mont. t. 18. f. 6.

* 9. Spiral, slightly umbilicated on each side, with depressions many depressed joints. Reculver, England. Very rare, minute, and rare. Montagu, t. 18. f. 9.

* 10. Spiral, umbilicated, with furrowed joints; co-umbilicour opaque, white. Sandwich. Minute, not common. tus. Montague, t. 18. f. 1.

* 11. Thick, spiral, doubly umbilicated, with fine crazed joints; opaque, white. Reculver, England. Minute, rare. Montague, t. 18. f. 2.

* 12. Spiral, lobate; spires rounded on one side, de-lobated pressed on the other. Whitstable. Walker, t. 3. f. 71.

* 13. White, convex; aperture linear; first spire balliform largest. Baltic. Schroeter, i. t. 1. and 2.

* 14. Aperture linear; spires compressed, with thickened margins. Southern ocean. Very small.

* 15. Aperture compressed, linear; spires compressed; umbilicus concave; minute. Croatia, Column.tus. Phytol. ii. t. 38. f. E.

** Spiral, rounded, with detached whorls.

16. Aperture orbicular; whorls cylindrical and detached; one inch in diameter. American and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 550. f. 2.

17. Smooth, with 4 conic tubercles; very minute. India. Spengler, i. t. 2. f. 9. b. and c.

18. Diaphanous, middle partitions protuberant outwardly; surface with six conic tubercles; minute. In-latus. India. Spengler, i. t. 2. f. 9. d.

*** Elongated, and nearly straight.

* 19. Incurred, spiral at the tip; whorls contiguous; seminulate, convex; the partitions appearing outwardly. Croatia, Sandwich. Rare. Montagu, t. 19. f. 1.

20. Subconic; globular divisions growing gradually larger; tip incurred, spiral. Red sea. Frequently found fossil. Spengler, i. t. 2. f. 10. d. to g.

* 21. Oblong, carinate; aperture oval, narrow. Sandwich. Minute, rare. Walker, t. 3. f. 72.

* 22. With a slight curvature; divisions obliquely oblique striated; syphon central. Mediterranean and Adriatic seas, Britain. Montagu, t. 14. f. 4.

23. Subcylindrical, with thick divisions, marked with raphae 12 elevated striae; syphon central. Adriatic and Mediterranean seas. Ledermuller, t. 4. f. x. lower figure.

24. Jointed divisions thick, with 17 elevated striae; raphae; syphon sublateral, oblique. Adriatic and Mediterranean. Martini, i. vig. at p. 1. f. A. B.

25. Ovate, oblong, with thick divisions, marked granular with 8 interrupted elevated striae; syphon oblique; minute. Mediterranean.

26. Oblong, ovate, with 8 or 9 subglobose articula-radications; aperture a small syphon. Adriatic, Sandwich. Montagu, t. 6. f. 4.

* 27. Straight, ovate-oblong, with swollen spinous spinules joints. Britain. Montagu, t. 19. f. 5.

* 28. A little bending, with raised joints; length one-tenth of an inch. Sandwich. Very rare. Montagu, tus. t. 6. f. 5.

29. Arcuated 29. Arcuated, with two opposite longitudinal keels; joints globose. Sandwich.

30. Divisions striated; joints smooth, elevated; obtuse at the tip; denticulated at the margin; siphon central. Adriatic. Very small. Gualteri, t. 19. f. O.

31. Cylindrical, with 8 divisions; aperture margined; very minute. Red sea. Spengler, i. t. 2. f. 10. a, b, and c.

32. Smooth, with cylindrical, remote divisions; joints tapering, cylindrical. Seas of Sicily. Gualteri, t. 19. f. R. S.

33. Compressed, jointed, margined at one end; siphon lateral. Adriatic, Sandwich. Very rare. Montagu, t. 19. f. 6.

34. Straight, subcylindrical, tapering; joints 12, raised, with 4 equidistant, strong, longitudinal ribs the whole length; ¼ inch long. Coast of Kent. A variety of this has been discovered with only 6 joints. Montagu, t. 14. f. 5.

35. Straight, compressed; narrow jointed and ribbed at the smaller end. Dunbar. Montagu, t. 30. f. 9.

36. Nearly straight, with smooth depressed joints. Sandwich. Montagu, t. 19. f. 4. and 7.

37. Whirls of the shell with carinated striae. The ocean. Frequently found fossil.

Gen. 20. CONUS, Cone-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax. The shell univalve, convolute, turbinated; aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pillar smooth.

Species.

* Spire somewhat truncated.

1. Brown, with ovate, subangular, white spots; whirls of the spire channelled. American ocean. Lister, t. 787. f. 39.

2. Granulated at the base; blackish, with bands of white; somewhat heart-shaped, confluent spots; spire coronated and channelled. Amboyna. Rare. Martini, ii. t. 62. f. 687.

3. Mottled, with black and somewhat heart-shaped white spots, and marked with two darker transverse bands; spire coronated; throat yellow. Chem. x. t. 139. f. 1292.

4. Reticulated with chesnut, with two or three darker bands; spire crowned and acute. A very rare species. Coromandel. Chem. x. t. 144. A. f. c. and d.

5. With alternate articulated belts and tessellated spots; spire crowned with tubercles; shell often minute, and with a white band. Asiatic ocean. Martini, ii. t. 62. f. 783. to. 785.

6. Whitish, with longitudinal livid bands, and divided brown and white linear belts; spire flat, painted with brown undulated stripes, often emarginated. A rare shell. Lister, t. 766. f. 15.

7. Brownish-green, with longitudinal confluent white streaks, and darker transverse interrupted lines; spire coronated. New Zealand. Martini, ii. t. 62. f. 692. and 693.

8. White, with brown dots; spire marked with brown stripes. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 770. f. 176.

9. White, with transverse rows of dark quadrangular spots, and the base transversely grooved; whirls of the spire longitudinally striated. East Indies. Martini, ii. t. 61. f. 674.

10. White, with transverse rows of red spots; base tesselatus; violet, and slightly grooved transversely. Java. Lister, t. 767. f. 17.

11. Polished, with a pointed, muricated spire; generalis. whirls channelled. India. Lister, t. 786. f. 35.

12. Smooth, reddish, with darker transverse dotted monile lines, and paler bands; spire flattish, mucronated, and the whirls channelled. Nicolai islands. Chem. x. t. 140. f. 1301. to 3.

13. White, with reddish-brown interrupted trans-canalicuverse bands and lines; spire mucronated, and the whirls latus, margined. Ceylon. Chem. xi. t. 181. f. 1748.

14. Yellowish with a violet base; spire slightly virgo, convex and obtuse. Java. Lister, t. 754. f. 2.

15. Conic, snowy; spire prominent, and crowned candidus. with tubercles; aperture large. Born, t. 7. f. 9.

16. Glabrous, with a brown base; spire a little con-capitaneus vex, sometimes flat, and generally striped. Asia. Lister, t. 780. f. 27.

17. Greenish-brown, with two white spotted trans-chemiverse bands, and numerous scattered white dots; base nitzi and throat blue. Ceylon. Chem. xi. t. 182. f. 1764. and 1765.

18. Greenish, with white transverse bands spotted mustelli with brown; base with granulated lines; spire sub-nus. conical and striated. Batavia. Chem. x.t. 138. f. 1282.

19. Brownish-yellow, with dark, longitudinal con-leopardus. fluent stripes, and two white transverse bands; spire convex and striated.

20. With longitudinal dark red stripes, and trans-hyena. verse rows of dots; spire mucronated. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 181. f. 1750.

21. White, with three yellowish bands; spotted with centurio. chesnut; spire convex; base transversely striated. St Domingo. Martini, ii. t. 59. f. 655.

22. Conic, rough with a brown and striated base: miles. spire convex. India. Lister, t. 786. f. 34.

23. White, with irregularly alternate rows of broad spurius. and smaller spots; spire depressed, mucronated. St Domingo. Martini, ii. t. 56. f. 626. to 628.

24. White, with brown contiguous spots forming in-leonius distinct bands; spire flattish. Amboyna. Martini, ii. t. 57. f. 640.

25. Transversely grooved at the base; white, with characte-numerous character-like spots; spire truncated and rusticus. spotted with brown. West Indies. Chem. xi. t. 182. f. 1760. and 1761.

26. Transversely striated, granulated, glaucous, with caerule-irregular brown spots. West Indies. Chem. t. 182. cens. f. 1762.

27. With white rays and bands, transversely groov-radiatus. ed at the base. Favanee, ii. t. 15. f. O.

** Pyriform with a rounded base; body half as long again as the spire.

28. Yellow, with purplish brown, longitudinal princeps. branched lines, marked with two white bands, which have a few brown spots; spire obtuse and finely striated transversely; 2½ inches long. Indies. Chem. x. t. 138. f. 1276.

29. Oblong, conical, grooved at the base; white, janus. undulated longitudinally, with yellowish brown; whirls of spires striated and channelled. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 782. f. 29.

guianicus. 30. Subconical, reddish, with obsolete brown and white variegated bands; spire obtuse, spotted and striated. Guinea. Ency. Method. t. 337. f. 6.

fulmineus. 31. With chestnut stripes the whole length; spire acute, and with the pillar lip spotted with chestnut; the base acute and obliquely striated. Africa.

lorenzinus. 32. Subconical, yellow, with interrupted longitudinal reddish stripes; base dotted with red; spire concave and acute. East Indies. Chem. xi. t. 181. f. 1754.

amadis. 33. Pale brown, with a broad band, and articulated belts above and beneath; spire acute, crowned with tubercles, and finely striated transversely. Java. Chem. x. t. 142. f. 1322. and 1323.

acuminatus. 34. Striated at the base, white, reticulated with brown; whirls concave. Red sea. Martini, ii. t. 57. f. 638. and 639.

amiralis. 35. With rough punctures at the base.—This species is divided into the following varieties. 1. Without bands. 2. With irregular bands. 3. With one regular band. 4. With two regular bands. 5. With three regular bands. 6. With four regular bands. 7. With five or more regular bands. 8. With punctuated, reticulated belts. To this last division belongs the cedo nulli, or celebrated admiral shell, which has been esteemed the rarest and most precious of testaceous productions. Some specimens of the cedo nulli have brought the extravagant price of 100 guineas. The endless varieties of this species are found in the seas of South America. Martini, ii. t. 57. f. 634.

thomae. 36. Smooth, white, with bay characters and rows of dots, with three white belts and spots; the tip reddish; spire conic, with grooved whirls. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 143. f. 1331.

archithalasius. 37. Granulated and brownish yellow, with three transverse bands; spire conical, and the whirls slightly concave. Amboyna. Martini, ii. vig. 26. f. 1.

cedonulli. 38. Granulated, and marked with dotted lines and bands, and confluent or detached spots; spire conical and coronated. South America. Martini, ii. t. 57. f. 633.

aurantius. 39. Conical, granulated, of an orange colour; spire conical and coronated. Philippine islands. Lister, t. 775. f. 21.

leucosticus. 40. Subgranulated, white, marbled with brown or yellow; spire acute, coronated, and nodulous at its base. St Domingo. Lister, t. 759. f. 4.

vitalinus. 41. White, marbled with orange, and granulated at the base; spire with dotted stripe.

planorbis. 42. Yellow, more or less granulated; spire depressed, obtuse, and the whirls concave and striated; throat violet. Guinea. Ency. Method. t. 326. f. 8.

senator. 43. Conic, smooth, glabrous; with obtuse, sculptured whirls; yellow spotted with white. Guinea. Martini, ii. t. 59. f. 659.

latus. 44. Subovate, more or less granulated, marbled with brown and yellow, and marked with convex spotted stripe; spire obtuse and striated. St Domingo. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 609. and 610.

mobilius. 45. Subcylindrical, smooth, glabrous; finely polished; yellow or brown, spotted with white. Amboyna. Chem. x. t. 141. f. 1313. and 1314.

riamensis. 46. Yellowish, with white bands, and numerous spotted narrow belts. China. Rumph. t. 34. f. E.

47. White, with transverse rows of yellow spots and papillae; whorl slightly channelled. Guinea. Lister, t. ceus. 773. f. 19.

48. Conical-oblong, white, with transverse bands of fluctuating ferruginous undulated stripes; spire conical, concave, and acuminate. Java. Lister, t. 771. f. 17. &c.

49. Striated at the base, white, with a blue band, muscoid and transverse rows of spotted lines; spire obtuse and coronated. China. Ency. Method. t. 322. f. 4.

50. Flesh-coloured, with two white bands, and crowded transverse dotted lines; spire obtuse and coronated. China. Ency. Meth. t. 319. f. 6.

51. With linear belts, articulated with white and glistening brown; red, with bands alternately tessellated with brown and red. Guinea. Martini, ii. t. 56. t. 623.

52. Emarginated at the base, striated; spire unglazed, armed, with contiguous whirls. India and Africa. Chem. x. t. 138. f. 1277. and 1278.

53. Striated and emarginated at the base; yellow, surmounted with transverse rows of brown linear spots; spire convex and mucronated; spotted with brown. E. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 181. f. 1752 and 1753.

54. Gibbous, clouded with bluish brown; acute, monostriated at the base; sometimes dotted in rows. Mediterranean. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 614.

55. White, clouded with red and yellow, or olive, ramose with elevated dotted stripe; spire obtuse, whirls striated. American ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 331. f. 1.

56. White, grey, or cinnamon colour, spotted, and finely striated transversely; spire obtuse and striated. New Holland.

57. Scabrous at the base, of a dark colour, with achatinous white spots and interrupted dotted lines; spire acute.

58. Whitish, with brown spotted bands, and transverse milk-white interrupted lines; spire convex, and somewhat coronated. Philippine islands. Ency. Meth. t. 333. f. 6.

59. Ovate, rugged, and muricated at the base; rustic spire conico-convex. Var. 1. Without band. 2. With a band, clouded, whitish. Africa. Lister, t. 765. f. 14.

60. Grooved towards the base, cinereous, clouded with white, and marked with transverse rows of brownish spots; spire convex. East Indies. Chem. xi. t. 183. f. 1784. and 1785.

61. With transverse granulated stripe at the base, livid and livid, and one or two white bands; spire coronated and obtuse; inside violet. Cape of Good Hope. Ency. Meth. t. 321. f. 5.

62. Ash-coloured, with elevated transverse stripe, one white band, and obsolete longitudinal yellowish brown stripes; spire acute and coronated. American ocean. Lister, t. 784. f. 31.

63. Somewhat elongated, with distant stripe; base distal and throat violet; spire convex and coronated. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 138. f. 1281.

64. Orange coloured, with crowded transverse parallel red stripe; spire acute, coronated. New Caledonia. Ency. Meth. t. 321. f. 10.

65. Pyriform, yellowish, with two marbled transverse bands, and obsolete interrupted lines. Asiatic ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 335. f. 3.

66. Ferruginous, with two white varigated bands; classis base white. Asiatic ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 335. f. 7.

67. Ovate, hap. IV. CONCHOLOGY.

67. Ovate, white, with reticulated yellow bands. Africa. Lister, t. 788. f. 41.

68. Slightly emarginated at the base and wrinkled; spire flattish, mucronate. India. A large shell. Lister, t. 762. f. 11.

69. Slightly emarginated at the base, and wrinkled; spire acuminate, with flattish whorls: three inches long. India. Lister, t. 785. f. 32.

70. Yellow, with numerous pale chestnut transverse lines; spire conical, depressed; whorls longitudinally striated. Madagascar. Martini, ii. t. 69. f. 657.

71. Granulated at the base, white, variegated with brown, and marked with crowded interrupted lines; spire obtuse. Isle of France. Ency. Meth. t. 326. f. 2.

72. Somewhat ventricose, whitish, with a transverse yellow band, and two rows of distant large brown spots; spire convex. New Zealand. Ency. Meth. t. 335. f. 9.

73. Reddish-yellow, with two mottled bands, and blackish granulations at the base; spire conical, and the whorls flat. Isle of France. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 8.

74. Yellowish-brown, with two mottled bands, and irregular longitudinal streaks; base blackish; spire spotted with brown and tipped with yellow. Batavia. Chem. xi. t. 182. f. 1758.

75. Whitish, clouded with dark grey, and marked with two dark bands, spotted with white; spire obtuse. Surinam. Ency. Meth. t. 335. f. 6.

76. Striated at the base; white, with somewhat reticulated yellowish stripes; spire convex. Manilla. Ency. Meth. t. 337. f. 9.

77. Yellowish, with numerous transverse darker bands, and intermediate lines; spire obtuse and striated. South sea. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 5.

78. Ovate, white, with a black band, composed of transverse spots; a small shell. E. Indies. Lister, t. 779. f. 25.

79. Emarginated at the base, white, with transverse rows of black dots; spire coronated. Batavia. Lister, t. 761. f. 10.

80. Emarginated at the base; white, with small brown ovate spots; spire mucronated and coronated. New Guinea. Lister, t. 774. f. 20.

81. Emarginated at the base; white, tinged with chestnut colour, and marked with dark-clustered dots; spire depressed, coronated, with a double groove. Madagascar. Ency. Meth. t. 320. f. 8.

82. Emarginated at the base, fawn-coloured, with two white belts, and numerous slightly elevated dotted striae; spire coronated, and spotted with brown. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 319. f. 8.

83. White, cancellated with transverse grooves and longitudinal striae; spire acuminate. Owhyhee, in the South sea. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 1.

84. Emarginated at the base, and striated; whorls of the spire channelled. Asia. Lister, t. 757. f. 9.

85. Elongated, muricated: the spire crowned acute, and striated longitudinally. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 321. f. 3.

86. Granulated, white, with brownish yellow spots; spire convex and mucronated. America. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 4.

87. Red, clouded with pale bluish spots, and scattered yellowish dots; spire convex. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 2.

88. Slightly grooved transversely, and granulated barbadensis at the base, reddish, with two white bands; spire ob-sistute, and coronated. St Domingo. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 8.

89. Transversely grooved, and of a rose-colour, with roseus one white band; spire obtuse and coronated. Martini, ii. t. 63. f. 707.

90. Transversely striated, and granulated; scarlet, coccineus, with a white mottled band; spire convex, and coronated. Martini, ii. t. 61. f. 680.

91. Gibbous, with the base transversely striated sponsalis, and granulated; white, with one or two rows of large remote spots; spire coronated. S. seas. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 1.

92. Transversely striated, of a blackish, violet co-taitensis, lour, with a few white spots and dots; spire obtuse, striated. Otaheite. Ency. Meth. t. 336. f. 9.

93. White, with transverse elevated roughish striae, scabriuscula, and five transverse rows of reddish spots; spire obtuse. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 182. f. 1768. and 9.

94. With transverse punctured grooves, livid, and punctura- tions, and marked with two white zones; spire coronated, tus, obtuse, tip rosy. Botany Bay. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 9.

95. Granulated at the base, yellowish, with two ceylonen- white spotted bands, and intermediate, zig-zag stripes; spire coronated and obtuse. Ceylon. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 6.

96. White, with brown longitudinal spots, and di-exiguitas, stant transverse striae; spire convex, acute, and coro- nated. Asiatic seas.

97. White, with longitudinal reddish stripes, and pusillus, transverse rows of dots; spire conical, depressed, and slightly coronated. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 183. f. 1788. and 9.

98. Slightly grooved, and the base granulated; lamellarius white, spotted with rose colour; spire coronated and lamellated. Ceylon. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 5.

99. Greyish violet, with a white band, and scatter-rattus, ed distant spots; spire obtuse. American coasts. Ency. Meth. t. 338. f. 9.

100. Slightly gibbous, olive, with transverse rows of jamaicensis-dots, and white bands marbled with brown; spire con-sistute, vex and acute. Jamaica. Ency. Meth. t. 335. f. 3.

101. Dull olive, clouded with two obsolete white mediter- bands, and transverse brown lines and dots; spire a-rancus, acute and striated. Algiers and Naples. Ency. Meth. t. 330. f. 4.

102. Slightly grooved at the base, white, with trans-puncticul- verse rows of dots; spire obtuse, and whorls channel-latus, led. St Domingo. Ency. Meth. t. 331. f. 2.

103. White, with pale brownish yellow spots, and mauritius-transverse rows of brown crescent-shaped dots; spire anus, obtuse, base grooved. Africa. Ency. Meth. t. 330. f. 9.

104. White, and transversely grooved; spire coro-sulcatus, nated, obtuse. W. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 321. f. 6.

105. Striated, and granulated; spire conical, with verrucosus, lower whorls concave and crenated on the edge. sus. Africa. Lister, t. 756. f. 8.

106. Rose-cloured; base striated; spire acute. Isle columba, of France. Ency. Meth. t. 331. f. 3.

107. Greenish, with three or four bands, clouded maduren- with sis. with white and yellow, with transverse brown and white dotted lines; spire acuminated. Asiatic ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 333. f. 3.

radiatus. 108. With white rays and bands, transversely grooved at the base. Fauvane, ii. t. 15. f. O.

jaspidus. 109. Light olive, with multifarious white dots, and an oblique band; oblong. Small. St. Domingo. Enc. Meth. 334. f. 4.

coffea. 110. Short, brown, with two white bands; that nearest the spire spotted with brown. American seas. Ency. Meth. t. 336. f. 7.

mindanus. 111. White, variegated with scarlet, and white dotted transverse lines; aperture acuminated. Philippine islands. Ency. Meth. t. 330. f. 7.

festivus. 112. Scarlet, with two transverse rows of large white spots, and numerous dotted brown lines; spire conic; whirls convex. Molucca islands. Chem. xi. t. 182. f. 1770. and 71.

fulminans. 113. With chestnut stripes the whole length; spire acute, and with the pillar lip spotted with chestnut; the base acute and obliquely striated. Africa. Enc. Meth. t. 337. f. 3.

arachnoides. 114. Reticulated with chestnut, with two or three darker bands; spire crowned and acute. A very rare species. Coromandel. Chem. x. t. 144. A. f. c. and d.

costatus. 115. Brown, with a white band, undulated with reddish; thick, and broad stripe; spire nodulous, with a granulated band. South sea. Chem. ii. t. 181. f. 1745.

citrinus. 116. Citron, with black lines, interrupted beneath; spire crowned with tubercles, with the base white. Curacao. Ency. Meth. t. 322. f. 3.

coronatus. 117. With alternate articulated belts and tessellated spots; spire crowned with tubercles; shell often minute, and with a white band. Asiatic ocean. Martinii, ii. t. 63. f. 713. to 15.

*** Elongated and rounded at the base; body as long again as the spire.

clavus. 118. With convex smooth stripe; the base bluish. Indian ocean. Very rare. Lister, t. 774. f. 34.

aureus. 119. Transversely striated; yellow, with orange longitudinal stripes, and white triangular spots; spire acute.

terebellum. 120. White, shaded with blue; subcylindrical, with annular stripe and yellow bands. Isle of France. Lister, t. 745. f. 6.

australis. 121. Transversely grooved, yellowish, with transverse rows of brown spots, and irregular longitudinal stripes; spire acuminated. New South Wales. Chem. xi. t. 183. f. 1774. and 5.

laevis. 122. Transversely striated, of a pale yellowish red, with brown and white spots, and variegated with yellow; spire smooth.

strigatus. 123. Transversely striated, of a pale violet colour, with yellowish spots and dots; spire convex. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 342. f. 1.

mitratus. 124. With transverse granulated stripe; white, with brownish-yellow bands; spire pyramidal. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 342. f. 3.

glans. 125. Transversely striated, brown, with an obsolete white band; spire longitudinally striated, and convex. Isle of France. Chem. x. t. 143. f. 131.

tentillus. 126. Transversely striated and dotted; white, with interrupted yellow bands; spire depressed; whirls channelled. Moluccas. Chem. xi. t. 183. f. 1782 and 3.

127. Transversely striated; white, clouded with nautical yellow, and marked with transverse rows of dark dots; spire conical. Amboyna. Lister, t. 744. f. 35.

128. Elongated, transversely ribbed, dull yellowish fusus; white; spire conical, striated; whirls convex and channelled at the sutures.

129. Subcylindrical, yellow; the base obliquely striated, with a white band near it; spire pointed with coiled striped spots. America. Ency. Meth. t. 343. f. 6.

130. Bluish white, with four fulvous linear bands, affinis, and intermediate dull purple dots. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 342. f. 4. and 5.

131. Rough, unarmed, with smooth, grooved stripe. Gramma-African ocean. Shell red, with white bands, and pur-tus, ple linear dots. Lister, t. 762. f. 5.

132. Orange flag, smooth, with whitish bands; aurantic whirls grooved at the tips. India. Ency. Meth. t. cu. 339. f. 4.

133. Elongated with distant ribs; spire conical, obtusely tuse, and the whirls flattish. Batavia. Ency. Meth. t. 339. f. 2.

134. Elongated, transversely ribbed; white, with raphae brownish yellow dotted bands; spire obtuse; apex rosy. Asiatic ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 341. f. 1. and 2.

135. Grayish yellow, with a white interrupted band, adams; and numerous rows of brown dots; spire convex, acute, striated and spotted. Senegal. Ency. Meth. t. 343. f. 7.

136. White, grooved at the base, with numerous angular transverse rows of reddish dots, and two oblong brown streaks. Ceylon. Lister, t. 755. f. 7.

137. Subcylindrical, with longitudinal bands, dotted with white. India, Isle of France. Chem. xi. t. 183. f. 1778. and 9.

138. Oval, oblong, gibbous, clouded with fine parallel brown stripe; 4 inches long. Africa. Ency. Meth. t. 340. f. 1, 2, and 3.

139. Reddish white, grooved at the base, with irregular longitudinal undulated stripes, and two transverse tor. brown bands; spire mucronated. Asiatic ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 340. f. 4, 5, and 6.

140. Subcylindrical, elongated, white, with minute gloria-brown reticulations, and transverse orange bands; spire maria acuminated; upper whirls nodulous. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 47. f. 7.

141. Yellowish, with numerous longitudinal zig-zag pyramidal brown lines, and irregular white spots; spire elevated, acuminated; upper valve nodulous. Torrid zone. Ency. Meth. t. 347. f. 5.

142. With zig-zag yellow veins, and yellow and textile brown spots. Asia, Isle of France. Lister, t. 788. f. 40.

143. Orange, striped with brown, and marked with abbas, a few white spots, and three or four transverse bands. Isle of France. Ency. Meth. t. 345. f. 3.

144. Ventricose, yellowish, with cancellated brown archip lines, and four bands of blue violet and white reticul-copulae; spire acuminated. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 345. f. 5.

145. Brown, reticulated with crowded very unequal equal white angular spots; spire acuminate; upper whorls acuminate. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 345. f. 1.

146. Dark brown, with triangular white spots, and transverse dotted lines; spire obtuse. E. Indies. Lister, t. 790. f. 43.

147. Yellow, with transverse dotted lines, and two bands, variegated with brown, white, gray, and flesh-colored; spire acute. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 345. f. 4.

148. Orange brown, with transverse dotted lines, and heart-shaped white spots; spire obtuse. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 344. f. 4.

149. Orange brown, with irregular large oblong white spots; spire convex, obtuse. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 344. f. 2.

150. Yellowish brown, with large, three-sided white spots, and transverse dotted lines; spire obtuse; lip rosy. New Guinea. Ency. Meth. t. 344. f. 3.

151. White, with brown reticular veins, and interrupted longitudinal bands. Asia. It varies much in its colours. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 343. f. 4.

152. Striated at the base, yellowish brown, with transverse bands, of brown and white spots and dots; spire acute.

**** Ventricose, with a wide aperture.

153. Bluish, with yellow clouds and yellowish thick dots and stripe; spire rather acute. Asiatic seas. Ency. Meth. t. 341. f. 9.

154. Striated at the base, often deformed, white, with brown and bluish spots; spire convex, acute. N. Zealand. Ency. Meth. t. 337. f. 8.

155. Flesh-colored, mottled with white, and marked with a dotted transverse zone; spire acuminate, channelled; aperture effuse. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 341. f. 3.

156. Transversely grooved, whitish, with transverse brown lines and dots, and rose-colored bands; spire depressed and striated. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 341. f. 5.

157. Yellow clouded with white; aperture large and bluish; spire sometimes flat, sometimes acute. Molucca. Ency. Meth. t. 389. f. 6.

158. Subventricose, rose-colored, with two narrow whitish bands; spire conical; aperture effuse. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 181. f. 1756 and 1757.

159. Oblong, gibbous, smooth; aperture gaping. India, South America. Lister, t. 764. f. 12.

160. Oblong, gibbous, crowned; aperture gaping; wrinkled at the base, and a little narrower; aperture white; spire sometimes rosy. Indian and African seas. Lister, t. 747. f. 41.

161. Brown, barred with white, beneath narrower, shaded with bluish, and smooth; spire conic, exserted. African ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 337. f. 5.

Gen. 21. Cypraea, Cowrie.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a slug; shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end; aperture effuse at each end; linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each end.

Species.

* Spire not quite concealed.

1. Slightly turbinate, ferruginous, with whitish exanthem-round spots and eyes; line down the back a littleema. branched. American and Atlantic seas. Lister, t. 669. f. 15.

2. Slightly turbinate, and marked with irregular mappa characters; line down the back branched. Indian and African seas, and Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 352. f. 4.

3. Slightly turbinate with irregular characters; arabica. stripe down the back simple. India. Lister, t. 658. f. 3.

4. With the character like markings confluent, and histrio. inclosing paler spots. Amboyna. Lister, t. 659. f. 3.

A.

5. Slightly turbinate, subcylindrical, sprinkled with argus eyes; beneath 4 brown spots; about 4 inches long. Indian and Atlantic seas. Lister, t. 705. f. 54.

6. Obtuse, subcylindrical; extremities depressed. testudina-Persian gulf and Indian ocean. This is the largest ria. shell of this genus. Lister, t. 689. f. 36.

7. Slightly turbinate, gibbous, with livid and testa-stercoraceous spots; emarginate on each side, and flat beneath ria. Guinea. Lister, t. 587. f. 34.

8. Ventricose, orange, with a white unspotted mar-aurora. gin and base; teeth orange. This rare and beautiful shell is a native of Otabeite, is about 4 inches long, and about 2½ broad. It is exceedingly valuable; and not unfrequently sells for 50l. or 60l.

9. Slightly turbinate, pale, with flesh-colored cornida. bands; mouth violet; 2½ inches long. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 664. f. 8.

10. Slightly turbinate, subcylindrical, with pale talpa. bands; beneath thickened and brown; 3 inches long. India. Lister, t. 668. f. 14.

11. Slightly turbinate, lurid and slightly barred; lurida. extremities pale yellow, with 2 black spots. Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Lister, t. 671. f. 17.

12. Slightly turbinate, spotted, and marked with canella. yellowish dots; extremities spotted with brown; throat rufous. Barbadoes. Lister, 684. f. 31.

13. Slightly turbinate, white, with subulate denti-lota. cles. Sicily. Martini, i. t. 30. f. 322.

14. Thin, gibbous, fulvous, dotted with white, with guttata. a horizontal line in the middle; beneath white with yellow teeth. Lister, t. 676. f. 23.

15. Thin, oblong, barred with brown, and dotted sanguino-with red at the sides. Ency. Meth. t. 356. f. 12. lenta.

16. Cylindrical, milk-white; one side bordered and teres. varied with a few pale yellow, narrow marks, back with three brownish waved bands. Schroeter, i. t. 1. f. 7.

17. Turbinated, undulated with brownish, clouded undata. with pale ochre, and deeper bands. Mauritius islands. Chem. x. t. 144. f. 1337.

** Obtuse, spire quite concealed.

18. With the sides dark brown, and thickly coated achatina. with enamel; aperture wide. Otabeite. Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t. 14.

19. Triangularly gibbous; behind depressed, acute; mauriti-beneath ana. beneath black; a large shell, spotted with brown. Java, Mauritius, and Nussatella. Lister, t. 703. f. 52.

caput-serpentis.

20. Triangularly gibbous, and rather obtuse behind; brown, spotted and white; beneath white; 1½ inch long. Mauritius and Nussatella islands. Lister, t. 702. f. 50.

vitellus.

21. Livid, with small white spots; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 693. f. 40.

22. Retuse, gibbous, cinereous, with a longitudinal brown band; teeth of the aperture blackish. American and Mediterranean seas. Ency. Meth. t. 354. f. 1.

tigris.

23. Ovate, obtuse behind, and rounded before; ferruginous, with deep brown spots, and a yellow longitudinal, dorsal line; 4½ inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 748. f. 42.

pantherina.

24. Reddish, with small dark spots; base white, and the dorsal line undulated. Red sea. Lister, t. 681. f. 28.

lynx.

25. Oblong, ovate, with brown dots, and a yellowish line; hind part a little acute, with a rufous mouth; 2 inches long. Madagascar. Lister, t. 683. f. 30.

cinerea.

26. Thin, ventricose, reddish gray, with paler bands. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 667. f. 11.

cylindrica.

27. Cylindrical, above; pale violet, and spotted with brown at the sides, with two brown spots at each end. Born, t. 8. f. 10.

felina.

28. Oblong, narrow, plumbeous, with ferruginous dots and spots, and paler bands; marked at each extremity with 2 brown spots. Maldives. Lister, t. 680. f. 7.

isabella.

29. Subcylindrical, with pale yellow extremities; 1½ inch long. Mauritius. Lister, t. 665. f. 4.

scurra.

30. Ovate, oblong; beneath flat; yellowish, with greenish and livid confluent drops; sides varied with scattered brown dots. India. Ency. Meth. t. 352. f. 2.

*** Umbilicated.

onyx.

31. Beneath brown, above whitish; small. Asia. Lister, t. 657. f. 2.

clandestina.

32. With fine transverse lines here and there meeting together. India.

succincta.

33. Interior lip rounded at each extremity. Chem. xi. t. 180. f. 1741 and 1742.

sic-zac.

34. Pale yellow, with brown dots; the extremities with 2 brown spots. E. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 661. f. 5.

zonata.

35. Bluish, with 4 transverse zones, marked with brown moon-shaped spots. Guinea. Chem. x. t. 145. f. 1342.

hirundo.

36. Above bluish; extremities marked with two brown spots. Maldivia islands. Lister, t. 674. f. 20.

asellus.

37. White, with 3 brown bands; oblong; minute. Madeira islands. Lister, t. 666. f. 10.

errones.

38. With an equal testaceous spot. E. Indies. Martini, i. t. 27. f. 278 and 279.

ursellas.

39. Oblong, white; above smooth, varied with brown, and marked with 2 brown dots at the umbilicus or perforation. Martini, i. t. 24. f. 241.

pyrum.

40. Pale brown, with paler bands and ochraceous spots; beneath and at the sides fulvous; within blue. Sicily. Martini, t. 26. f. 267 and 268.

felina.

41. Oblong, narrow, plumbeous, with ferruginous dots and spots, and paler bands; marked at each extremity with 2 brown spots. Maldives. Lister, t. 680. f. 7.

42. Oblong, snowy, dotted with brown; each end atomari marked with 2 dusky dots; ½ inch long. Ency. Meth. t. 255. f. 10.

43. Oblong, gibbous, smooth, yellowish. Gualteri, subflavus. t. 13. f. D.

44. Brownish, with two white bands; beneath pale lutea, yellow, dotted with brown. Gronovius, t. 19. f. 17.

45. Ovate, white, with ferruginous dots. Ency. punctata. Meth. t. 355. f. 10.

**** With the margin thickened.

46. Umbilicated, pale yellow, with white round spots. cribra China. Lister, t. 605. f. 42.

47. Whitish, with a knotty margin. Mediterranean, Atlantic, Ethiopic, and Indian seas.—This species is collected in great quantities, and transported to Bengal, Siam, and other parts of India, where it is employed by the natives as the medium of commerce. Lister, t. 709. f. 59.

48. Surrounded on the back with a yellow ring. annulus Amboyna and Alexandria. Ency. Meth. t. 356. f. 7.

49. Gibbous, unequal, whitish; margin dotted with auricula brown; back marked with testaceous clouds. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 677. f. 24.

50. Pale glaucous, speckled with ferruginous; margin slightly tumid, with bright red spots. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. i. t. 29. f. 303.

51. With a jagged margin; yellow, dotted with cross white; sides with a brownish spot. Mauritius and Ascension islands. Lister, t. 662. f. 39.

52. With a jagged margin, flesh-colour, with a draco greenish back, marked with fulvous dots; sides dotted with brown. Mediterranean. Ency. Meth. t. 356. f. 10.

53. With a jagged margin; yellow, dotted with flavesc white; sides marked with obsolete scattered brown dots.

54. Slightly margined, yellowish, with deeper specks; sparsely sides dotted with brown. Mediterranean. Martini, i. t. 31. f. 335.

55. Cinereous, variegated with testaceous; white stolida beneath, and at the sides; 1½ inch long. Amboyna. Martini, i. t. 29. f. 305.

56. Glaucoous, with somewhat tessellated bands, and tabesc sprinkled with ferruginous dots; margin thickened on one side. Lister, t. 678. f. 25.

57. Triangularly gibbous, dotted with white, jagged helico behind; beneath yellow, immaculate. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 691. f. 38.

58. Slightly margined, pale yellow with black eyes; ocellato margin white, dotted with brown; 1½ inch long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 696. f. 43.

59. Pale violet, dotted with white; a very small porous shell. Jamaica. Lister, t. 694. f. 41.

60. Bluish, with scattered white and ferruginous gangre spots, and two brown spots at each extremity. China. nasa. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 261 and 262.

61. Ventricose, transversely ribbed, with a broad umbo dorsal groove, and the ribs thickened at its edge; aperture broad. Adriatic sea. Lister, t. 706. f. 55.

62. With numerous transverse furrows, some of sulcato which are forked; a small shell, and ovate, with various tints of red or white; marked with a longitudinal groove, groove, or sulcus, down the back. W. Indies. Lister, t. 706. f. 56.

63. Transversely ribbed, without any groove, and with three spots on the middle of the back. Europe. Britain. Don. t. 43.

64. Margined on each side, slightly produced and rugged, with raised tubercles above; 1 inch long. Nus-satella island. Ency. Meth. t. 355. f. 3.

65. Whitish, produced on each side; back tuberculated, and marked with transverse undulated striae. Madagascar. Lister, t. 710. f. 61.

66. Lead-coloured, with raised stripe and orange tubercles, surrounded by brown rings. China. Lister, t. 710. f. 62.

67. Somewhat produced, with elevated dots; extremities pale yellow. E. Indies. Lister, t. 708. f. 58.

68. Produced on each side, and sprinkled with raised dots. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 700. f. 60.

69. Subglobular, white, smooth, beaked at both extremities, and umbilicated. Amboyna. Martini, t. 24. f. 242.

70. Produced on each side, and smooth, white or yellow. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 356. f. 2.

71. White or gray, with obsolete ferruginous spots and transverse bands; lips of the mouth marked with violet spots. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 263 and 264.

72. Narrow, brown, with reddish spots at the side. Gualteri, t. 13. f. Q.Q.

Gen. 22. Bulla, Dipper.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell univalve, convoluted, unarmed with teeth; aperture a little straitened, oblong, longitudinal, very entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth.

Species.

1. Ovate, obtuse, slightly doubly beaked; one of the lips toothed, from which it has the appearance of a cyprea; 4 inches long. Amboyna and Friendly islands. Lister, t. 711. f. 65.

2. Obtuse, beaked at both ends, and the outer lip toothed; inside of a pale pink colour. Otaheite.

3. Two beaked; the beaks long, striated and acute. Jamaica. A rare shell. Lister, t. 711. f. 63.

4. Ovate-oblong, slightly beaked, of an orange-colour, and the outer lip toothed; pillar with one plait. Leghorn. Petiver, t. 66. f. 2 and 3.

5. Two-beaked, margin thickened outwardly; beaks long, smooth; size of a bean. Rare. Java. Petiver, t. 66. f. 2 and 3.

6. Subcylindrical, acuminated at both ends; outer lip very slightly thickened at the margin. America. Lister, t. 711. f. 66.

7. Oblong, rather obtuse at both ends; equal; lip arched; margin thickened within; twice the size of a grain of wheat. Mediterranean and Adriatic. Lister, t. 712. f. 68.

8. Transversely angular, ovate, with a bony dot on each side. India. Lister, t. 712. f. 67.

9. Angular, with an elevated central belt. Brazil. Lister, t. 711. f. 64.

10. Rounded, pellucid, slightly striated transverse-mauicumly; perforated at each end; an inch long. African and Indian seas. Lister, t. 714. f. 73.

11. Subovate, equable; pale grey, undulated with ferrugibrown, and marked with ferruginous spots, and two nasa. white bands. Martini, i. t. 22. f. 209. and 210.

12. Roundish, pellucid, transversely striated; aperta outside a little wrinkled; glossy; one inch long. Europe, Africa, Devonshire. Don. t. 120.

13. Rounded, pellucid, slightly striated longitudinal-hydatisly; crown umbilicated; size of a pea. Mediterranean, Devonshire. Don. t. 88.

14. Rounded, obtuse at one end; crown umbilicat-ampulla. ed. Frequent on most shores. Amboyna. Lister, t. 713. f. 69.

15. Oval-oblong, opake; dotted in waves; apex amygdalus umbilicated; outer lip contracted in the middle. W. Indies. Lister, t. 714. f. 72.

16. Oblong, oval, transversely striated; crown nar-lignariorow, and slightly umbilicated; 3 inches long. European shores, Britain. Lister, t. 714. f. 72.

17. Rounded, glabrous, pellucid, marked with trans-physisverse lines; spire retuse. India. Ency. Meth. t. 359. f. 4.

18. Thick, white, opaque; aperture compressed in obtusa. the middle; minute. Reculver, England. Walker, f. 62.

19. Obovate, with a clavated crown, indistinct spire, ficus. and elongated beak; surface marked with reticulated stripe; 3 inches long. American and Indian oceans. Lister, t. 750. f. 46.

20. Rounded, turbinate, slightly striated, with a rope. curvated beak, and finely wrought spire; from 2 to 3 inches long. Indian ocean. Martini, iii. t. 68. f. 747. to 749.

21. Cylindrical; whirls of the spire grooved. canalicu-

22. Oblong, turbinated, smooth; base a little stri-conoidea. ated; sutures crenulated; size of an acorn.

23. Ovate, pellucid; spire obsolete; whirls con-fontinalis. trary, or turning from right to left; aperture ovate, oblong; ½ inch long. Shores of the Danube; lakes and rivers of Europe; Britain. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 4. f. 1.

24. Oval, pellucid, with the whirls reversed; spire rivakis. prominent, acute; aperture ovate-oblong. W. Indies. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 46. f. 2.

25. Ovate, pellucid; spire contrary, prominent; hypnorum aperture ovate, lanceolate. Europe, Britain. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 4. f. 3.—Linnaeus supposes that this species may be a variety of the last; but according to Mr Montagu, the form of the shell, the structure of the animal, and its habitat, are always distinct. Linnaeus says, that this species is found among wet moss. Mr Montagu found it only in ditches, and in a place occasionally overflowed by the river Avon.

26. Brittle, with a depressed contrary spire; aper-gelatinosa. ture ending in a beak; ½ lines long. Rivers of Den-mark.

27. Sides cylindrical, with a subulate spire, trunc-terebellumcated at the base; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 736. f. 30. and 31.

28. Ovate; spire indistinct, prominent at the top; cyprea. aperture more dilated behind; pillar twisted; size of an acorn. Mediterranean. Martini, ii. t. 61. f. 731. cirtinea. 29. With partly-coloured double bands, and purple truncated pillar; aperture semilunar. Rivers of Asia. Lister, t. 15. f. 10.

ventricosa 30. Ovate-ventricose, and of a yellowish orange-colour; aperture effuse, with a white, smooth, oblique enlargement on the pillar. Lister, t. 746. f. 40.

fasciata. 31. Conic, pointed with transverse bands and undulated spots; aperture white. South America, India. Lister, t. 12. f. 7.

strigata. 32. Conic, pointed, glabrous, with undulated fulvous streaks; 2 inches long; 8 whirls in the spire.

striatula. 33. Conic, white, striated; pillar straight and reflected.

exarata. 34. Oblong, pointed, white, grooved; spire with 6 or 7 whirls. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 120. f. 1031. and 1032.

zebra. 35. Ovate, pointed, with longitudinal brown bands; pillar inflected, entire. Tranquebar. A land species. Lister, t. 11. f. 6.

achatina. 36. Ovate, pointed, with a wide crimson mouth and lip; pillar truncated; 8 inches long. American ocean. Lister, t. 579. f. 34.

pectinata. 37. Ovate, rough, with the aperture pectinated at its base; apex truncated. Denmark. Moller, ii. t. 71. f. 10. to 12.

soluta. 38. Subcylindrical, transversely striated, with the outer whirl detached; apex truncated and channelled. Ceylon. Chem. x. t. 146. f. 1359. to 1361.

nitidula. 39. Oval, white, with straight, transverse, and waved longitudinal red lines; spire convex. W. Indies. Lister, t. 715. f. 74.

amplustre. 40. Roundish; spire elevated, obtuse, with flesh-coloured bands; shell white. Asia. Ency. Meth. t. 359. f. 2.

velum. 41. Thin, umbilicated on each side; white, with capillary brown lines, and a snowy band, edged with brown on each side; 1 inch long. Tranquebar. Chem. x. t. 146. f. 1348.

pyrum. 42. Pear-shaped, thick, and faintly striated transversely; beak produced; aperture spreading. Lister, t. 877. f. 1.

crassula. 43. Ovate, ventricose, rather thick; whirls reversed; spire prominent. Virginia. Lister, t. 135. f. 35.

ampla. 44. Elongated, semicylindrical, white; spire very small; aperture effuse, with a striated oblique enlargement on the pillar. Martini, ii. t. 65. f. 722.

truncata. 45. Oblong, turreted, white, striated longitudinally; sutures crenulated; pillar truncated and inflected. Chem. ix. t. 120. f. 1028. to 1030.

priamus. 46. Ovate, ventricose, with transverse rows of distant spots; pillar sinuated; outer lip acute. Guinea. Chem. ix. t. 120. f. 1026. and 1027.

bicarinata. 47. Ovate, obtuse, ventricose, with the whirls reversed and bicarinated; pillar truncated. Lister, t. 37. f. 36.

cylindrica. 48. Cylindrical, involuted, umbilicated at the apex, and striated at the two extremities. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 146. f. 1336. and 1337.

cylindracea. 49. Cylindrical, smooth, white, thin, slightly umbilicated; twice as large as a grain of wheat. Europe, Britain.

umbilicata* 50. Oblong, oval, smooth, white; apex rounded, umbilicated; aperture very narrow; ½ inch long. Falmouth. Montagu, t. 7. f. 4.

vetusa. 51. Subcylindrical, opaque, white; upper part longitudinally striated, lower plain; apex truncated, and largely umbilicated. Falmouth. Montagu, t. 7. f. 5.

52. Cylindrical, involuted, with the spire somewhat obtuse prominent. Britain. Montagu, t. 7. f. 3.

53. Smooth, cylindrical, olive; aperture effuse; pillar inflated, truncated; 7 whirls in the spire. Chem. xi. t. 117. f. 1009.

54. Subcylindrical, spiral, reddish, with longitudinal domino striæ, and spotted; sutures crenulated; pillars sinuous, curved and truncated. St Domingo. Chem. ix. t. 117. f. 1011.

55. Ventricose, rugged, and longitudinally streak-purposed; aperture ovate, with a pointed lip, and deep black border within. Africa, in rice fields. Lister, t. 581. f. 35.

56. Ovate, rough, slightly carinated on the back, scabra and marked with decussated striæ; white with rosy lines; pillar scalloped, reflected. Java. Chem. x. t. 146. f. 352. and 353.

57. Ovate, pellucid, with a truncated channelled akera crown; 6 lines long. Norway seas, Banff in Scotland, and near Portsmouth. Don. t. 79.

58. Ovate, flesh-coloured, gibbous; lip arched, carnea thickened and toothed within. Shores of Africa. Ency. Meth. t. 357. f. 2.

59. Smooth, glossy, white, pellucid, oblong, involute-palated; aperture large, terminating in a short canal, most contracted at the top; length 1 inch. Weymouth. Don. t. 142.

60. Suboval, thin, pellucid, white, resembling a ha-hakeliotis; a little wrinkled; aperture oval; length ½ inch. dea. Weymouth. Montagu, t. 7. f. 6.

61. Ovate, oblong, depressed, pellucid, thin; strongly plurily wrinkled concentrically; length ¼ inch. Milton sands, Devonshire. Montagu, t. 15. f. 9.

62. Pellucid, white, finely striated transversely; catena the striæ, magnified, have the appearance of the links of a chain; one-tenth inch diameter. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 7. f. 7.

Gen. 23. VOLUTA, Volute.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell is one-celled, spiral; aperture without a beak, and sometimes effuse; pillar twisted or plaited, generally without lips or perforation.

Species.

With the aperture entire.

1. Contracted, oval, oblong, with a rugged spire; auris-pillar 2-toothed; 4 inches long. India. In marshy mida woods and swamps. Lister, t. 1058. f. 6.

2. Contracted, oblong; spires smooth; pillar 3-auris-toothed. Fens of India. Lister, t. 32. f. 10.

3. Ovate-oblong, longitudinally wrinkled; aperture aurisear-shaped, contracted; pillar with one tooth. N. Holland. Chem. x. t. 149. f. 1395.

4. Fusiform, granulate, with an ovate aperture; pil-aurislar cut, spreading; 3 inches long. New Caledonia. malchis. Chem. ix. t. 121. f. 1037.

5. Ovate, banded transversely round the sutures; fasciæ aperture ear-shaped; pillar with one tooth. Australasia. Chem. xi. t. 121. f. 1041.

6. Oval. 6. Oval-oblong; rose-coloured, with a white band at the suture; aperture ear-shaped; pillar toothless. E. Indies. Lister, t. 24. f. 22.

7. Oval, with the whorls crenated and flattened at top; aperture ear-shaped; pillar without teeth. St Helena. Chem. xi. t. 210. f. 2086 and 2087.

8. Oval, with the whorls longitudinally plaited; aperture contracted, with 3 folds on the pillar, and the lip reflected. Chem. xi. t. 177. f. 1711 and 1712.

9. Oval, oblong, with a wide aperture; pillar 1-toothed. Lister, t. 814. f. 24.

10. Contracted on the upper part; yellow, with a crenulated lip; pillar with two plaits; 4½ lines long. E. Indies. Martini, ii. t. 43. f. 444.

11. Oval, oblong, banded; outer lip crenulated; pillar with three plaits. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 834. f. 60.

12. Thin, brown; whorls of the spire cancellated; pillar 3-toothed; very minute. Martini, ii. t. 43. f. 446.

13. Oval, oblong, glabrous, with a reflected grooved lip; pillar 1-toothed. Martini, ii. t. 43. f. 447 and 448.

14. Oval, gibbous, umbilicated; pillar with one thick, flexuous plait; 2 inches long. Chem. xi. t. 176. f. 1701 and 1702.

15. Oval, pointed at each end, and spirally striated; pillar with a single fold; ½ inch long. Europe, Wales. Don. t. 57. f.

16. Ovate, glabrous; spire elevated, acute; outer lip denticulated; pillar toothed. Britain. Montagu, t. 20. f. 5.

17. Ovate, smooth, with the spire elevated; aperture narrow, contracted; pillar with 3 teeth. W. Indies. Don. t. 138.

18. Ovate, striated, with the spire elevated; pillar with 3 teeth. Martini, ii. t. 43. f. 446.

19. Ovate, slightly wrinkled longitudinally; spire elevated, conical; pillar with 2 teeth. Scotland. Montagu, t. 30. f. 2.

20. White, opaque, longitudinally striated. Very minute. Sandwich. Walker, f. 61.

21. Conical, minute; body striated transversely at its base, and longitudinally ribbed above. Salcomb bay, Devonshire. Montagu, t. 12. f. 9.

22. Conical, smooth, with 5 or 6 rather depressed whorls; pillar with a single tooth. Devonshire.

23. Turreted, minute, with 5 flattish whorls, longitudinally ribbed; pillar with a small tooth. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 12. f. 10.

24. Subconical, minute, with 5 or 6 transversely striated whorls; pillar with a small tooth. Devonshire.

25. Acuminated, minute, smooth, with 6 flattish whorls; pillar with a tooth-like fold. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 21. f. 2.

26. Acuminated, minute, smooth, with 6 or 7 flattish whorls; aperture suborbicular; pillar slightly folded. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 21. f. 4.

27. Contracted, oblong, ovate, opaque, striated; spire elevated and a little pointed; pillar slightly plaited. Southern ocean. Martini, ii. t. 43. f. 440 and 441.

28. Contracted, ovate, cylindrical; spire a little elevated, obtuse; pillar with 5 plaits; 1 inch long. Africa. Gualteri, t. 25. f. 13.

**Subcylindrical, and emarginated.**

29. Smooth; spire obliterated at the base; lip re-porphryrea tuse in the middle; pillar obliquely striated; 5 inches long. Brazil and W. Indies. Martini, ii. t. 46. f. 485 and 486.

30. Cylindrical; spire small, conical, with a pro-erythrojecting appendage over the upper angle of the aperture; stoma throat orange-coloured. Martini, ii. t. 45. f. 476 and 477.

31. Smooth; spire short, depressed, reflected at the oliva base; pillar obliquely striated. Indian seas. Lister, t. 728. f. 15. There are 20 varieties of this species, distinctly made out; but the variety in the markings is almost endless. Lamarck has formed distinct species of almost all the above varieties.

32. Subovate, slightly gibbous; spire elevated, with cruenta, a wide and deep suture; bulb simple. Amboyna. Lister, t. 720. f. 4 and 5.

33. Smooth, white, with a keel shaped ring on the annulata back; sometimes with reddish waves. Amboyna. Lister, t. 717. f. 1.

34. Suboval; spire depressed, with the whorls con-ventricosa vex; pillar transversely ridged, with the upper ridge thickest. Mindanna and Molucca islands. Lister, t. 735. f. 25.

35. Ovate, gibbous; spire rather depressed, with incrassata the whorls thickened at the base; outer lip somewhat angular, and very thick. Moluccas. Martini, ii. t. 47. f. 499 and 500.

36. Somewhat cone-shaped; spire short and depres-pinguis sed, with a vitreous mass concealing the whorls, and forming a callosity over the pillar lip; belt double. Brazil. Chem. x. t. 147. f. 1367. and 1368.

37. Ovate, gibbous; spire elevated, with a vitreous gibbosa mass extending over the base of the whorls, and forming a callosity over the pillar lip; belt double. Coronandel. Lister, t. 723. f. 10.

38. Cylindrical, with a prominent conic spire; and ispidula, the base of each whorl coated with enamel; belt double. Isle of France. Lister, t. 722. f. 9.

39. Elongated, smooth, with a prominent spire. In-utriculus, dian and Ethiopic seas.

40. Thin, with a cinereous spotted back, callous be-hiatula. neath; aperture large; pillar toothed at the base. Shores of Spain. Lister, t. 720. f. 17.

41. White, dotted with greenish brown, or violet; jaspidea. spire prominent; whorls with a band composed of spots at the base; an inch long. Shores of Spain. Lister, t. 725. f. 13.

42. Snowy, elongated, smooth, banded. Spanish nivea. seas. W. Indies. Martini, t. 50. f. 557. and 558.

43. Subcylindrical; spire short, depressed, covered tigrina. with enamel; throat dark violet. Eastern ocean. Lister, t. 721. f. 6.

44. Orange with blue bands; spire flattened; aper-carniola. ture white. Java and Isle of France. Martini, ii. t. 46. f. 495.

45. Suboblong; spire short, covered with enamel; micans. pillar lip thickened; belt double. Moluccas and Philippines. Lister, t. 733. f. 22.

46. Subovate; spire conical, prominent; pillar lip nitidula. thickened; belt double. Philippines. Martini, ii. t. 50. f. 545 to 547.

eryxa. 47. Ovate-conical, minute, white, without any spots; and the spire conoidal. Martini, ii. t. 50. f. 548.

ovate, effuse, and emarginate.

dactylus. 48. Smooth, with decussated striae, obtuse; pillar with six plait; ½ inch long. India. Lister, t. 813. f. 23.

fenestrata. 49. Ovate, with strong decussated striae, of which the longitudinal are more obtuse; pillar with 8 plaits. Indian seas. Ency. Meth. t. 372. f. 3.

crenulata. 50. Subcylindrical, with decussated striae, and the whorls nodulous and crenulated at the suture; pillar with 8 plaits. E. Indies. Lister, t. 813. f. 23. A.

texturata. 51. Ovate-acute and granulated, with transverse grooves and longitudinal striae; pillar with 4 plaits. Lister, t. 819. f. 36.

miliaria. 52. Slightly emarginated, white, with an obliterated pale yellow spire; pillar obliquely striated. Mediterranean. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 428.

monilis. 53. Entire white, with an obliterated white spire; pillar obliquely striated; ¼ inch long. China; where it is employed for making beads and necklaces. A variety is found in Africa only 2½ lines long, with 8 or 10 thin plaits in the pillar. China. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 426.

exilis. 54. Obovate, entire, yellowish, with two brown bands; spire prominent; pillar obliquely striated. Senegal. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 427.

persicula. 55. Smooth, with a retuse umbilicated spire; pillar with seven plaits; lip with a crenated margin; 1 inch long. African sea. Lister, t. 803. f. 10.

cingulata. 56. Ovate, smooth, transversely striped, and the spire retuse and umbilicated; pillar with 6 plaits. Cape Verde. Lister, t. 803. f. 9.

guttata. 57. Ovate-oblong, reddish, spotted with white; spire concealed; pillar with 4 plaits. Jamaica. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 417 and 418.

porcellana. 58. Oval, white, with transverse rows of dark spots; spire obtuse, under lip gibbous and toothed; pillar with 5 plaits. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 337. f. 5.

pullida. 59. Shell entire, oblong-ovate, with an elevated spire; pillar with four plaits. African and European shores. Lister, t. 714. f. 70.

catenata. 60. Ovate, glabrous, involuted at the apex; pillar with 4 plaits. Guernsey and W. of England. Montagu, t. 6. f. 2.

levia. 61. Ovate, very smooth, with an obtuse spire; pillar with two plaits; outer lip gibbous, and slightly denticulated. Devonshire. Don. t. 165.

faba. 62. Slightly emarginated, smooth, a little plaited; spire prominent; pillar with four plaits; lip with a crenulated margin; one inch long. African ocean. Lister, t. 812. f. 22.

chemnitzi. 63. Ovate, smooth, with the spire nodulous; pillar 4-plaited; outer lip with a thickened toothed margin. Guinea. Chem. x. t. 150. f. 1422.

glabella. 64. Very entire, smooth, with a levigated spire; pillar with four plaits; lip gibbous; margin toothed; from one to two inches long. African and American seas. Lister, t. 818. f. 29.

picta. 65. Ovate, smooth, body transversely angular; spire conical; pillar 4-plaited; outer lip margined. Brazil. Ency. Meth. t. 377. f. 2.

66. Ovate, shining, slightly striated longitudinally; crenate pillar 4 plaited; outer lip thickened, and toothed within. Brazil. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 430.

67. Ovate, smooth, obtuse; pillar five-plaited; outer lip margined; thickened and toothed within. Guinea. Ency. Meth. t. 377. f. 7.

68. Very entire, smooth, with a levigated spire; prunum pillar with four plaits; lip without tooth, or margin; 1½ inch long. Island of Goree. Lister, t. 817. f. 28.

69. With slight decussated grooves; lip internally reticulat striated; pillars slightly perforated; two inches long. American ocean and Guinea. Lister, t. 830. f. 22.

70. Ovate, rugose; plaited longitudinally; grooved transversely at the base; sutures channelled and cretated; pillar 4-plaited; outer lip denticulated. Ency. Meth. t. 375. f. 9.

71. Striated, with an obtuse spire; pillar retuse, mercurtoothed; lip gibbous, denticulated; ½ inch long. Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas. Lister, t. 824. f. 43.

72. Smooth, with a prominent spire; pillar retuse, rustic toothed; lip gibbous, denticulated. Mediterranean and American seas. Lister, t. 824. f. 44.

73. Oval, oblong, smooth, obsoletely striated at the teres base; spire elevated; subventricose; pillar retuse, slightly toothed; outer lip gibbous and denticulated. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 826. f. 48 and 49.

74. Entire, smooth, with a striated base; spire a pauper little prominent; pillar with four plaits; lip obtuse. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 819. f. 35.

75. Ovate, transversely striated throughout; spire picea prominent; pillar five-plaited. Saint Bartholomew. Ency. Meth. t. 372. f. 7.

76. Suboval, ventricose, transversely ribbed; pillar ferrugineous 4-plaited. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1398. and 1399.

77. Ovate, solid, transversely striated, and anguiplicated, with longitudinal plaits, forming nodules on all the margins of the whorls; base granulated; pillar 4 plaited. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 150. f. 1425. and 1426.

78. Ovate, solid, transversely grooved; grooves muricagranulated; spire short, angulated, and coronated; tails pillar with 4 plaits. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 150. f. 1427.

79. Slightly striated, with a slightly granulated mendic spire; pillar smooth; lip gibbous and denticulated; size of a kidney bean. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 826. f. 47.

80. Ovate, ribbed longitudinally, and at the base transversely grooved; pillar three-plaited; outer lip denticulated. Mediterranean. Martini, ii. t. 44. f. 459.

81. Ovate, obtusely ribbed longitudinally; transversely wrinkled at the base; pillar 3-plaited. East Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 374. f. 8.

82. Entire, plaited, reticulated; pillar with three cancellate plaits, slightly umbilicated, and a little produced. African ocean. Lister, 830. f. 33. and 34.

83. Entire, ovate, transversely striated and sharply ridged longitudinally, with the whorls flattened at the sutures; sutures; pillar umbilicated and three-plaited. Guinea. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1172. and 1173.

84. Smooth, white, with blue bands and yellow mouth; spire nearly obliterated; pillar six-toothed; scarcely one inch long. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 424. and 425.

85. Smooth, greenish white, with numerous bands; lip inflected; pillar with four plaits; 2½ inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 803. f. 11.

86. Spire obsolete; sides with thickened margins; four plaits in the pillar. Guinea. Ency. Meth. t. 376. f. 9.

87. Substriated, glabrous; spire obtuse, smooth, prominent; five plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean. Gronovius, t. 18. f. 11.

88. Conic, white, with hollow punctured grooves at the base; whorls crenated; six plaits in the pillar. Lister, t. 814. f. 23. b.

Fusiform.

89. Nearly entire, oblong, smooth, with a prominent excoriated spire; three plaits in the pillar; lip slightly toothed inwardly. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 825. f. 45.

90. Oblong, slightly emarginated, smooth, and horn-coloured; spire rather long; pillar four-plaited; outer lip equal and toothless. Mediterranean. Chem. xi. t. 179. f. 1731. and 1732.

91. Oblong, fusiform, nearly entire, smooth, of a horn-colour, clouded with white and yellowish brown spots; pillar four plaited. Guinea. Ency. Meth. t. 371. f. 2.

92. Entire, tapering, plaited, and transversely striated; three plaits in the pillar, which is perforated. About a finger's length, and marked with about twelve grooves. Haynam.

93. Fusiform, emarginate, very smooth, of a pale colour, irregularly reticulated with white lines; pillar four-plaited. Ency. Meth. t. 377. f. 1.

94. Emarginated, striated, and transversely wrinkled; four plaits in the pillar, which is perforated; lip notched; two inches long. India. Ency. Meth. t. 371. f. 5.

95. Nearly entire, transversely wrinkled; four plaits in the pillar; lip crenulated. India. Lister, t. 822. f. 40.

96. Nearly entire, smooth, yellowish with red clouds transversely striated; lip crenulated; four plaits in the pillar. Friendly islands. Chem. xi. t. 177. f. 1705. and 1706.

97. Emarginated, longitudinally grooved and transversely striated; lips smooth; four plaits in the pillar; 1½ inch long. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 821. f. 38.

98. Emarginated, round, smooth; whorls of the spire with plaited stripe; four plaits in the pillar; 2½ inches long. Asiatic sea. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 4.

99. Slightly emarginated, round, smooth; about three plaits in the pillar. W. Indies.

100. Tapering, marked with transverse rays of red dots; spire pointed; smooth; scarcely an inch long. Martini, iv. t. 157. f. 1493. and 1494.

101. Emarginated, subangular, unarmed, and transversely striated; four plaits in the pillar; throat stri-

ated; two inches long. India. Amboyna. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 5.

102. Turreted, emarginate, longitudinally ribbed, costellariae, and striated transversely; whirls angulated above; pillar four-plaited. East Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 3.

103. Fusiform, with small longitudinal ribs and melongena transverse stripe, which are strongest under the sutures; pillar four-plaited. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 3.

104. Turreted, elongated, longitudinally plaited, tanitariae-ribbed and angular, and transversely grooved; pillar four-plaited. Bombay. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 7.

105. Emarginated, angular, anterior angles a little plicariae-spinosus; four plaits in the pillar; lip smooth; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 820. f. 37.

106. Turreted, emarginate, angular, with longitudinal-cruentata, nal knotty ribs; and transversely striated; pillar three-plaited. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 157. f. 1438. and 1439.

107. Tapering, black with white spots, transversely scutulata, striated, first whirl a little ventricose; four plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 151. f. 1428. and 1429.

108. Tapering, emarginated, blackish; whirls flat-nigra, tish; four plaits in the pillar. Guinea, Greenland. Chem. x. t. 151. f. 1430. and 1431.

109. Tapering, emarginated, longitudinally ribbed, subdivisa, plaited, and transversely striated; three plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 1.

110. Turreted, with the whirls transversely angular; turriculae, outer lip thick, pillar two-plaited. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1376.

111. Fusiform, elongated, subemarginate, and trans-abbatis, versely striated; outer lip rather thick; pillar four-plaited. East Indies. Chem. xi. t. 177. f. 1709. and 1710.

112. Subfusiform, with transverse punctured stripe, serpentina and longitudinal undulated chestnut stripes; pillar five-plaited. Indian ocean. Ency. Meth. t. 370. f. 4.

113. Ovate, fusiform, nearly smooth, with obsolete offaria, transverse stripe; pillar five-plaited. Ency. Meth. t. 371. f. 3.

114. Oblong, fusiform, emarginate, with transverse digitalis, crenulated grooves, and the margin of the whirls toothed; outer lip denticulated; pillar above five-plaited. East Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 370. f. 5.

115. Tapering, emarginated, granulous, with de-exasperata cussated stripe and longitudinal ribs barred with brown; five plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 151. f. 1440. and 1441.

116. Tapering, emarginated, transversely striated granaea, and longitudinally grooved, with elevated dots and reddish lines; three plaits in the pillar. Indian ocean. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 151. f. 1442. and 1443.

117. Tapering, smooth, brown with white bands; casta, six plaits in the pillar, which is emarginated at the base. Shores of Amboyna. Chem. x. vig. 20. f. C. and D.

118. Tapering, chestnut, with flexuous white bands; leucogoni-pillar obsoletely plaited; two inches long. Martini, as. iv. t. 148. f. 1371. and 1372.

119. Tapering, white with reticulated and spotted maculosa, brown bands; one inch long. Martini, iv.t.149.f.1377.

119. Tapering,

120. Tapering, brown, cancellated; angles of the section nodulous, and whitish; four plaits in the pillar. West Indies. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1385.

121. Tapering, chestnut with yellow clouds and spots; eight whitish in the spire, which are longitudinally plaited and transversely striated; five plaits in the pillar. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1392.

122. Tapering, orange; a white band in the four first whirls of the spire; lip denticulated; four plaits in the pillar. Ency. Meth. t. 375. f. 5.

123. Tapering, with decussated stripe; the longitudinal ones undulated; about four plaits in the pillar. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1395.

124. Tapering, punctured, whorls longitudinally ribbed, and finely striated transversely; three first angular, about five plaits in a slightly umbilicated pillar. East Indies. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1401. and 1402.

125. Tapering, cancellated; beak short and cancelled; four plaits in the pillar. Tranquebar. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1403. and 1404.

126. Tapering, smooth, white with yellow spots and black dots; pillar doubly plated. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1375.

127. Tapering, with perpendicular black lines crossing a white band; 3 plaits in the pillar. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1376.

128. Tapering, beneath brown dotted with white; above white, with perpendicular waved yellow stripes; a minute shell. West Indies. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1400.

129. Tapering, finely striated transversely; dusky, with red dots, and two paler bands; minute. Minorca. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1405. and 1406.

130. Tapering and grooved longitudinally; brown, with a transverse white nodulous band; pillar five-toothed. Tranquebar. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1407.

131. Tapering, smooth, brown; spire with a paler band; narrow, small. Mediterranean. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1408.

132. Tapering, chestnut, with white eyes; minute. W. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1409.

133. Tapering, red, with rows of black dots; lip prominent; beak reflected. W. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1411.

134. Tapering, varied with white and brown; lip inflected. W. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1411.

135. Tapering, reddish, finely striated transversely; aperture oblong, oval; spire obtuse; 1/2 inch long. American seas, Barbadoes. Lister, t. 819. f. 33.

136. Tapering, chestnut brown, with undulated brown lines; aperture striated; 3 plaits in the pillar. Lister, t. 836. f. 62.

137. Tapering, a little ventricose; longitudinally wrinkled, and transversely striated; whitish, with piceous lines. E. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 373. f. 8.

138. Tapering, cinereous, striated with red; spire glabrous; whorls rather tumid.

139. Tapering, whitish, cancellated; whorls with a band of yellow spots. China. Knorr. iii. t. 27. f. 2.

140. Tapering; spire acute, with longitudinal ribs, which reach half down the body; transversely striated transversely; pillar with 8 plates; the whole shell covered with longitudinal undulated clouds of a brown colour; outer lip crenulated. E. Indies. Very rare. Knorr. iv. t. 11. f. 3.

141. Tapering, transversely striated; yellow, with variegated brown band and spots. Knorr. v. t. 18. f. 6.

142. Emarginated, tapering, marked with decussa-filaris; strie, and red thread-like lines; pillar 3-plaited.

143. Tapering, white; spire with fine transverse costato-striate, and rounded ribs; first whirl with 3 brown bands; 4 plaits in the pillar. Schroeter, i. t. 1. f. 17.

144. Ovate, white; spire spotted with brown; six spurious brown bands in the first whirl; tail emarginated; lip impressed; pillar 6-plaited.

145. Emarginated, striated, and marked with hollow pertusa punctores; lip denticulated; 5 plaits in the pillar; 3 inches long. India. Lister, t. 858. f. 65.

146. Emarginated, smooth; margin of the whorls epiphragm entire; lip denticulated; 4 plaits in the pillar; 5 inches long. India. Lister, t. 839. f. 66.—The animal of this shell is said to be poisonous when it is eaten, and has the power of inflicting a wound on those who touch it, with a kind of pointed trunk. The natives of the island Tanna employ the shell as a hatchet, fixing it in a handle.

147. Emarginated, transversely striated; margins papillar of the whorls and lip denticulated; pillar 4-plaited. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 839. f. 67.

148. Emarginate, with transverse, hollow, punctured strie; whorls contracted below, and strongly toothed at the margins; outer lip denticulated, and pillar 4-plaited. Madagascar. Lister, t. 840. f. 68.

149. Ovate, fusiform; transversely striated and coronet punctured, with the sutures nodulous; pillar 5-plaited. W. Indies. Ency. Meth. t. 371. f. 6.

150. Margined, with obtuse spines in the whorls; minute; lip smooth and very thick; pillar 8-plaited. American ocean. The plaits in the pillar are from 9 to 12 in some varieties. Lister, t. 866. f. 15.

151. Emarginate, with pointed nodules on the vicinus whorls; spire produced at the summit; plaits on the pillar numerous. Guinea. Ency. Meth. t. 382. f. 3.

152. Emarginate, longitudinally plaited and angu-plicate; lar, and transversely grooved; spire nodulous; pillar with 12 plaits. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 149. f. 1403 and 4.

153. Emarginated, with acute spines on the whorls; vesper lip smooth; pillar 4-plaited; from 3 to 6 inches long. Indian seas. Lister, t. 807. f. 16.

154. Emarginate; spire with curved spines; sum-imperium slightly mamillary; pillar 4-plaited. Molucca and Philippine islands. Ency. Meth. t. 382. f. 1.

155. Oblong, fusiform, emarginate; spire much pro-pacificed, and transversely angulated and nodulous; pillar with 5 plaits. Otaheite and New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 178. f. 1713 and 14.

156. Emarginated; whorls with subacute spines; 5ebrae stronger and 3 obsolete plaits in the pillar; 6 inches long. India, Jamaica. Very rare. Lister, t. 829. f. 18.

157. Nearly entire, turbinated, with conic some-turbinate what erect spines; upper ones larger; pillar 4-plaited; 3 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 811. f. 20.

158. Ovate, rugged, knotty; 3 plaits in the pillar; capitellus 2½ inches long. Indian and American seas. Chem. xi. t. 179. f. 1723 and 4.

159. Ovate, triangular, rugged, knotty, transversely rhinoceros grooved and umbilicated; pillar 3-plaited; lip toothed; throat throat striated; whorls muricated with knobs. Shores of New Guinea. Chem. x. t. 150. f. 1407 and 8.

160. Ovate, with alternately smaller ribs; base nodulous; whorls spinous; pillar 5-plaited. Jamaica. Lister, t. 810. f. 19.

161. Ovate, acute, with divergent spires; about 5 plaits in the pillar; spines on the outer whorls gradually lessening into tubercles. Coromandel and Ceyam. Lister, t. 829. f. 51.

162. Obovate, slightly tailed, with striated whorls on the spire; tip produced and quite glabrous; pillar 3-plaited; 7 inches long. Tranquebar and Ceylon. Lister, t. 815. f. 25.

163. Ovate, somewhat beaked; striated, and slightly reticulated; spire rather depressed; whorls convex; pillar 3-plaited. Molucca. Ency. Meth. t. 392. f. 1.

164. Subglobular, emarginate, solid, longitudinally plaited and grooved, with transverse striae; spire nodulous; pillar 3-plaited. Chem. xi. t. 178. f. 1715 and 16.

165. Obovate, smooth, with a pointed spire, and ventricose; pillar 5-plaited. Indian and American seas. Ency. Meth. t. 381. f. 3.*

166. Ovate, fusiform, emarginate, smooth, with the spire somewhat papillary at the summit; pillar 5-plaited, with the uppermost plait obsolete. New Holland. Rare. Leach. Zool. Misc. i. t. 12. f. 1.

167. Pyriform, smooth, with yellowish clouds; spire varied with chestnut spots; 4 plaits in the pillar. E. Indies. Martini, iii. t. 95. f. 922.

168. Ventricose, yellowish-white, with orange bands; first whorl tuberculated and larger than the rest; pillar 6-plaited. Indian ocean. Very rare. Ency. Meth. t. 381. f. 1.

169. Elongated, ribbed; ribs crossed with fine transverse lines; lip margined; spire papillary at the tip; many plaits in the pillar; 4 inches long. Japan. Martini, t. 98. f. 941. and 2.

170. Ovate, fusiform, emarginate, scored at the base; spire short, and conical; pillar 4-plaited. Australasia and Van Diemen's Land. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xvii. t. 702.

171. Cylindrical, whitish, glabrous; spire projecting, obtuse, emarginated at the base; pillar 4-plaited; 2 inches long. Shores of Guinea. Chem. x. t. 148. f. 1389 and 90.

172. Ovate, smooth, transversely striated at the base; spire striated longitudinally, and the summit papillary; pillar with 7 plaits. Pacific ocean. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xix. t. 815.

173. Ovate, smooth; whorls transversely angular, and subpapillary at the summit; outer lip sharply angulated above; pillar 4-plaited.

174. Coarse, clouded, with zig-zag brown lines; lip subulate; pillar bluish, with 4 plaits. Cape of Good Hope. Very rare. Lister, t. 709. f. 6.

175. Longitudinally ribbed, and finely striated transversely; a row of acute tubercles on the two first whorls; 3 plaits on the pillar. Indian seas. Rumphius, t. 29. f. X.

176. Ventricose, ochraceous, with white and brown lines; lip subulate; whorls of the spire convex; first largest; 2 inches long. Straits of Magellan. Ency. Meth. t. 385. f. 1 and 3.

177. Finely reticulated and striated, with elevated transverse belts; lip crenated; 4 plaits in the pillar, which is a little umbilicated. E. Indies. Gualteri, t. 53. f. H.

178. Ovate, emarginate, subventricose, glabrous; magnifica, whorls transversely angulated; summit papillary; aperture effuse; pillar 4-plaited. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 174. f.

****** Ventricose, and the summit of the spire papillary.

179. Subglobular, with a transverse row of nodulous colocynthis plaits on the body whirl; spire short; elevated pillar 2-plaited. Chem. xi. t. 176. f. 1695 and 6.

180. Emarginated; spire crowned with vaulted ethiopica; spines; 4 plaits in the pillar; 7 or 8 inches long. Persia, Asia, and the Cape of Good Hope. Lister, t. 797.

181. Ovate, emarginate, with longitudinal striae, corona, ending on spines on the upper margin of the body; pillar 4-plaited. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 148. f. 1387 and 8.

182. Emarginated; whorls of the spire with grooved cymbium, margins; 4 plaits in the pillar; lip callous. Spain, Africa, and America. Lister, t. 796. f. 3.

183. Ovate, glabrous; whitish, with longitudinal cymbiola red lines; whorls knotty; 3 plaits in the pillar; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 148. f. 1385.

184. Somewhat cylindrical, whitish, with the spire porcina, truncated, rather concave, and its margin keeled; pillar 3-plaited. Philippine islands. Ency. Meth. t. 386. f. 2.

185. Emarginated; spire smooth; pillar 3-plaited; olfa. 4 inches long. Spain, America, Philippine isles. Lister, t. 794. f. 1.

186. Emarginated; covered with a brown cuticle, neptuni, under which it is reddish; lip a little prominent; 4 plaits in the pillar; 4 whorls in the spire; 8 inches long; nearly as broad. Persian gulf. Lister, t. 802. f. 8.

187. Emarginated; lip a little prominent; pillar 4-navicula, plaited; 2 inches long. Guinea. Lister, t. 795. f. 2.

188. Elongated, yellow, with 3 bands of brown dots; indica. 4 plaits in the pillar. India. Ency. Meth. t. 389. f. 1.

189. Subovate, testaceous, with reddish bay spots, preputi-emarginated at the base; 4 plaits in the pillar. Coromandel coast. Lister, t. 798. f. 5.

190. Cylindrical, yellowish, emarginated; aperture glans, effuse, spreading; 3 plaits in the pillar. Eastern shores of Africa. Chem. x. t. 148. f. 1393 and 94.

Gen. 24. Buccinum, Whelk.

Gen. Char.—Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture ovate, terminating in a short canal which bends to the right, with a retuse beak; pillar-lip flattened.

Species.

* Inflated, rounded, thin, slightly transparent, and brittle.

1. Roundish, transversely ribbed, with an elevated olearium line in the interstices; aperture without teeth; 6 inches long. Indian ocean. Rumphius, t. 27. f. D.

2. Ovate, transversely ribbed; ribs convex, and be-galca. coming coming double near the edge; aperture toothless; Mediterranean. Lister, t. 898. f. 18.

3. Ovate, inflated, slightly grooved and undulated with white; aperture toothless; 6 inches long. West Indies. Lister, t. 984. f. 43.

4. Ovate, with transverse convex ribs; pillar wrinkled; outer lip toothed and thickened; 2½ inches long. Amboyna, &c. Lister, t. 792. f. 45.

5. Ovate, with transverse flat ribs; pillar-lip smooth; outer lip toothed and thickened; 4 inches long. China. Martini, iii. t. 118. f. 1081.

6. Ovate, inflated, with remote semi-cylindrical ribs; beak prominent; 4 inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 899. f. 19.

7. Globose, inflated, ribbed and striated transversely; aperture spreading; outer-lip crenated; 7 inches long. Java and China. Chem. xi. t. 188. f. 1804. and 1805.

8. Ovate, with transverse rounded ribs, beak somewhat prominent; outer-lip plaited and toothed within; ¼ inch long. Martini, iii. t. 118. f. 1083. and 1084.

**With a short exserted reflected beak, and the outer-lip unarmed outwardly.**

9. With four tuberculated belts, and the beak prominent; and with transverse elevated striae; 3½ inches long. Lister, t. 1003. f. 68.

10. With five acute transverse belts; upper one tuberculated; beak prominent; ¼ inch long. Lister, t. 1011. f. 71. f.

11. With crowded transverse elevated striae, of which two of the upper are tuberculated, and broader than the others; aperture toothed on both sides; 3½ inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1011. f. 71. f.

12. With crowded transverse, elevated equal striae; whirls inflated, and decreasing gradually; base abbreviated; aperture toothed on both sides; beaks truncated; ¼ inch long. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 153. f. 1465. and 1466.

13. Slightly plaited on the fore-part, with decussated striae; aperture toothed, beak recurved; 2½ inches long. Jamaica. Lister, t. 1002. f. 67.

14. Turbinated, and armed with three transverse rows of tubercles; inner-lip much dilated and rounded; aperture toothed; beak much recurved; 13 inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 1006. f. 70.

15. With decussated striae, and nodulous transverse belts, between which is a double line; aperture toothed; beak recurved; 7 inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 1007. f. 71.

16. Turbinated, and armed with 3 transverse rows of tubercles; inner-lip much dilated and triangular; aperture toothed, beak recurved; 7 inches long. W. Indies. Gualtieri, t. 41.

17. Shell longitudinally plaited, transversely nodulous, and slightly coronated; plaits on the spire imbricated; aperture toothed, beak recurved; 4½ inches long. West Indies. Lister, t. 1004. f. 60.

18. Shell ovate, with elevated longitudinal and decussated striae; aperture toothed; beak recurved; 3 inches long. West Indies. Lister, t. 1001. f. 66.

19. With decussated striae, covered with small square scales; aperture toothed; beak recurved; ¼ inch long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1000. f. 63.

20. Body whirl smooth; spire elevated, rough, with arcuate decussated striae; aperture toothed; pillar wrinkled; beak recurved; 2½ inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1012. f. 76.

21. Subventricose; body whirl rather smooth, and striga of the spire rough with decussated striae; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar wrinkled; 3½ inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1014. f. 78.

22. Whirls inflated and rounded, with narrow transverse grooves; aperture toothed; pillar-lip strongly wrinkled transversely at the base; beak recurved; 2½ inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1012. f. 76.

23. Shell transversely grooved, and longitudinally granulated; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar-lip tum. granulated; 4 inches long. Lister, t. 1056. f. 9.

24. Thick, with transverse broad convex ribs; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar-lip granulated; tum. 3½ inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 996. f. 61.

25. Ventricose, and slightly ribbed transversely; inflat upper whirls with decussated striae; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar-lip wrinkled and granulated; 4½ inches long. Indian ocean. Chem. xi. t. 186. f. 1792. and 1793.

26. Slightly plaited longitudinally, and granulated teeth above; spire rather depressed; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar lip wrinkled and granulated; 4½ inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 997. f. 62.

27. Smooth, with a double row of tubercles on the body whirl; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar lip wrinkled and granulated; size of a hazel nut. Weymouth. Lister, t. 998. f. 63.

28. Ovate, smooth, covered with hollow dots; spire elongated; aperture toothed; beak recurved; pillar lip wrinkled and granulated. Indian ocean. Gronovius, t. 19. f. 1. and 2.

29. Slightly striated longitudinally; body whirl in- flated; spire rather prominent; outer lip toothed; beak recurved; pillar smooth; 2½ inches long. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 1016. f. 75.

30. Slightly striated transversely; beak recurved; inner lip membranaceous, and united to the pillar, with crowded transverse elevated striae; outer lip thin; 1½ inch long. Bay of Naples. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1456.

***Resembling the last division, but the outer lip on the outside is spinous at the base.***

31. Slightly plaited longitudinally, and crowned with papillae; outer lip muricated at the base; 1½ inch long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 1015. f. 73.

32. Slightly plaited longitudinally, and crowned with bicar papillae; outer lip with two rows of sharp spines; 1 inch long. Schroeter, i. t. 2. f. 9.

33. Longitudinally plaited, and nodulous on the shoulder; crowned with papillae; spire cancelled; outer lip toothed within, and muricated at the base; 2½ inches long. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 153. f. 1459. and 1460.

34. Smooth, and crowned with papillae; spire cancellated; outer lip toothed within, and muricated at the base; 4 inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 996. f. 60.

35. Quite smooth and level; outer lip externally muricated towards the base; pillar slightly plaited; 2 inches long. Jamaica, &c. Martini, ii. t. 35. f. 364. 5. and 6.

36. Covered 36. Covered with rows of tubercles; outer lip mucraticated at the base; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 969. f. 23.

37. Smooth; summit of the spire longitudinally grooved; outer lip mucraticated; inside delicately striated; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 981. f. 40.

38. Subventricose, smooth, slightly striated; outer lip mucraticated at the base; upper part of the pillar lip becomes abruptly rounded by the inflated contour of the whorl; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Bay of Naples. Lister, t. 975. f. 30.

**With the pillar lip dilated and thickened.**

39. Plaited longitudinally, and transversely striated; whirls papillary above; pillar lip dilated and thickened; outer lip crenulated on the margin, and striated within; 14 lines long. Isle of France. Lister, t. 970. f. 24.

40. Striated at the base; whirls smooth, and with white tubercles at the sutures; outer lip spinous; 1 inch long. Madagascar. Schroeter, i. t. 2. f. 4.

41. Ribbed longitudinally, and papillary at the sutures; spire sharply pointed; with 7 strongly ribbed whirls; pillar lip dilated, and rugose; 1 inch long. Dorsetshire coast. Montagu, t. 8. f. 1.

42. Gibbous, obliquely striated, and cancellated; pillar lip dilated and thickened; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 970. f. 25.

43. Gibbous, with half the body whirl, and the whole spire longitudinally plaited; pillar lip dilated and thickened; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 971. f. 26.

44. Gibbous and tuberculated; pillar lip dilated and thickened; has 4 rows of tubercles on the body whirl, in which it differs from B. thersites; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. E. Indies. Lister, t. 972. f. 27.

45. Gibbous, smooth; pillar lip dilated and thickened; spire short, pointed, and half buried in the lip; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 973. f. 28.

46. Oblong-oval, smooth; upper whirls longitudinally grooved; pillars two plaited; 13 lines long. Senegal. Chem. xi. t. 188. f. 1010. and 1011.

47. Convex, obtuse, depressed, and smooth; pillar lip obsoletely dilated and thickened; aperture emarginate at the base; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Adriatic. Chem. v. t. 166. f. 1602.

**Pillar lip appearing as if worn flat.**

48. With longitudinal, keeled, mucronate, remote ribs, and longitudinally striated; pillar smooth; from \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch to 3 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 994. f. 67.

This beautiful shell has very properly been instituted a new genus, of which there are about 10 species; one of which, the many-stringed harp, a native of Amboyna, is often sold for 50l. or 60l. sterling.

49. With 16 longitudinal mucronate ribs, with their interstices transversely striated; pillar smooth; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Tranquebar. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1553.

50. With crowded longitudinal mucronate ribs; pillar smooth. Philippine islands. Martini, iii. t. 119. f. 1093.

51. Scabrous, with a crenated outer lip and flat pillar; brown, with transverse bands and lines. Amboyna. Lister, t. 987. f. 47.

52. Mucraticated; outer lip crenated without, and the patulum pillar oblique and selenated; with six or seven spinous elevated belts on the body; 2 to 4 inches long. America and E. Indies. Lister, t. 989. f. 49.

53. Transversely ribbed, and longitudinally wrinkled, which gives it a scaly appearance; outer lip crenulated, and armed with a subulate tooth at its base; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inches long. Cape Horn. Martini, iii. t. 69. f. 761.

54. Transversely ribbed, and the spire short; pillar haustrum oblique; outer lip crenulated, and striated within. Resembles the former; but is smooth, and has no teeth; 2 inches long. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1449 and 50.

55. Spire obliquely recurved; aperture very large; concho-outer lip reflected; pillar lip with two obsolete teeth; at the base; external surface rugged; inside smooth; 4 inches long. Peru. Favanne, i. t. 4. f. H. 2.

56. Submucraticated; outer lip striated within; pillar flattened; throat and aperture fulvous; transversely torna striated, with four elevated belts; upper two nodulous; 4 inches long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 988. f. 48.

57. Turbinated, armed with three transverse rows armiges of large conical tubercles on the body whirl; aperture rum white; 3 inches long. South sea. Chem. xi. t. 187. f. 1798 and 9.

58. With crowded transverse striae, and four rows of lutcostubercles on the body whirl, and two on the spire; munit aperture yellowish; 2 inches long. South sea. Chem. xi. t. 187. f. 1800 and 1801.

59. Deeply channelled transversely, with longitudinal lamellae remote and narrow ribs; body whirl lamellated to towards the outer lip, and the inside bright blue; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inches long. New Zealand. Chem. x. Vig. 21. f. A. and B.

60. Ribbed transversely, and longitudinally wrinkled, crispatum, with curled imbricated membranes; aperture ovate; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 187. f. 1852 and 3.

61. Ovate, acute, striated longitudinally and trans-lapillus, versely, without any protuberances; pillar flattish; aperture oval; outer lip slightly toothed; 2 inches long. Coasts of Great Britain. Don. i. t. 11.

The famous purple dye, supposed to be the same as the indelible Tyrian purple, is extracted from a vein on the back of the animal which inhabits this shell.

62. Ovate, whitish, with red transverse striae; spire filosum rather prominent; aperture oval; outer lip striated with red; and the pillar subumbilicated; 1 inch long. Martini, iii. t. 121. f. 1113 and 14.

63. Oblong-ovate, with the whirls contiguous and sulcatus, transversely grooved; outer lip crenulated and striated within; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 976. f. 31.

64. Ovate-oblong, with transverse crenulated striae; serrata, the pillar livid; 2 inches long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 986. f. 45.

65. Ovate, acute, and very smooth; outer lip crenulated, and striated within; pillar slightly plaited; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 831. f. 55.

66. Ovate, coarse, with transverse elevated nodu-varium, lous ribs; aperture ovate, and the pillar without plaits; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch long. Martini, iii. t. 121. f. 1106.

67. Subfusiform; body nearly smooth, and thrice tuba as long as the spire, which is cancellated; \( \frac{1}{2} \) inches long.

pyrum. 68. Pyriform, with a short depressed spire, and the body ventricose; pillar smooth, transversely striated at the base; aperture orange; 1 inch long. Martini, iii. p. 94. f. 908.

plumbum. 69. Subglobose, ponderous, glabrous, with a deep transverse groove near the base of the body whirl, and an obsolete one lower down, and ends in a projecting tooth on the pillar lip, which is thick; 1 inch long. California. Chem. xi. t. 188. f. 1806 and 7.

spadicium. 70. Pyriform, smooth, chestnut-coloured, with transverse undulated white lines; 1 inch long. W. Indies. Martini, iii. t. 94. f. 911.

umbilicatum. 71. Oblong, subtruncated, and slightly plaited longitudinally; spire nodose, transversely striated at the base; aperture grooved within, and the pillar subumbilicated; 2 inches long. Martini, iii. t. 94. f. 915.

candidum. 72. Ovate, ventricose, ponderous; smooth, white, without any markings; spire short; 2 inches long. Martini, iii. Vig. 31. p. 191. f. 3.

crassum. 73. Subglobose, ventricose, and glabrous; aperture oval, and the pillar thickened, with two callosities; spire small, with five whorls; 2 inches long. Martini, iii. t. 120. f. 1099 and 1100.

orbita. 74. Ovate, thick, with transverse, distant, knotty, reflected ribs, and intermediate smaller ones; outer lip plaited; 3 inches long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 154. f. 1473.

scala. 75. Ovate, with distant recurved elevated transverse white belts, and their interstices longitudinally striated; whirl faced, flattened at top; aperture toothed on the outer lip, and strongly grooved within; 1 inch long. Cape. Lister, t. 1059. f. 2.

******** Somewhat polished, and not enumerated in the former divisions.

spiratum. 76. Smooth, with the whirls separated by a deep canal, somewhat sunk into each other; pillar abrupt and perforated; 2 inches long. E. Indies. Lister, t. 983. f. 42. c.

zeylanicum. 77. Smooth, with the whirls produced; pillar abrupt, with a large umbilicus, and toothed at the margin. Amboyna. Lister, t. 982. f. 42.

glabratum. 78. Umbilicated, highly polished, with obsolete sutures; body whirl channelled and produced at the base; 3 inches long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 974. f. 29.

turgitum. 79. Ovate, subumbilicated, smooth, with transverse rows of red spots, and a sinus in the outer lip; spire with 6 whorls; upper 3 slightly plaited longitudinally; under ones smooth and level; 2 inches long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 156. f. 1475 and 1476.

scutulatum. 80. Ovate, smooth, brown, with longitudinal veins; whirls flattish, and beak obtuse; 2 inches long. New Zealand. Chem. vig. 21. f. C. and D.

testudineum. 81. Oblong-ovate, smooth, with transverse rows of crowded dark brown spots, and somewhat produced at the base; 1 inch long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1454.

catarracta. 82. Ovate, rough, with crowded, minute transverse grooves; and marked longitudinally with undulated recurrent stripes; 1 inch long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1455.

lavissimum. 83. Oblong-ovate, polished; obliquely truncated at the base; apex obtuse; pillar-lip concave; 2 inches long. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 127. f. 1215 and 1216.

84. Ovate-oblong, brittle, transversely striated, and cyanescens bluish; whorls imbricated at the sutures; pillar with one plait; striated minutely; 1 inch long. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1448.

85. Ovate-oblong, smooth, brown, with darkereare bands; and minute, distant, transverse striae; aperture oval, ending in a canal; body ventricose, double the length of the spire; 16 lines long. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1150.

86. Oblong, narrow, glabrous, yellowish, clouded igneum, with red, upper part longitudinally striated; 1 inch long. Martini, iv. t. 127. f. 1217.

87. Oblong, transversely striated; pillar lip with a plumular tooth at the upper end, and the outer lip striated; 2 inches long. Jamaica. Lister, t. 822. b. f. 41.

88. Smooth, black, with rows of white spots and ocellate dots; body whirl ventricose, and the spire rather prominent and nodulous; inside blue; 1 inch long. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1160 and 1161.

89. Very smooth, minute, with the base truncated; globerris 7 lines long. Martini, iv. t. 125. f. 1177.

90. Oblong-ovate, transversely striated; pillar obliquely grooved; aperture truncated at the base; 7 lines long. Madagascar. Lister, t. 976. f. 32.

91. Oblong, smoothish, transversely striped; spire lineatum acute, pyramidal; outer lip a little expanded; 1 inch long. W. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 125. f. 1188 and 1189.

92. Oblong, cancellated; aperture expanded; spot-exiled and crenated; 1 inch long. Martini, iv. t. 125. f. 1190 and 1191.

93. Ovate, smooth, black; spire carious and abrupt; pillar glabrous; 7 lines long. S. of Europe. Fluviatile. Chem. ix. t. 121. f. 1035 and 1036.

94. Oblong, smooth, white; whorls flattened at the cochlea sutures; aperture oval and effuse; 3 inches long. S. sea islands. Terrestrial. Chem. xi. t. 209. f. 2053 and 2054.

95. Oblong, smooth, with narrow, transverse, varie-australi gated bands and veins; aperture oval, and entire; 3 inches long. New Zealand. Fluviatile. Chem. ix. t. 120. f. 1033 and 1034.

******** Angulated, and not included in the former divisions.

96. Ovate, with transverse, elevated, glabrous striae; umbilicus body obtusely 5-angled; pillar slightly plaited at the base; 2 inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 938. f. 33.

97. Ovate, with transverse, elevated, glabrous striae; effuse body rounded; outer lip swollen; pillar toothed; 2 inches long. Straits of Malacca. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1135.

98. Nearly oval, longitudinally plaited, and trans-sulcato-versely ribbed; interstices striated; aperture effuse; 2 inches long. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1145 and 1146.

99. Ovate, reticulated, with transverse ribs, and eleoindus elevated longitudinal striae; aperture effuse; 1 inch long. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1138 and 1139.

100. Ovate, with 12 angles; nodulous, striated transversely; aperture toothed; outer lip orange; pillar baricu toothed; toothed; 2 inches long. Coromandel. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1146 to 1149.

101. Coarse, transversely striated, with 2 intermediate rows of black dots; spire with 4 concave whorls; 1 inch long. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1145.

102. Ovate, white, minutely striated transversely, with squarish red spots; whorls convex. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1143 and 1144.

103. Roundish, whorls lamellated above; pillar perforated; 2½ inches long. China. Martini, iii. t. 68. f. 754 and 755.

104. Roundish, obliquely contracted at the base, with two transverse rows of vaulted spines; whorls channelled at the sutures; aperture and umbilicus very wide; 4 inches long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 894. f. 14.

105. Ovate-oblong, smooth, and somewhat striated transversely; body slightly keeled; 3 inches long. Northern ocean. Chem. x. t. 152. f. 1446 and 1447.

106. Oblong, transversely striated; upper whorls with many oblique and obtuse angles; lower whorls single keeled; 2 inches long. Spitsbergen. Phipps' Voyage, t. 13. f. 2.

107. Oblong, lamellated longitudinally; white, with a purple inside, and white pillar lip; 1½ inch long. Kremmer Cab. t. 9. f. 2.

108. Oblong, coarse, with transverse striae, and longitudinal oblique ribs; whorls ventricose; 5 inches long. Britain. Don, iii. t. 104.

109. Turreted, patulous; somewhat beaked, angulated, longitudinally ciliated; pillar slightly plated; 6 inches long. Greenland.

110. Ovate, with unequally distant longitudinal tubercles on the body; outer lip channelled, and somewhat detached. Hermann, t. 2. f. 3 and 4.

111. Ovate-oblong, slender; obsoletely striated transversely, and the whorls depressed at their summits. Lister, t. 963. f. 17.

112. Oblong, transversely grooved, with the grooves wrinkled and dotted, and the sutures finely crenulated. Otaheite. Chem. x. t. 154. f. 1477.

113. Ovate-oblong, subventricose, thick, transversely ribbed, and the interstices striated; pillar convex. Mexico. Lister, t. 963. f. 16.

114. Fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and the ribs transversely striated; apex blackish. Martini, iv. t. 127. f. 1221 and 1222.

115. With transverse plaits, and undulated striae; the base and spire a little prominent; body whirl with a double, and the other whorls with a single fulvous band. Martini, iii. t. 109. f. 1017.

116. Shell turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and transversely striated; whorls flattish at the top. Martini, iv. t. 125. f. 1201 and 1202.

117. Ovate, ventricose, longitudinally ribbed; decussated with transverse undulated striae, and channelled at the sutures. E. Indies. Born, t. 9. f. 17 and 18.

118. Subovate, with elevated cancellated striae, and the body whirl ventricose, and produced at the base. Martini, iv. t. 122. f. 1122 and 1123.

119. Oval, ventricose, acuminated, and channelled with longitudinal ribs, and transverse elevated striae; aperture roundish and effuse. E. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 188. f. 1808 and 1809.

* 120. Ovate-oblong, transversely striated, and longitudinally ribbed; aperture toothed. Mediterranean tum. and Britain. Don. t. 76.

* 121. Subpyramidal, with distant longitudinal ribs, ambis and striated transversely; outer lip slightly denticulat-gummed. Britain. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 4. f. 5.

* 122. Ovate, longitudinally ribbed, and transversely macula-striated; outer lip gibbeus. Norway and Britain. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 4. f. 4.

123. Oblong-ovate, with one side of the body nearly stolatum, smooth, and the rest plaited longitudinally and obsoletely striated transversely; aperture roundish. Tranquebar. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1167 to 1169.

124. Conical, closely ribbed longitudinally, and the cinctum interstices obsoletely striated transversely; apex acute; aperture oval. Weymouth. Montagu, t. 15. f. 1.

125. Acuminated, minute, and reticulated, with lon-minimum, longitudinal elevated ribs, and transverse striae; aperture oval. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 8. f. 2.

126. Oblong, longitudinally plaited, and transverse-plicatum ly striated; brownish white, with darker brown bands, and the inside violet. Martini, t. 124. f. 1158 and 1159.

127. Cancellated, and nodulous at the intersections piscato on the lower whorls; pillar with one plait, and umbili-rium cated; aperture effuse. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1151 and 1152.

128. Ovate, with longitudinal ribs, which form on mauritii the body four transverse rows of tubercles; outer lip six toothed. Island of St Maurice. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1153 and 1154.

129. Ovate, with each whirl crowned by a row of armilla-tubercles; aperture large and toothless. Martini, iv. tum. t. 124. f. 1155 to 1157.

130. Ovate, oblong, polished, transversely striated, nitidulum, and marked with articulated bands; outer lip toothed within. Mediterranean. Gualteri, t. 52. f. 6.

131. Ovate, oblong, brown, striated with white, and ventrico-somewhat plaited. St George's Bay. Martini, ii. t. sum.

********** Turreted, subulate, and slightly polished.

132. Subfusiform, with smooth undivided very entire macula-whirls. Amboyna. Lister, t. 846. f. 74.

133. Subfusiform, with the upper half of the whorls oculatum, convex and ocellated. East Indian seas. Martini, iv. t. 153. f. 1442.

134. Subolate, smooth, with undivided very entire subulatum whirls. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 846. f. 69.

135. Pellucid, with all the whorls slightly emargi-felinum, nate on the back. Gualteri, t. 56. f. G.

136. With the whorls transversely divided, and cre-crenulated on their margins. Amboyna. Lister, t. 846. tum. f. 75.

137. With the whorls transversely divided, and the hectium upper margin compressed and attenuated. African ocean. Chem. xi. t. 188. f. 1817. and 1718.

138. Whorls transversely divided, with the lower geminum divisions slightly striated, and the upper more protuberant.

139. With the whorls transversely divided; lower proxima division striated, and the upper filiform.

140. Whorls transversely divided, with the lower di-monile vision grooved, and the upper moniliform.

141. Striated transversely, with a double crenulated vittatum. suture on the upper margin. Ceylon. Lister, t. 977. f. 34.

142. Conical, subturreted, glabrous, with the aperture oblique at the base.

143. Whirls transversely divided, and obliquely striated. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 846. f. 143. C.

144. Longitudinally striated, whirls undivided, and marked at the sutures with a spotted belt. Gualteri, t. 57. f. O.

145. Whirls transversely divided, and longitudinally grooved. Coasts of Hainan. Lister, t. 837. f. 64.

146. Subulate, with the upper part of the whirls longitudinally plaited. Amboyna. Rumphius, t. 30. f. 1.

147. Minute striated transversely, and whirls transversely divided. East Indian ocean. Martini, iv. t. 154. f. 1451.

148. Whirls transversely divided, crenulated, and wrinkled; pillar twisted spirally. Martini, iv. t. 154. f. 1449.

149. Smooth; whirls entire, and marked with testaceous longitudinal stripes. Amboyna. Rumphius, t. 30. f. G.

150. Whirls transversely divided and smooth, orange spotted. Amboyna. Lister, t. 843. f. 71.

151. Whirls somewhat angular, with three muri cated striae. Africa. Gualteri, t. 57. f. P.

152. With longitudinal elevated stripe, and transverse rows of excavated dots; whirls transversely divided. Martini, iv. t. 155. f. 1457.

153. Subfusiform, with alternate brown and white bands, and longitudinal stripe. Martini, iv. t. 154. f. 1453. and 1454.

154. Whirls longitudinally plaited, and attenuated near the sutures; aperture emarginate at both ends. East Indian rivers. Martini, iv. t. 155. f. 1464. and 1465.

155. Glabrous, white, with two bands; whirls continuous. East Indies. Petiver, t. 53. f. 5.

156. With transverse granulated stripe; whirls convex, and the first twice as large as the next. Coast of Naples. Gualteri, t. 52. f. D.

157. Whirls of the spire flattish; aperture large and oval. Virginian rivers. Lister, t. 113. f. 7.

158. Minute, with the whirls well defined by an oblique suture; aperture oblong. Masswold, walls about Paris, and in Kent. Montagu, t. 8. f. 3.

Gen. 25. Strombus.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax: the shell univalve, spiral; aperture much dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left (c).

Species.

* The lip projecting into linear divisions or claws.

1. Tapering, smooth, and slightly ventricose, with a subulate beak and toothed lip. Red sea. Lister, t. 854. f. 12.

2. Turreted, smooth; aperture ending in a long straight beak, and the outer lip toothed. E. Indies. Lister, t. 816. f. 9.

3. Turreted, smooth, with a longitudinal fissure ex-fissure, tending from the aperture to the summit, of which the acute margin, and also the outer lip, are toothed. Chem. xi. t. 195. A. f. 1869.

4. Corvus's Foot; lip with four palmated angular pes-pedi-claws; mouth smooth; whirls tuberculated; 2 inches long. European and American seas, shores of Britain. Lister, t. 865. f. 22.

5. Lip with 6 curved claws, and recurved beak; chiragri lip striated; two hind claws divergent and bent outwards; beak tuberculated. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 870. f. 24.

6. Lip with 4 knotty claws; hinder one very long; scorpion 4 inches long. Amboyna. Lister, t. 867. f. 22.

7. Lip with seven straightish claws; mouth smooth. lambit. Asia. A large shell. Lister, t. 866. f. 21.

8. Ovate, with the spire very obtuse and knotty; truncatus aperture with straightish claws, of which one is smaller. China. Lister, t. 882. f. 24.

9. Lip with 10 inflected claws; mouth substrated; milliped back compressed; gibbous. Asia. Rare. Lister, t. 868. f.

** Outer lip lobed.

10. Lip thickened, and 3-lobed on the fore-part; lenticular back warty, and crowned with tubercles; beak obtuse; 3½ inches long. Asia, America. Lister, t. 861. f. 18.

11. Transversely striated, and transverse nodulous papillae bands; spire coronated; outer lip growing to the spire, and situated at the base. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 158. f. 1510 and 11.

12. Lip entire; back crowned with 3 rows of pro-fascia tuberances, and rosy between them. Africa. Lister, t. 860. f. 17.

13. Subovate, with dark transverse interrupted polyflex stripes, and a row of pointed tubercles on each whirl; outer lip sinuated only outwards at the base. Red sea. Chem. x. t. 155. f. 1483 and 84.

14. Lip mucronate on the fore-part, and very long; gallus back crowned with tubercles; beak straight; 6 inches long. Asia and America. Lister, t. 874. f. 30.

15. Transversely ribbed and nodulous; outer lip sinuated near the base, and much scoloped towards its upper angle. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 158. f. 1506 and 1507.

16. Lip projecting into a sharp point; back muri-auriculated; beak erect and acute; 3 inches long. Asia. Lister, t. 872. f. 28.

17. Anterior lip prominent, rounded, smooth; spire paghi spinous; beak 3-lobed, obtuse. South America. Martini, iii. t. 81. f. 830 and 31.

18. Lip a little prominent; beak entire; back margined, smooth. China.

19. Lip a little prominent; back smooth; whirls rounded, equal; 2½ inches long. Asia. Lister, t. 850. f. 5.

(c) It ought to be observed, that these shells, in their young state, want the lip, and then have a thin turbinate appearance; from which circumstance they have been sometimes referred to a different genus. 20. Lip a lip prominent; beak smooth; whorls gibbous, unequal. Asia. Lister, t. 847. f. 1.

21. Obovate, with knotty belts, and a subulate, smooth projection; an inch long. South America. Lister, t. 791. f. 44.

**With the outer lip very large.**

22. Lip rounded, and very large; shell crowned; belly and spire with conic expanded spines; glossy white; within, a rich rose colour; 10 inches long. South America and W. Indies. Lister, t. 886. f. 7.

23. Lip rounded, very large; belly unarmed; spire a little knotty; 14 inches long. Asia. Lister, t. 856. f. 12. c.

24. Body crowned with spinous tubercles, and their interstices striated; first whirl of the spire ribbed, and the next striated transversely. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 863. f. 18. b.

25. Lip rounded, short; belly smooth; spire a little knotty; 3½ inches long. Southern Asia. Lister, t. 853. f. 10.

26. Lip retuse, gibbous; belly and spire with knotty plait; aperture 2-lipped, smooth; 2½ inches long. India. Rumphius, t. 36. f. P.

27. Somewhat heart-shaped; with a round, short, retuse, smooth lip; pillar smooth; 1½ inch long. Asia. Lister, t. 853. f. 9.

28. Lip rounded, short; belly smooth; spire elongated; whorls divided by an elevated suture; 4 inches long. Lister, t. 852. f. 8.

29. Transversely grooved, with the spire produced and channelled at the sutures; outer lip rounded, short, and sinuated. China. Lister, t. 852. f. 8.

30. Lip rounded, retuse; belly smooth, with 4 pale, linear, punctured belts. Asia. Lister, t. 859. f. 16.

31. Lip continued into a longitudinal cleft ridge. India. Frequently found fossil in Campania. Martini, iv. t. 18. f. 1498 and 1499.

32. Lip tapering, retuse, short, striated; belly and spire with knotty plait; aperture 2-lipped, unarmed; 2½ inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 857. f. 13.

33. With nodulous plaits on the body and spire; outer lip striated on both sides; inner lip white and reflected. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 195. A. f. 1874 and 1875.

34. Thin, white, with orange spots and clouds; back smooth, plaited; whorls grooved; lip 3-toothed; beak violet. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 858. f. 14.

35. Lip tapering, short-toothed; belly and spire plaited; 1¼ inch long. Isle of France. Chem. x. t. 157. f. 1501 and 1502.

36. Solid, subcylindrical, with alternate, reddish and ochraceous bands; lip denticulated within; pillar flat, glabrous, and emarginated at the base. Indian ocean. Very rare. Chem. x. t. 157. f. 1504 and 1505.

37. Oblong, subulate, white, with round whorls; aperture spreading; ovate; beak a little ascending. Norway. Chem. x. t. 157. f. 1497 and 1498.

**** Turreted, with a very long spire.

38. Oblong, ovate, tuberculated; lip thickened. Mediterranean. Martini, iv. t. 157. f. 1490.

39. Smoothish; lip separated behind. Savannahs palustris. of the Indian ocean. Lister, t. 837. f. 63.

40. Smooth; lip separated before and behind; 26 lines long. Fens of Amboyne. Lister, t. 115. f. 10.

41. Barred with brown; whorls 7, muriated; each auritus with 7 yellow compressed tubercles; aperture ovate; 10 lines long. Africa. Lister, t. 121. f. 16.

42. Subangulated, and armed with spinous nodules; lividus; outer lip separated on the anterior side. Chem. xi. Part ii. t. 136. f. 1269 and 1270.

43. Very thick; first whirl crowned with tubercles; costatus; interstices of the tubercles plaited; the next whirl transversely ribbed; the rest transversely striated; 6 inches long. W. of England and Bantry Bay. Montagu, t. 30. f. 7.

Gen. 26. Murex.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax: the shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures; aperture oval, terminating in an entire, straight, or slightly ascending canal.

Species.

* Spinous, with a produced beak.

1. Ovate, tuberculated; with a long subulate, haustel-straight, muriated beak. Asia, America, Red sea. Lister, t. 903. f. 23.

2. Triangular, with three thick, somewhat spinous motacilla, varices, and transversely grooved; beak rather long, subulate, and slightly ascending. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 163. f. 1562.

3. Subovate, with 3 spinous varices, and darker scolopax transverse ribs; beak very long, straight, and armed with similar long spines. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 189. f. 1819 and 1820.

4. Thorny woodcock. Ovate, with a triple row of tribulus. setaceous spines; beak elongated, subulate, with similar spines. Var. 1. With spines shorter than the beak. 2. With spines as long as the beak. This last is rare. Asia, America, Red sea. Lister, t. 900. f. 22.

5. Roundish, surrounded with subulate, oblique cornutus spines; beak long, subulate, straight, with a few short spines; 8 inches long; spines 2 inches. Africa. Very rare. Lister, t. 901. t. 21.

6. Subovate, surrounded with straight spines; beak brandaris subulate, straight, obliquely surrounded with spines. Mediterranean, Adriatic. Lister, t. 900. f. 20.

7. Ovate, knotty, and surrounded with spines on the trunculus, fore part; beak short, perforated, truncated. Mediterranean, Jamaica. Lister, t. 947. f. 42.

8. Ovate, with 7 surbelowd spinous varices; beak rosarium short and perforated. Chem. x. t. 16f. f. 1528 and 1529.

9. Ovate, knotty, with 3 to 7 protuberances; beak pomum broad; coarse and ponderous. Eastern shores of Africa. Lister, t. 994. f. 30. a.

10. Ovate, scabrous, with 9 crenulated, subsfoliated, militaris, oblique varices; outer lip double and toothed; beak short, ascending, and narrow. Nicobar. Chem. x. t. 161. f. 1532 to 1535.

11. Transversely striated, with 8 rows of hollow melanobrachia. black spines; spire a little knotty and prickly; beak subulate. E. Indies. Martini, iii. t. 188. f. 1015.

**Foliated, and the beak short. Purpura.**

*ramus.* 12. A triple row of foliations; spire contiguous; beak truncated. America, Asia, Red sea. Lister, t. 946. f. 41.

*foliatus.* 13. A triple row of foliations; aperture toothed. North America. Chem. x. t. 161. f. 1568 and 1569.

*tongua.* 14. Subtriangular, ovate, with three membranaceous varices, and somewhat nodulous; whirls contracted at the sutures; beak closed. Coasts of Goree. Chem. x. t. 161. f. 1540 and 1541.

*tripterus.* 15. Long, narrow, and subtriangular, with three membranaceous varices; beak rather long. Batavia. Martini, iii. t. 110. f. 1031 and 1032.

*triqueter.* 16. Long, narrow, and subtriangular, with reticulated ribs, and three membranaceous varices; beak rather long, and closed. Tranquebar. Martini, iii. t. 111. f. 1038.

*scorpio.* 17. Four rows of foliations; spire capitate; beak truncated. Asia. Very rare. Gualteri, t. 37. f. M.

*saxatilis.* 18. Five rows of foliations; spire contiguous; beak abbreviated. Mediterranean, Asia. Martini, iii. t. 107. f. 1004 to 1010.

*erinaceus.* 19. Subangular; whirls crowned with tubular and subspinosus rays, scales or points; beak short and covered; 2 inches long. European seas, shores of Britain. Don. t. 35.

*sacellum.* 20. Umbilicated with muricated ribs; whirls flattish above, with acute margins; lip crenated; beak straight, ascending. Nicobar. Chem. x. t. 163. f. 1561 and 1562.

***With thick, protuberant, rounded varices.***

*lyratus.* 21. Protuberances crossed by smooth belts; aperture ovate. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 169. f. 1634.

*rona.* 22. Rough, with opposite, impressed protuberances, and one or two muricated belts. Asia. Lister, t. 995. f. 58.

*spinosus.* 23. With two opposite varices, and remote transverse spinous belts; whirls flattened; spines on the varices very long; aperture ovate. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 949. f. 44.

*crassus.* 24. With two opposite very thick varices, and remote transverse obsolete belts, and granulated striae; whirls rather flattened; aperture ovate; outer lip very thick. Madagascar. Martini, iv. t. 133. f. 1272 and 1273.

*gyrus.* 25. Protuberances opposite, continued, and barred with tuberculated dots; aperture orbicular. Mediterranean, Atlantic, India. Lister, t. 939. f. 34.

*bufonics.* 26. Nodulous, with two opposite varices, and transverse granulated striae; outer lip furrowed, and ending in a channel above. South sea. Chem. xi. t. 192. f. 1843. to 1846.

*argus.* 27. With two subalternate varices, and rounded nodules on transverse ribs; outer lip double, and strongly toothed within. Amboyna. Martini, iv. t. 127. f. 1223.

*lampas.* 28. Protuberances nearly opposite, gibbous, with longitudinal tuberculated protuberances; from 4 to 14 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 1023. f. 88.

*clearium.* 29. Protuberances alternate, and numerous tubercles; back unarmed and striated behind; aperture toothless. Mediterranean and African seas. Lister, t. 937. f. 32.

30. Protuberances decussated, triangular, wrinkled femoral and knotty on the fore-part; aperture ovate, toothless; from 5 to 7 inches long. Asia, Guinea, and America. Lister, t. 941. f. 37.

31. With a single protuberance; angular, and a cuticle little wrinkled with knots; pillar perforated; aperture toothed; 3 inches long. Barbary, Guinea, South America. Lister, t. 942. f. 38.

32. Protuberances decussated, angular, with longitudinal tuberculous knots; beak flexuous; aperture toothed. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 934. f. 29.

33. Protuberances decussated, and a little wrinkled pileare, with knots; aperture toothed; beak subsending. Mediterranean. Chem. xi. t. 191. f. 1837. and 1838.

34. Turreted, with alternate varices, and granulated caudis all over; aperture channelled above, and the outer lip toothed within; beak short and straight. Chem. x. t. 162. f. 1544. and 1545.

35. Six opposite, continued, vaulted protuberances, bufonics, and knotty belts; beak oblique. A rare shell. Chem. xi. t. 192. f. 1843. to 1846.

36. Turreted, elongated, with alternate varices, and marula decussated striae, forming granules at their intersections; beak short and slightly ascending. Amboyna. Lister, t. 1022. f. 86.

37. Angulated with decussated varices, and a conglomerated row of granules in the interstices of the transverse ribs; beak short and straight. Chem. xi. t. 191. f. 1839. and 1840.

38. Varicose, ovate, transversely grooved and knot-pyramid; beak long, flexuous, subulate. Indian ocean. Martini, iii. t. 112. f. 1050. and 1051.

39. Ovate, with two varices, longitudinally plaited clavate and striated, and transversely ribbed; beak long and flexuous. Ceylon. Chem. xi. t. 190. f. 1825. and 1826.

40. Thin, transversely striated; beak subulate; canals spire a little prominent, tipped with brown; whirls grooved; first gibbous. Coromandel. Lister, t. 893. f. 13.

41. Protuberances decussated, obtuse, with knotty rubbed wrinkles; belly equal; aperture toothed. Africa, India, South America. Rare. Chem. x. t. 162. f. 1546. and 7.

42. Protuberances hollowed, smooth, nearly opposite site; aperture toothed. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 943. f. 39.

43. Protuberances nearly opposite, reticulated with reticulate tuberculated spots; pillar almost toothless; beak ascending; 6 inches long. Mediterranean, America. Lister, t. 935. f. 30.

44. Whirls unequally gibbous; ribs decussated, and slightly tuberculated at their intersections; aperture surrounded by a thin dilated membrane, and the beak produced and ascending. Coasts of Chiloe. Martini, ii. t. 41. f. 405 and 6.

45. Protuberances and lips membranaceous, dilated; anus gibbous and reticulated with tubercles; aperture sinuous; beak erect; 3 inches long. Mediterranean and Asia. Lister, t. 833. f. 57.

****Somewhat spinous, and without a beak.***

46. Obovate, with subulate spines in rows; aperture rimmed and lip toothed; 1½ inch long. Asiatic ocean. Lister, t. 804. f. 12 and 13. 47. Obovate, with conic spines; lip toothed; pillar smooth, coloured; 3 inches long. Jamaica. Lister, t. 991. f. 53.

48. Knots in numerous rows; lip with pointed angles; pillar flattish. India. Lister, t. 990. f. 50.

49. Subovate, with acute spines in 4 rows; aperture toothless, repand. Friendly islands.

50. Ovate, with obsolete spines, which are blackish; aperture toothless; pillar transversely striated. Amboyna. Lister, t. 957. f. 9.

51. Ovate, striated, with 3 or 5 rows of obtuse spines or tubercles; aperture transversely striated. Guinea, India. Martini, iii. t. 99. f. 945 and 6.

52. Whirls knotty; aperture violet; lip toothed; beak straight. New Holland. Martyn's Univ. Conch. ii. t. 51.

53. Ovate, transversely striated, and armed with two rows of compressed spines; spire muricated, and the whorls keeled. Guinea. Lister, t. 958. f. 11.

54. Ovate, ventricose, with the whorls longitudinally plaited and striated transversely; throat violet. E. Indies. Martini, iii. t. 100. f. 954, and 5.

55. Ovate, transversely striated, and the whorls nodulous; aperture roundish. W. Indies. Lister, t. 990. b. f. 51.

56. Small prickly whelk. Tapering, longitudinally ribbed, and transversely cancellated; aperture striated; ribs prickly; 2 inches long. Indian ocean. Gualteri, t. 51. f. G.

57. Obovate, glaucous, with a subspinous whirl; spire somewhat prominent; aperture smooth; 5 inches long. India, America. Lister, t. 904. f. 24.

58. Somewhat turbinated, with transverse striae and spinous belts; aperture subovate. Amboyna. Martini, ii. t. 40. f. 400 and 401.

59. Thick, ventricose, transversely grooved and knotted; aperture repand, ovate; lip sinuous, inwardly plaited and denticulated. India. Chem. t. 160. f. 1516 and 17.

60. Ovate, grooved and striated transversely, and the upper ends of the whorls flattish and nodulous; aperture wide, and lips thickened.

61. Ovate, longitudinally striated, with 4 plaits on the body, and 3 on the next whirl; whorls channelled, and the outer lip undulated.

With a long, straight, subulate, closed beak, and unarmed with spines.

62. Tapering, with acute spotted belts, and straight tail; lip cleft; 4 inches long. Indian and American islands. Lister, t. 717. f. 11.

63. Tapering, with immaculate knotty belts; lip with a separate scoop. India. Chem. xi. t. 190. f. 1827 and 28.

64. Longitudinally plaited; and transversely ribbed; spire a little prominent; aperture ovate; lip crenulated. Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1396 and 1397.

65. Somewhat turreted and coronated, with decussated striae and prickly nodules; whorls excavated at the sutures; outer lip with a notch at the summit, and the beak short and obtuse. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 190. f. 1550 and 1551.

66. With longitudinal plaits and transverse grooves, and an elevated belt at the sutures; outer lip with a notch at the summit, and the beak short and obtuse. Red sea. Chem. xi. t. 190. f. 1829 and 1830.

67. With longitudinal grooves and transverse granularized striae; whorls with a belt at the sutures; outer lip sinuated; beak short. Guinea. Chem. xi. t. 190. f. 1835 and 1836.

68. Tapering, striated, knotty; carinated, with a colus; long straight beak; lip crenulated; beak 3 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 917. f. 10.

69. Oblong, angulated, nodulous, with decussated fenestra-striae, and the interstices excavated; outer lip double tus. and toothed; beak rather short and straight. Chem. x. t. 161. f. 1536.

70. Smooth, with the whorls concave above and contornatus. vex below; outer lip with a notch at the summit, and the beak rather long.

71. Black, with a white band; beak dilated; pil-morio. lar wrinkled; whorls knotty; 6 inches long. Africa. Lister, t. 988. f. 22.

72. Beak dilated; whorls of the spire flat above. cochlidium Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 164. f. 1569.

73. Beak long, spire mucronated; whorls convex spirillus. above. Tranquebar. Martini, iii. t. 115. f. 1069.

74. Beak dilated; whorls of the spire separated by canalicu. a small canal. Canada, Frozen sea. Lister, t. 878. latus. f. 2.

75. With the body ventricose, and armed at the corica. shoulder with large compressed nodules; aperture di. lated; beak long. Lister, t. 880. f. 3. b.

76. Beak dilated; whorls separated by a small ca. ficus. nal; first crowned with knobs at the base. Red sea. Martini, iii. t. 66. f. 741.

77. Subovate, with 6 rounded whorls, and transverse clandes. minute longitudinal striae; aperture toothed; outer lip linus. double, ending in a straight somewhat produced beak. Lister, t. 940. f. 36.

78. Ventricose, beak dilated; spire crowned with aruanus. spines. New Guinea. Martini, iv. vig. 39. p. 143. f. D.

79. Beak dilated and repand; spire recurved and perveresus. slightly crowned. American ocean. Exceedingly rare. Lister, t. 907. f. 27.

* 80. Beak dilated; shell oblong; 8 round whorls, antiquus. first ventricose; 4 to 6 inches long. European seas, Scotland. Donovan, t. 31.

* 81. Oblong, striated, and somewhat rugged; beak despectus. dilated; whorls 8, with two elevated lines; 5 inches long. European seas, shores of Britain. Don. t. 180.

* 82. Oblong, with 8 whorls, angulated, and strongly subanti. keeled transversely; aperture dilated; beak short. quatus. Britain. Don. t. 117.

83. Ovate-oblong; beak dilated; whorls ventricose; formicatus a little angular and longitudinally striated; 7 inches long. Greenland seas. Martini, iv. t. 138.

84. Ventricose, umbilicated, transversely striated; magellani. whorls of the spire with parallel ribs; the first large. cus. Straits of Magellan. Chem. x. t. 164. f. 1570.

85. Ventricose, turreted, with parallel membrana-lamellosus. ceous longitudinal ribs, and transverse striae; beak short. Falkland Islands. Chem. xi. t. 90. f. 1823 and 1824.

86. Ventricose, oblong, smooth, with rounded whorls; tritonis. aperture toothed; beak short; 16 inches long. India and the South seas.—This shell is used by the natives of of New Zealand as a musical instrument, and by the Africans and many nations of the East, as a military horn. Lister, t. 959. f. 12.

87. Ventricose, with alternate varices, decussated striae, and transverse nodulous ribs; inner lip with a transverse callosity, and the beak short. South sea. Lister, t. 960. f. 13.

88. Ovate, longitudinally plaited, and transversely ribbed; outer lip double, and toothed; beak short. Coasts of Pulo Condore. Chem. x. t. 160. f. 1524.

89. Ovate, longitudinally plaited, nodulous, and transversely ribbed; aperture ovate, and the outer lip toothed within. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 123. f. 1441 and 1442.

amplustris

90. With dark blue, yellow, and white bands, and transverse, tuberculated keel, near the margins of the whorls; beak short and straight, and the pillar three plaited. Friendly Islands. Chem. xi. t. 191. f. 1841.

pustulata

91. Ventricose, oblong, smooth; spire striated with rounded whirls; aperture smooth; beak short; 1½ inch long. Mediterranean and Africa. Rare. Lister, t. 914. f. 7.

tulipa

92. Ventricose, oblong, smooth; whirls rounded with a double suture; pillar with two plaits; beak dilated, striated. South America. Lister, t. 910. f. 1.

clathratus

93. Oblong beak, and grooved with longitudinal membranaceous plaits. Iceland. Lister, t. 926. f. 79.

nassa

94. Solid, black or pale brown, with a white subdiaphanous band; whirls knotty; pillar a little plaited. Lister, t. 828. f. 50.

scala

95. Umbilicated, with distant, wedged, ribbed, and transversely striated whirls; aperture heart-shaped. E. Indies. Martini, iv. vig. 37. p. i. f. a, b, c.

corona

96. Fastigiated with brown and yellowish bands; beak straight, entire. Mexico. Chem. x. t. 161. f. 1526 and 1527.

dolorium

97. Ovate, with a few elevated obtuse belts on the whorls; size of a walnut. Portugal. Martini, iii. t. 118. f. 1087 and 1088.

cornuta

98. Oblong, slender, white; margins of the whorls complicated; aperture toothless; 3 inches long. British and North seas. Don, t. 38.

ligularis

99. Oblong, coarse, with obtusely knotty whirls; aperture toothless; beak short. South of Europe. Bonanni, t. 3. f. 32.

trapezium

100. Oblong, obtusely angular, with slightly knotty whirls; aperture toothed; 6 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 931. f. 26.

pugilimus

101. Solid, ventricose, smooth, with an oblong oval aperture; beak and crowned spire striated; 4 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 885. f. 6. b.

scolymus

102. Thin, diaphanous, ventricose, and transversely striated; middle of the beak smooth; spire with obtuse, undulated knots; pillar 3 plaited. Martini, iv. t. 142. f. 1325.

harpa

103. Ventricose, longitudinally ribbed; ribs transversely striated; spire a little prominent; whirls distant. Martini, iv. t. 142. f. 1328, and 1329.

tuba

104. Fusiform, transversely striated; white, with a brown tip to the spire, which has 8 whirls distant, and crowned at the base with knots. China. Martini, iv. t. 143. f. 1333.

105. Oblong, with striated plaited whirls, covered with tuberculated ridges; aperture toothless; beak anus short. Mediterranean; rare. Bay of Naples. Chem. x. t. 162. f. 1542, and 1543.

106. Oblong, with rounded, plaited, and transversely reticulated whirls; aperture toothed, striated within. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 919. f. 13.

107. Nearly without a beak; fusiform, smooth, pale, scriptur with longitudinal brown stripe; lip toothed; very small. Mediterranean.

108. Transversely striated, with distant undulate termito-tuberculated whirls; aperture oblong; beak straight; 4 inches long; yellow. Termita island. Lister, t. 892. f. 82.

109. Umbilicated, undulatedly knotty; stripe ele-inflated, brown; perforation funnel-shaped; pillar two-lum, plaited; 4 inches long. W. Indies. Lister, t. 921. f. 14.

110. Ventricose, undulated with tubercles; striated, polygon grooved, and obtusely angled; black, with an oval aperture, and short beak; 3½ inches long. Indian ocean. Martini, iv. t. 140. f. 1306 to 1309.

111. Solid, ventricose, with waved angles; and undulate finely striated transversely; spire mucronate; whirls knotty at the base; lip denticulated; 8½ inches long; ponderous. India. Chem. xi. t. 192. f. 1851, and 2.

112. Narrowed; whirls of the spire transversely lamellae, ribbed, and longitudinally crenated; aperture ovate; ribbed with white within, and toothed at the margin; pillar two-plaited. Amboyna. Martini, iv. t. 145. f. 1347.

113. Subcylindrical; spire obtuse; whirls round terminally and striated; lower ones mostly glabrous. India. Martini, iv. t. 146. f. 1348.

114. Umbilicated and surrounded with belts; mid-termito-dense ones more raised; whirls crowned with tubercles, sus. which are spotted with brown. Red sea. Martini, iv. t. 146. f. 1349, and 1350.

115. Thin, transversely striated; spire mucronate; striate whirls round; lip crenulated; 4 inches long. Martini, iv. t. 146. f. 1351, and 1352.

116. Rounded, white, with violet spots, longitudi-pardinally ribbed, and transversely striated; spire obtuse. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1384.

117. Oblong, ventricose; whirls with a striated calyptra margin; aperture glabrous; beak short, and bent outwards. Born. t. ii. f. 10, and 11.

118. Whirls of the spire with decussated ribs, the arrones first large, three outermost smooth; lip toothed outwardly; very small. Sandy shores of India. Spengler, t. 2. f. 8.

119. Narrow, transversely striated; spire macro-mucronate; whirls distant, contrary, round, and longitudi-censily ribbed; beak prominent; 1½ inch long. Shores of Morocco. Chem. ix. p. i. t. 105. f. 896.

120. Oblong, whitish, with transverse, reddish lineatus stripe; beak short, straight. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 164. f. 1572.

121. A little tapering; whirls carinated above, margined and flattened; beak long and straight. Southern ocean. Chem. xi. t. 164. f. 1573.

122. Ovate, angular, iridescent; longitudinally prism grooved and plaited; beak short; lip denticulated. India, and South seas. Chem. x. t. 169. f. 1635.

128. Ribs 123. Ribs longitudinally plaited, and transversely grooved; angular, spinous, carinated; alternately varied with white and brown; whorls suddenly diminishing; beak short, straight. Palo Condore. Chem. x. t. 169. f. 1637. and 1638.

* 124. Ventricose, white with acute longitudinal ribs; beak rather short and slightly ascending. Frith of Forth. Donovan, t. 169. f. 1.

* 125. Turreted, with longitudinal ribs interrupted by a flat space at the sutures, and transversely striated; beak rather long and slightly ascending. Britain. Montagu, t. 15. f. 5.

* 126. Fusiform, with the whorls subcontinuous, and nine equidistant strong ribs; beak rather long and straightish. West of England. Montagu, t. 9. f. 6.

* 127. Turreted, with longitudinal ribs, and minutely reticulated; beak short and slightly bent. West of England. Montagu, t. 15. f. 6.

* 128. Oblong, with 8 longitudinal elevated ribs; beak very short and obsolete. Britain and Norway. Don. t. 91.

* 129. Oblong, with about 11 longitudinal elevated ribs; beak short, and rather spreading at the end. Scotland. Montagu, t. 30. f. 8.

* 130. Oblong, with 7 longitudinal continuous ribs, scarcely interrupted by the sutures; beak short. West of England. Montagu, t. 9. f. 5.

* 131. Turreted, with longitudinal plaits and transverse striae; whorls subcylindrical, and flattened at their upper extremities; beak short and broad. Britain. Montagu, t. 9. f. 1.

* 132. Turreted, with longitudinal plaits and transverse striae, and the whorls convex. England and S. Wales.

* 133. Turreted, with 7 longitudinal ribs, and minute transverse striae; beak very short; upper angle of the outer lip channelled. Weymouth. Montagu, t. 9. f. 8.

* 134. With about 9 longitudinal ribs, dotted by elevated striae; and the whorls convex; outer lip crenated; beak slightly produced. West of England. Montagu, t. 9. f. 4.

* 135. Oblong, acuminate, with convex cancellated whorls; pillar striated and somewhat tuberculated; outer lip crenated. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 9. f. 3.

* 136. Oblong and very rough; whorls ventricose, with longitudinal ribs, and transverse elevated striae, forming tubercles at their intersections; beak long and narrow. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 9. f. 2.

* 137. Minute, with spirally striated whorls and remote ribs; beak closed. Pembrokehire.

* * * * * * * Tapering, subulate, with a very short beak.

* 138. Ventricose, with four granulated ribs, of which the uppermost is tuberculated; pillar with one tooth, and the beak ascending. W. Indies. Lister, t. 1018. f. 80.

* 139. Whorls of the spire plaited above; pillar plaited within; beak ascending; three inches long. India. Lister, t. 1021. f. 85. b.

* 140. Whorls of the spire tuberculated, with a spinous streak in the middle; pillar with a single plait; beak ascending; four inches long. Southern ocean, Red sea, Atlantic. Lister, t. 1017. f. 19.

* 141. Ventricose; spire transversely striated; whorls longitudinally plaited and knotty; aperture oval. E. Indies. Martini, iv. t. 157. f. 1488.

* 142. Transversely striated, with large pointed nodules on the lower part of the whorls; outer lip strongly grooved, and the beak slightly recurved. Amboyna. Lister, t. 1025. f. 87.

* 143. Ventricose, with transverse striae, and a row adansoni. of conical tubercles on each whirl; outer lip crenulated. River Gambia. Gualteri, t. 57. f. B.

* 144. Turreted, transversely striated, with the four uncinatus. lower whorls armed in the middle with hooked spines, and the 5th and 6th ribbed, and the others glabrous. Schroeter, t. 8. f. 15.

* 145. Turreted, with transverse striae, and two tuber-atratus. culated belts on each whirl; outer lip striated within, and the beak nearly straight. Born, t. 11. f. 17 and 18.

* 146. Transversely striated, with spinous plaits be-olucoides. low the middle of the whorls, and crenulated above; beak slightly recurved. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1019. f. 82.

* 147. Turreted, angulated, and transversely striated; ebeninus. whorls nodulous in the middle; outer lip sinuous. Friendly islands. Chem. x. t. 162. f. 1548 and 1549.

* 148. Whorls crenulated; the upper striae dentica-fuscatus. lated. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 121. f. 17.

* 149. Whorls of the spire with a slightly knotty zone torulosus. above; beak short. East Indies. Lister, t. 121. f. 16.

* 150. Whorls of the spire tuberculated, with a double rodula. row of punctured striae. Africa. Lister, t. 122. f. 26.

* 151. Turreted, with two granulated ribs below, and margina. a large compressed tuberculated belt at the upper ex-tremity of the whorls; pillar with one plait. East Indies. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 4. f. 6.

* 152. Turreted, with longitudinal striae, and two trans-serratus. verse serrated ribs, of which the upper is largest; ser-ratures spinosus, and compressed. Friendly islands. It is also found fossil. Martyn's Univ. Conch. ii. t. 58.

* 153. Whorls of the spire grooved, transversely stri-asper. ated and muricated. Guinea. Lister, t. 120. f. 84.

* 154. Rough, with decussated tubercles; beak acute, granula. ascending; 2 inches long; white. India. Martini, tus. iv. t. 157. f. 1492.

* 155. Ovate, turreted, with longitudinal plaits and sulcatus. transverse ribs; beak straight, very short and tubular. Molucco islands. Lister, t. 121. f. 85.

* 156. Turreted, ventricose, with numerous dotted litteratus. muricated striae on each whirl; upper stria tubercu. lated. Guadalupe. Born, t. 11. f. 14.

* 157. Turreted, with longitudinal ribs, and four trans-relicula. verse grooves on each whirl, forming uniform tuberculosus. all over. Britain. Da Costas's Brit. Conch. t. 8. f. 13.

* 158. Transversely striated, and surrounded with tubercu. glabrous knots; lip thickened. Britain. Lion. Trans. viii. p. 150.

* 159. Turreted, with the whorls reversed, and on each adversus. 3 transverse rows of tubercles, of which the middle one is smallest. Britain. Walker, f. 48.

* 160. Turreted, with two rows of tubercles, divided subulatus. by a depressed line in each whirl. Sound of Mull, Scotland. Montagu, t. 30. f. 6.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax: shell univalve, spiral, more or less conic; aperture somewhat angular or rounded; the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely.

Species.

* Erect, and umbilicated.

nudicus. 1. Conic, smooth, somewhat umbilicated; a large pendent shell, with oblique, red, perpendicular striae. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 620. f. 6.

maculatus 2. Conic, tuberculated, with an oblique perforation; inner lip two-lobed. Asia, South America. Lister, t. 632. f. 20.

perspectiva 3. Convex, obtuse, margined; the umbilicus pervious and crenulated; 2½ inches long. Asia, Africa. This is a very beautiful shell. Amboyna. Lister, t. 636. f. 24.

cruciatus 4. Convex, with callo-punctured striae; pillar one-toothed. Mediterranean. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1674.

pharonis 5. Ovate, striated; marked with concatenated, globular dots; aperture and pillar toothed; umbilicus crenated. European and Asiatic seas. Lister, t. 637. f. 25.

magus 6. Convex, obliquely umbilicated; ridges of the whorls rising into obtuse tubercles. European and African coasts, Britain. Don. t. 8. f. 1.

modulus 7. Plaited above, and more convex beneath; aperture ovate and 1-toothed. Red sea. Lister, t. 633. f. 52.

scaber 8. Subovate; grooves moniliform and alternately larger; shell black; aperture yellowish. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1667.

varius 9. Obliquely umbilicated; convex; whorls slightly margined. Mediterranean. Schroeter, i. p. 659.

cinerarius 10. Ovate, obliquely umbilicated; whorls rounded; size of a pea. Shores of Europe. Britain. Don. t. 74; upper and lower figures.

divaricata 11. Ovate, subumbilicated; perforation nearly shut up; lowest whorl more remote. Mediterranean and Greenland seas. Schroeter, i. p. 660.

umbilicata 12. Conico-convex; perforation pervious, exactly cylindrical; whirl slightly emarginated. Shores of Europe. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1666.

solaris 13. Convex, conic; whirls spinous and marginated; aperture semi-heart-shaped; 2 inches diameter. India, New Zealand, and America. Lister, t. 622. f. 9.

tegula 14. Depressed, oblique; white with brown lines; spire transversely striated, and longitudinally ribbed; first whirl ventricose; aperture orbicular; body whirl large; pillar brown. W. Indies, Isle of France. Lister, t. 633. f. 51.

15. Conic, white spotted with red; whorls round, connate with moniliform belts; first whirl only perforated. India. Lister, t. 631. f. 18.

16. Subequal, mucronate; whorls 9; spinous beneath; on each side a linear band of white and black, with a triple row of knots. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 167. f. 1611.

17. Lateritious, spotted with white; the base flat, fujubium with concentric lines of concatenated dots; whorls channeled, tessellated at the lower margin with white and chestnut. South America. Chem. v. t. 167. f. 1612 and 1613.

18. Plaited with knots, transversely striated, with alternate belts of concatenated dots; perforation funnel-shaped; pillar crenulated. India. Guatleri, t. 60. f. P.

19. Base and continued perforation funnel-shaped; concave; whorls contiguous, undulated and plaited; aperture denticulated at the margin; 2 inches broad. India. Coromandel. Chem. v. t. 168. f. 1620 and 1621.

20. Surrounded with granulations and knots, green, vernaki, and whitish towards the tip; the tip varied with black dots. India, and bay of Naples. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1625 and 1626.

21. Covered with white, greenish, and buff-coloured conglomerate spots; tip with red and black ones; base white, spotted with red; within pearly; whorls with many rows of knots; lower margins glabrous. India. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1627.

22. Wrinkled and plaited; whorls knotty beneath, tenierium with concatenated dots in the middle; whorls distant; perforation funnel-shaped. India. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1628.

23. Wrinkled and plaited, obliquely crenated and ochreous-transversely striated; base flat; white with red dots. cut. India. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1629.

24. Plaited and wrinkled, sea-green; whorls with stellate concatenated dots; upper ones with a radiated spinous margin. India. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1630.

25. Surrounded with rows of ochraceous knots and spiny granulations, waved with red; one part of the base smooth. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1631.

26. Dots elevated, concatenated; whorls with oblong costae; white knots beneath, and intermediate purple grooves. Chem. v. t. 169. f. 1633 and 1634.

27. Rough, with unequal dots and granulations; irregular many rows of knots on the whorls; tubercles larger on the marginal row. Mozambique and Zanguebar. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1635 and 1636.

28. White, with a rosy shade; transversely striated, regina, with many rows of knots; margin of the whorls prominent; perforation funnel-shaped. Chem. t. 170. f. 1637.

29. White, radiated with purple; conic; margin of serrate the whorls knotty; perforation funnel-shaped. E. Indies. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1638.

30. Brownish, cylindrical; whorls convex, marked cylindric with transverse striae; perforation crenated. Very rare. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1639.

31. Radiated with red; pyramidal; whorls with radiated concatenated dots; perforation funnel-shaped. South America and Isle of France. Lister, t. 632. f. 19.

32. Green. 32. Green; first whirl with 5 rows of knots, second with 4, the rest glabrous. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1643 and 1644.

33. Black-brown; obtusely pyramidal; smooth; pillar with one obsolete tooth. China. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1645, and 1646.

34. Deep black; whirls flattish; spire transversely striated; pillar 1-toothed. China. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1647.

35. Whirls of the spire ochraceous, with spotted tubercles; and with an intermediate, spotted, wrinkled groove. Fernambuco. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1648 and 1649.

36. Ochraceous, varied with black at the tip; pyramidal and transversely striated; whirls of the spire flattish; margin tumid and spotted with red; very small. Shores of Morocco. Chem. v. t. 170. f. 1650 and 1651.

37. Pyramidal, with chestnut spots and clouds; margin of the whirls vaulted and nodulous; ½ to 2 inches long. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1652 and 1653.

38. Depressed, varied with white and chestnut; base convex, with a scarlet ring marked with deeper spots. Cape. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1661 and 1662.

39. Depressed, white spotted with red; whirls transversely striated and plaited, distant; pillar 1-toothed; ½ inch long. Red sea. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1663 and 1664.

40. Whitish, radiated with red, and red at the tip; depressed; whirls surrounded with a belt of moniliform dots. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1668 and 1669.

41. Pale brown; base subconvex; whirls smooth, obsoletely striated transversely; perforation white, funnel-shaped. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1670.

42. Pellucid, flesh-colour; base convex; whirls 6; convex and finly striated transversely. Greenland. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1671.

43. Ovate-subumbilicated, and armed with pointed tubercles. Mediterranean. Gualteri, t. 64. f. H.

44. Convex, rosy, grooved; perforation very minute; shell small. Cape of Good Hope. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1675.

45. Depressed, brown, with whitish spots; very minute. England and Scotland. Montagu, t. 10. f. 4.

46. Greenish, obliquely radiated with white; whirls convex, with a belt of moniliform granulations; pillar toothed. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1677.

47. Convex, with numerous rows of granulations; perforation denticulated; aperture crenulated. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1679.

48. Clouded with brown and gray; rows of granulations numerous, with knots; aperture crenated; perforation toothed; 6 lines long. Guinea. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1680.

49. Depressed, pale flesh-colour, with crowded moniliform belts of granulations; perforation large; 1-toothed. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1682.

50. Transversely striated; whirls distant; numerous square spots on the spire. European seas.

51. Subovate, tessellated and transversely striated; whirls shelving at the upper margin, and more perpendicular below. Mediterranean. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1683.

52. Convex, chestnut; whirls of the spire convex, the outer one saffron-coloured. Africa. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1684.

53. Depressed, convex, with oblique violet rays; obliquatus whirls convex. Mediterranean. Pennant, iv. t. 80. f. 166.

54. Convex, chestnut; whirls with a fillet, varied vittatus, with red and white at the upper margin. Chem. v. t. 171. f. 1687.

55. Conic-convex; whirls unarmed; aperture semi-indicus, heart-shaped; perforation spiral; scarcely 1 inch high. India. Chem. v. t. 172. f. 1697 and 8.

56. Depressed, chestnut; whirls transversely stria-infundibulated and crenated, with rows of granulations; perforation pervious, crenulated. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1702.

57. Straw colour; whirls convex, with decussated strami-striate separated by a groove; perforation pervious. neus. Tranguebar. Lister, t. 635. f. 23.

58. Convex, transversely striated; white, with square arcola, reddish spots; perforation crenulated, whirls of the spire separated by a white streak. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1710 and 11.

59. Greenish yellow, with longitudinal plaited ribs inermis, terminated by a spine; aperture compressed; perforation wrinkled. W. Indies. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1712 and 13.

60. Conic, olive, covered with rows of raised violet imperialis scales; whirls inflated, with a spinous radiate margin; spine with 7 whirls; large. South seas. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1714.

61. Depressed, straw colour, with darker ribs; planus. whirls of the spire plaited; perforation pervious. Chem. v. t. 174. f. 1721 and 2.

62. Conic; white, with oblique brown bands; albidus. whirls channelled near the suture. Born, t. 11. f. 19 and 20.

63. Conic; base greenish gray, spotted with brown; fuseatus. whirls round, flattish at the suture. Born, t. 12. f. 1. and 2.

64. Conic, red, dotted with white; slightly perfo-corallinus. rated; whirls round, the first with 15, the next with 6 rows of tubercles; 6 whirls in the spire; 4 lines long. Senegal. Chem. v. t. 165. f. 1571.

65. Very thin, and of a wax colour; first whirl fragilis, large, with a brown band in the middle. Schroeter, t. 3. f. 16.

66. Obtusely pyramidal; 4 elevated contiguous carinatus. whirls, tumid at the margin, in the spire. Saxo-Weimar. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 122. f. 1501.

67. Pyramidal, with flattish whirls, separated by acinerceus, very depressed suture, and the umbilicus cylindrical; base concave. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 633. f. 21.

68. Conical, smooth, with the whirls rounded, and fasciatus, flattened at their upper margins; umbilicus deep, and the outer lip crenulated. Born, t. 12. f. 2.

69. Depressed, transversely striated, and slightly perspecti-granulated; umbilicus pervious and crenated; aperture roundish. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1708 and 9.

70. Convex, with two teeth on the pillar, and the hybridus. umbilicus crenulated. Mediterranean. Chem. v. t. 173. f. 1702 to 1705.

71. Conical, subumbilicated, coarse, obtusely plait-conchyliated; pellucid, and the whirls imbricated; base con-phorus.

perlatus. 72. Depressed, with transverse equally granulated striae; base convex; aperture roundish; inner lip toothed.

pumilio. 73. Conical, with the whirls marginated at their bases, and the marginal ribs muriated; base scabrous and slightly convex. Africa. Chem. xi. t. 196. f. 1888.

terrestris. * 74. Conical, longitudinally striated; whirls marginated at their bases; base flat and striated from the centre. Cumberland and Italy. A land shell. Lister, t. 61. f. 58.

bidens. 75. Subconical, somewhat keeled, with 8 finely striated whirls; base convex; aperture narrow; outer lip with 2 teeth, and reflected. Strasburgh. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 122. f. 1052.

fulminans. 76. Subpyramidal, smooth, with the whirls separated by a deep suture; aperture roundish. River Huines, D'Argenville, t. 27. f. 4.

afer. 77. Convex, gray, with whitish spots; whirls flattish; 6 lines long. Senegal. Adanson, t. 12. f. 6.

neritoides. 78. Subovate, convex, depressed; smooth, reddish, glabrous; 2 lines long. Greenland. Olafsen, No. 1015.

** Imperforated, and erect.**

vestiarius. 79. Conic, convex, with a gibbous callous base; aperture somewhat heart-shaped; very small. Mediterranean and Asia. Lister, t. 560. f. 45.

labio. 80. Ovate, substriated; pillar 1-toothed. Asia, Africa, New Zealand. Lister, t. 584. f. 42.

quadricarinatus. 81. Ovate, with transverse nodulous ribs, and 4 muriated transverse keels; aperture silvery, with the outer lip double and grooved; pillar toothed. Mediterranean. Chem. xi. t. 196. f. 1892 and 3.

turbinateus. 82. Ovate, smooth, and the whirls convex; outer lip somewhat double; pillar obsoletely toothed. Mediterranean and South America. Lister, t. 642. f. 33. and 4.

crassus. * 83. Subovate, thick, coarse, with one tooth on the pillar, and the base by the inner lip white and flattened. Britain. Don. t. 71.

tuber. 84. Depressed; whirls somewhat keeled, and knotted at the upper and lower margin; 2 inches diameter. Mediterranean and South America. Lister, t. 646. f. 38.

striatus. * 85. Conic; aperture obovate; last whirl angular; minute. Mediterranean, Falmouth. Don. t. 155. f. 1.

conulus. * 86. Conic, smooth; whirls separated by a prominent line. European seas; Britain. Chem. v. t. 166. f. 1588 and 9.

nixophorus. * 87. Conic, livid, smooth, transversely striated; whirls margined. European and African coasts, shores of Britain. Don. t. 52.

papillatus. * 88. Conical, thin, whirls rather convex, with transverse granulated striae; base slightly convex. Britain. Don. t. 127.

virginicus. 89. Subconical, slightly ventricose, with transverse rows of granules, and red dots, and a band round the base of the whirls; base convex. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 165. f. 1581 and 2.

obeliscus. 90. Conic; surrounded with numerous rows of white or green moniliform granulations; pillar 1-toothed; 2 inches high. India. Chem. v. t. 160. f. 1510 to 12.

91. Pyramidal, with rosy and white stripes, and virgata numerous rows of knots; base with concentric white and red circles. India. Lister, t. 631. f. 17.

92. Cinereous, variegated with greenish, whitish, and reddish; whirls of the spire tuberculated at the lower margin. Red sea. Chem. t. 161. f. 1516 and 17.

93. Thin, pellucid, with alternate chestnut and white diaphanous moniliform belts of granulations; 1½ inch high. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 161. f. 1520 and 21.

94. Subconical, with granulated transverse striae; selecta body broad and marginated at the base, which is convex; spire acuminated. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 196. f. 1896.

95. Covered with a smooth coat, under which it is iridescent, bluish and reddish, shining and iridescent. Southern ocean. Chem. v. t. 161. f. 1522 and 23.

96. Striae decussated; grooved within; tip deep red. South sea. Schroeter, v. f. 10 and 11.

97. Pyramidal, striated, brownish purple. South elegant sea. Born, vii. t. 2. f. D 1. and D 2.

98. Obtusely pyramidal; spotted with greenish. South sea. Chem. v. t. 161. f. 1526.

99. Pyramidal; striated with white and red. Morocco. Lister, t. 621. f. 8.

100. Red, punctuated; very minute. Morocco, punctatus. Chem. v. t. 162. f. 1530.

101. Pyramidal, obliquely grooved, plaited and rib-imbricated; whirls a little prominent at the margin. South sea. American seas. Lister, t. 628. f. 14.

102. Ochraceous; longitudinally grooved; whirls oblique-transversely striated; lip denticulated. South America and W. Indies. Chem. v. t. 162. f. 1534, and 1535.

103. Sea-green, with protuberances and oblique scaly carinae; plaits; whirls of the spire transversely striated and grooved in the middle; concave spines on the lower margin of the first whirl. Isle of France. Lister, t. 647. f. 40.

104. Conical, with oblique plaits on the upper part, gibberous a transverse row of tubercles below, and the margins of the whirls spinous. New Zealand. Chem. x. vig. 23. f. A. B.

* 105. Subconical, transversely striated, and the body sicco-whirl transversely flattened in the middle; aperture roundish. Barbadoes and Britain. Lister, t. 583. f. 38.

106. Slightly conical, with the spire flattened, and obtusa the whirls marginated; base convex; aperture roundish. Chem. xi. t. 196. f. 1894 and 1895.

107. Purple, with plaited tuberculated whirls. Chem. purpurea. v. t. 162. f. 1538 and 1539.

108. Sea-green, with numerous rows of tubercles coiling, and oblique undulated plaits; 4 inches long, an broad, and covered with a horny lid. Cook's bay. Chem. v. t. 163. f. 1540.

109. Pyramidal; white, varied with reddish and aurantiac green; whirls spinous; pillar emarginated, plaited. Bourbon and Mauritius islands. Lister, t. 625. f. 11.

110. Pyramidal; white; whirls of the spire longitudinally ribbed, with transverse moniliform belts of tuscan green granulations; 1½ inch wide. Indian and South seas. Chem. v. t. 163. f. 1549 and 1550.

111. Ovate, III. Ovate, with undulated ribs and transverse striae; whorls ventricose; 2 inches broad and high. South seas. Chem. v. t. 165; f. 1562 and 1563.

112. Obtusely pyramidal; black, with a purple band at the base; pillar white. China. Chem. v. t. 165; f. 1564.

113. Obtuse; whorls round, with many rows of tubercles, grooved and transversely striated; pillar toothed. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 166; f. 1582.

114. Conic, convex, transversely striated, with oblong square spots disposed in rows; pillar lip spotted with black. Mediterranean, Africa. Chem. v. t. 166; f. 1583.

115. Pyramidal, white, variegated with scarlet; first whorls very large; 2 inches high. South seas. Chem. x. t. 170; f. 1634.

116. Smooth, conic, white with a saffron tip. Born. t. 12; f. 11 and 2.

117. Subconical, with the whorls rounded, and the summit obtuse; base slightly convex. Inhabits gardens in southern climates. Chem. ix. p. 2; t. 122; f. 1055 and 1056.

118. Rough, with concatenated globules; base convex, with concentric, granulated striae; lip double-toothed. Palmerston island. Chem. x. t. 169; f. 1639.

**Tapering, with an exerted pillar, and falling on the side when placed upon the base.**

119. Imperforated, striated; pillars spiral; 4 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 624; f. 10.

120. Umbilicated, glabrous; pillar with recurved twisted plait. South America. Lister, t. 844; f. 726.

121. Subconical, turreted and glabrous; pillar lip with 3 plait, and the inside of the outer lip smooth. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 844; f. 72.

122. Glabrous, imperforated; whorls reversed; small. Mediterranean. Ency. Meth. p. 496.

123. Flat at the base; finely striated transversely; whorls reversed; ½ inch long. Indian seas. Chem. ix. part i. t. 113; f. 966.

124. Flat at the base; longitudinally ribbed; whorls reversed. Indian shores. Chem. ix. part i. t. 113; f. 967.

125. Cancellate, glabrous at the base; whorls reversed; upper ones ventricose; very small. Indian sands. Chem. ix. part i. t. 113; f. 968.

126. Aperture nearly square; whorls reversed, and ribbed on each side; small. Indian sands. Chem. p. i. t. 113; f. 969.

127. Whorls with a triple row of prominent dots; imperforated; size of a barleycorn. Southern Europe, Africa.

128. Imperforated; longitudinally and obliquely striated; small. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 1018; f. 81.

129. Whorls 3, reversed; convex, smooth, umbilicated. Chem. ix. t. 113; f. 971.

Gen. 28. TURBO, the Wreath.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; the shell univalve, spiral, solid; aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.

Species.

* Pillar margin of the aperture dilated and imperforated.

1. Roundish, smooth, very obtuse; above ventri-obtusatus. North seas. Chem. v. t. 185; f. 1854; a. to f.

2. Ovate, glabrous, obtuse; minute. Mediterraneo-neritoides.

3. Periwinkle; subovate, acute, striated; ½ inch littoreus; high; finely striated transversely. Shores of Europe; Britain. Don. t. 33; f. 1 and 2. The animal of this species is frequently eaten.

4. Subconical, rather obtuse, with the body whirl tenebrosus ventricose. Britain. Montagu, t. 20; f. 4.

5. Subovate, rather obtuse; whorls ventricose. Nor-pudis.

6. Umbilicated, subovate, acute; surrounded with muricatus. stripe of raised dots; pillar margin a little obtuse; an inch high. Europe, America. Lister, t. 30; f. 28.

7. Transversely grooved; first whirl black, finely ethiops. striated; the rest silvery; lips bordered with brown. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 182; f. 1820 and 21.

8. Ovate, thick, with 6 depressed whorls, of which punctatus, the 2 lower are very large, and the spire mucronated; inside brown. Goree. Favanne, ii. t. 71; f. A 1 and A 2.

9. Subovate, rather ventricose, transversely ribbed, jugosus. and the margin of the pillar flattish. South Wales. Montagu, t. 20; f. 2.

10. Conical, coarse, with 5 rounded obsoletely stri-crasior. ated whorls, depressed at the suture, and the body whirl slightly keeled.

11. Conical, acute, and the aperture pear-shaped. petraeus. Dorset and Devonshire. Dorset. Cat. t. 18; f. 13.

12. Subconical, minute, smooth, with 3 whorls, of fulgidus. which the body one is large, and the apex small and obtuse. Pembrokeshire.

13. Brownish, reticulated; whorls surrounded with nicobar-belts; throat golden. Nicobar islands. Chem. v. t. eus. 182; f. 1822 and 23.

14. Smooth, deep black; whorls distant, with a hol-nigerriflowed margin. Southern ocean. Chem. v. t. 185; f. mus. 1846.

**Imperforate and solid.**

15. Oblong-ovate; stria decussated and raised with cinex. dots; very minute. Shores of Europe, Britain. Don. t. 2; f. 1.

16. Subconical, with crowded, cancellated striae, calathis-forming punctures by their interstices; with 6 whorls. cus. Britain. Montagu, t. 30; f. 5.

17. Ovate, smooth; variegated with red and white; pullus. minute, transparent, glossy. European seas, shores of Britain. Don. t. 2; f. 2 to 6.

18. Convex, smooth; aperture somewhat angular. personatus India. Rumphius, t. 19; f. N° 1.

19. Ovate, smooth, glossy; whorls somewhat angu-petholatus. lar on the upper part. India, South America. Lister, t. 584; f. 39.

20. Ovate, striated, with one stria thicker on the cochlus. back. India. Lister, t. 584; f. 40.

21. Conical-ovate, with two rows of white granules trochifer-on the body whirl, and one on each whirl of the spire. mis. Southern ocean. Chem. v. t. 163; f. 1545 and 6.

22. Subimperforate, with broad radiated spines, of stellaris. which there are 12 on the base of the body whirl. South sea. Chem. v. t. 164; f. 1552 and 3.

23. Subimperforate, with lacinated spines, of which aculeatus. there there are 9 very large, and compressed on the body. Nicobar islands. Chem. v. t. 164. f. 1556 and 7.

stellatus.

24. Subpyramidal, yellowish, with the base flattened, and the lower margins of the whorls spinous. Chem. v. t. 164. f. 1558 and 9.

armatus.

25. Subimperforate, scabrous, with the summit of the spire depressed, and a spinous rib round the middle of the lower whirl; base with concentrical somewhat granulated striae. Bay of Naples. Lister, t. 608. f. 46. a.

chrysostomus.

26. Subovate, wrinkled; whorls surrounded with 2 rows of vaulted spines; yellowish, radiated with brown. India. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1797.

tectum-persicum.

27. Ovate; spines obtuse, depressed; beneath papillous. India. Chem. v. t. 163. f. 1543 and 4.

pagodus.

28. Conic; spines obtuse, concatenated; striae papillous beneath; 3 inches high. India. Lister, t. 644. f. 36.

calcar.

29. Nearly imperforated, depressed; whorls rough; with compressed hollow spines above. India. Chem. v. t. 164. f. 1552.

rugosus.

30. Subovate, striated; whorls rugged above. Mediterranean, New Zealand. Lister, t. 647. f. 41.

marmoratus.

31. Subovate, smooth; 3 rows of protuberances in the whorls; beak dilated behind. South America. Lister, t. 587. f. 46.

sarmaticus.

32. Convex, obtuse; whorls knotty above, and separated by a canal. Asiatic and African seas. Chem. v. t. 179. f. 1777.

olearius.

33. Ponderous, convex, obtuse, smooth, angular. India. Chem. v. t. 178. f. 1771 and 1772.

cornutus.

34. Whorls and spire round, with decussated striae; the first with 3 rows of imbricated spines; a large shell. China. Chem. v. t. 179. f. 1779 and 1780.

radiatus.

35. Rugged; whorls round, distant, transversely striated, and armed with small imbricated spines. Red sea. Chem. v. t. 180. f. 1788 and 1789.

imperialis.

36. Glabrous, glossy green; within snowy; aperture silvery; pillar lip callosus above; whorls of the spire very convex. China. Chem. v. t. 180. f. 1790.

coronatus.

37. Wrinkled; white, with greenish clouds; tip orange; whorls crowned with spines and knots; pillar produced into a beak. Seas of Malacca. Very rare. Chem. t. 180. f. 1793.

canaliculatus.

38. Grooved and transversely striated; whorls 6; very convex. India. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1794.

setosus.

39. Whorls of the spire cylindrical; grooved and transversely striated. India. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1795 and 1796.

sparverius.

40. Oblong, with broad, smooth striae; yellowish spotted with brown. India. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1798.

molikianus.

41. Silvery grey, with transverse orange and yellow bands; whorls of moniliform belts of granulations. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1799 and 1800.

spengleri-anus.

42. Variegated white and yellowish; whorls round, transversely striated, and separated by a canal. Indian ocean. Very rare. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1801 and 1802.

castaneus.

43. Transversely striated; chestnut brown, spotted with white; whorls 5, surrounded with rows of knots. South America. Don. v. t. 173.

crenulatus.

44. Silvery grey, surrounded with many rows of knots; aperture milk-white within. Chem. v. t. 181. f. 1811 and 1812.

semicostata.

45. Conical, minute, with 4 or 5 rounded whorls; body minutely striated transversely, and the upper part longitudinally ribbed.

46. Ponderous, slightly depressed; smoothish and obliquely wrinkled; 4 whorls in the spire; first round dusky, and larger; 2 inches broad and high. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 182. f. 1815 and 1816.

47. Pellucid, thin and finely annulated; first whorl papyraceous, the next with a band varied with red and white. E. Indian seas. Chem. v. t. 182. f. 1817 and 1818.

48. Transversely grooved; first whorl black, finely striated; the rest silvery; lips bordered with brown. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 182. f. 1820.

49. Brownish, reticulated; whorls surrounded with nicobar belts; throat golden. Nicobar islands. Chem. v. t. 182. f. 1822 and 1823.

50. Smooth, with compressed roundish whorls; the cordon first round and very large; aperture compressed, silvery; pillar a little prominent. India, China. Chem. v. t. 184. f. 1840 and 1841.

51. Smooth, nearly subimperforated; roundish, with helically contiguous convex whorls; pillar thickened. Born, t. 12. f. 23 and 24.

52. Minute, subcylindrical, with 4 rounded whorls; aperture suboval, and a little contracted at the upper end. Cornwall. Montagu, t. 12. f. 3.

53. Conical, minute, glossy, with 6 rounded and punctately reticulated whorls. West of England. Montagu, t. 12. f. 5.

54. Conical, minute, with 5 rounded whorls, and decussated striae. Salcombe bay, Devon. Montagu, t. 12. f. 4.

55. Conical, minute, smooth, with 5 flattish transversely fasciated whorls; outer lip expanded. Britain. Montagu, t. 12. f. 6.

56. Minute, subturreted, obtuse, smooth, with 5 or more rounded whorls, and the pillar quite smooth and even. Devonshire.

57. Subconical, small, with about 7 flattish whorls, lobed and slightly ribbed longitudinally; aperture expanded, and the outer lip somewhat reflected. Britain and Ireland. Montagu, t. 13. f. 7.

58. Conical, small, acuminated, with about 6 smooth whitish flattish whorls, and the aperture subovate. Britain. Dorset. Cat. t. 18. f. 12.

59. Conical, minute, with 6 glossy ventricose whorls; entire aperture subovate. Britain. Montagu, t. 12. f. 13.

60. Conical, minute, subumbilicated, with four or more five tumid whorls; aperture completely ovate. Weymouth. Dorset Cat. t. 18. f. 12. b.

61. Conical, minute, with 6 flattish slightly striated contiguous whorls, and alternate bands of chestnut brown and horn colour. Britain. Montagu, t. 12. f. 7.

62. Conical, minute, acuminated, with 5 flattish interstices whorls, and interrupted longitudinal yellowish brown streaks. Montagu, t. 20. f. 8.

63. Conical, minute, with 5 or 6 slightly rounded semicircular whorls, which are transversely striated at both ends, tusks, and plain in the middle. Devonshire.

64. Opaque; whorls 5, longitudinally ribbed; aperture roundish; not margined. Pembrokeshire coast.

65. Opaque, smooth, with 5 whorls. Cornwall. Adams in Linn. Tr. iii. t. 13. f. 21. and 22.

66. Pellucid, white, with 5 reticulated whorls. Pembrokeshire coast. Montagu, t. 12. f. 4.

Solid Solid and perforated.

67. Conic, rounded, smooth; a small tooth near the umbilicus; 3 inches broad. In most seas. Lister, t. 640. f. 30.

68. Conical, rounded, with the whorls nodulous, and striated; umbilicus toothed. W. Indies. Chem. v. t. 178. f. 1769 and 70.

69. Conical, small, rather smooth; whorls much rounded; aperture oval-ear-shaped.

70. Minute, conical, and smooth, with 6 rounded whorls; summit rather obtuse; aperture suborbicular. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 20. f. 3.

71. Subconical, minute, and smooth; body-whirl somewhat keeled at the base; pillar lip broad, with a small groove ending in an umbilicus. Cornwall and Devon. Montagu, t. 20. f. 7.

72. Umbilicated, conic, convex, striated and smooth; whorls slightly grooved; size of a pea. Africa, and Bay of Naples. Chem. v. t. 177. f. 1756. and 1767.

73. Ovate, convex, with longitudinal undulated streaks; spire obtuse; mouth silvery. New Zealand. Martyn, ii. t. 29.

74. Sabovate, with transversely striated lines on the back. India. Chem. v. t. 177. f. 1760. and 1761.

75. Sabovate, with smooth, elevated, dorsal lines. Indian ocean. Chem. v. t. 177. f. 1762.

76. Umbilicus rough; whorls, with branched spines. India. Chem. v. t. 175. f. 1727. to 1735.

77. Depressed, knotty; an unequally tuberculated ridge on the back of the first whirl. Chem. vi. t. 174. f. 1723. and 1724.

78. Whorls convex, and separated by a band, tessellated with brown and white; colour of a medlar. South sea. Chem. v. t. 176. f. 1740. and 1741.

79. Surrounded with knotty rings; dirty green, with a reddish tip. Indian and South seas. Chem. v. t. 176. f. 1744. to 1746.

80. With a keel and row of nodules, transversely ribbed, and strongly wrinkled obliquely; pillar lip broad and white; with a large umbilicus.

81. Black, with double, alternate, black, and cinereous moniliform belts of granulations; pillar 1-toothed; size of a nut. Nicobar islands. Chem. v. t. 177. f. 1754. and 1755.

82. Depressed, orbicular; white, varied with brown; lower margin of the pillar denticulated. Chem. v. t. 178. f. 1767. and 1768.

83. Dirty green, varied with brown; whorls 4, first large. New Zealand. A large shell. Chem. v. vig. 43. p. 145. f. A. and B.

84. Smooth, roundish, cinereous; whorls substriated, ventricose, flattened at the suture. Born. t. 12. f. 25. and 26.

85. Transversely grooved, green, with blackish longitudinal zig-zag stripes; within margaritaceous. S. sea. Martyn's Univ. Conch. ii. t. 70.

86. Slightly mucronated, and covered all over with smooth spines. Chem. v. t. 175. f. 1737 to 1739.

Cancelled.

87. Umbilicus flattish, spreading; whorls round, with crenated striae.

88. Umbilicated, somewhat oblong and obtuse, with 4 round and smooth whorls; minute. Fresh water near the baths in Tuscany. Britain, Don. iii. t. 102.

89. Wentele-trap; conic; whorls distant, longitudi-scalaris-nally ribbed. Var. i. perforated with 8 whorls! 2. Imperforated with 10 whorls; 2 inches long. Barbary, Coromandel. Martini, iv. t. 152. f. 1426, 1427, 1430, and 1431.—The wentele-trap is a very rare shell, and therefore greatly esteemed among collectors. As a proof of this, in the year 1753, four specimens, which were disposed of at the sale of Commodore Lisle's shells in London, brought 73l. 12s. Two were sold at 16 guineas each; one at 18 guineas, and the fourth at 23l. 2s. The celebrated specimen lately in the possession of Mr Bullock, London museum, was brought from Ambonya by the late William Webber of Blackheath, who once refused the sum of 500l. offered for it by the late Earl of Bute. It is supposed to be the finest specimen in any cabinet; and was brought at the sale of the London museum by a niece of Mr Webber, in whose possession it now is, for 27l. 10s.

90. Imperforated, turreted, with 10 contiguous, can-principa-callated whorls, and longitudinal ribs. Coromandel. Lit. Chem. x. t. 195. f. 1876 and 1877.

91. False wentele-traps taper, not umbilicated; spire elathrus, with longitudinal ribs; whorls smooth, ventricose, and separated by a deep canal; from 1 to 3 inches long. Indian and European seas, Britain, Falmouth, South Devon. Don. t. 28.

92. Imperforate, turreted, with rounded subconti-clathratus-guous whorls, and thin longitudinal crowded ribs. Britain. Linn. Trans. viii. t. 5. f. 1.

93. Imperforate, turreted, with contiguous whorls, pulcher, and strong distant longitudinal ribs, ending in a transverse keel on the body-whirl. W. Indies. Lister, t. 388. f. 50.

94. Tapering, perforated; whorls contiguous; smooth, ambiguo-ribbed. Mediterranean.

95. Taper, subcancellated; whorls 8-ribbed, conti-crenatus-guous; crenated above. W. Indies. Chem. v. t. 195. A.f. 1880 and 1881.

96. Taper; striae crowded, longitudinal, raised; lacteus-size of a barley-corn. Mediterranean. Giannai, t. 6. f. 55.

97. Turreted, with the whorls obliquely ribbed, and elegantis-the aperture somewhat angulated at both ends. Eng-sinus. land and Ireland. Montagu, t. 10. f. 2.

98. Turreted, with longitudinal straight ribs; aper-simillimus-ture subovate. Island of Jura.

99. Turreted, minute, with 5 or 6 whorls, and dis-parenst-elevated ribs. Britain. Don. t. 90.

100. Turreted, minute, subcancellated, with the striatulus-whorls contiguous, and interrupted by varicose belts. Britain and Mediterranean. Montagu, t. 10. f. 5.

101. Conical, minute, with rounded whorls, and reticulatus-strongly reticulated. Pembrokeshire. Montagu, t. 21. f. 1.

102. Turreted, small and glossy, with contiguous bryereus-ribs, and the aperture ovate. Britain and W. Indies. Montagu, t. 15. f. 8.

103. Turreted, small, with continuous undulated coniferus-ribs; and the whorls somewhat crenulated at the suture. Weymouth. Montagu, t. 15. f. 2.

104. Conical, small, with oblique ribs; whorls den-dentica-ticulated at the suture. Weymouth. Montagu. tus. arcuatus.

105. Turreted, small, with continuous ribs, which are arched over at the suture. Guernsey.

striatus.

106. Ovate, imperforated, ventricose; finely striated spirally; 6 lines long. Woods of Europe, Britain. Walker, f. 49.

costatus.

107. Subturreted, minute, with the whirls obliquely ribbed, and transversely striated; aperture with a thick sulcated rim. Britain. Montagu, t. 10. f. 6.

unicus.

108. Acuminated, minute, with 9 very convex whirls, and cancellated striae. Sandwich. Montagu, t. 12. f. 2.

indistinctus.

109. Subcylindrical, minute, with longitudinal ribs, and punctured transverse striae in their interstices.

ova.

110. Ovate, obtuse; whirls contiguous, imbricated, and longitudinally striated; 1½ inch long. South America. Gualteri, t. 38. f. D.

mumia.

111. Subcylindrical, and obliquely ribbed; aperture semi-ovate; 2 toothed; inside tawney. America. Lister, t. 388. f. 48.

alveareca.

112. Cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, and obliquely striated; aperture semiovate, one tooth; with a white inside. St Domingo. Lister, t. 388. f. 49.

cylindrus.

113. Subumbilicated, cylindrical, obtuse; longitudinally striated, with contiguous equal whirls. Jamaica. Lister, t. 21. f. 17.

troceus.

114. Cylindrical, glabrous, obtuse, of an orange colour; lip marginated. Chem. ix. Part 2. t. 135. f. 1233.

sulcatus.

115. Ovate, obtuse, umbilicated; obliquely striated, and white; aperture semiovate; and outer lip reflected. Ceylon. Lister, t. 588. f. 47.

cornutus.

116. Umbilicated, rounded, rather acute; whirls round, with decussated striae; aperture reflected.

reflexus.

117. Umbilicated, convex, a little prominent; whirls round, substriated; aperture reflected. S. Europe.

elegans.

118. Ovate, with 5 ventricose whirls, with strong, transverse, and fine longitudinal striae. Britain and Italy. Montagu, t. 22. f. 7.

linicina.

119. Oblong, obtuse, with wrinkled striae; aperture with a dilated, flat, crenated border; 8 lines long. Jamaica. Lister, t. 26. f. 24.

tabio.

120. Oblong, umbilicated, brown, striated with convex dots; lip white, dilated; 15 lines long. Jamaica. Lister, t. 25. f. 23.

lunulatus.

121. White, cylindrical, reticulated; aperture remote.

ligatus.

122. Subumbilicated, nearly globular, acuminate; aperture thickish in the margin. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 123. f. 1071. to 1074.

foliacus.

123. Trochiform, with foliaceous wrinkles, variegated with white and rose colour; umbilicus large. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 123. f. 1069. and 70.

marginalis.

124. Umbilicated, subovate, wrinkled, and the whirls transversely marginated and striated. Coromandel. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 123. f. 1075.

varimatis.

125. Rounded, subpyramidal, with 3 keels on each whirl, and a large spiral umbilicus. Jamaica; land shell. Lister, t. 28. f. 26.

separata.

126. Rather smooth, with 3 keels, and the lower end of the body-whirl detached; aperture triangular. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 155. f. 1589. and 92.

niveus.

127. Depressed, pellucid, white, with three transversely striated and slightly attached whirls; umbilicus large. Nicobar islands. Chem. x. t. 165. f. 1587. and 8.

128. Depressed, white, with longitudinal brown zig-zag stripes, and the whirls rounded; umbilicus deep and wide. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 123. f. 1067. and 8.

Turreted.

129. Whirls of the spire imbricated downwards; 4 imbrices inches long. American islands. Knorr. vi. t. 25. f. 2.

130. Smooth; whirls imbricated upwards; 3 inches long. Tranquebar. Martini, iv. t. 151. f. 1412.

131. With a single prominent, acute, transverse octangle rib; 4 inches long. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 591. f. 57.

132. Whirls with two prominent, acute, transverse duplico ribs; 5 inches long. Coromandel. Lister, t. 591. f. 57.

133. With the whirls transversely striated, and an torcular obtuse rib near both extremities of each. Born, t. 13. f. 8.

134. With the whirls longitudinally wrinkled, and obsolete an obtuse rib on each of the sutures. Lister, t. 589. f. 53.

135. Whirls with two prominent, obtuse, distant, exoeotic transverse ribs; 2 inches long. Europe, Guinea, shores of Britain. Lister, t. 592. f. 60.

136. Whirls 6, prominent, acutely striated; from cerebra 2 to 6 inches long. Shores of Europe, Africa and China; Britain. Lister, t. 591. f. 57.

137. With about 24 rounded whirls, and ten sharp archine ribs on each. China. Chem. x. t. 165. f. 1591. dis.

138. Whirls of the spire flattish, with 7 obtuse striae; variegos 2 to 3 inches long. S. America, Barbary. Bonanni, Rec. 3. f. 122.

139. With 10 obsolete striae on each whirl. European ocean.

140. Umbilicated, glabrous, and yellow, with a keel teretell on each whirl. Nicobar. Chem. x. t. 165. f. 1592 and 3.

141. With a prominent marginated suture. Gualannus teri, t. 38. f. L.

142. With about 12 reversed whirls, and two turrirows of nodules on each. Island of St Thomas. Chem. thoma. xi. t. 213. f. 3022. a. to d.

143. Pellucid; whirls contrary; sutures subcrena-bidented; aperture 2-toothed behind; ¼ inch long. Europe; roots of trees, Britain. Chem. ix. part i. t. 5. f. 3.

144. Pellucid; whirls reversed, not crenated; perserr aperture 3-toothed; ¼ inch long. Europe, Britain, among moss, and in old walls. Linn. Tr. viii. t. 5. f. 2.

145. Pellucid, and the whirls reversed; pillar lip laminar, not detached, and furnished with two large teeth. Europe and Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 4.

146. Opake, longitudinally striated, whirls reversed; bipinnular lip slightly detached, and furnished with two approximated teeth. Europe and Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 5.

147. With the whirls reversed, and the base plaited corrugate and wrinkled; aperture with two teeth. Spain. Chem. ix. part i. t. 112. f. 961. and 2.

148. Opake, striated, and the whirls reversed; aperture with two teeth, and a thick dilated white margin. Near London. Montagu, t. 11. f. 6.

149. Slightly striated longitudinally, and of a grey-greenish white colour; aperture ovate, with 5 teeth. France. dentata Born, t. 13. f. 9.

150. Subcylindrical; smooth, pellucid; aperture 3-trident toothed. Italy, Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 2. Conchology.

151. Conical, turreted, brown; with the aperture subovate, and 7-toothed. France and Britain. Montagu, t. 12. f. 12.

152. Ovate, obtuse, pellucid, with 6 whorls; aperture with a white margin, and nearly toothless. Britain. Montagu, t. 22. f. 3.

153. Subcylindrical, and the whorls reversed; aperture with 4 white teeth. France and Italy. Lister, t. 40. f. 38.

154. Subcylindrical, smooth, with 5 rounded whorls; aperture 6-toothed. England. Montagu, t. 12. f. 8.

155. Oval, with 5 reversed and finely striated whorls; aperture subtriangular; slightly margined, and toothed. Denmark, Britain. Montagu, t. 12. f. 6.

156. Conical, polished, and pellucid; aperture margined, with 2 teeth on the inner, and a knob on the outer lip. Great Britain. Montagu, t. 22. f. D.

157. White, and very smooth; aperture with a flatish, concave, obtuse, reflected lip. Mediterranean.

158. Imperforated, extremely glabrous, and the aperture ovate. Mediterranean and West of England. Don, t. 177.

159. Subulate, extremely glabrous, white, with yellowish transverse lines, and the aperture ovate. Britain. Don, t. 172.

160. Subulate, decussated, with longitudinal and very minute transverse striae; aperture suboval, and contracted at both ends. Dorsetshire. Montagu, t. 15. f. 7.

Depressed.

161. Flattish, with the whorls annulated, and crested on the back. Germany, Switzerland, and Britain. Montagu, t. 25. f. 5.

162. Flattish above, and umbilicated beneath, with 3 or 4 rounded whorls. France and Britain. Walker, f. 18.

163. Minute, depressed, with 4 slightly wrinkled whorls, and umbilicated beneath. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 13. f. 5.

164. Minute, depressed, with three smooth whorls, and umbilicated beneath. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 21. f. 3.

Gen. 29. Helix, Snail.

Gen. Char.—The animal a limax; shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle; aperture contracted, semilunar, or roundish.

Species:

Whorls longitudinally angulated on both sides.

1. Ovate, both edges keel-shaped; aperture toothed. Mountains of Asia, and the Friendly islands. Lister, t. 577. f. 31.

2. Ovate, thick, obliquely striated, and the aperture 5-toothed. Greece. Adanson, t. 1. f. 4.

With a carinated margin on the body whorl.

3. Umbilicated; convex on each side; aperture transverse, margined, ovate; ½ inch in diameter. Rocks, woods, and hedges in Europe, Britain. Don, t. 39. f. 2.

Vol. VI. Part II.

plicata. 26. Umbilicated, keeled, and rather depressed; aperture ear-shaped; distorted, toothed, and sinuated, with a prominent margined lip. E. Indies. Chem. xi. t. 208. f. 2048.

sinuata. 27. Imperforated, subcarinated, reddish brown, with a white ridge; aperture transverse; toothed and 3-plaited behind; 9 lines in diameter. America. Lister, t. 97. f. 98.

lucerna. 28. Imperforated, white; flattish above; beneath gibbous; aperture transverse, 1-toothed; 13 lines broad. E. Indies and Jamaica. Lister, t. 96. f. 97.

lampas. 29. Imperforated, flattish above, beneath gibbous; whorls scarred. A rare shell. Chem. ix. t. 208. f. 2044 and 2045.

caracolla. 30. Imperforated, a little convex on each side, with a white transverse lip. India and America. Lister, t. 63. f. 61.

lychnuchus. 31. Imperforated, top-shaped, white, with fulvous bands; aperture transverse, 2-toothed. Jamaica, Lister, t. 92. f. 90.

cepa. 32. Subglobular, umbilicated, subcarinated; yellowish, with a whitish band; aperture transverse, 2-toothed, and sinuated behind. Jamaica. Lister, t. 88. f. 89.

unidentata 33. Subumbilicated, slightly keeled, with 6 whorls ending in an obtuse summit; base convex, with 1 tooth on the pillar lip, and the outer lip marginated. Ceylon. Chem. xi. t. 208. f. 2049 and 2050.

cornumilitare. 34. Subcarinated, imperforated, convex; aperture with a white margin. India and Germany. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 129. f. 1142 and 1143.

pellis-serpentis. 35. Subcarinated, with flame-coloured, red, and white bands; beneath surrounded with 4 rows of dots; aperture fringed. Warm parts of S. America. Lister, t. 66. f. 64.

vortex. 36. Flat, thin, concave above; aperture oval, flat; 3 lines wide. Ponds and rivers of Europe, Britain. Montagu, t. 25. f. 3.

scabra. 37. Subcarinated, imperforated, ovate, pointed, and striated. Jamaica. Lister, t. 583. f. 37.

gothica. 38. Convex on each side; horny, with subferruginous bands. Woods of Sweden. Linnaeus, p. 1243.

gualteriana. 39. Imperforated, depressed, with decussated striae; aperture acute on each side. India. A land species, very rare. Spain. Chem. v. vig. 44. f. a, b, and c.

turcica. 40. Umbilicated, depressed, rough, with elevated dots, and the keel crenated; aperture somewhat quadrangular. Mogador and Morocco. Chem. xi. t. 209. f. 2065 and 2066.

avellana. 41. Umbilicated, roundish, thick, with a broad rib-like keel on the body whirl, and the spire depressed; outer lip notched near the upper end. New Zealand. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1919 and 1920.

maculosa. 42. Umbilicated, subcarinated, obliquely striated and a little depressed; aperture lunated, with a margined lip. Born, t. 14. f. 15 and 16.

punctata. 43. Subumbilicated, subcarinated, aperture transverse, oblong; lip margined, 3-toothed. Virginia. Lister, t. 93. f. 93.

annulata. 44. Umbilicated, depressed, white; whorls 4, the first gibbous and doubly carinated; aperture ovate; 2 lines in diameter. Schroeter, t. 5. f. 30.

corrugata. 45. Umbilicated, wrinkled, and obliquely striated; aperture lunated. Otaheite. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 133. f. 1209.

*** Umbilicated, and the whorls rounded.

* 46. Above umbilicated, flat, blackish; whorls 4, corona. Fresh waters, Europe, Coromandel, Britain. Dom. t. 39. f. 1.

* 47. Concave on each side, flat, whitish; whorls 5, spirally rounded; 1½ line diameter. Stagnant waters, France, Germany. Britain. Montagu, t. 25. f. 2.

* 48. Flattish, orbicular; aperture oval; lip fringed. polygyra. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 127. f. 1124 and 1125.

* 49. Subumbilicated, flat on each side, equal; aperture linear, arched; 1 to 2 lines wide. Stagnant waters of Europe. Britain. Montagu, t. 25. f. 6.

* 50. Polished, yellowish, above convex, umbilicated; nitida, flat beneath, perforated; 1 to 3 lines in diameter. Ditches of Denmark and Britain. Montagu, t. 23. f. 4.

* 51. White, umbilicated on each side; aperture dilated; 1 to 2 lines wide. Denmark, aquatic plants. Montagu, t. 25. f. 7.

* 52. Pellucid, umbilicated above; striated with dots. similis. Ditches in Denmark and Berlin. Martini, Ber. Mag. iv. t. 11. f. 64.

* 53. With 4 rounded whorls, rather convex above, crystalline and the base largely umbilicated; aperture nearly orbicular, with a reflected margin. Denmark and Britain. Linn. Trans. t. 5. f. 5.

* 54. Umbilicated, flattish; aperture oval; 12 to 16 cornu-lines in diameter. China. Lister, t. 136. f. 40.

* 55. Subimperforate, ovate, conical, with the two last minims whorls placed in the centre of the first; aperture orbicular. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 18.

* 56. Umbilicated, convex, hispid, diaphanous; whorls hispid. 53 aperture roundish, lunated. Woods of Europe. Britain. Montagu, t. 23. f. 3.

* 57. Subconical, semi-pellucid, with 5 rounded striated umbilicated whorls, and the umbilicus very large. Britain. Montagu, t. 13. f. 2.

* 58. Subumbilicated, somewhat conical, with 6 gla-trechibrous whorls; aperture sublunated, and transversely compressed. Denmark and Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 9.

* 59. Umbilicated, somewhat conical, with 5 trans-acute-versely striated whorls, and the striæ membranaceous and bristly. Denmark and Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 10.

* 60. Subglobular, with 4 ventricose smooth whorls; incuna aperture large, and nearly orbicular, and the pillar sinuated. Britain. Montagu, t. 13. f. 6.

* 61. Subumbilicated, subglobular, glabrous; whorls unequal above more ventricose; aperture large, ovate, oblong; 1 to 5 inches wide. Asia and America. Lister, t. 130. f. 30.

* 62. Ventricose, nearly globular, wrinkled longitudinally, and the spire somewhat produced; aperture ovate-oblong, and umbilicus large. Indian islands. Lister, t. 125. f. 25.

* 63. Subumbilicated, subovate, obtuse; aperture roundish, semilunar; reddish brown, with obsolete, paler bands. Woods of Europe, Britain.—This species was a favourite dish among the Romans. It is still used as an article of food in many parts of Europe, during the season of Lent. It was introduced into England land by Sir Kenelm Digby, as a cure for consumption. Don. t. 84.

64. Umbilicated, roundish, pointed; lip margined; aperture oval. Guadaloupe. Lister, t. 129. f. 29.

65. Ventricose, very thin, much variegated, and minutely striated longitudinally; aperture patulous and ovate.

66. Conical, subterranean, with fine ventricose almost unconnected whirls, and the aperture ovate. France and Italy. Chem. ix. t. 128. f. 1139. No. 1.

67. Subumbilicated, convex, obtuse; yellowish, with a brown band; from 12 to 18 lines wide. Woods of Jamaica and China. Lister, t. 54. f. 52.

68. Perforated, subglobular, dull chestnut, with a rufous band united to a white one; whirls 7, striated. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 131. f. 1177. and 8.

69. Globular, subumbilicated, white; lip reflected; whirls 5. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 44. f. 41.

70. Perforated, subglobular, with hollow dots and a red band; first whirl larger; 8 lines wide. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 131. f. 1176.

71. Depressed, umbilicated, white, with a cut margin. East Indies. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 130. f. 1166.

72. Umbilicated, nearly globular, with five whirls, and the base gibbous; outer lip white and reflected. Tranquebar. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 130. f. 1155.

73. Umbilicated, convex, pointed; aperture suborbicular, a little reflected at the rim, brown, with a single black spiral band; 9½ lines wide. Shrubberies and hedges, Britain. Don. t. 136.

74. Nearly imperforated, globular, pellucid; fulvous, with a white lip; 1 to 3 lines wide. Woods of Denmark. Muller, ii. p. 36.

75. Subimperforated, subglobular, striated; whirls 7; 12 lines in diameter. Jamaica. Lister, t. 62. f. 60.

76. Subumbilicated, obtusely pyramidal, wrinkled, and the summit flat and glabrous; aperture transverse and margined. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 122. f. 1053. and 1054.

77. Umbilicated, oblong-ovate, white, with decussated striae, and brown longitudinal stripes; aperture contracted at the base. Senegal. Adamson, t. 1. f. 1.

78. Subcylindrical, polished, diaphanous, and white; aperture semiovate, marginated, and x-toothed. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 135. f. 1234.

79. Subimperforated; white, with rufous lip and bands; whirls 5; 18 lines wide. Muller.

80. Subimperforated, subglobular; pale, immaculate; aperture large; whirls 4, distant. Muller.

81. Perforated; globular; white, with subinterrupted red bands; lip rosy; 5 to 7½ lines wide. Barbary, Italy. Montagu, t. 24. f. 1.

82. Perforated, with a depressed crown; white, with rufous bands, and numerous lines; lip white on each side; 10 lines wide. Italy, Britain. Montagu, t. 24. f. 4.

83. Perforated, globular, polished; white, with brown bands; 15 lines wide. India. Chem. ix. p. ii. t. 129. f. 1146. and 7.

84. Umbilicated, convex, slightly depressed; aperture rather oblong and margined; whirls 5; first ventricose; 11 to 13 lines in diameter. Barbary, Europe. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 132. f. 1188. and 9.

85. Umbilicated; subdepressed, striated, white, striata. 6 lines wide. Italy and Saxony. Schroeter, t. 2. f. 20.

86. Umbilicated, depressed, yellowish, with a brown ericeto-band or bands; 4 to 11 lines wide. Europe, Britain. rum. Lister, t. 78. f. 78.

87. Umbilicated, cinereous; whirls 4; ribs trans-costata, versely plaited; aperture circular; 1 line wide. Highlands of Denmark. Muller.

88. Umbilicated, subdepressed; aperture circinate; pulchella; lip white, reflected; whirls 4; 1 line wide. Moist woods of Denmark. Geoffroy, No. 6. t. 2.

89. Umbilicated, depressed; yellowish, polished; cellaria. white beneath; aperture large; whirls 5; 3½ lines wide. Cellars in Germany. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 127. f. 1129.

90. Umbilicated, depressed on both sides; whirls obvoluta, obvoluta. Var. 1. Whitish, glabrous, with a triangular aperture. 2. Brown, hispid, with a linear aperture; 4 to 5 lines wide. Italy. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 127. f. 1128.

91. Umbilicated, convex; aperture margined, sub-ungulina. orbicular, and elongated above; of the shape of an apple; 16 lines wide. India. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 125. f. 1098. and 9.

92. Umbilicated, globular; aperture without pillar fruticum. lip; 7½ lines wide. Hedges of Denmark. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 133. f. 1203.

93. Subglobular, subumbilicated; white, with crowd-vittata, ed chestnut bands and blue crown; lip reflected, white; 9 lines in diameter. Coromandel. Lister, t. 67. f. 66.

94. Subglobular, subumbilicated; flesh coloured, and rosacea. transversely striated; whirls 5; 19 lines wide.

95. Umbilicated, convex, obtuse; whirls 5, round; itala. umbilicus wide; size of a nut. Southern Europe. A land species. Gmelin.

96. Umbilicated, perforated, convex, obtuse; whirls lusitanica. 5, round, and yellowish white; umbilicus spreading; size of a small apple. Southern Europe. A land species. Chem. ix. p. 1. t. 128. f. 913. and 14.

97. Umbilicated, ovate; whirls 3; striated; apert-mammature large, ovate, and united to the tip. Rivers of laris. Africa. Lister, t. 66. f. 15.

98. Umbilicated, convex; whirls 5, round; umbili-hispana. cus thin, perforated; aperture suborbicular. Southern Europe.

99. Umbilicated, ovate-oblong; finely striated; lutaria. aperture white within.

100. Perforated, ovate, ventricose, and streaked; ovata. tip ribbed and rosy; lip of the same colour; pillar white; whirls 6; 4 inches long. E. Indies. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 119. f. 1020.

101. Perforated, ovate, oblong, striated; lip and oblonga pillar rosy; whirls 6; aperture oval; 3 inches long. South America and India. Lister, t. 23. f. 21.

102. Perforated, oblong; white, with longitudinal flammaea. rufous bands; pillar reflected; straight; 18 to 20 lines long. Guinea. Lister, t. 378. f. 33.

103. Top-shaped, white with rufous bands; whirls pileus. 6; aperture transverse, large; 15 lines long. Lister, t. 16. f. 11.

104. Umbilicated, oblong-ovate, thick, with the otaheitana whirls reversed, and the outer lip emarginated and white. white. Rivers in the island of Otabeite. Chem. ix. p. 1. t. 112. f. 950. and 951.

tenuis. * 105. Umbilicated, pellucid, horny, transversely striated; and convex; whirls 6, gradually decreasing; aperture semilunar; 4 or 5 lines in diameter. Britain. Schroeter, t. 5. f. 33.

cornu-oculatum. 106. Depressed, deeply umbilicated. Leaves and branches of trees, Senegal. Lister, t. 1055. f. 4.

trifasciata. 107. Conic, ovate, white, with 3 brownish bands in the first whirl; aperture fringed; lip white, dilated. Tranquebar. A land species. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 134. f. 1215.

bontia. 108. Conic, ventricose, perforated, pellucid, with a black tip; first whirl with three yellowish bands. Bengal and Tranquebar. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 134. f. 1216. and 17.

trochoides. 109. Top-shaped, perforated, polished; longitudinally striated; whirls reversed, the first keel-shaped; aperture angular. East Indies. Chem. x. t. 173. f. 1686.

lava. 110. Subcylindrical, glabrous, contrary, barred; pillar yellow; lip slightly reflected; 12 to 16 lines long; very rare. East Indies. Lister, t. 33. f. 31.

labrosa. 111. Oblong, polished, white, diaphanous; whirls 8; aperture ovate, toothless; 11 lines long. India. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 135. f. 1234.

**** Imperforate, and the whirls rounded.

aurca. 112. Subumbilicated, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smooth, yellow, with the outer lip white and marginated. W. Indies. Lister, t. 34. f. 33.

recta. 113. Conic, a little pointed; whitish with a rufous band and streaks; lip reflected; whirls 7; 2½ inches long. Chem. ix. p. 1. t. 110. f. 925. and 6.

interrupta. 114. Conic, pointed, white with fulvous streaks; lip white, reflected; whirls 7; 22 lines long. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 134. f. 1213. and 14.

arenaria. 115. Glossy, whitish, thin, longitudinally striated; spire contrary, hemispherical; minute. Coast of Rimini, Italy. Chem. ix. p. 1. t. 113. f. 972. and 3.

jamaicensis. 116. Globular, chestnut-brown, barred with white; lip fringed, white; crown obtuse. Jamaica. Lister, t. 42. f. 40.

rhodia. 117. Subglobular, depressed; base concave; aperture lunated. Rhode island. Chem. ix. p. 2. f. 1179.

ianthina. * 118. Nearly imperforated, roundish, obtuse, diaphanous, and very brittle; aperture dilated behind, with an emarginated lip; 1 inch broad and high. In most seas.—The animal which inhabits this shell shines in the night, and stains the hand with a violet or purple dye. Asia, Africa, and Ireland. Lister, t. 572. f. 24.

vivipara. * 119. Imperforated, ventricose, subovate, obtuse; whirls 5 to 6, very convex; aperture nearly orbicular; 1½ inch long. Stagnant waters of Europe. Britain. This species is viviparous. Dom. t. 87.

angularis. 120. Imperforated, greenish; whirls 5; spirally angular; throat wide; 12 lines long. China. Chem. ix. p. 2. t. 134. f. 1222. and 3.

fasciata. 121. Ovate, ventricose; white, with shining red bands; whirls 5; spire acute; 9 to 15 lines long. Italy and Saxony. Guinoni, ii. t. 1. f. 6.

dissimilis. * 122. Subovate, pointed, yellowish-white, with a black lip; whirls 6. Tranquebar. Schroeter, ii. t. 4. f. 10.

* 123. Perforated, roundish, thin, pellucid, and marked with variously coloured transverse bands; whirls 5, from 9 to 11 lines wide. Woods of Europe. Britain. Dom. t. 13.

* 124. Garden Snail; imperforated, globular, pale, opalescent, with broad, interrupted, brown bands; lip white; 7 to 8 lines wide. Gardens and orchards, Europe, Britain. Dom. t. 131.—This species is extremely destructive to the tender leaves of plants, and fruits. It is oviparous; the eggs are round, and about the size of small peas.

125. Imperforated, rather depressed, and white, with curving 6 whirls. France. Geoffroy, p. 33. t. 2.

126. Imperforated, roundish, smooth; whitish, with incurved rufous streaks and bands. Southern parts of Europe. Lister, t. 1058. f. 1 and 2.

127. Imperforated, roundish, brown, with a longitudinal white band; whirls 5, round, first large; aperture pure purple; 1½ inch broad. Ceylon. Lister, t. 1055. f. 2.

128. Imperforated, depressed, grey, with white scattered dots; aperture blackish; outer lip reflected, and 1-toothed.

129. Imperforated, subovate; brown striped; whirls pale; 4; aperture oblique, margined, whitish; 2 inches broad.

130. Imperforated, subglobular, glabrous; whirls picta, 4, round, first ventricose, the others depressed; aperture lunated. Italy. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 130. f. 1162 and 5.

131. Imperforated, subglobular, finely striated longitudinally; whirls 3, first ventricose; aperture lunated; pillar spiral. St Croix. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 133. f. 1224 and 5.

132. Imperforated, roundish, and transversely striated; whirls round; the first ventricose; aperture ovate. Born, t. 16. f. 9 and 10.

133. Thin, pellucid, smooth, with 5 or 6 whirls, fusco, which are obsoletely wrinkled longitudinally; aperture lunated.

134. Rather depressed, transparent, and greenish, pellucid with 3 whirls. France. Geoffroy, p. 38. N° 8. t. 2.

***** Turreted.

135. Thick, transversely striated, brown, and the conical summit truncated; aperture oval. Surinam. Chem. data. ix. part 2. t. 136. f. 1258.

136. Imperforated, tapering; spire mutilated, truncaluated; whirls 4 to 7, first large; 6 to 15 lines long. Europe, Asia, and Africa. Lister, t. 17. f. 12.

137. Smooth, white, with transverse-coloured bands, truncate and the summit truncated; aperture roundish.

138. Thick, longitudinally striated, white, and the calcareous spire entire, but rounded at the summit. E. Indies. Lister, t. 14. f. 9.

139. Of a horn colour, finely striated transversely, cuspid and longitudinally plaited; aperture oval, and the outer lip acute. E. Indies. In fresh water. Lister, t. 118. f. 13.

140. Pointed, cinereous, transversely striated; aperture whirls 7 to 8, toothed, marked with red streaks, and armed armed with sharp spines; 5 to 8 lines long. Coromandel. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 136. f. 1259, and 60.

141. Ovate, oblong, whirls 5, truncated upwards; aperture ovate; 2 to 5 lines long. Greece.

142. Conic, pointed, white, with a red band; whirls 7; aperture ovate, toothless; 4 lines long. Italy. Lister, t. 19. f. 14.

143. Conic, brown; whirls 6; aperture oval, toothless; snail white; above dusky, eyes only black. Roots of trees, Europe, Britain. Mont. t. 22. f. 5.

144. Conic, fulvous, polished; whirls 5 or 6; aperture toothless; 2½ lines long. Moss and wet rotten wood, Britain. Da Costa, t. 5. f. 18.

145. Grayish, transversely striated; whirls nodulous, and striped with red; pillar lip white. Coromandel. Martini, Ber. Mag. iv. t. 10. f. 57.

146. Turbinated, cinereous, nearly imperforated; crown truncated; whirls 5; aperture circular.

147. Subperforated, and a little tapering; whirls 5; aperture ovate; minute. Fresh waters, Baster, t. 7. f. 4.

148. Subperforated, tapering; whirls 8; aperture roundish; 4 lines long. America, Europe. Lister, t. 20. f. 15.

149. Ovate-oblong, somewhat perforated, rather pellucid, with 7 whirls; aperture roundish-lunated; outer lip slightly reflected. Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 3.

150. White, with longitudinal elevated striae, and remote tawny stripes; pillar sinuated and reflected.

151. Tapering, white, with a fulvous tip; whirls 7 or 8, contrary, spotted; aperture oblong; 27½ lines long. Guinea and Jamaica. Lister, t. 39. f. 37.

152. Imperforated, ovate, pointed, transversely striated; brown, with yellow bands; band on the first whirl double, on the rest single. Iceland.

153. Subulate, semipellucid, longitudinally plaited; whirls 10; round; aperture ovate. Born, t. 16. f. 14.

154. Subulate, smooth, finely striated transversely; whirls about 12; round; aperture ovate; pillar glabrous. Born, t. 16. f. 15.

155. Tapering, white, transversely substriated, and surrounded with a crenulated belt near the suture. Rivers of India. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 135. f. 1230.

156. White, tapering, somewhat umbilicated; first whirl a little keel-shaped, with a blackish band. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 136. f. 1263.

157. Tapering, very glabrous, chestnut brown with with darker spots; throat whitish. Fresh waters, Coromandel. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 135. f. 1243.

158. Imperforated, oblong, white, with longitudinal red undulations; whirls 6—7, first thrice as large as the next; ¼ inch long. New Holland. Schroeter, t. 10. f. 4.

159. Subimperforated, oblong, finely striated with white; whirls 5; first twice as large as the next; aperture oval, margined; ¼ inch long. Rhone and Britain. Montagu, t. 11. f. 1.

160. Ovate, imperforated; whirls 8—9, round, distant, and equally decreasing; aperture oval; ¼ inch long. American islands, Britain. Dorset Cat. t. 18. f. 11.

161. Oblong, perforated, whitish, with transverse brown bands, and the outer lip thickened within. Guadeloupe. Lister, t. 8. f. 1.

162. Conical, obtuse, longitudinally wrinkled, distorted, and the side opposite the aperture gibbous; aperture compressed. E. Indies. Chem. x. t. 3. f. 7.

163. Coarse, nearly imperforated, ovate, oblong; pupa. whirls 6; aperture oblong, lunated. Mauritania.

164. Coarse, oblong, imperforated; whirls 8; aperture roundish, lunated; size of a barley-corn. Algiers.

165. Oblong, imperforated; whirls toothed, spinous; amarula. 10 lines long. Rivers of India. Lister, t. 133. f. 33.

166. Imperforated, ovate, tapering to a point; somewhat angular, by several longitudinal wrinkles; whirls 6 to 7; first ventricose; aperture oblong, oval; 2½ inches long. Still waters of Europe, Britain. Don. t. 51. f. 2.

167. Imperforated, ovate, tapering to a point; spire fragilis; acute; whirls 5 to 7; aperture oblong, oval; 11 lines long. Still waters of Europe, Britain. Martini, Ber. Mag. iv. t. 9. f. 35.

168. Oblong, pointed, brown; aperture ovate; palustris; whirls 5 to 6. Meadows of Europe, Britain. Don. t. 175. f. 1.

169. Imperforate, subovate, with 5 or 6 rounded fossaria; whirls, and the suture conspicuous; aperture ovate. Britain. Montagu, t. 16. f. 9.

170. Subconic, horny, with a sharp point; aperture peregrina; ovate; 2 to 8 lines long. Stagnant waters of Denmark. Chem. ix. part 2. t. 135. f. 1244.

171. Ventricose, diaphanous, with an obtuse pro-glutinosa; junction; 2 to 3 whirls; aperture wide; 2 to 4 lines long. Denmark, chiefly on the leaves of nymphea lutea. Marshes at Deal. Montagu, t. 16. f. 5.

172. Imperforated, obtuse, ovate, yellow; whirls 3, putris; the first large, the others minute; aperture ovate; 1 to 8 lines long. Ponds in Europe, Britain. Montagu, t. 16. f. 3.

173. Conic, white, with transverse rufous lines; detrita; whirls 6; aperture ovate; 8½ lines long. Saxony. Lister, t. 8. f. 2.

174. Imperforated, somewhat oblong, pellucid; a-limosa; aperture ovate. Wet meadows of Europe, Sandwich, river Avon. Montagu, t. 16. f. 4.

175. Ovate-oblong, with the whirls detruncated, and truncature the aperture ovate. Thangelstadt in Saxony. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 13.

176. Imperforated, ovate, obtuse, clouded with tentacula-brown; whirls 4 or 5; aperture subovate; 1—4 lines ta. long. Ponds and still waters of Britain. Don, t. 93.

177. Subconical, with 5 rounded smooth whirls, and canalis; the pillar grooved. Southampton. Montagu, t. 12. f. 11.

178. Suboval, thickish, and of a yellowish orange lutea; colour; aperture spreading and oval. Devonshire. Montagu, t. 16. f. 6.

179. Imperforated, ovate, gibbous, with a depression auricula in the middle of the lip; whirls 3—5; the first ventri-via; case; spire acute, short; aperture much dilated; 2—15 lines long. Ponds of Europe, Britain. Don. t. 15. f. 1.

180. Ovate, smooth; whitish, with the apex acute, sicula. and the pillar one-plaited. Sicily. Gualteri, t. f. N. N.

laxigata. * 181. Whirls 2; first ventricose; the other minute, and placed laterally; pale red, pellucid. Europe, Devonshire. Don. t. 195.

baltica. * 182. Imperforated, ovate, pointed; whirls 4; wrinkles elevated; aperture ovate, dilated. Shores of the Baltic.

vericolaidea. * 183. Imperforated, convex, longitudinally striated; aperture roundish. Baltic. Gualteri, t. 64. f. 1.

perplica. * 184. Imperforated, convex, ovate; without lip; aperture extending to the tip, and exposes the whole inside. Mediterranean.

haloideaidea. * 185. Imperforated, depressed, with waved stripe; aperture oval; open all the way down; whirls 4, lateral. Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian and North seas. Britain. Montagu, t. 7. f. 6.

ambigua. * 186. Subimperforated, convex; grooves remote, compressed; aperture semiorbicular. Mediterranean sea. Adamson, t. 13. f. 1.

inflata. * 187. White, solid, opaque; first whirl twice as large as the rest; aperture large, margined. River Unstrut in Saxony. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 5.

albicans. * 188. White, opaque, pointed; aperture oval. Waters of Hamburg. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 6.

repanda. * 189. Ovate, pointed, subimperforated; first whirl ventricose, large; aperture semicircular; 6 or 7 lines long. Thingelstedt. Stagnant waters. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 16.

opaca. * 190. Ovate, pointed; whirls 5; first large, aperture ovate, oblong. Hamburgh. Aquatic. Schroeter, t. 7. f. 17.

turbinata. * 191. Oblong, imperforated, smooth, pointed; whirls inflated; the first larger, the rest gradually decreasing; aperture suboval, margined; 3/4 inches long. Danube. Schroeter, t. 10. B. f. 5.

Gen. 30. Nerita, Nerite.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax: the shell univalve spiral, gibbose, flattish at bottom; aperture semiorbicular, or semilunar; pillar lip transversely truncated, flattish.

Species.

* Umbilicated.

canrena. 1. Smooth; spire slightly pointed; umbilicus gibbose, and bifid. India, Africa, America. Lister, t. 360. s. 4.

cancellata. 2. With decussated striae, and impressed dots; spire subclavate; umbilicus gibbose, bifid. American islands. Lister, t. 366. f. 16.

punctata. 3. Subglobular, whitish, with numerous scattered yellowish dots, and three transverse rows of reddish, irregular spots. Mediterranean. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1903 and 4.

glauca. * 4. Smooth, glossy, faintly wrinkled; spire rather obtuse; umbilicus rather closed by the pillar lip, which is gibbose and two-coloured; 2 inches long. Barbary, Europe, Britain. Don. t. 20. f. 1.

citellus. 5. Subglobular; umbilicus perforated, equal. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 365. f. 12.

albumen. 6. Convex; umbilicus somewhat heart-shaped, with a flattened lobe. Cape of Good Hope, Barbary, Indian islands. Extremely rare. Schroeter, ii. t. 4. f. 13.

7. Ovate, glabrous; umbilicus partly covered; whirls smooth; four or five; aperture ovate. East and West Indies. Lister, t. 571. f. 22.

8. Subglobular, solid; tip bluish; lateritious bands spotted in the throat, and a white one on the beak. Mauritius island. Rather large. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1901 and 1902.

9. Thin, rufous; umbilicus darker, with a white rufa border; throat with a reddish band. Mauritius island. Lister, t. 606. f. 34.

10. Subglobular, with angular tawny lines, and fulvous flattened lobe; white or yellowish. Africa, Senegal. Rare. Chem. v. t. 187. f. 1881.

11. Subglobular, polished very smooth; base of the oriental spire a little wrinkled; pillar snowy. Eastern seas. Bay of Naples. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1898.

12. Subglobular, white, with red spots; lip obtuse and bluish; umbilicus spiral. Tranquebar. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1900 and 1901.

13. Wrinkled; within glabrous; umbilicus border-rugose ed with white. American islands. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1902 and 1903.

14. Subglobular, smooth, light green, brownish with maroon; livid at the tip; wrinkled at the angle of the whirls. Africa. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1905.

15. Subglobular; obliquely plaited; spire with 4 acute whirls, mucronate; umbilicus bifid. Born, t. 17. f. 5 and 6.

16. White, reticulated with reddish lines, and blackish at the tip; umbilicus nearly covered; whirls conical. vex. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1915 and 1916.

17. Subglobular, brown, with a double white fillet within the middle; reticulated and denticulated on each side. Africa. Chem. v. t. 188. f. 1917 and 1918.

18. Semitransparent, horn-colour; whirls prominent; pillar aperture semilunar, and patulous; umbilicus large; a small shell. Coasts of Kent and Dorset. Da Costa, t. 4. f. 4 and 5.

19. Pellucid, thin, oblong, with decussated striae; pillar dirty yellow; whirls 4; aperture suboval; pillar white; umbilicus half closed. Tranquebar. Chem. v. t. 189. f. 1939.

* Imperforate; and the pillar lip toothless.

20. Whirls of the spire crowned with spines; minute. India, America. Chem. ix. Part 2. t. 124. f. 1083 and 1084.

21. Grooved, with equal, tuberculated ribs; size of walnut. Indian islands. Chem. v. t. 190. f. 1946 and 1947.

22. Obsoletely striated; white or pale violet. Redcorn sea. Argenville, t. 7. f. M.

23. Rugged, spotted, streaked, or mottled with white floury and purplish brown or pink; mouth closed with a testaceous operculum; 4 lines long. In slow rivers of Barbary and Europe, Britain. Don. t. 16. f. 2.

24. Smooth, with a carious crown; whirls 4 or 5, litter first large; size of a horse bean. Europe, shores of Britain. Common. Don. t. 20. f. 2.

25. Smoothish, horny, or blackish, ending in a very lacunose fine fine point. Still water and warm springs of Europe; supposed to be only a variety of N. fluviatilis.

26. Grooves wide and black; within white; whirls 3; lip smooth, 2-toothed; 6 lines long. Magdalene islands. Adanson, t. 13. f. 5.

27. Thin, with decussated striae; tuberculated; black, with ochraceous spots; subglobular; aperture margined outwardly. Schroeter, t. 4. f. 16.

28. Thin, pellucid, ovate, polished; dull yellow varied with black; outer lip acute; inner glabrous; crown prominent. Very rare. Chem. v. t. 193. f. 2019.

*** Imperforate, with the pillar lip toothed.

29. Smooth, coarse, with an excavated eye-like small spire; inner lip smooth, crenulated; whirls 2, one large, terminating in an acute tooth; 14—16 lines long. Rivers of India. Lister, t. 143. f. 37.

30. Smooth, yellowish variegated with white, and 3 black bands; pillar lip two-toothed; outer lip slightly striated. Nicobar. Chem. x. t. 195. f. 1594 and 1595.

31. Thin, smooth, undulated, with an obtuse crown; outer lip substrated, and toothless; inner one a little denticulated. India. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1970 and 1971.

32. Smooth, roundish, milk-white; whirls with transverse, parallel, black striae; lip flat; teeth scarcely visible. Jamaica. Lister, t. 605. f. 31.

33. Smooth; inner lip 2-toothed; size of a pea. New Zealand. Favanee, ii. t. 10. f. R.

34. Smooth, green; inner lip crenulated in the middle. Minorca and Jamaica. Chem. ix. Part 2. t. 124. f. 1889.

35. Smooth, ovate, inner lip denticulated; 2 to 10 lines long. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 604. f. 24 to 27.

36. Smooth; crown obliterated; lip toothed on each side; brown. India, South seas. Lister, t. 600. f. 17.

37. Subglobular, white, with blackish undulated streaks; pillar-lip toothed and crenulated. E. Indian seas. Chem. v. t. 193. f. 2016 and 2018.

38. Subglobular, smooth, thin, of a dull yellowish colour, with triangular black spots, and the pillar-lip denticulated. Malabar. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1905 and 1906.

39. Subglobular, smooth, with the summit very obtuse, and the pillar-lip very slightly denticulated. Amboyna. Rumphius, t. 22. f. No. 6.

40. Subglobular, smooth, thick, opake, and minutely striated transversely; outer lip entire, and pillar lip slightly wrinkled. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1985 and 1986.

41. Striated; lips toothed; inner one flattish and wrinkled. American islands. Lister, t. 595. f. 1.

42. Striated; lips slightly toothed; inner one tuberculated. Cape of Good Hope, Indian ocean. Chem. v. t. 193. f. 2000.

43. Roundish, with transverse crenulated ribs, which are alternately larger; inner lip plaited above, and tuberculated below. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 508. f. 14.

44. Grooved, transversely striated; inner lip toothed; ribs 30, unequal. E. Indies. Chem. v. t. 190. f. 1948 and 1949.

45. Grooved; 17 to 20 transverse ribs; outer lip plicata, with 5 or 6 teeth within; inner convex, wrinkled, with three long, strong teeth, beside lesser ones. India. Chem. v. t. 190. f. 1952 and 1953.

46. Grooved, lips toothed; inner lip with a yellow grossa spot, and 3 or 4 teeth; convex and wrinkled. Molucca islands. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1968 and 1969.

47. With 20 grooves, varied with undulated al-chameternate black and white rays; lips toothed; inner one wrinkled and tuberculated. Indian ocean. Banda. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1988 to 1999.

48. Subglobular, transversely ribbed, and the summit stella obtuse and radiated; lips denticulated. E. Indian seas. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1907 and 1908.

49. Grooves 30; ribs about 30, flattened; lips undata, toothed; inner one wrinkled and tuberculated. Indian seas. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1950 and 1951.

50. Grooved, with 15 to 19 ribs; lips toothed; exuvia, inner one tuberculated. India. Lister, t. 596. f. 5.

51. Solid, thick, glabrous; undulated with black maxima and yellowish rays; outer lip toothless; inner one concave, 4-toothed. A very large shell. Chem. v. t. 190. f. 1942 and 1943.

52. Deep black, glabrous, and thinly striated above; atrata, both lips white; outer one finely grooved, and slightly toothed within. Atlantic and South seas. Chem. v. t. 190. f. 1954 and 1955.

53. With 16 white grooves; ribs spotted with white; arcensio-crown a little prominent; outer lip glabrous on each side; inner one concave, yellowish and toothed. Ascension island; a large shell. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1956 and 1957.

54. Mouth and lips white; whirls round, surrounded with black, parallel striae; outer lip striated within. Malacca seas. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1958 and 1959.

55. White, radiated with black without; striumpica, transverse, rounded, smooth; inner lip wrinkled and 4-toothed. Indian seas. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1964, and 1965.

56. Yellowish within, subglobular, surrounded with costata, thicker striae; interstices snowy; lips white, toothed; outer one crenated without. Nicolae islands. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1966 and 1967.

57. With bluish black, red and white square spots, versicolor, and bands, spotted with red and white; inner lip striated within, and toothed on each side. Antilles islands. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1962 and 1963.

58. Pale violet, with a yellowish tip; white within, quadrice-with elevated black striae; lips toothed; outer oncol, grooved within; inner one wrinkled. Red sea. Chem. v. t. 191. f. 1974 and 1975.

59. Grooved, yellowish within; crown a little pro-mallacoeniment; outer lip unarmed and crenulated outwardly; sis, inner lip yellowish, smooth. Malacca. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1976.

60. Subglobular, black; white within; grooved and antilla-striated; lips wrinkled and denticulated. Antilles rum. islands. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1987.

61. Subglobular, with crowded transverse striae; flammea, white, with purplish undulated rays; outer lip grooved within; inner lip wrinkled above. W. Indies. Chem. v. t. 192. f. 1992 and 1993.

62. Subglobular, with crowded transverse striae; fulgurans, deep black, with ochraceous rays; lips slightly denticulated;

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell is univalve, dilated, ear-shaped, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface; spire lateral and nearly concealed.

Species.

* With a longitudinal row of perforations.

1. *Midas' ear*; roundish, both sides polished; orifices from 8 to 10; 7 to 9 inches long. Indian ocean, Cape of Good Hope. Lister, t. 613. f. 5.

2. Subovate; outside transversely grooved, rugged and tuberculated; wrinkles on the outside undulated. The inner margin of the shell has a ridge the whole length, which terminates in one spiral turn at the end. This ridge is beset with tubercles, the last 6 of which, or from 6 to 9, are open. The inside is open, concave, and of a beautiful mother-of-pearl; the length is from 3 to 4 inches; breadth from 2 to 3. It is found on the shores in the south of England, after violent storms. It is common in the island of Guernsey, adhering to the rocks at the lowest ebb. The fish is eaten by the inhabitants, and the common people adorn their houses, with the shells, by sticking them on the outside with plaster. Don. t. 5.

3. Ovate, ferruginous, transversely wrinkled, and longitudinally striated; 4 or 5 orifices open. Asia, Barbary. Schroeter, ii. t. 4. f. 17.

4. Roundish-ovate, nearly smooth, of a bluish black colour, and the inside iridescent. California. Leach's Zool. Misc. i. t. 38.

5. Ovate, longitudinally striated; larger stripe tuberculated; orifices 20 to 30; 4 or five open. India. Lister, t. 612. f. 4.

6. Oval, longitudinally striated, with obsolete transverse ones; orifices about 30; 4 or 5 open; 2 to 4 inches long. Africa, India. Lister, t. 614. f. 4.

7. *Asses ear*; smoothish, oblong; margin somewhat falcated; nerves on the outside elevated; orifices about 30; 5 to 7 open; 3 inches long. India. Lister, t. 612. f. 1.

8. Ovate, red, with an elevated angle on the belly; orifices 30; 4 or 5 open. Africa, India. Favanne, i. t. 5. f. D.

9. Ovate, greenish, spotted with brown; stripe elevated, double, transverse; 6 orifices open. Africa. Lister, t. 612. f. 3

10. Varied with gray, bluish, and red; ovate; austrispire prominent, inflated; 7 to 9 orifices open; 3 inches long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1604.

11. Ovate, smoothish, solid; varied with white and globre green; 6 orifices open; 2½ inches long. Bay of Naples. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1602.

12. Orate, with decussated undulated stripe; under virginside iridescent; 6 orifices open; 1½ inch long. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1607 and 1608.

13. Roundish, varied with rosy and white; outer pulchelip crenated; orifices 30, 6 pervious; 7 lines long. South sea islands. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1605 and 1606.

14. Suborbicular, depressed, wrinkled; varied with onion white, chestnut, and yellowish; orifices in the middle pervious. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1609.

15. Oval, rugged, varied with white and red; spot-giguated; inner lip with a very broad margin; 3 to 7 orifices open. New Holland. Chem. x. t. 167. f. 1610 and 1611.

16. Ventricose, fulvid brown, with transverse wrinkles, and longitudinal, tuberous plait; under side iridescent; 4½ inches long. New Zealand. Extremely rare. Chem. x. t. 167. f. 1612 and 1613.

**Imperforate.**

17. Ovate, imperforated, with prickly ribs; spire imperforated; 1 inch long. India. Extremely rare. Chem. x. t. 166. f. 1600 and 1601.

Gen. 32. PATELLA, Limpet.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a limax; the shell univalve, subconic, shaped like a basin, without spire.

Species.

* With an internal appendage at the summit.

1. Orbicular, perforated outwardly; lip vaulted, equiperpendicular; 1 inch wide. Indian and American seas. Lister, t. 546. f. 38.

2. Suborbicular, with longitudinal strong elevated nuptial stripe, and the summit rather lateral. St Domingo and Falkland islands. Martini, i. t. 13. f. 117. and 118.

3. Pyramidal, transversely foliaceous, and the summits mit central and erect. Batavia. Martini, i. t. 13. f. 125. and 126.

4. Subconic, smooth; lip somewhat lateral. Mediterranean and Indian seas. On oysters in Salcombe bay, Devonshire, and Mediterranean. Don. t. 129.

5. Roundish, with radiated grooves, and striated; auricular crown recurved; internal cavity ear-shaped. Borneo, Santa Cruz. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1628. and 9.

**With an internal transverse partition.**

6. Conic, longitudinally plaited; internal lip lateral. Tranquebar and Falkland islands. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1626. and 7.

7. Convex, spiral, with longitudinal undulated ribs, troche and the margin crenated. Martini, i. t. 13. f. 135.

8. Ovate, tip subspiral; lip lateral; size of an cherry; inhabitant red. Indian seas. Lister, t. 545. f. 30.

9. Oval; tip recurved; lip placed behind and flat-portioned. India and Goree. Lister, t. 545. f. 34.

10. Oval, obliquely recurved behind; lip placed be-forming hind hind, and concave. Barbadoes, Mediterranean. Lister, t. 545. f. 33. and 35.

11. Oval, brown, with prickly stripe; crown recurved. American islands. Da Costa, s. t. 2. f. 2.

12. Oval, flat, thin, white, glossy, lamellated on the outside; 5 to 6 lines in diameter. Rocks at Gorée. Favanne, i. t. 4. lower fig. D.

13. Oval, flattish, smooth; lip semilunar, flat behind. Mediterranean, Indian ocean. Martini, t. 13. f. 29. and 30.

*** With the margin angular, or irregularly toothed.

14. Rays unequal, elevated; thicker and obtuse, on the outside. India. Favanne, t. 2. f. I.

15. Angular, with 7 keel-shaped, obtuse ribs. Java and Barbadoes. Lister, t. 532. f. 10.

16. Ovate, thin, much depressed, with longitudinal somewhat scaly stripe, and the summit acute; margin irregularly indented. Cerigo. Favanne, ii. t. 2. f. G. 1.

17. Ovate, depressed, and very narrow at the end, with angulated diverging ribs, and the interstices longitudinally striated. Martini, i. t. 10. f. 87.

18. Ovate, depressed, with irregular angulated ribs, and transverse stripe; summit acute, and the margin angulated and crenated. Patagonia. Martini, i. t. 10. f. 85. A. and B.

19. Toothed, with 19 elevated, vaulted, and muricated rays; Falkland islands. Knorr, v. t. 13. f. 5.

20. Toothed, with elevated, angular, imbricated striae; 2 inches long. Southern Europe, and Cape of Good Hope. Lister, t. 536. f. 15.

21. Angular, with numerous muricated striae; 1½ to 3 inches long. Jamaica, southern Europe. Lister, t. 534. f. 13.

* 22. With about 14 obsolete angles, and dilated, acute, crenated margin; crown central; 2 inches high. Marine rocks of Europe and India, Britain. Lister, t. 5. f. 40.

23. Oval, thick, rather shallow, with broad angulated ribs, and the margin unequally serrated. Isle of Cyprus. Martini, i. t. 10. f. 86.

24. Ovate, depressed, with 11 broad and intermediate narrower ribs; margin angulated. Jamaica. Martini, i. t. 10. f. 84. A. B.

25. Oval-oblong, with 7 depressed ribs and intermediate longitudinal striae; margin sub-octangular and crenated. Martini, i. t. 9. f. 78.

26. Longitudinally ribbed and ornamented with rays, which are alternately green and black, dotted with white; margin sub-angular and nearly entire. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 197. and 1914. and 15.

27. Ovate, depressed, with irregular decussated striae, and narrow longitudinal grooves; margin crenated. Africa and Isle of France. Lister, t. 538. t. 21.

28. Subovate, depressed, thin, with 9 broad rays, striated and slightly ribbed longitudinally; margin denticated. Shores of Lisbon. Martini, i. t. 8. f. 62.

29. Subovate, slightly striated, and stellated both inside and out, with white and blackish rays. Nicobar islands. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1916. and 17.

30. Crenated, subangular; striae numerous, unequal; beneath blue; blackish on the outside. Mediterranean and Britain. Born, t. 18. f. 2.

31. Very thin and transparent, oblong-oval, quite pellucid, smooth, of a pale yellowish horny colour, and nearly the same inside; vertex near one end, marked with a dark purple spot, from which emanate from 3 to 7 dotted lines of bright shining azure blue. Britain, on the leaves and stalks of fuci. Don. t. 3. f. 1.

32. Conic, tuberculated; tubercles white, in rows; tubercules slightly toothed; retuse behind. Gmelin.

33. Longitudinally ribbed and striated, with one cochlear end contracted like a scoop, and the summit acute; margin slightly angular. New Zealand. Knorr, ii. t. 26. f. 3.

34. Oval, subpellucid; ribs 16 to 20; tuberculated cypris; and foliaceous on the outside; 1 to 3 inches long. Shores of Cyprus. Martini, i. t. 9. f. 79.

35. Angulated, with undulated, blunt, much elevated plicata; ribs, and transversely wrinkled; summit obtuse. Born, t. 18. f. 1.

36. Oblong, flattish; bay striated with white; monopis within milk-white, with 11 elevated, unequal striae; crown rounded, white. American islands. Martini, i. t. 9. f. 80.

37. Suboctangular, thick, depressed, with fine somewhat granulated striae, and the spire acute. Provence. Lister, t. 538. lower figs.

38. Whitish, obtusely pentangular; margin crena-pentagonated, dilated; crown obtuse; bottom reddish. Born, t. 18. f. 4. and 5.

39. Oval, ochraceous, with elevated black striae; melano within silvery, spotted; crown pointed, white, smooth, gramma, bottom with a straw-coloured spot. Martini, i. t. 8. f. 67.

40. Ferruginous, with angular or undulated russet ferruginea lines and cinereous belts; within milk-white, with elevated, knotty striae; crown pointed; margin plaited. Straits of Magellan. Martini, i. t. 28. f. 66.

41. Thin, pellucid, striated, blackish, with olive crenata; rays; within glaucous or cinereous; crown pointed; margin crenated, bottom milk-white. Shores of Africa, Malaga, Lisbon. Martini, i. t. 8. f. 64. and 5.

42. Ovate, with annular striae; black with clova-lugubris, dotted, unequal striae; margin crenated; crown and bottom white. Provence and Cyprus. Martini, i. t. 8. f. 60.

**** With the summit pointed and recurved.

43. Entire, conic, pointed, striated, with a hooked, ungarica revolute crown; 2 inches high. America, Mediterranean, and Asiatic seas; shores of Britain. Don. t. 27. f. 1.

44. Conical, with fine cancellated striae, and the militaris summit obliquely recurved; margin entire. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 544. f. 32.

45. Subconical, with concentric imbricated wrinkle antiquata, les, and the summit slightly recurved. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 544. f. 32. and 31.

46. With distant strong longitudinal ribs, and the cochleata summit recurved; base ovate, and margin sinuated. South Sea. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1919. and 20.

47. Entire; ribs somewhat imbricated; crown calyptra, hooked; margin sinuated. North America. Martyn's Univer. Con. i. t. 18.

48. Convex, with longitudinal striae, which are alternately larger, and armed with vaulted scales; summit recurved; base ovate. America and Falkland islands. Martini, i. t. 12. f. 115. cassida. 49. Convex, longitudinally ribbed, and striated transversely, with the summit recurved; base roundish, and the margin crenated. Isle of France. Martini, i. t. 12. f. 116.

tranquebarica. 50. Ovate, thin, pellucid, with fine crowded striae; chestnut with white scales, within milk-white; with a brown spot at the bottom, and azure spot on the crown. Tranquebar. Lister, t. 530. f. 8.

mammilaris. 51. Conical, subpellucid, finely striated longitudinally, and the summit reflected; base oblong, and the margin entire. Mediterranean. Lister, i. t. 537. f. 17.

leucopleura. 52. Striated, entire, alternately black and white; 1 inch long. West Indies. Lister, t. 539. f. 22.

tricarinata. 53. Substriated, with 3 ribs on the forepart; 2½ inches high. New Zealand. Born, t. 18. f. 6.

pectinata. 54. Entire, ovate, with wrinkled, slightly branched striae; crown nearly central; 2 inches long. Mediterranean. Einl. ii. t. 5. f. 3.

fusco-lutea 55. Convex, oval-oblong, submembranaceous, with longitudinal striae, which are alternately larger, and wrinkled transversely; summit reflected. Born, t. 18. f. 8.

lutea. 56. Entire, oval, convex, striated, with a submarginal, reflected, mucronate crown; size of a melon seed. India. Martini, i. t. 17. f. 154. and 5.

perversa. 57. Oblong, horny, very thin, pellucid, glabrous, with a ferruginous base. Africa. Martini, i. t. 12. f. 114. A. and B.

lacustris. * 58. Entire, oval, membranaceous, with a central, mucronate, reflected crown; 1½ to 2½ lines long. Fresh waters of Europe, Britain. Don. t. 147.

oblonga. * 59. Membranaceous, brittle, slightly contracted in the middle, with the summit pointed and obliquely reflected; base oblong. Britain and other parts of Europe. Don. t. 150.

* * * * * With the summit obtuse, and the margin entire.

lavis. 60. Subconical, smooth, and diverging longitudinal lines, and the summit nearly marginal; base subovate. England. Montagu, t. 13. f. 8.

radians. 61. Oval, pellucid, much depressed, striated longitudinally, and radiate with blackish spots. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1618.

arcuata. 62. Pyramidial, reddish grey, with thin, circular striae crossed by longitudinal ones; crown violet. Straits of Magellan. Martini, i. t. 5. f. 41.

flammae. 63. Ovate, with fine annulated striae; reddish grey, with undulated brown rays; crown acute, central; white in the middle. Falkland islands. Martini, i. t. 5. f. 42.

indica. 64. Reddish grey, with radiated striae, glabrous, narrower on one side; crown acute, smooth, surrounded with a reddish ring; 3½ inches long. India. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 49.

surinamensis. 65. Thick, subovate, yellowish, with black rays, and longitudinal, unequal striae; and surrounded with knotty belts; crown obtuse, smooth, white. Surinam. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 50.

vitellina. 66. Ovate, yellow; base unequally striated; crown whitish, obtuse. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 51.

lavigata. 67. Ovate, yellow, within bluish white, with oblique flattened striae, alternately thicker and thinner; crown white, smooth, polished. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 54.

punctulata 68. Rounded, white, with many coloured dots, radiated towards the base, and surrounded with 2 brown rings. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 55.

69. Roundish, with longitudinal reddish stripes, radiated in pairs, and the margin yellowish. W. Indies. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1619.

70. Entire, acute, smooth, glabrous. Indian and textile North seas. Martini, i. t. 6. f. 45 to 48.

71. Entire, ovate, striated; crown obtuse, nearly testaceous central; 1¼ lines long. Greenland seas. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1614 and 1615.

72. Entire, oval, oblong, striated, smooth; coma-compressed on the back; 1¼ inches long. India. Lister, t. 541. f. 25.

73. Conical, elevated, with about 100 narrow longitudinal ribs; summit obtuse, glabrous, and central. Island of Goree. Martini, i. t. 5. f. 34.

74. Entire, conic, with 50 obtuse striae; 3 inches rustic long. Portugal. Lister, t. 537. f. 20.

75. Conical, convex towards the base, with longitudinal striae, and distant transverse ridges; base roundedish. Jamaica. Martini, i. t. 5. f. 37.

76. Oval, entire, striated; black brown radiated stellate with white; within silvery. Friendly islands and New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1617.

77. Entire, ovate, obtuse, with 39 cinereous, filiform, elevated striae. Straits of Magellan. Martini, i. t. 5. f. 40.

78. Depressed, thick, with remote decussated striae towards the base, and the summit smooth and central; inside base nearly oval; inside yellow. Surinam. Martini, i. t. 7. f. 50.

79. Entire, striated, with a submucronate, erect notate crown; within white, with a black, heart-shaped spot, white in the middle; minute. Mediterranean. Chem. x. vig. 25. f. c and d.

80. Entire, oval, subconvex; brown, with a white cross; 1 inch long. Schroeter, ii. t. 5. f. 7.

81. Entire, conic, compressed, with reticulated veins, reticulate Mediterranean. Schroeter, ii. t. 5. f. 7.

82. Oval, with crowded longitudinal elevated dotted carinae, and the summit acute and erect. Drobach in Norway. Muller Zool. Don. i. t. 12. f. 1 to 3.

* 83. Oval, very entire, with pale purplish longitudinal rays, and the summit nearly marginal. Britain and Norway. Don. t. 21. f. 2.

84. Oblong-oval; very entire; finely striated longitudinally, whitish, tessellated with red spots. Norway. Muller Zool. Don. i. t. 12. f. 6 and 7.

85. Oval-oblong, with minute, somewhat decussated fulvous striae, and the spire nearly marginal. Bay of Drobach in Norway. Muller Zool. Don. i. t. 24. f. 1 to 3.

86. Oblong, depressed, with the posterior margin ambiguated, and the anterior truncated; summit nearly marginal. New Holland. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1918.

87. Entire, oval, pellucid, depressed, striated, horny, radiate and radiated with black spots. New Zealand. Chem. x. t. 168. f. 1618.

88. Entire, roundish, diaphanous; depressed, with umbilical yellowish rays within; crown pale yellow; margin very acute; 4 inches long. Indian ocean. Chem. x. t. 169. f. 1645.

* * * * * With a marginal fissure.

* 89. Oval, conic, with reticulated striae; cleft on the fissure fore-part; crown recurved; ¾ inch long. European and and Barbary coasts, Devonshire. Martini, i. t. 12. f. 109 and 110.

90. Oval, rather depressed, cancellated, with a broad marginal fissure, and the summit recurved. Falkland islands. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1925 and 1926.

91. Oval, depressed, with crowded longitudinal striae, and a short marginal fissure. New Zealand. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1929 and 1930.

With a perforated summit.

92. Conical, longitudinally striated, and the summit recurved, with a rhomboidal perforation, extending towards the anterior margin. Norway and Britain. Montagu, t. 13. f. 10.

93. Oval, gibbous, convex, with reticulated striae; margin crenated; perforation near the posterior margin. Mediterranean and Indian seas. Lister, t. 528. f. 30.

94. Ovate, convex, reticulated; crown not much elevated; perforation oblong; margin crenulated; length ½ inch. Foreign specimens ⅓ inch. European seas. Sandwich. Don. i. t. 21. f. 3.

95. Ovate, cancellated, with the longitudinal ribs nodulous and alternately smaller; summit somewhat lateral, and the inner margin entire. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 528. f. 5.

96. Oval, subconical, with elevated, strongly tuberculated ribs, and the summit nearly central; margin crenated. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 528. f. 6.

97. A little convex, transversely wrinkled; brownish, with straw-coloured rays and spots; striae longitudinal, and alternately larger and scaley; ⅓ inch long. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 528. f. 7.

98. Ovate, compressed, striated; finely annulated, and radiated with black; bottom milk-white; perforation nearly central. Cape of Good Hope. Martini, i. t. ii. f. 95.

99. Oblong, with longitudinal striae, and the sides compressed; perforation circular and submarginal. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1922.

100. Repand on each side, compressed; perforation radiated with grooves; from ⅓ to ⅔ inch long. Falkland islands. Schroeter, ii. t. 6. f. 11.

101. Ovate, with concentrical elevated belts, and alternately white and violet longitudinal rays; perforation oval. Magellan straits. Martini, i. t. ii. f. 90.

102. Ovate, striated, rugged, brown; perforation oblong; ⅔ inches long. Mediterranean and Atlantic. America. Martini, i. t. ii. f. 91 and 92.

103. Subovate, rugged, white radiated with red; slightly striated; perforation ovate. Mediterranean. Lister, t. 529. f. 22.

104. Oblong, compressed, unequally striated; white, with 5 purple, interrupted belts; greenish white within; perforation minute, surrounded on the inside with a red circle. North America. Martini, i. t. 12. f. 102 and 103.

105. Ovate-oblong, slightly striated, and the sides somewhat compressed; perforation very long, and widened at the posterior end. Japan. Chem. xi. t. 197. f. 1923 and 1924.

Gen. 33. Dentalium, Tooth-shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal a terebella; shell univalve, tubular, straight or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity, open at both ends.

Species.

1. With 10 ribs, slightly curved and striated; 4 elephantine inches long. Indian and European seas. Lister, t. num. 547. upper f. 1.

2. Straight, doubly or triply striated, and annulated. rectum. E. Indies. Martini, i. t. 1. f. 4. A.

3. With 10 ribs, smooth, and slightly curved. In-aprinum. dian seas. Martini, i. t. 1. f. 4. B.

4. With 8 ribs and 8 striae, pointed; green, tipped striatum. with white. Sicilian seas. Lister, t. 547. lower fig.

5. With 20 striae, slightly curved, interrupted; red, dentalis. tip, with white. Mediterranean. Rumphius, t. 41. f. 6.

6. Round, slightly curved; smooth, glossy, taper-entatis. ing to a small point; pervious; ⅓ inch long. Indian and European shores; western coasts of England. Don. ii. t. 48.

7. Round, slightly curved, interrupted, opaque; ⅔ corneum. inch long. African ocean. Schroeter, ii. t. 6. f. 16.

8. Round, slightly curved, continued, with crowded, politum. annular striae; ⅔ inch long. Indian and European seas. Martini, i. t. 1. f. 3. A.

9. White, smooth, round, slightly curved, with re-eburneum. mote rings. India. Gmelin.

10. Finely striated, slightly curved; grey, with fasciatum. darker bands; thickness of a crow quill. Sicily. Martini, i. t. 1. f. 3. B.

11. Subpellucid, subcavated, tapering to a small gadus. point; pervious, contracting a little towards the larger end; white, glossy, and smooth. British channel; called by the mariners hake's tooth. It is frequently brought up with the sounding line. Montagu, t. 14. f. 7.

12. White, opaque, transversely striated and im-imperfora-perforated; minute. Sandwich, Falmouth harbour. tum. Adams's Microscope, t. 14. f. 8.

13. Subcylindrical, arcuated, marked with regu-trachea. lar, strong, transverse striae; aperture round, tapering to the other extremity, which is closed; ⅔ inch long; resembles the trachea of an animal. Milton, Devonshire. Rare. Montagu, t. 14. f. 10.

14. Round, straightish, smooth, minute; not larger minutum. than a bristle. Mediterranean and Britain. pellucida.

15. Horny, flexible, straightish, round and smooth; dum. ⅔ inches long. North seas. Schroeter, t. 6. f. 17.

16. Cylindric, arcuated, smooth, glossy, without glabrum. striae or wrinkles; aperture orbicular; the other end closed, rounded; length one line. Devonshire coast. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 497.

Gen. 34. Serpula, Worm-Shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal a terebella: shell, univalve, tubular, generally adhering to other substances; often separated internally by entire divisions at unequal distances.

Species.

1. Suborbicular; umbilicated; convex, with radi-stellaris. ated wrinkles. Greenland, on Sertularia.

2. Regular, oval, loose, glabrous, not larger than seminu-

alum. a grain of sand. Adriatic and Red seas; and is sometimes found fossil. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 22, a. and b.

incurvata. * 3. Straight, with 3 close whirls at the smaller end; minute. Sandwich. Walker, f. 12.

planorbis. 4. Orbicular, regular, flat, equal; resembles a round scale; adheres to shells.

cereolus. 5. Long, narrow, round, smooth, yellowish; many times twisted. America. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 20. E.

spirillum. * 6. Regular, spiral, orbicular; whirls round, gradually decreasing. Found in the ocean, on zoophytes, on the corallina officinalis from Milton rocks, Devonshire. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 20. C. and D.

minuta. 7. Regular, spiral, orbicular, with the whirls reversed; taper, and transversely wrinkled. Britain. Montagu, p. 505.

spirorbis. * 8. Regular, spiral, orbicular; whirls slightly channelled above and inwardly, and diminishing gradually towards the centre. Found in most seas, adhering to fuel. Shores of Britain. Don. t. 9.

riguetra. * 9. Strong, opaque, irregularly twisted and contorted; triangular; ½ to 1 inch long. Found in the ocean, adhering to marine substances, stones, and the bottoms of ships. Coasts of Britain. Don. t. 95.

intricata. 10. Filiform, rough, and intricately twisted; greenish white, a little rugged and coarse. European and Indian seas; shores of Britain, on shells.

carinata. * 11. Regular, spiral, with the outer whirl rising into a carinated ridge on the top. Salcombe Bay, Devonshire.

granulata. * 12. Round, spiral, glomerated; 3 elevated ribs on the upper side; size of a coriander seed. North seas, in masses adhering to shells and stones. Britain. Don. t. 100.

cancellata. 13. Spiral, glomerated, with three grooves, the lower interrupted by transverse ribs; aperture 2-toothed. Greenland seas.

heterostropha. * 14. Taper, spiral, with three elevated ribs on the upper side, and the whirls reversed. Devonshire. Montagu.

corrugata. * 15. Regular, spiral, transversely wrinkled, and umbilicated. Devonshire.

lucida. * 16. Taper, spiral, very smooth and glossy; whirls reversed. Britain. Linn. Tr. v. t. 1, f. 31.

vitrea. * 17. Round, regular, spiral, orbicular, wrinkled, with a thickened aperture. Greenland seas; shores of Britain.

contortuplicata. * 18. Angular, rugged, and irregularly entwined; transversely striated; 3 to 4 inches long. European and American seas, shores of Britain. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 24. A.

nebuloso. 19. Thick, wrinkled, and much twisted; aperture large and indented. America. Favanee, t. 6, f. 1.

goreensis. 20. Round, cancellated, yellow, within horny; 8 to 9 inches long. Goree. Favanee, i. t. 6, f. 812.

glomerata. 21. Round, glomerated, with decussated wrinkles. European and Atlantic sea. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 23.

lumbricalis. 22. Round, flexuous, with a spiral, acute tip; transversely ribbed, and longitudinally wrinkled; 3 to 5 inches long. Atlantic and Indian seas, in large masses. Lister, t. 548, f. 1.

conica. 23. Subcylindrical, flexuous; spiral at the base. America. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 15.

arenaria. 24. Jointed, entire, distinct, flattish beneath. India and Africa. Martini, i. t. 3, f. 19. A, B, and C.

afra. 25. Substriated, yellowish brown, round, twisted in to 3 whirls, with a central tip. Goree. Martini, i. t. 3, l. 20. A. B.

26. Suboctangular, cancellated, and irregularly spiralled. E. Indies. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 14.

27. Roundish, somewhat spiral, with a longitudinal, anguine jointed cleft. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 548, f. 2.

28. Angular, muricated, with a longitudinal, subarticulate fissure. Indian ocean. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 8.

29. Subcylindrical, with annular contractions, and annulo-an obsolete longitudinal fissure. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 10.

30. Conic, spirally twisted, yellowish, with brownish bands; the middle round and twisted; aperture orbicular. Mauritius island. Chem. xi. t. 211, f. 202 and 203.

31. Round, with decussated striae, slightly wrinkled, flexuous, red; within smooth, white. Barbadoes. Lister, t. 547, f. 4.

32. Round, tapering, curved, wrinkled; 2 to 3 inches long. European seas, coasts of Britain. Don tarit, t. 95. The animal which inhabits this shell is of a bright scarlet colour, and is furnished with elegant feathered tentacula, from the midst of which arises a trumpet-shaped tube, and a lesser simple one.

33. Taper, subulated, and flexuous, with the larger tubule end detached and ascending. Devonshire and Shetland islands.

34. White, round, subulate, straight, and toothed denticle at the sides; with a longitudinal glabrous rib in the middle; tip glabrous, a little incurved; ½ inch long. Found in the lepas tintinnabulum. West Indies. Schroeter, ii. t. 6, f. 18.

35. Watering-pot; round, straight, taper, with a dilated, radiated, larger extremity; the disc is covered with cylindrical pores; 3 to 5 inches long. Indian ocean. Lister, t. 548, f. 3.

36. Brown, roundish, striated. Indian ocean, adhering to corals. Martini, i. t. 1, f. 9.

37. Smooth, white, the broader part straight, and transversely plaited; 2 to 4 inches long. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 18. A and B.

38. Polished, smoothish, with annulated plaits, a little tapering towards the end; size of a quill. Indian and American seas. Martini, i. t. 2, f. 12. A.

39. Somewhat triangular, and a little flexuous, gradually tapering, violet; within smooth and pale yellow; aperture white, with undulated striae, and armed with a conic tooth; a foot high, and as thick as the little finger. Africa and America. Pallas, t. 10, f. 2 to 10.

40. Whirls 2, deeply and spirally grooved; greenish; minute. Coast of Pembroke, on the roots of fucus digitalis.

41. Suboval, with 2 bends, imperforated; minute. Found at Denbigh.

42. Regular, rounded; margin reflected at the aperture; minute. Pembroke sands.

43. Regular, rounded, pellucid, with three whirls; cornice horny. Pembroke coast.

44. Semilunar, ventricose, white, opaque, glossy; bicorne-minute. Sandwich and Reculver.

45. White, opaque, glossy; semilunar and perforated; minute. Sandwich. Rare.

46. Oval, thin, smooth, pellucid, with milky veins; lactea minute. Sandwich. Very rare. Gen. 35. Teredo, Ship-Worm.

Gen. Char.—The animal is a terebella, with two calcareous, hemispherical valves, cut off before, and two lanceolate ones; the shell tapering, flexuous, and penetrating wood.

Species.

1. Taper, subcylindrical, nearly straight, thick, and pellucid, with two internal tubes at the summit. Inhabits the sandy shores of Ceram, one of the Molucca islands, in shallow water. Rumphius, t. 41. f. D and E.—This species grows to an immense size; and has been found no less than 5 feet 4 inches long, and the circumference at the base 9 inches, tapering upwards to 2½ inches; the colour on the outside is milk-white; the inner surface rather of a yellow tinge.

2. Ship-worm; shell thin, cylindrical, smooth; more or less twisted; rather obtuse at the tip; 4 to 6 inches long. Britain. Don. t. 145.

At the smaller end the shell becomes thick and strong, and is furnished within with plaits or laminae, which contract that part, leaving a very small opening. The anterior valves attached to the head of the animal, are of a hemispherical form, one half of the front projecting in a sharp angle, and somewhat pointed. The inside of each valve is white, furnished with a long, flat, curved tooth, projecting inwards, under the hinge, and a short lateral tooth at the extremity of the hinge, corresponding in each valve. The margin opposite the hinge runs to an acute angle, at the point of which, in each valve, is a small knob, which comes in contact when the valves are brought together. Near the extremity of the tail there are two valves, one on each side; a little concave on the inside, and rounded at the end. By their means the extremity of the tube at the thickened part is closed. These are properly to be considered as the shell of the animal, because they are attached to it. The tube, or testaceous sheath, which lines the hole made in the wood, appears only to be formed as an apartment, in which the animal may move with more ease; for it is found that two tubes never come in immediate contact with each other, although the fibres of the wood between them are frequently no thicker than paper. This tube is seldom so long as the animal; the internal part of the perforation is usually not lined with it for the space of 2 inches, and sometimes more; but the smaller end is always even with the surface of the timber which is perforated; but so small, as not easily to be discovered, yet it is sufficient to admit the water, which is regulated by the posterior valves of the animal.

It is found in the sides and bottom of ships, and even the strongest oak, which has been some time under water. This testaceous animal was originally a native of the warmer climates, and was brought to Europe, where it has been produced, and has proved extremely destructive to the bottoms of ships, and to works constructed of wood, which remain for some time constantly under water. It appears, from some piles of solid oak which were examined in the dock-yard of Plymouth, and which had remained under water for about four or five years, that the destructive effects of these animals are very great in that time; for these piles were found to be greatly perforated, which rendered it necessary to remove them, and replace them with others. The bottoms of ships which frequent warm climates, it is well known, are sheathed with copper, to secure them from the effects of these destructive animals. But the method which is adopted about the dock-yards to preserve the timbers which are constantly under water, is to cover them with broad-headed nails; which, by the effects of the sea water are soon incrusted with a coating of rust, which is found to be impenetrable to the ship-worm.

It has been observed that the teredo navalis cuts across the grain of the wood as seldom as possible. After it has penetrated a little way, it turns and continues with the grain, till it meets with another shell, or a knot in the wood. The course which it then takes is regulated by the nature of the obstruction. If this be considerable, it makes a short turn back in the form of a syphon, rather than continue for any distance across the grain.

3. Solid, cylindrical, undulated; 7 inches long. Inutriculus wood. Kemmener, t. 1.

4. Clavated at one end, incurved at the other; nar-clava. rower, obtuse and perforated in the middle; 2 inches long. Found in the seed-vessels of the xylosteum granatum. Coromandel. Ency. Meth. t. 167. f. 6 to 16.

Gen. 36. Sabella, Sand Shell.

Gen. Char.—The animal a nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head; shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances, united to a membrane by a glutinous cement.

Species.

1. Solitary, loose, curved, with lentiform, glossy granulations; thickness of a swan's quill. India and American islands.

2. Solitary, fixed by the base, simple, curved, with scabra. radiated, rough granulations. America. Act. Petrop. t. 9. f. 1 and 2.

3. Numerous, parallel tubes, communicating by an alveolata. aperture, forming in the mass the appearance of honey combs; 2 to 3 inches long. European coasts, Britain. Ellis Corals, t. 36.

4. Solitary, subcylindrical, papyraceous, chiefly com-chrysodon. composed of fragments of shells, thickness of a quill; 2 to 6 inches long. European and Indian seas, shores of Britain. Martini, i. t. 4. f. 29. and 30.

5. Straight, conic, composed of minute particles of belgica. sand; 2 to 3 inches long. European coasts, shores of Britain. Martini, i. t. 4. f. 37.

6. Brown, with alternate white and black rings; rectangu- straight, with a rectangular gibbous extremity; 9 inches la. long. Martini, i. t. 4. f. 31.

7. Cylindrical, conic, open at both ends; membra.capensis. naceous; rough, with interrupted, transverse striae. Cape of Good Hope. Mull. Linn. Natorf. 6. t. 19. f. 6 and 7.

8. Cylindrical, black, smoothish on the outside; nigra. composed composed of minute particles of sand; 1 inch long. Rivulets of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 1.

stagnalis

9. Straight, tapering, open at both ends; smooth, with a margined aperture, composed of very minute particles of sand. Rivers of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 13.

conica

10. Narrow, conic, smooth, straight, cinereous; with a blackish open tip, composed of very minute particles of sand; not 1 inch long. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 14.

uncinata

11. Smooth, round, tapering, with an open hooked tip; 1 inch long. Rivers of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. D. f. 8.

sabulosa

12. Cylindrical, closed at the tip, subclavated, perforated, and composed of larger grains of sand; not an inch long. Thuringia and Belgium. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 4.

vegetabilis

13. Depressed, composed of fragments of twigs, stems, and bark, and broken pieces of the tellina cornes; an inch long. Waters of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 9.

ammonia

14. Polygono-cylindrical, within smooth, composed of fragments of cornu ammonis. Rivers. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 10.

helicina

15. Round, within smooth, composed of fragments of the helix pusilla; an inch long. Stagnant waters of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 11.

dimidiata

16. One part of the shell composed of sand or gravel, the other thicker, clavated, and composed of fragments of shells. Waters of Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 3. D.

fixa

17. Composed of small stones; tapering towards the tip; an inch long; affixed to stones in the water, and open at the side by which it is fixed. Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 12.

clavata

18. Composed of small stones; the open end clavated, and consisting of larger stones; solitary. Thuringia. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 2.

corticalis

19. Composed of pieces of bark, towards the end of broken stems. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 5.

arundinacea

20. Subconic, open at both ends, composed of fragments of the bark of reeds, placed on each other; an inch long. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 6.

aculeata

21. Composed of small twigs, the points of which project a little; an inch long. Thuringia, Britain. Schroeter, t. ii. f. 7.

marsupialis

22. Black; open end cylindrical and narrower, the other part tinged and ovate; 2 inches long. Schroeter, t. i. f. 6. f. 21.

norwegica

23. Roundish, open at both ends, brittle, membranaceous; composed of very minute grains of sand; 4 inches long. Norway. Schroeter, p. 591. No. 20.

lumbricata

24. Coarse, creeping, fragile, open at both ends; the animal not furnished with tentacula at the mouth; body prickly, jointed. Deeps of the Greenland seas; fixed to stones. Fabr. in Groenl. p. 374. No. 369.

25. Cylindrical, composed of capillary, subcylindric-indiccal, agglutinated crystals of quartz. Indian ocean. Abildy Schr. Bell. Naturf. p. 144. 1. 4.

26. Extremely fragile, cylindrical, composed of pure arenari sand, slightly cemented together, without any internal membrane; size of a raven's quill; from 1 to 2 inches long. Dorsetshire coast. Montagu.

27. Long, subcylindric, slender, fragile, composed of subepilin fine sand, and minute bits of broken shells, cemented dries together on a fine membrane; 3 inches long. Salcomb bay. Montagu.

28. Long, slender, gradually tapering to the lower letiform end, composed of fine fragments of shells, and minute flat bits of stones, cemented together at their edges; 3 to 4 inches long. Salcomb bay.—Some have been observed with a lateral branch near the smaller end, which is supposed to be a young one. Montagu.

29. Small, short, composed of sand and minute bits curds, of flat stones, agglutinated to a tough membrane; size of a crow quill; an inch long. Inlet near Kingsbridge. This sabella is gregarious, covering the whole surface of the shore, appearing like bits of straw covered with mud. Montagu.

30. Short, broad, and very flat, composed of large compress fragments of flat, bivalve shells, placed with the concave side inwards; 1½ inch long. Deeps at Torcross, Devonshire.

The animals included under the preceding genus, have for their coverings particles of sand agglutinated on the external membrane, and resemble rather the larva of certain insects, than the testaceous vermes. The latter form their calcareous integuments entirely from the secretions of their own surfaces, and are attached to these by cartilaginous processes, so as to render them essential and indispensable parts of their structure. The coverings of the sabellae seem to be more of an adventitious nature, and may be considered rather as serving the purposes of habitations, than as being organized integrals of the contained animal. This genus, therefore, does not come under the class of testaceous animals; and indeed is by all physiologists of modern times rejected from the arrangement of testaceous vermes.

Number of species included under each order, in the Enumerated preceding classification.

| Multivalves | 99 | | Bivalves | 655 | | Univalves | 1655 |

Total number of species 2409 exclusive of the sabellae.

CHAP. V. OF THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF SHELLS, &c.

HAVING in the former chapter enumerated, under each genus, all the species of testaceous animals which have been hitherto discovered; and having given the characteristic marks by which each is distinguished, which marks are derived from the shell or testaceous covering; we now propose to inquire what is the nature of this substance; in what way it is produced by the animal, and how it is enlarged as the animal increases in size. These topics shall be the subject of the present chapter, which may be conveniently divided into the following sections. 1. Of the constituent parts of shells. 2. Of their formation. 3. Of the colours of shells. 4. Of the formation of the umbilicus and protuberances, &c. 5. Of the pearl.

SECT. Sect. I. Of the Constituent Parts of Shells.

The nature and component parts of testaceous substances have been particularly investigated by Mr Hatchett, from whose paper we extract the following observations.

In his examination of marine shells, Mr Hatchett found, from the nature of the substance of which they are composed, that they might be arranged in two divisions. Under the first are included those which have a porcellaneous appearance and enamelled surface, and exhibit, when broken, something of a fibrous texture. The other division is distinguished by having a strong epidermis or covering, under which is the shell, composed principally or entirely of mother-of-pearl. To the first division belong different species of voluta, cypræa, and others. The second comprehends the oyster, the river mussel, and some species of haliotis and turbo.

Porcellaneous shells.—The shells of this description which were examined, were different species of voluta and cypræa. When they were exposed to a red heat for a quarter of an hour, they cracked, and lost the colours of their enamelled surface. No apparent smoke, and no smell, like that of burnt horn or cartilage, were emitted during the process. The figure remained the same, excepting a few flaws; and they became of an opaque white, partially tinged with pale grey. When they were dissolved in acids, after being burnt, they deposited a small quantity of animal coal, which proves that they contain some portion of gluten. Shells which had not been exposed to the fire, dissolved with great effervescence in the different acids; and the solution remained transparent and colourless; from which it appears, that the proportion of gluten is small, since it could not be traced in the solution of the unburnt shells.

In examining the different solutions of shells, whether burnt or unburnt, by chemical tests, it was found, that no trace of phosphate of lime, or of any other combination of phosphoric acid, existed in these substances. And it appeared from many experiments, that the component parts of porcellaneous shells, are carbonate of lime, cemented with a very small portion of animal gluten.

Some species of patella, which were brought from Madeira, were also subjected to chemical examination, by the same philosopher. When exposed to a red heat in a crucible, they emitted a perceptible smell of horn or feathers; and by farther examination, by solution, the proportion of carbonic matter deposited appeared to be greater, and the proportion of carbonate of lime less, than what was indicated by the result of the experiments on porcellaneous shells. When unburnt shells belonging to the same species, were immersed in nitric acid very much diluted, the epidermis separated, and the whole of the carbonate of lime was dissolved. A gelatinous substance, nearly in a liquid state, remained, but it did not retain the figure of the shell, and exhibited no appearance of a fibrous structure. These shells, therefore, contain a larger portion of gelatinous matter than the porcellaneous shells, but the other component part consists entirely of carbonate of lime.

Shells composed of mother-of-pearl.—Shells of this description, were subjected to similar experiments with the former. When the common oyster was exposed to a red heat, the effects were the same as those which were produced by the same process on the species of patella from Madeira. The solution of the unburnt shell was also similar, excepting only that the gelatinous part was of a greater consistency. When the river mussel was burnt in a crucible, it emitted much smoke, with a strong smell of burnt horn or cartilage; the shell became of a dark grey colour, and exfoliated. By solution in the acids, the proportion of carbonic matter separated was greater, and that of carbonate of lime obtained was less, than from the other shells on which experiments were made.

When an unburnt shell of this description was immersed in diluted nitric acid, a rapid solution and effervescence took place; and at the end of two days, the whole of the carbonate of lime was nearly dissolved. A series of membranes now only remained, of which the epidermis constituted the first. These membranes still retained the figure of the shell. The carbonate of lime was at first readily dissolved, because the acid came easily in contact with it; but the process became slower, as it was more difficult for the acid to insinuate itself between the different membranes of which the shell is composed. The haliotis iris, and the turbo cearius, were found to resemble this mussel, except that the membranaceous parts were more compact and dense.

When these shells are deprived by an acid of the carbonate of lime, which gives them their hardness, they appear to be formed of different membranes, applied stratum super stratum. Each membrane is furnished with a corresponding coat or crust of carbonate of lime, and it is so situated, that it is always between every two membranes, beginning with the epidermis, and ending with the internal membrane, which has been last formed. The animals which inhabit these stratified shells, increase their habitation by the addition of a stratum of carbonate of lime, which is secured by a new membrane. And as every additional stratum exceeds in extent that which was previously formed, the shell becomes stronger in proportion as it is enlarged; and thus the growth and age of the animal may be denoted by the number of strata of which the shell is composed. Similar experiments were made on pieces of mother-of-pearl as they are imported from China, and with precisely the same results. They appeared to be composed of the same gelatinous matter and carbonate of lime. In all the shells of this description which were immersed in acids, the membranaceous parts retained the exact figure of the shell, and they appeared distinctly to be composed of fibres, arranged in a parallel direction, corresponding to the configuration of the shell.

Pearl.—The constituent parts of pearl appear to be similar to those of mother-of-pearl. They are composed of concentric coats of membrane and carbonate of lime, and resemble in structure the globular, calcareous concretions which are known by the name of pisolithes. The iridescence and undulated appearance of pearl and mother-of-pearl, evidently depend on their lamellated structure and semitransparency.

From these experiments it appears, that shells are composed of carbonate of lime and gluten. In some parts... Of the Conchology.

In the porcellaneous shells, the proportion of carbonate of lime is great, while that of the animal matter is small; and these may be regarded as the beginning of the series; while shells that come under the description of mother-of-pearl are to be placed at the other extremity, having a smaller proportion of carbonate of lime, and a greater proportion of membranaceous substance. In the first the carbonate of lime is merely cemented by the animal matter; in the latter the carbonate of lime serves to harden the membranaceous substance. But between these two extremes, in the proportion of carbonate of lime and animal glutten, of which all testaceous substances are composed, there are no doubt numerous intermediate gradations, arising from the nature of the animal to which they form a covering, its peculiar habits, or mode of life.

Sect. II. Of the Formation of Shells.

The shell or covering of testaceous animals, has been considered as in some measure analogous to the bones of other animals, although its formation and growth are very different, since it serves as a base or support to the muscles, which are attached to its internal surface. The principal use of the shell, however, is to serve as a covering or defence to the animal.

Testaceous animals are not only extremely different in external form, but also in the mode of their production. Some are viviparous, as the most of those which inhabit bivalve shells, multivalves, and even some of the univalves; while the others, which form the far greater proportion, are oviparous. In one point, however, they all agree, that whatever be the mode of production, whether from an egg, or directly from the uterus of the mother, the shell is formed on the body of the young animal, and is proportioned to its bulk.

The best observations which have yet been made, and the most elaborate investigation which has hitherto appeared, concerning the formation and development of shells, are those of the celebrated Reaumur, which were published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for the year 1759. The same subject has been prosecuted by other authors, but their results have been nearly the same as those of this distinguished naturalist. Klein is almost the only author who has advanced a different opinion. In his dissertation concerning the formation of shells, he charges Reaumur with supporting the opinion, that testaceous animals, when they proceed from eggs, are not furnished with the shell, but that it is formed after being hatched. This opinion indeed has been ascribed to Reaumur by the historian of the academy, who, in the analysis of his excellent memoir on the formation of shells, has observed, "that hitherto the curious have been struck with the prodigious variety, the exact regularity of structure, the singular beauty and splendour of colour of shells; but naturalists have been less attentive in studying and investigating the mode of their formation. They seem to have thought that although shells, as well as the covering of crustaceous animals, are bones placed externally to the animals which they cover, it was necessary to consider them as part of their bodies, and to include this inexplicable circumstance under that of the general formation of animals, which is incomprehensible to the human mind. They have therefore supposed that the animal and its shell proceeded from the same egg, and were developed together; and they have rested satisfied in admiring the economy of nature in providing so elaborate a covering for so low an order of animals. But this supposition, although probable, is not founded in truth. The animal only, not the shell, is produced from the egg. The discovery of this fact is owing to Reaumur."

It must seem very extraordinary, that such an error should have crept into the abstract of the memoir of this celebrated philosopher, who in the course of it has clearly expressed a contrary opinion. "I have frequently," says Reaumur, "compared the shells of snails which were just hatched, and even with those which I had taken from the eggs before they were hatched, with other shells of full grown snails of the same species, with which I had left only the same number of whorls of the spire with the small shells, and then they appeared in all respects the same." He farther observes, "that what has been said with regard to the increase of shells, renders it unnecessary to enter into the detail of their original formation; for it is easy to conceive, that when the body of a small embryo which is one day to fill a large shell, has arrived at a certain state, in which the different teguments in which it is included have sufficient consistence to secrete from their pores the peculiar fluid which is destined to the formation of the shell, this fluid may be all deposited on the surface, may thicken, and at last become firm and solid. And thus commences the formation of the shell, in the same way as its increase is continued. Snails do not proceed from the egg without being previously furnished with this shell, which then hatches has one turn and a little more of the spire.

When the eggs of testaceous animals are hatched, the young appears with its shell already formed, and according to the observation of Reaumur, it has then one complete turn of the spire and a little more; but at that period the shell is extremely thin. It seems probable that the formation of the shell is posterior to that of the principal organs of the animal, as the bones in the foetus of other animals are formed after the brain and heart.

Reaumur has suspected that the shell is the last formed, and if proofs are wanting to establish this fact, it is certain that at particular periods, if the eggs of testaceous animals are opened, the external parts of the embryo are found already developed, without any appearance of the shell. But whatever may be the period of the formation of the shell, it may be received as an established fact, that the animal is furnished with it at the time it leaves the egg. Leeuwenhoek first observed this fact with regard to oysters; the same observation was afterwards made by Lister, and extended to others, both land and river shells. This observation has been confirmed by other naturalists, and particularly by Rumphius, Swammerdam, Reaumur, and Adanson. From the investigations of the latter it appears, that although there are many of the marine testaceous animals which are viviparous, they resemble those which are oviparous, in being furnished with the shell when they are separated from the parent.

Since then it appears, that the shell of testaceous animals is completely formed previous to the development of the animal, and that it may be considered as an the Conchology, let us now inquire into the mode by which its growth is effected. According to the decisive experiments of Reaumur, the enlargement of shells is owing to juxta-position, or successive additions of earthy and animal matter, independent of any organized structure. Klein has supported a contrary opinion, and supposes that the growth of shells is effected by intus-susception, or a kind of circulation. The opinion of Reaumur, however, has most generally prevailed. Excepting Bonnet, few naturalists have adopted that of Klein; and it will appear that this celebrated naturalist was led to entertain this opinion concerning the mode of the formation of shells, by the experiments of Herissant on the generation of bone and shell. From these experiments it was clearly demonstrated, that shells are composed of two substances, the one a membranaceous or animal substance, and the other an earthy matter; but no such conclusion can be drawn from them in support of the opinion, that the shell is a continuation of the body of the animal, or that it is so closely connected as the bones in the bodies of other animals; or even that this connexion is formed by means of fibres of the ligament which attaches the animal to its shell: for it has been shown, that these muscular or ligamentous fibres, in all descriptions of testaceous animals, are successively separated, in proportion to the increase or enlargement of the shell. This could not possibly take place, if the evolution and formation of the shell, according to the opinion of Herissant, depended on an internal circulation, analogous to what happens in the body of the animal. In this case the vessels which proceed from its body, having no longer a communication with those which are supposed to exist in the shell, it would be deprived of nourishment, and consequently could not increase in size. And it is found, that this separation takes place in all shells. It is gradually completed as the growth of the shell advances.

A body may increase in volume in two different ways. Either the particles of which it is composed pass through that body by means of circulation, and undergo certain changes by which they are prepared to form part of the body; or the particles of which a body is composed, may unite with it by juxta-position, without any previous circulation or preparation within the body, to the increase of which they are destined. It is in the first way that the growth of vegetables and animals is accomplished; the second is the mode by which shells receive new additions of matter, and enlarge in size. The first is the mode of increase peculiar to living, organized substances; by the second, in-organized substances receive new additions of matter, and increase in volume. These indeed afford sufficient characteristic marks for a natural division of bodies into two classes, namely organized and inorganic substances.

The experiments of Reaumur have decisively proved, that the growth of shells is owing to the latter mode of increase. These experiments were made, not only on sea-shells, but also on land and river shells; on univalves and bivalves; and, in all, the result was invariably the same. In conducting these experiments, he inclosed the shells, on the progress of which he made his observations, in boxes pierced with small holes, so as to admit the water, but so small as to prevent the egress of the animal. These boxes were sunk into the sea, or the river, and in this way he was enabled to watch the process of the growth of the shell. He first observed, that when the animal which exactly filled its shell, began to increase its size, the shell in a short time, not being sufficiently large to cover its whole body, part of it was naked or unprotected. This part of the animal must always be towards the opening of the shell, because the shell being previously completely filled, it cannot extend in any other direction. All animals which inhabit shells of a spiral form, such as the snail and volute, can only extend at the head, or the opening of the shell; whereas the animals in bivalve shells, such as the mussel and the oyster, may enlarge in their whole circumference. In all the species of testaceous animals, it is this part which appears by the increase of the animal when it enlarges the shell. This increase takes place, according to Reaumur, by the following mechanism.

It is a necessary effect of the laws of motion, when liquids run in canals, that the small particles of these fluids, or the small foreign bodies mixed with them, which on account of their figure, or their less degree of solidity in proportion to their surface, move slower than the others, fly off from the centre of motion, and approach towards the sides of these canals. It even frequently happens, that these small particles attach themselves to the internal surface of these canals or tubes, and form concretions of different degrees of thickness. It is besides certain, that the fluids which circulate in these tubes, press against their sides on every point of their interior surface; so that if they were pierced with a number of small holes of sufficient diameter to give passage to the small particles of matter floating in these fluids, these particles would be deposited on the external surface, where a crust would be formed, similar to that in the inside; with this difference, that it would become thicker and more solid, being less exposed to the friction of the fluid, than that which is deposited in the interior of the tube.

To a similar mechanism Reaumur ascribes the increase of shells. The external surface of that part of the body of the animal which has extended beyond the limits of the old shell, is furnished with a great number of canals, in which circulate the necessary fluids for the nutrition of the animal. A great many small particles of a viscid and earthy matter are mixed with these fluids. Now, as these particles are less fluid than those of which the liquids themselves are composed, they approach the sides of the vessels, which are themselves furnished on that side of the external surface of the body of the animal, with a great number of pores, which allow them to escape from the vessels, so that they are deposited on the external surface of these tubes, or rather in that of the body of the animal itself, which is uncovered by the shell.

These particles of earthy and viscid matter having reached the surface of the body of the animal, readily unite with each other, and with the extremity of the old shell, especially when the excess of moisture is dissipated; and thus by their union they compose a small solid body, which is the first layer of the new addition. Other particles of similar matter continuing to escape in the same way from the excretory vessels of the animal, form a second layer under the first; afterwards a third... Of the constituent parts of shells, &c., and a fourth, or more, till the new part of the shell has acquired sufficient consistence and thickness. It is, however, observed to continue thinner for a certain time than the former opening, till the increase of the animal requires another enlargement of its covering.

When a testaceous animal is going to enlarge its shell, as for instance the common snail, the body projects from the opening. It is then seen to attach itself to a wall or some other solid substance, and the portion of its body which is unprotected by the shell, is soon covered with the fluids which are excreted from its surface. The pellicle which they produce when the fluid dries, is at first thin and elastic, but gradually assumes more consistence, and becomes at last similar to the old part of the shell. If in this stage of the process a bit of the shell is broken and removed, without injuring the body of the snail, the skin of the animal is soon covered with a fluid, which gradually thickens, and becomes solid. Twenty-four hours after the operation, a fine crust may be observed, which constitutes the first and external layer, for repairing the breach which was made. At the end of some days this layer has become thicker, and in 10 or 12 days, the new piece of shell which is formed, has acquired the same thickness as that which was removed. In making this experiment, certain precautions are necessary, otherwise there is some risk of its failure. If, after the broken piece of the shell has been removed, and particularly if the fracture is made near the edge of the opening, the animal is not supplied with a sufficient quantity of nourishment, its volume or bulk is soon diminished; and now finding that what remains of the shell is a complete covering to its diminished body, no excretion takes place for the production of a new portion. In removing snails from a wall to which they had attached themselves, for the purpose of observing the progress of the formation of the shell, some days will elapse after they are placed in the box, before the process commences, because the testaceous matter which had been already expended after fixing on the wall, must be fully supplied before any new portion can be again formed.

This experiment shows clearly, that shells are only enlarged by receiving new additions of matter, after it has been excreted from the body of the animal, and not by intus-susception, or a circulation through the body of the shell itself. If this were the case, the production of new matter to fill up the breach made in the shell, would first appear all round the edge of the opening, and forming a kind of callus, similar to what happens in the reproduction of bony matter in other animals, it would gradually extend till the whole breach is filled up. But, on the contrary, this matter first appears on the body of the animal from which it has exuded, and the whole extent of the opening is closed at once by the fluid which has been directly secreted from the surface of the body. Nor can it be supposed, that the liquid has insensibly exuded from the shell, and falling on the body of the animal, is there collected in sufficient quantity for the formation of the new piece of shell. This is fully demonstrated by the two following experiments of the same naturalist.

Reaumur broke several shells of snails; and, having made a very large hole about the middle of the shell, and about an equal distance between its summit and opening, he introduced between the body of the animal and its shell, through the hole, a piece of skin which was extremely fine, but of a very close texture. He glued this skin to the internal surface of the shell, so that it shut up accurately the artificial opening which he had made. It must then be obvious, that if the reproduction of the piece of shell which was removed, depended on the excretion of a fluid from the shell itself, and not on that which proceeds from the surface of the animal's body, the new piece of shell would be formed on the external surface of the piece of skin which was introduced; and it is not possible that it could be formed between the skin and the body of the animal. But the contrary of this has always happened. The new testaceous matter is always deposited on the internal surface of the skin; that is, on the side which is in contact with the animal's body; and no matter whatever was deposited on the other surface. This experiment has been repeated by others, and has been invariably attended with the same result.

The second experiment made by Reaumur is not less decisive than the first. He took a number of snails, and broke the shells, so that he diminished the number of the turns of the spire about half part. Having in this way rendered the shells too small to cover the body entirely, they were nearly in the same situation as when an increase of the animal's body requires an augmentation of the shell. He then took a bit of skin, as in the former experiment, sufficiently large for the opening of the shell, and introduced one of its edges between the body of the animal and the shell, to the interior surface of which he glued it; after which having folded back the other extremity of the skin on the external surface of the shell, he glued it in like manner, so that the whole external opening was completely covered with the skin. The results were exactly the same as before. The shell grew, the skin remained in its place, and that part of it which was attached to the interior surface was fixed between the new piece and the old shell, which consequently could not contribute to its formation.

From these experiments, which may be easily repeated, it appears that the increase of shells is owing to the secretion of an earthy and viscid animal matter which is prepared in the body of the animal, and which is successively formed by layers from the interior part of the shell to the external surface. This formation is determined by the previous enlargement of the animal. The different strata or layers of which shells are composed, can be easily demonstrated by exposing them to the action of fire, and removing them before their structure is entirely destroyed. By this process the animal matter is consumed, and the earthy substance remains, exhibiting a laminated structure. The same structure may be demonstrated, as has been already observed, in detailing Mr Hatchett's experiments, by immersing a shell of the description of mother-of-pearl in a diluted acid. The earthy matter in this case is dissolved by the acid, and the layers of animal matter which are interposed, resisting the action of the acid, remain unchanged, and still retain the original figure of the shell. It is a necessary consequence of the mode in which the shells of snails are increased, that they cannot enlarge in volume, but by the augmentation of the turns of the spire, and that the length of each turn of the shell already formed, remains always the same. This may be easily put to the test of experiment, by reducing the shell of a snail which has reached its full size to the same number of turns with those of younger shells of the same species. The two shells do not then exhibit any other difference than in their thickness; and it would be the same, by comparing the youngest shells, those which have been just separated from the egg, with the first turns of those of the same species which have been reduced by breaking them to an equal diameter. The number of turns or whirls of which the spire of a shell is composed, increases very considerably the size of the shell in univalves, and one turn more or less makes a great difference in their volume. According to Reaumur, the diameter of each turn of the spire is in the snail nearly double that of the preceding one, and \( \frac{1}{2} \) of that which follows; but in many other shells, both marine and river, the last whirls of the spire, compared with the preceding ones, greatly exceed this proportion. In some, the external opening is 12 times greater than the preceding one, and in others, it is not more than eight times. This depends entirely on the increase of the animal's body, and the proportion of that increase. The growth of some is lengthwise, and in them the increase of diameter is proportionally less; while others increase more in thickness than in length. Those testaceous animals which have only a few turns in the spire of the shell, are of this description. To the former belong such as have a greater number of turns in the spire.

Those who have adopted the opinion of Klein with regard to the formation of shells, have denied the separation of the animal from the shell, which successively takes place near the tip in univalves. It is indeed on this circumstance of the connexion of the animal with the shell, that the truth of this theory depends. According to it, the animal is attached to the internal surface of the tip of the shell in univalves, and on this connexion depend the increase of the shell, and even the life of the animal. But it is a certain fact, that the posterior part of the body of the animal is entirely detached from the tip of the shell; and this holds, not only with regard to all land and sea shells which have lost the first turns of the spire, and consequently those of the tip; but also in a great number of other marine testaceous animals. It seems not only certain, but even necessary, that this separation between the animal and the shell should also take place in bivalve shells, if we take a distinct and rational view of their growth. Whether this separation is suddenly effected, or by a gradual process, which is most probable, it seems to be sufficiently obvious, by examining the internal surface of the valves. This is still more strongly confirmed by sawing univalve shells, particularly those which are considerably elongated, and have a great number of turns in the spire, in a direction perpendicular to their axis. In old shells, several of the first turns of the spire will be found completely filled up with testaceous matter, so that the tip of the shell has become quite solid, or at least it will appear to have been long unoccupied by any part of the body of the animal. But in transparent shells, as in some species of the Conchology, it is seen that this attachment does not exist; and the H. planorbis can be preserved alive, although the tip of the spire is broken off.

**Sect. III. Of the Colours of Shells.**

The infinite variety of the colours of shells is one of the most striking parts of their history; and it becomes a curious and interesting object of investigation to inquire, whether these colours are uniform and constant in the species, and from what proceed this regularity and uniformity. The experiments and observations of Reaumur will assist us in this investigation. When a hole is made in a shell, nearly at an equal distance between its tip and opening, the new piece of shell which is formed to shut up the hole is usually of a white colour, and often very different from that of the rest of the shell. It would appear at first that the new piece is of a different nature, and that it is not formed in the same way as the rest of the shell. To meet this difficulty, it will be necessary to explain on what depends the regular variety of the colours of certain shells: the same experiments which lead to the discovery of the cause of the one, will serve to unfold the other.

This remarkable variety of colour is in no shell more remarkable than in the *helix nemoralis*. The groundry from this shell is white, citron or yellow, or a compound of different shades of these colours. Different coloured rays are traced on this ground, turning spirally with the shell; in some they are black, in others brown, and sometimes reddish. The breadth of each of these rays gradually increases as they approach to the opening of the shell. It even sometimes happens, that two of these bands are so much extended in breadth, that they meet together and form one. Some individuals have five or six of these bands, while others have three or four, and even two, and sometimes only one. Others again have none at all, although of the same species; and among the individuals which are marked with coloured bands, they are not always of the same breadth in the same parts of the shell; from which it appears, that no certain specific characters can be derived from the colour, since it is subject to so much variety. According to Reaumur, the viscid and earthy matter of which the shell is composed is secreted from the surface of the animal's body; but in certain places of the surface, particles which produce a different colour are separated; and whether this depends on a peculiar organization of those places, or on the form of the particles themselves, it appears that these particles, either of a different nature or of a different figure, by uniting, form bodies which reflect different rays of light; that is to say, form parts of the shell of different colours.

This seems to be a necessary consequence of the Colouring mode in which the growth of shells is accomplished. The whole external layer of the shell is formed by secretion from the neck of the animal, because it is that part which is nearest to the head, and consequently as the animal increases in size, that part ceases to be covered with the old shell. It, therefore, depends on this part of the animal to extend the shell, and for this purpose it is sufficient that the neck be furnished with glands for secreting the different fluids, to form a shell of different... Of the Conchont colours. If, for instance, there are two or three glandular bodies which secrete brown or black particles, and that these glandular bodies are disposed in a parallel direction to each other, while the glands on the rest of the surface only secrete particles of matter which reflect the light of a citron colour, the shell formed by these bodies will have a citron ground, with black or brown bands, nearly parallel, or which gradually approach each other, and become larger in the same proportion as the external organs of the animal increase in size.

If no such glandular structure, or difference in the matter secreted, could be traced on the neck of the helix nemoralis, this explanation of the cause of the variety of colours in shells would appear extremely probable; but this probability amounts to certainty, from the actual observation of the existence of this peculiarity of structure and effect. When the helix nemoralis is deprived of part of its shell, the body appears of a white colour, excepting towards the neck, where the white inclines to yellow, and where besides there is a number of black or brown bands, equal to that of the bands on the shell, and arranged in the same direction. It has been observed, too, that the individuals which have only one black stripe on the shell, have only one single black spot on the neck; and those having four spots on the neck, have four stripes of the same colour on the shell. These rays are placed immediately under those of the shell; they commence at the distance of about a line from the extremity of the neck, which is itself usually spotted with black all round. The existence, therefore, of these excretory organs can no longer be doubted. The difference of colour seems to prove the difference of structure. But to establish this beyond the possibility of doubt, it is only necessary to have recourse to experiment, by observing what happens in the new piece of shell which is renewed, in place of that portion which has been removed; and if it appear that that part of the shell which is formed opposite to the black rays of the animal, is black, and if that which is formed between the stripes be of a different colour from that of the stripes themselves on the rest of the body, no farther proof can be required. Now, it has been observed, that that part of the new shell formed on the neck opposite to the black or brown stripes on the animal's body, is itself black or brown, that formed between the stripes is white or citron, while the rest of the body is white, but different from that of the neck, when it is of this colour.

It sometimes happens, that the part of the shell which has been renewed is of a different colour. This apparent deviation will appear less difficult to be reconciled to the explanation of the process which has now been given, if we attend to the circumstance that the new shell formed opposite to the neck of the animal is never different from that of the old shell, excepting that the external surface is extremely rough, and presents numerous furrows or grooves, in place of the smoothness and fine polish of the old shell. In this case, the inequality of surface is occasioned by the motion of the animal retiring within its shell, before the new piece has acquired sufficient consistency and solidity; and thus the new shell, having contracted on its surface wrinkles or furrows, the light is very differently reflected. But there is another cause for this difference of colour in these circumstances. When a large piece of shell is removed, the first layer which is formed is usually white. The particles of the fluid which are necessary for the formation of the shell of this colour, seem to be more easily excreted from the surface of the body than the particles of fluid which go to the formation of any other colour. It is observed that the body of the animal is covered with this fluid, long before there is any appearance of secretion about the neck. This liquid is extended to the neck, and there produces a new layer of white shell; but as this layer is extremely thin and transparent, it does not prevent the usual secretion of the colouring matter at the neck to appear. In this period of the process, if the animal retire within its shell, the new layer, still adhering in many points to its body, and not having acquired sufficient solidity, will be distorted and wrinkled; and not only exhibit that inequality of surface which generally appears in shells thus formed, but the arrangement of the stripes or colours will also be destroyed.

It would be a very false conclusion from this account of the mode of the formation of the stripes which appear on certain species of shells, that the external surface of all shells should be marked with colours, or should be uniformly of the same colour; and that there should be no shells whose external surface is marked with different spots, differently arranged, of an irregular figure, and separated from each other by unequal intervals. For if it has been shown, that these colours are produced on the surface of the shell, only by means of the secretory organs, situated on the neck of the animal, it cannot be supposed that the same effects will follow, unless the animal is placed in the same circumstances. These secretory organs, therefore, must exist during the entire formation of the shell, to furnish the same quantity of colouring matter during the whole of its progress. But if it happen, on the contrary, that these organs undergo any change; if the pores through which the liquid is poured out to form a shell or part of a shell of a brown colour, become too large or too small, or in other respects change their form, after having poured out a certain quantity of this fluid; and that those which furnish the fluid of which the white part of the shell is composed, are also changed, it must happen that the shell which is produced is marked with different black and white spots, combined with a degree of irregularity corresponding to the change on the secretory organs. This will appear to be the case, by attending to the changes which take place in the secretory organs of snails which produce coloured shells; for in them it may be observed, that the colours are distinct and well marked in some, towards the opening, while they are scarcely perceptible on the first turn of the spire towards the tip of the shell; and these changes of colour cannot be supposed to exist without a corresponding change on the secretory organs.

The fluidity of the liquid secreted for the formation of the shell has probably also some effect in the regular distribution of the colours which appear on some species. It is easy to imagine that some animals may secrete a fluid for the formation of the shell, of such a degree of fluidity as to flow easily from one place to another, But besides, if there are secretory organs situated on the neck of the animal, which prepare fluids of different colours; if the animal moves, or is disturbed by any means, when these fluids are excreted on the surface, the colours will appear in a different place from their original distribution, or be mixed and blended together, and thus occasion that irregularity which is observed in those parts of shells which have been last produced, or renewed.

But it will be necessary to have recourse to the first of these causes, namely to the change of structure in the secretory organs of the neck, to explain the regular distribution of the round spots, or of those of a square or rectangular figure, with which certain shells are marked, and to suppose that those vessels which are arranged in a square or rectangular manner, which furnish peculiar fluids, are shut or open at different periods. It may happen that the development of a great part of the animal, occasioned by a more vigorous growth in certain species than in others, may, in some cases, be the only cause of those regular spots, sometimes white on a coloured ground, and sometimes coloured on a white ground, which the shell exhibits, if the glands which secrete the colouring matter correspond in their distribution, to that of the divisions on the shell, and if they occupy a greater space on the neck than is usual in other species. In this way may be accounted for, the regularity of these marks, and the increase of their size, which is usually proportioned to that of the turns of the spire, from the consideration of the secretory organs of the animal enlarging in the same proportion as the other parts of its body; and their effects in the formation of the shell corresponding to the development of these parts. Hence it follows, that the largest marks are observed on the external convolutions of the shell.

According to Reaumur, the last layer of the shell which is formed from a fluid secreted from that part of the surface of the animal's body which does not reach the neck, should be white, and this is most generally the case. In those shells which are internally coloured, the fluids secreted from the body of the animal are of the same colour, and they take the place of those which are usually white, or of a pearly nature, as is observed in many others. The nature of these internal layers is always obvious; for if they are not white, they exhibit everywhere a uniform colour, and never variegated, like what appears externally. By removing with a file any part of the external surface of the shell, the layers which appear immediately under the surface, are those which have been furnished by the body of the animal, while those on the surface itself, usually more variegated than the rest, owe their formation to the vessels about the neck, and have been formed in the way already described.

The growth of shells, being proportioned to that of the inhabitant, proceeds almost imperceptibly. In most shells, however, it is easy to distinguish the different additions which they have received; for they are marked on their convex surface with different eminences which are parallel to each other, similar to lines of different degrees of depth, which give the shell a fibrous structure. These elevations are called striæ, may be traced through the whole of the shell in bivalves, and in the longitudinal direction of those which have a spiral form. From the slightest observation of the manner in which shells are formed, it is easy to see that they can receive no addition, without leaving, in a greater or less degree, some trace of these inequalities; for every small addition of testaceous matter which is made, must be attached to the old part of the shell, which consequently must be more elevated than the former, whatever be its thickness, when the enlargement of the animal requires the formation of the latter. Thus, the shell will be marked with a great number of these striæ, parallel to each other, which may be distinctly seen on many different species.

Every shell has usually some of these eminences at growth in greater distances, and more elevated than the others, interrupted. By these the different periods when the shell ceased to increase, or rather those when its growth was interrupted, are marked; and they have some degree of analogy with the different shoots from the branch of a tree. The heat of summer or the cold of winter interrupting the growth of the animal, at least among such as are testaceous, which live on the land, or inhabit rivers in temperate regions, the shell is not enlarged in extent during these seasons. It is otherwise, however, with regard to its thickness, for there is continually exuded from the body of the animal, small quantities of fluid, which increase its thickness. Hence it is when the shell begins to increase in extent, the edge to which the new portion is cemented, is much thicker than when the growth was gradual and imperceptible, and consequently the place at which the growth commences, after a long interruption, is distinguished by a more elevated ridge, than in the continued progressive additions which it receives. The numerous instances of this interruption in the growth of shells, will occur to the attentive conchologist in the progress of his researches. We have at present in our possession, a fine illustration of the same thing, in a specimen of *Example marces ramosus*. The animal, it would appear from this, the original part of the shell, had been for some time in a sickly or unhealthy state; for it has undergone many of the changes to which dead shells are subject. It has lost its enamel; it seems to have undergone some degree of decomposition, and some species of *serpula* and other parasitical animals had made it their abode; but from this sickly state it seems to have recovered, and acquired great vigour; for the next addition which is made to the shell, is equal to its original bulk. It is clean, entire, and in perfect preservation, forming a singular contrast with the old shell.

The place at which shells begin to increase, after the growth has been for some time interrupted, may ed by the be distinguished by a difference of colour in the stripes difference with which the shell is usually marked. In these places, black or brown stripes exhibit more vivid colours, and sometimes even little different from those on the rest of the superior surface of the shell. The cause of this change is not difficult to trace, if we recollect that the secretory organs which prepare the colouring matter, at least in the *helix nemoralis*, have their origin at some distance from the extremity of the neck, from which we have seen that the first layer of shell which is traced to the extremity itself, should be of a different colour from that of the stripes; but as the increase of the animal occasions the stripes to be formed... Of the Con. formed under this first shell, during which it is still very thin, and consequently transparent, it does not prevent the shell produced under it, of a black colour, to appear so. But when the animal has ceased to grow for some time, it then increases the thickness of the shell last formed, so that the shell which is next produced from the colouring matter, when the animal begins to grow, being laid on one part of the old shell much thicker and less transparent, the colour of these stripes must appear less bright, and therefore different in those places, from the other parts of the shell.

In taking a review of what has been said concerning the production of the colours of shells, it must appear that these rays or coloured lines are owing to glands which secrete the colouring fluid, and which are arranged on the anterior edge of the neck, while the posterior part furnishes only a fluid of a different colour, and usually less deep than the first. By means of this principle it is not difficult to account for the arrangement of the different colours which are so splendidly exhibited among this class of natural objects. These colours may be reduced to one or more, which are more vivid on a lighter ground; to coloured circular bands on a ground of a less vivid colour, or pure white; to longitudinal lines, round or square spots, and in a regular, or irregular, zig-zag form. All these may be easily explained, according to the principles which have been laid down, the application of which, from what has been said, will not, we hope, be found difficult.

But from this mode, which is the most general in the production of the colours of shells, there are certain deviations. In that division of shells which is made by some naturalists, and which is distinguished by the name of porcelain shells, on account of the fine enamel with which they are covered, there are two sets of colours, which are disposed in a parallel direction to each other. The external range of these colours is owing to a peculiarity of structure in the animals which inhabit them, different from that of other testaceous animals, and to an operation which does not take place in other shells. In these shells, the colouring matter seems to be deposited in two different ways, and at two different periods. In the first process, when the body of the shell is formed, the colouring matter is excreted from the glands, in the same way as in other testaceous animals; and it is arranged according to the disposition of the glands on the body of the animals. At this period of the process, the shell is only of a moderate thickness, and much less than what it afterwards acquires, when completely formed. On the external surface of the shell first formed, another layer is deposited, which is more compact than the first, in some places thicker, and usually variegated with different colours. The external surface of the shell being thus completely covered with this second layer, the original colours are concealed; and if the same shell were examined at different periods of its formation, it would appear like two distinct species. The organs which are employed by the animal in the production of this second layer of shell, and set of colours, are two soft, membranaceous wings, which being protruded from the opening of the shell, completely cover the whole of its external, convex surface. These two wings, which are quite distinct from the glandular structure about the neck of the animal, which is situated a little lower, are also provided with glands, which furnish colouring matter, usually different from that which is furnished by the glands of the neck; and it is the upper surface of the wings, which is alone provided with this glandular structure. This surface, when this part of the animal is protruded from the shell, and extended over it, comes in contact with the external surface of the latter. Hence it is, that these membranaceous organs deposit on the first formed and coloured layers of the shell, new layers of testaceous matter, which is differently coloured, and diversified with entire spots, either circular, or in a waved direction, which are sometimes of a more vivid tint than that of the ground, or white upon a dark ground, or brown upon a yellow ground; or are composed of straight lines, or curved, or interlaced with each other, reddish, brown, yellow or white, on different coloured grounds, or in dots or points, whose shades and arrangement are not less diversified.

This mode of the formation of the external layer of porcelain shells, has been proved by the actual observation of some naturalists. In some species, a longitudinal line of a paler colour is observed on the convex surface of the shell. This is ascribed to the junction of the two wings of the animal, where a smaller quantity of colouring matter has been deposited, or where the shell has been less completely covered with the protruded part of the animal. But the existence of this second layer is still more distinctly proved by mechanical means. The external layer may be removed by means of a file, and the shell restored to its original state; and then the colours which it first received are brought into view. This circumstance is still farther demonstrated by an attentive examination of different species of shells, and particularly the cypraea argus. In examining this shell, there are observed under the external layer, which is of a yellow colour, some slight traces of four transverse bands of a brown colour, which surround the shell, and which must have been formed previous to the more superficial yellow layer. By a more minute examination, it will appear that the circular spots with which the external yellow layer is marked, have been posteriorly formed to this layer; and finally, on the four turns of the spire forming a slight projection at the base of the shell, there are some brown, circular spots, which are quite superficial, and which sometimes include two turns of the spire, which could not happen if the yellow colour had not been prior in its formation to these circular spots. If the colouring matter of which these spots are composed had been deposited at the time that the different parts of the spire were formed, one spot could not have included two turns of the spire at the same time.

This effect of communicating a new set of colours to the external surface of the shell, is not the only one which is produced by the membranaceous structure of the animal which inhabits the porcelain and other shells. The form of the shell is also changed in a remarkable manner, a great quantity of testaceous matter being deposited on the surface of the opening, which then assumes a considerable thickness. The turns of the spire are incrusted, and sometimes disappear on the outside of the shell; and wrinkles, furrows, and even tubercles, which exist on the surface of some species, are also formed. The surface of *cyprea pediculus* exhibits circular striæ which did not originally exist, and which owe their formation to this cause. In other species, the surface is marked with projecting points or tubercles, which are produced in the same manner as the circular striæ of the former, and which also depend on the structure of the membranaceous wings of the animal, and the testaceous substances which is secreted and deposited from their surface. Thus, it appears that porcelain shells, and those of some other species, are formed at two distinct periods. It is during the second period of the process that the colour of the complete shell is formed. In farther illustration of this point, of the formation of shells of this description at two different periods, one or two examples may be given of the difference which takes place, when the last layer formed is removed. In the *cyprea exanthema*, the shell is ferruginous, with whitish round spots and eyes, but when the outer coat is worn off, it becomes barred or tessellated with brown or blue. The *cyprea arabica*, as its name imports, exhibits characters on its surface, having some resemblance to Arabic letters. The ground on which these characters, which are of a brown colour, are placed, is whitish or bluish; yet when the outer coat is worn down, the shell is sometimes bluish with brown bands, or pale with darker angular spots and lines; brown, mixed with violet, or reddish blue.

But besides the causes which have been mentioned concerning the production and variety of the colours of shells, arising from the difference of structure in the organs which secrete the colouring matter, and the changes to which these organs are subjected in the growth of the animal, the effects of light and heat, altogether independent of the animal itself, are probably very considerable. Two individuals of the same species, the one from the Mediterranean or European seas, and the other from the tropical regions, exhibit very different shades of colour. The colours of the inhabitant of the torrid zone are always more bright and vivid than those of the native of more temperate climates. The two shells, although similar in form, size, and other characters, are uniformly different in the intensity of their colours. These differences, which have led conchologists to increase the number of species, obviously depend on the action of the climate, and particularly of light, on nourishment, and other circumstances which have hitherto eluded the observation of naturalists, and are uniform and constant, as long as the causes which operate in their production, continue to act. At first sight it might be supposed that the difference of temperature is the cause of the difference in the intensity of colour, in shells produced in different climates. It might be supposed too, that the different depths at which shells are found in the ocean, the medium in which they live being thus very different, would occasion great diversity in the colour. Near the surface, where the heat is greatest, if the operation of this cause were considerable, the colours of shells should be expected to be most vivid, and as the depth increased, at least to a certain extent, the intensity of colour should be diminished. But it has been observed in bivalve shells which are found at great depths, such as some species of oyster and spondylus, that the lower valve, which is attached to the rock, is almost always white or colourless, while the upper valve often exhibits bright and vivid colours; but this difference cannot be ascribed to the difference of temperature, for in both valves it must be the same; the matter secreted for their formation is prepared by the same organs, and is deposited in a similar manner; and indeed they are altogether placed in the same circumstances, and have been exposed in their production and growth to the operation of the same causes, excepting that the upper valve is exposed to the rays of light, and is therefore coloured, while the lower valve is removed from the action of this cause, and is colourless.

The same difference is observed in the valves of other shells, which are produced in similar circumstances, included in the different species of pholas which make their abode in calcareous or coral rocks, and the teredo navalis or ship-worm, which pierces wood, and makes it its habitation, are usually colourless. Those testaceous animals too, which live at great depths in the ocean, and are thus far removed from the influence of light, are also distinguished by very white colours, or are entirely white.

**Sect. IV. Of the Formation of the Umbilicus, Protuberances, &c.**

We have hitherto considered only the general formation of shells. In the present section we shall treat of some other circumstances which produce variations in their external figure. Such, for instance, is the formation of the umbilicus, of spines, tubercles, ribs, and other protuberances.

**Umbilicus.** Univalve shells, which are furnished with four classes a regular spire, may be divided, with regard to their spiral form, into four classes; namely, shells having a disc, cypho-shells, lindrical shells, turbinated, and oval or egg-shaped shells. These four forms are the most common which spiral univalve shells assume, and they depend on the manner in which the turns of the spire are applied to the common axis, and the difference of their arrangement. They derive their primitive figure from the small shell while it is yet included in the egg, and probably from that of the external organs of the animal, which is contained in it. But although all univalve shells may be referred to one or other of these four principal forms, they exhibit a great variety of slighter shades of difference. Let us now see in what way it may be conceived that the bodies of the animals which inhabit univalve shells, give them a spiral form. If we can suppose that from the first production of these animals, when they begin to be developed, the fibres of one part of the body, such as those of the external surface, are longer than those of the opposite surface, it is obvious that the body of the animal continuing to increase, according to this original tendency, will assume a curved form, the concave part of which will be on that side where the fibres are shortest; and if the long fibres on the external surface, and the short fibres on the internal surface, continue to increase in the same proportion, this must give the body a spiral form; but in this case, the different convolutions of which the animal is composed, will be in the same plane, and can only apply to a small number of shells included in the first division, namely, those which are characterized with having a disc.

The convolutions of the spire which are described by Of the Conchology.

The shell of univalve testaceous animals, and the body which serves as a mould for these, are disposed in different planes. Some other cause, therefore, must operate in producing this deviation. Between the two surfaces of the body of the animal, which is supposed to be furnished with fibres of different lengths, it is easy to conceive two other surfaces directly opposite to each other, an upper and an under surface, each of which is included between the two preceding surfaces, but of smaller extent; and it is easy to conceive farther, that these two latter surfaces are so formed, that the fibres of the one are longer than the corresponding and opposite fibres of the other. According to this structure, the body of the animal will tend to that surface on which the fibres are shortest, and thus describe, during its development, a spiral line in different planes, in proportion to the difference of tension between the superior and inferior surface of the body, as well as between the lateral surfaces.

The form of the shell depending on the external form of the body of the animal, the umbilicus which is a different cavity from that of the opening of the shell in which the animal is contained, and which is seen on the inferior surface of some shells, in the centre of the convolutions of the spire, depends entirely on the plane on which the animal has formed the additions to its shell. If the plane of these convolutions has been directed round a conical or elliptical axis, and each convolution of the spire be more or less distant towards the centre of the shell from this hollow point, a shell may be thus formed, whose umbilicus will be more or less open, according to the greater or less degree of separation which the animal must give to the convolutions of the spire, corresponding to its structure. An opposite effect will be observed, if the increase of the convolutions of the spire is supposed to take place round an axis which is so small as to permit them to come in contact with each other. In this case no cavity will be formed in the centre, no appearance of umbilicus will be seen. But if we conceive that the animal, in enlarging itself, turns round a solid of a curved figure, in place of the conic axis above alluded to, and that the end of this solid is at the summit of the shell, it is obvious that an opening or an umbilicus of the shape of this solid, will be formed in the shell.

Ribs. The longitudinal elevations which are observed on univalve shells, which run in a transverse direction to the successive growth of the convolutions of the spire, have been denominated varices, by Linnæus, in allusion to the dilated veins on the bodies of other animals. They are composed of one or more elevations, usually arranged in a line parallel to the axis of the shell, and sometimes slightly oblique. They consist of the same substance as that of the rest of the shell, but are thicker and always more elevated than the surface of the convolutions of the spire on which they are placed. To explain the manner in which these elevations are formed, we may examine the opening of land shells which have arrived at the last stage of their growth. This period is marked in these shells by a kind of margin of about a line in breadth, which is sometimes turned outwards, although the rest of the shell turns on a regular, spiral line. This reflected margin never appears in land shells, but when they have reached the last period of their growth, and when it is once formed, the animal of some species ceases afterwards to continue the convolutions of its spire.

Having now arrived at that period of its growth, when it is fit to perform the act of generation, it protrudes itself more frequently from its shell, and each time it returns, a viscid fluid which exudes from its neck, is interrupted and deposited on the external margin of the shell. The bulk which the anterior parts of the body have acquired, in consequence of the evolution of the generative organs which are contained in that part of the body, causes it to press more strongly than formerly on the edges of the opening of the shell, every time it protrudes itself, and gradually forces the particles of testaceous matter which have been recently deposited, to the external surface, and in a direction quite different from that of the former plane of the spire. A short time is only requisite for the complete formation of this elevation; but after it has been formed, if the animal has the power of continuing the spire on the former plane, the shell which had arrived at a larger size will exhibit from time to time, if the same process be repeated, longitudinal projecting ribs, convex or bent, exactly similar to the external swelling of the opening of the shell, and analogous to the varices which are seen on some species of marine shells.

This power of continuing the spire, after the formation of the eminence at the opening, is peculiar to sea-shells. No farther increase, after it is once formed in land shells takes place. The young of some sea-shells, as some species of murex, also possess this faculty of continuing the growth of the shell after the formation of similar elevations, even from the earliest period of their existence, and long before it can be supposed that the organs of generation are evolved. This no doubt depends on some peculiar structure or organization of the animal, and particularly on those of the anterior parts of the body.

Tubercles. Many shells are furnished with tubercles, which are produced by the same organs as the rest of produce the shell. The fleshy protuberances which are placed on the external surface of the neck of the animals which inhabit them, serve as a mould, and according as there are more or less of these tubercles, while the animal enlarges the turn of the spire, and increases its shell so much, there is the same number of protuberances in the convolutions. These protuberances, while they remain on that part of the body of the animal on which they were formed, are hollow, and during the remaining part of its existence, as the body enlarges, they are partly hollow, and partly solid, being filled up with testaceous matter, excreted from the body of the animal, and then the internal surface of the shell becomes smooth and even.

Spines, and fringed or irregular protuberances, with which some shells are armed, have, according to all appearance, the same origin as the other inequalities on the external surface of shells. They are usually formed at the end of the different successive periods of the growth of the shell. This will be sufficiently obvious, if we trace the whole series of wrinkles or striae which run parallel to the circumference of the opening. Those which arise immediately from the ribs or varices, are produced by particular organs which surround the extremity of the neck, and stretch out from every part of its circumference, secreting a testaceous matter, Conchology.

The whole number of the ribs of the constituent parts of shells, &c., amounts to about 18 on each valve, of which the exterior ones are of a triangular form, of about three lines high, and hollowed through their whole length, from the beak to the margin of the valves. To have a distinct notion of the formation of these hollow, triangular ribs, it is necessary to conceive, that the margin of the anterior part of the animal is deeply channelled or grooved; and when this part of the body is in contact with the recent shell, the ribs or elevations are formed, and are then open to the internal surface of the shell; but the posterior part of the body being hard and smooth, never comes in contact with the excavated part of the ribs. On the contrary, as the testaceous matter is excreted from this part of the body, it is deposited on that part of the internal surface of the shell which it touches, stretches across the deep grooves, and forms the third and interior side of the triangular ribs.

Thus it appears, that spines, tubercles, and all other protuberances on the surface of bivalve shells, &c., owe the peculiarity of their form and shape to the peculiar structure of different organs situated on the anterior margin of the body of the animal, and are composed of the testaceous matter which is excreted by these organs. The nature of the process is the same as in univalve shells of a spiral form. The diversity only appears in the difference of the organs and structure of the animals which inhabit different shells. To a similar process may be ascribed the formation of striae, of scales, and of various excavations which sometimes accompany them.

Sect. V. Of the Production of Pearls.

In treating of the constituent parts of shells, it was found observed, that the composition of the pearl appears, in mother-of-pearl, or those shells in which the pearl is usually found. From this we must conclude, that the pearl, and the mother-of-pearl, are produced by the same secretion. It appears, from the observations of naturalists, and indeed it might have been expected, from the similarity of composition, that all testaceous animals, whose shells come under the description of mother-of-pearl, occasionally produce pearls.

Different opinions have been entertained with regard to the cause of the formation of this precious production. According to some, it is merely a morbid concretion, formed within some part of the body of the animal, or at least within the shell, without any apparent external injury; while others suppose that it is only owing to wounds which the shell or the animal, or both, have received from accidental causes, or from the action of insects, or some testaceous animal, making perforations in the shell. It is not improbable that pearls may be formed in both ways.

Every day's experience informs us, that similar concretions are formed in different cavities of the bodies of other animals; but without any obvious cause or external injury. The formations of such concretions, as, for instance, biliary and urinary calculi, producing the most excruciating disorders in the human body, are too fatally known. These concretions, no doubt, owe their origin to the diseased or unhealthy action of the vessels. Of the Con-vessels secreting the fluids in which they are formed: By this diseased action producing a superabundance of the matter which enters into the composition of the concretion; or this matter in the fluid state meeting with some solid body, which becomes a nucleus, is attracted by it, and deposited in concentric layers, till the concretion acquires a larger or smaller size, according to the duration and quantity of the secretion and deposition. In the same way, it seems extremely probable the pearl may be frequently formed; the matter of which it is composed being constantly secreted by the animal for the production of the new part of the shell. If then this matter should at any time be produced in greater quantity than what is necessary to form the inner layers of the shell, and particularly if it should meet with a solid particle of any body, it will be attracted by it, and thus constitute the rudiments of a pearl, which will receive constant additions of concentric layers, and increase in size in proportion to the age of the animal and the quantity of matter deposited.

Pearls, it is said, have been found within the body of the animal. If this be true, the pearly matter, in its passage through the vessels of the body, must have met with some nucleus, around which the concentric layers have been formed. In most cases, however, the pearl is found loose in the shell, entirely detached from the animal. It must then have been formed of the matter which was thrown out of the body; but it is not unlikely that pearls are formed both ways, or that the same pearl may be partly formed within the body of the animal, and be afterwards excluded, and arrive at its utmost size, while it remains loose in the shell.

But, according to others, the pearl owes its formation to some external injury. The following seems to be a pretty distinct view of this opinion. When Faujas de St Fond visited Loch Tay, he was led to make some inquiries concerning the pearl-fishery, which had been carried on in several parts of the river Tay for some years. Shells were brought to him; and in these shells the fishermen pretended to find pearls, which they expected to sell at a higher rate, as they were found in the presence of the traveller. But he informs us, that they attempted to impose on him, by introducing a pearl secretly into the shells as they opened them. Observing this circumstance, he told them that he could know at once, by examining the outside of the shell, before opening it, whether it contained any pearl. He mentions this to introduce some speculations concerning its formation. When no perforation or callosity appeared on the outside, he concluded that there was no pearl in the shell. The pearl-fish, he supposes, is attacked by two classes of enemies. One is what he calls the auger-worm, which penetrates into the inside near the edge of the valve, by making a longitudinal passage between the layers of the shell. The length of the channel is one inch, or one inch and a half when it doubles back in a line parallel to the first. At the inner extremity there is a small circular portion, formed by the worm in turning round. These excavations are in the pearly part of the shell. The pearly juice, extravasating, forms protuberances in the same direction; and the cylindrical bodies which are thus formed, may be considered as elongated pearls adhering to the internal surface. When several worms of this kind unite their labours by penetrating near each other, the result is a kind of pearly wen with irregular protuberances.

Another sea-worm, which he says belongs to the multivalves, a species of pholas, also attacks the pearl shells. The shell of this species of pholas has a hinge in the form of a crooked bill, as he saw in some species of oyster, which he examined, from the coast of Guinea. The hole was of the shape of a pear. Pearls of this shape have been found, and have been held in great estimation. Observing this circumstance, artificial perforations are made in the shell, and this forces the animal to produce pearls. In some shells brought from China, this artificial hole has been observed filled up with brass wire, rivetted on the outside like a nail, and the inner extremity of the wire was covered with a well-formed pearl, which seemed as if soldered to its extremity.

Pearls are also produced by another artificial process. The shell is opened with great care to avoid injuring the animal, and a small portion of the internal surface of the shell is scraped off. In its place is inserted a spherical piece of mother-of-pearl, about the size of a small grain of lead shot. This serves as a nucleus, on which is deposited the pearly fluid, and in time forms a pearl. Experiments of this kind have been made in Finland, and have been repeated in other countries.

A remarkable discovery has been ascribed to Linnaeus respecting the generation of pearls. This was a method which he found out, of putting the pearl-mussel (mya margaritifera) into a state of producing pearls at his pleasure. It was some years before the final effect could take place; but in five or six years after the operation, the pearl, it is said, had acquired the size of a vetch. But it does not seem to be known in what this operation consisted. Whether it consisted in imitating the process of insects, by wounding the shell from the outside, or by following the other process, by scraping away part of the inner layer; nor is it much known what have been the effects of this operation, or whether it has turned to any account, or indeed is at all practised in Sweden or any of the northern states, where it must have been originally known. For this discovery, however, the Swedish naturalist, it is said, was raised to the rank of nobility, and otherwise liberally rewarded by the states of the kingdom.

The value which is put on the pearl depends on its size, colour, shape, and purity. The largest pearls are always held in the highest estimation, when their other qualities are in any degree of perfection. The finest shape of the pearl must be quite globular; it must be of a clear brilliant white, smooth and glossy, and entirely free from spot or stain. Pearls were greatly esteemed and much sought after by the Romans. Servilia, the mother of Marcus Brutus, we are informed, presented a pearl to Caesar, which was valued at 50,000l. sterling; and Cleopatra dissolved one, which is said to have been worth 250,000l. sterling, in vinegar, which she drank at a supper with Mark Antony. CHAP. VI. OF THE HABITATION OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS, METHODS OF FISHING, COLLECTING, &c.

TO the detailed account which we have now given of the natural history of testaceous animals, and particularly of the formation and growth of the shell, we have only to add a few observations concerning their habitation, the methods of fishing, collecting, and preserving them. These topics shall be the subject of the following sections.

Sect. I. Of the Habitation of Testaceous Animals.

Testaceous animals are found on every part of the surface of the globe. Some are inhabitants of the land, while others only frequent rivers and lakes, and a third numerous class live in the ocean. From this classification of shells has been formed, and they have been divided into land, fresh-water, and sea shells. But whatever difference might exist in the habits and economy of testaceous animals which are produced in places so different, it affords few marks of discrimination for the purpose of classification.

Land shells are spread over the whole surface of the earth, and although more accessible, are perhaps less known than those which inhabit the ocean. From the small number of land shells which have been collected, it would appear at first sight that they are less numerous than marine shells. This, however, seems not to be the case, with regard to the number of species; and it is well known, that the number of individuals of land shells, in some instances, far exceeds that of sea shells. The sea shells of the Mediterranean have been observed by naturalists, to be nearly the same from the straits of Gibraltar to the island of Sicily; but the land shells of Languedoc are different from those of Provence, of Dauphiny, Piedmont, and different parts of Italy. Some are found in Spain, in Corsica, in Sardinia and Sicily, which are not to be met with in other places; and from the great variety and number of land shells, it seems probable that many of them are yet unknown. But let us now take a general view of those places of the world where different testaceous animals are most frequently found.

It has been already observed, that light and heat have very considerable influence in adding to the splendour of the colours of shells. The most beautiful shells are found in countries between the tropics, where they are more immediately subject to the direct rays of the sun, and a higher temperature. From these causes, the shells produced in these countries have a lustre and brilliancy, which those of colder climates never possess.

The shores of Asia furnish us with the pearl oysters and scallops in great perfection. About Amboyna are found the most beautiful specimens of the cabbage-shell, the arrosoir, the ducal mantle, and the coral-oysters, or echinated oysters. Here also are found a great variety of extremely beautiful mussels, telline, and volute; some fine buccinumps, and the shell called the Ethiopian crown, in its greatest perfection. The dolia, the murices, and the cassandrae, are also found on these coasts in great beauty. Many elegant snails and screw-shells are also brought from thence; and finally, the scorpion and spider shells. The Maldive and Philippine islands, Bengal, and the coast of Malabar, abound with the most elegant of all the species of snails, and furnish many other kinds of shells in great abundance and perfection. China abounds in the finest species of porcelain shells, and has also a great variety of beautiful snails. Japan furnishes us with all the thicker and larger bivalves; and the isle of Cyprus is famous above all other parts of the world, for the beauty and variety of the patella or limpet found there.

America affords many very elegant shells, but neither in America nor beauty as the shores of Asia. Panama is famous for the cylinders or rhombi, and we have beside, from the same place, some good porcelains, and a very fine species of dolium, or concha globosa, called from this place the Panama purple shell. One of the most beautiful of the cylinders is also known among our naturalists under the name of the Panama shell. About Brasil, and in the gulf of Mexico, there are found murices and dolia of extreme beauty; and also a great variety of porcelains, purpure, pectens, nerite, bucadrine or heart-shells, and elegant limpets. The isle of Cayenne affords one of the most beautiful of the buccinum kind, and the Midas ear is found principally about this place. Jamaica and the island of Barbadoes have their shores covered with porcelain, chamae, and buccina; and at St Domingo there are found almost all the same species of shells that we have from the East Indies; only they are less beautiful, and the colours more pale and dead. The pearl-oyster is found also on this coast, but smaller than in the Persian gulf. At Martinico there are found in general the same shells as at St Domingo, but yet less beautiful. About Canada are found the violet chamee; and the lakes of that country abound with mussels of very elegant pale blue and pale red colours. Some species of these are remarkably light and thin; others are very thick and heavy. The Great Bank of Newfoundland is very barren in shells; the principal kind found there are mussels of several species, some of which are of considerable beauty. About Carthagena there are many mother-of-pearl shells, but they are not of so brilliant colours as those of the Persian gulf. The island of Magellan, at the southern point of America, furnishes us with a very remarkable species of mussel called by its name; and several very elegant species of limpets are found there, particularly the pyramidal.

In Africa, on the coast of Guinea, there is a prodigious quantity of that small species of porcelain which is used there as money; and there is another species of porcelain on the same coast which is all over white; the women make bracelets of the latter, and the people of the Levant adorn their hair with them. The coast of Zanguebar is very rich in shells; we find there a vast variety of the large porcelains, many of them of great beauty; and the nux maris or sea-nut is very frequent there. Of the Ha-there. Beside these, and many other shells, there are bitation of found on this coast all the species of nautili, many of Shells, &c., which are very beautiful. The Canary isles abound with a vast variety of the murices, and some other good shells; and we have from Madeira great va- riety of the echini or sea-eggs, different from those of the European seas. Several species of mussels are also common there, and the sea-ears are nowhere more abundant. The Red sea is beyond all other parts of the world abundant in shells: scarcely any kind is want- ing there; but what we principally have from thence are the purpure, porcelains, and echini marini.

The Mediterranean and Northern ocean contain a great variety of shells, and many of very remarkable ele- gance and beauty; they are upon the whole, however, greatly inferior to those of the East Indies. The Me- diterranean abounds much more in shells than the o- cean. The gulf of Tarentum affords great variety of purpure, of porcelains, nautili, and elegant oysters; the coasts of Naples and Sardinia afford also the same, and with them a vast number of the solens of all the known species. The island of Sicily is famous for a very ele- gant kind of oyster which is entirely white; pinna ma- rine and porcelains are also found in great plenty there, with telline and chame of many species, and a great variety of other beautiful shells. Corsica is famous, beyond all other places, for vast quantities of the pinne marine; and many other very beautiful shells are found there. About Syracuse are found the gondola shell, the alated murex, and a great variety of elegant snails, with some of the dolia and nerite. The Adriatic sea, or gulf of Venice, is less furnished with shells than al- most any of the seas thereabout. Mussels and oysters of several species are however found there, and some of the cordiform or heart shells; there are also some telline. About Ancona there are vast numbers of the pholades buried in stone; and the sea-ears are par- ticularly frequent about Puzzoli. (Bonani Recreat. Ment. et Oculi.)

The ports of Marceilles, Toulon, and Antibes, are full of pinne marine, mussels, telline, and chame. The coasts of Bretagne afford great numbers of the conche anatifere and pousse-pieds; they are found on old rotten boards, on sea substances, and among clus- ters of sponges. The other ports of France, as Rochelle, Dunkirk, Brest, St Maloes, and others, fur- nish oysters excellent for the table, but of the com- mon kind, and of no beauty in their shells: great numbers of mussels are also found there; and the com- mon telline, the onion-peel oysters, the solens, and conche anatifere, are also frequent there. At Gran- ville, in Lower Normandy, there are found very beau- tiful pectens, and some of the cordiform or heart- shells.

Our own English coasts are not the least fruitful in shells, though they do not produce such elegantly painted ones as the Indies. About Plymouth are found oysters, mussels, and solens, in great abun- dance; and there, and on most of our shores, are numbers of the aures marine and dentalia, with pec- tens, which are excellent food; and many elegant species of the chame and telline are fished up in the sea about Scarborough and other places. Ireland af- fords us great numbers of mussels, and some very ele- gant scallop-shells in great abundance, and the pholades are frequent on most of our shores. We have also of the great variety of the buccina and cochleae, some volu- tilae; and, on the Guernsey coast, a peculiarly beauti- ful snail, called thence the Guernsey-snail.

The coasts of Spain and Portugal afford much of the same species of shells with the East Indies, but they are and of much fainter colours, and greatly inferior in beauty, &c. There are, according to Tavernier and others, some ri- vers in Bavaria in which there are found pearls of a fine water. About Cadiz there are found very large pinne marine, and some fine buccina. The isles of Majorca and Minorca afford great variety of extremely elegant shells. The pinne marine are also very numerous there, and their silk is wrought into gloves, stockings, and other things. The Baltic affords a great many beautiful species, but particularly an orange-coloured pecten, or scallop shell, which is not found in any other part of the world.

The fresh-water shells are found much more fre- quently, and in much greater plenty than the sea kinds; there is scarce a pond, a ditch, or a river of fresh water in any part of the world, in which there are not found vast numbers of these shells with the fish living in them. All these shells are small, and they are of very little beauty, being usually of a plain grayish or brownish colour. Our ditches afford us chame, buccina, nerite, and some patellae; but the Nile, and some other rivers, furnished the ancients with a species of tellina which was large and eatable, and so much superior to the common sea tellina in flavour, that it is commonly known by the name of tellina regia, "the royal tellina." We have a small species of bucci- num common in our fresh waters, which is very ele- gant, and always has its operculum in the manner of the larger buccina; a small kind of mussel is also very common, which is so extremely thin and tender, that it can hardly be handled without breaking to pieces. The large fresh-water mussel, commonly called in England the horse-mussel, mya margaritifera, is too well known to need a description; and the size sufficiently distin- guishes it from all other fresh-water shells.

Sect. II. Of the Methods of Fishing and Collecting Shells.

Land shells are immediately within the reach of the Land hand of the collector, as well as many sea and river shells, which inhabit shallow waters, or attach them- selves to rocks or marine plants on the shores of the ocean. Those shells which are at moderate depths in the sea, are to be collected by dredging. But in what- ever way shells are found, those are always to be pre- ferred which still contain the living animal; for then, not only some information may be obtained with regard to its structure and natural history, but the shells them- selves are in all their natural beauty, and the full glow of their colours. Those shells too should be preferred, which are procured from the deeper parts of the ocean, because they have then arrived at the largest size, and are in the greatest perfection. But these are beyond the reach of man, and are only accidentally found on the shores after storms, or attached to sea-weeds which have been torn from the rocks by the agitation of the waves.

When shells are found with the animal alive; the method the Ha. method recommended to destroy it and separate it entirely from the shell, is to boil it in water for a very short time, and after allowing it to cool gradually, to lay it in cold water till it is cleaned. By this process, the attachment between the shell and animal is destroyed, and the latter, which has become hard and contracted, is easily picked out from its covering.

The shell, after this treatment, is ready to be placed in the cabinet, or to be polished in the way we shall presently describe, according to the state in which it is found, or the views of the collector.

As the pearl has been held in high estimation in all ages of the world, and as it is an important object of commerce in many parts of it, the history of the pearl fishery, or of those shell fish which produce the pearl, cannot fail to be interesting.

In different parts of Britain the pearl-fishery has been carried on to a considerable extent; and in some places it has been reckoned of such value, that government have granted the right of fishing to individuals by patent. By a grant of this kind, Sir John Hawkins obtained the privilege of fishing for pearls in the river Irt in Cumberland; and Buchan of Auchmacoy seems to have held, by a similar right, the sole privilege of the pearl fishery near the mouth of the river Ythan in Aberdeenshire; for it appears that this grant was resumed by government in 1633, in the first parliament of Charles I. In the same river, at the distance of 10 miles from the sea, a successful fishery of pearls has been frequently carried on; and a few years ago, in the river Cluny in the same county, a Jew employed a number of people to collect the mussels which contained them, and some large and valuable pearls were found. Some years ago, in the river Teath in Perthshire, the pearls which were got brought about 100l. sterling to those employed in searching for them, in the course of one season. It was observed, that those mussels only which were crooked and distorted, yielded pearls. The method which has been practised in this river for fishing the pearl mussel, is the following. The fisherman provides himself with an instrument formed of two iron plates or spoons, having something of the shape of the mussel. Each of these is attached to an elastic handle of the same metal, terminating in an open tube, which is fixed to the end of a long wooden handle. The concave sides of the plates approach each other, and are kept in close contact by the elasticity of the handles. With this instrument the fisherman enters the water, and directs his course to those places which he supposes are resorted to by the mussels. These he discovers with his feet, and having found one, he presses the instrument upon it, the plates or valves of which, in consequence of the elasticity of the handles, separate, and then grasp it firmly. In this way he can detach it from the place to which it adheres, and bring it to the surface of the water. The pearl-mussel is a native of many other of the rivers of Scotland, as of the Esk in Forfarshire, where a pearl was found of the size of a pistol bullet, and sold for 4l. sterling; of the Devon in Clackmannanshire, the Clyde, and of Loch Ken in Galloway, where it is said Of the Ha. great numbers of pearls are fished in dry summers, many of which sell from one shilling to one guinea. But the greatest pearl-fishery which has ever been established in Scotland, of which there is any record, is that of the river Tay, about 30 years ago. The pearl mussel is found in every part of this river, from its source in Loch Tay, to its junction with the sea. In different parts of the river, but particularly in the vicinity of Perth, we are informed, that not less than 11,000l. worth of pearls were sent to London between the years 1761 and 1764. They were sold from 10s. to 1l. 16s. per ounce. About this time one pearl was found which weighed 33 grs. This fishery, however, as well as the pearl-fishery in the other rivers of Scotland, seems to be greatly exhausted, and very probably, as it has been supposed, from the improvident avarice of the undertakers, not allowing the animal to arrive at that age which seems to be necessary for the production of pearl.

But the pearl-fishery of the warmer climates, in different places of the East Indies, in the gulf of Persia, and the Red sea, and particularly that which is annually carried on in the bay of Condatchy, in the island of Ceylon, is by far the most extensive and most important of any in the world. The latter, of which we have given a detailed account in the description of Ceylon, and to which we refer our readers, has been under the inspection of government since it fell into the hands of the British, as it was under that of the Portuguese and Dutch, its former masters. To the Dutch, it is said, while they were in possession of the island, this fishery brought an annual tribute of 20,000l. To the account which has been already given of this fishery, we may add the following, from the Asiatic Annual Register for the year 1800.

"The person who farmed the pearl-fishery at Ceylon, last year, was a Tamu merchant, who for the privilege of fishing with more than the usual number of donies or boats, paid between two and three hundred thousand Porto Novo pagodas (D.), a sum nearly double the usual rent. His excellency the honourable Mr North, by the last ships from Ceylon, has transmitted a very minute detail of the fishery in all its stages, some of which are truly singular and remarkable. It appears that the fear of sharks is the cause of a great deal of interruption to the fishery, the divers being extremely timid and superstitious; every one of them, even the most expert, entertain a dread of sharks, and will not on any account descend until the conjuror has performed his ceremonies. This prejudice is so deeply rooted in their minds, that the government was obliged to keep two such conjurors in their pay, to remove the fears of the divers. The manner of enchanting consists of a number of prayers learned by heart, that nobody, probably not even the conjuror himself, understands, which he, standing on the shore, continues muttering and grumbling from sunrise until the boats return. During this period, they are obliged to abstain from food and sleep, otherwise their prayers

(D) Perhaps near 100,000l. sterling. The pagoda is from 7s. to 8s. 6d. sterling. Of the Ha-prayers would be of no avail; they are, however, al- lusion of lowed to drink, which privilege they indulge in a high degree, and are frequently so giddy as to be rendered very unfit for devotion. Some of these conjurors ac- company the divers in their boats, which pleases them very much, as they have their protectors near at hand. Nevertheless, I was told, said Mr North, that in one of the preceding fisheries, a diver lost his leg by a shark; and when the head conjuror was called to an account for the accident, he replied, that an old witch had just come from the coast, who, from envy and malice, had caused this disaster by a counter-conjura- tion, which made fruitless his skill, and which he was informed of too late; but he afterwards shewed his superiority, by enchanting the sharks so effectually, that, though they appeared to most of the divers, they were unable to open their mouths. During my stay, continues Mr North, at Condatchy, no accident of this kind happened. If a shark is seen, the divers in- stantly make a signal, which on perceiving all the boats return immediately. A diver who trod upon a hammer oyster, and was somewhat wounded, thought he was bit by a shark; consequently made the usual signal, which caused all the boats to return; for which mistake he was afterwards punished. The largest and most perfect pearl taken last season, was about the size of a small pistol bullet."

Sect. III. Of the Methods of Polishing Shells.

The art of polishing shells has but lately reached its present state of perfection; and as the admiration of sea shells has become so general, it may be expected that we should give some instructions in the means of adding to their natural beauty.

Among the immense variety of shells with which we are acquainted, some are taken up out of the sea, or found on its shores, in all their perfection and beauty; their colours being all disposed by nature upon the sur- face, and their natural polish superior to any thing that art could give. Where nature is in herself thus per- fect, it were madness to attempt to add any thing to her charms: but in others, where the beauties are la- tent and covered with a coarser outer skin, art is to be called in; and the outer veil being taken off, all the internal beauties appear.

Among the shells which are found naturally polished are the porcelains, or cowries; the cassanders; the do- lia, or conchae globosae, or tuns; some buccina, the vo- lutes and the cylinders, or olives, or, as they are gene- rally though improperly called, the rhombi; excepting only two or three, as the tiara, the plumb, and the butter-tub rhombus, where there is an unpromising film on the surface, hiding a very great share of beau- ty within. Though the generality of the shells of these genera are taken out of the sea in all their beau- ty, and in their utmost natural polish, there are seve- ral other genera, in which all or most of the species are taken up naturally rough and foul, and covered with an epidermis, or coarse outer skin, which is in many rough and downy or hairy. The tellinze, the mussels, the cochleae, and many others, are of this kind. The more nice collectors, as naturalists, insist upon having all their shells in their native and genuine

appearance, as they are found when living at sea; but of the others who make collections, hate the disagreeable inside outside, and will have all such polished. It would be very advisable, however, for both kinds of collectors to have the same shells in different specimens both rough and polished: the naturalist would by this means, be- sides knowing the outside of the shell, be better ac- quainted with its internal characters than he otherwise could be; while those who wish to have them polished, might compare the beauties of the shell, in its wrought state, to its coarse appearance as nature gives it. How many elegancies in this part of the creation must be wholly lost to us, if it were not for the assistance of an art of this kind! Many shells in their native state are like rough diamonds; and we can form no just idea of their beauties till they have been polished and wrought into form. The safest way of removing the epidermis or outer skin from shells, is by a simple process dis- covered by our friend William Nicol Esq. Lecturer on Natural Philosophy. The shell from which the epi- dermis is wished to be removed, should be put into a vessel of water, with a quantity of quicklime, and boiled for some time. The skin of the common muscle re- quires only three hours boiling, while that of the mya margaritifera, or river mya, requires from twelve to fourteen hours. When the shells have boiled the pro- per time, they should be washed over with diluted ni- tric acid, when the skin may be easily removed by rubbing it off with the fingers.

Though the art of polishing shells is a very valuable one, yet it is very dangerous to the shells; for without the utmost care, the means used to polish and beautify a shell often wholly destroy it. When a shell is to be polished, the first thing to be examined, is whether it have naturally a smooth surface, or be covered with tu- bercles and prominences.

A shell which has a smooth surface, and a natural With dull polish, need only be rubbed with the hand, or with the piece of chamois leather, with some tripoli, or fine rotten stone, and it will become of a perfectly bright and fine polish. Emery is not to be used on this occasion, because it wears away too much of the shell. This operation requires the hand of an experienced person, that knows how superficial the work must be, and where he is to stop; for in many of these shells the lines are only on the surface, and the wearing away ever so little of the shell defaces them. A shell that is rough, foul, and crusty, or covered with a tartarous coat, must be left a whole day steeping in hot water; when it has im- bibed a large quantity of this, it is to be rubbed with rough emery on a stick, or with the blade of a knife, in order to get off the coat. We have found different kinds of engraving instruments, of much service in re- moving the crust and extraneous matter from shells, particularly the parasitic species of shells which ad- here to them, such as serpulce and balanace. If done with caution, it will be found by far the best mode; and indeed, where there are spines, they cannot be removed by any other means, as, by applying acids, they are often completely destroyed. After this, it may be dipped in diluted aquafortis, spirit of salt, or any other acid; and after remaining a few moments in it, be again plunged into common water. This will add greatly to the speed of the work. After this it is to be well rubbed Ha-rubbed with linen cloths, impregnated with common soap; and when by these several means it is made perfectly clean, the polishing is to be finished with fine emery and a hair-brush. If after this the shell when dry appears not to have so good a polish as was desired, it must be rubbed over with a solution of gum arabic; and this will add greatly to its gloss, without doing it the smallest injury. The gum-water must not be too thick, and then it gives no sensible coat, only heightening the colours. The white of an egg answers this purpose also very well; but it is subject to turn yellow. If the shell has an epidermis, which will by no means admit the polishing of it, it is to be dipped several times in diluted aquafortis, that this may be eaten off; and then the shell is to be polished in the usual way with potty, fine emery, or tripoli, on the hair of a fine brush. When it is only a pellicle that hides the colours, the shell must be steeped in hot water, and after that the skin worked off by degrees with an old file. This is the case with several of the cylinders, which have not the natural polish of the rest.

When a shell is covered with a thick and fatty epidermis, as is the case with several of the mussels and telline; in this case aquafortis will do no service, as it will not touch the skin; then a rough brush and coarse emery are to be used; and if this does not succeed, seal-skin, or, as the workmen call it, fish-skin, and pumice-stone, are to be employed.

When a shell has a thick crust, which will not give way to any of these means, the only way left is to plunge it several times into strong aquafortis, till the stubborn crust is wholly eroded. The limpets, auris marina, the helmet-shells, and several other species of this kind, must have this sort of management; but as the design is to show the hidden beauties under the crust, and not to destroy the natural beauty and polish of the inside of the shell, the aquafortis must be used in this manner: A long piece of wax must be provided, and one end of it made perfectly to cover the whole mouth of the shell; the other end will then serve as a handle, and the mouth being stopped by the wax, the liquor cannot get into the inside to spoil it; then there must be placed on a table, a vessel full of aquafortis, and another full of common water.

The shell is to be plunged into the aquafortis; and after remaining a few minutes in it, is to be taken out, and plunged into the common water. The progress the aquafortis makes in eroding the surface is thus to be carefully observed every time it is taken out: the point of the shell, and any other tender parts, are to be covered with wax, to prevent the aquafortis from eating them away; and if there be any worm-holes, they also must be stopped up with wax, otherwise the aquafortis would soon eat through in those places. When the repeated dippings into the aquafortis show that the coat is sufficiently eaten away, then the shell is to be wrought carefully with fine emery and a brush; and when it is polished as high as can be by this means, it must be wiped clean, and rubbed over with gum-water or the white of an egg. In this sort of work the operator must always have the caution to wear gloves; otherwise the least touch of the aquafortis will burn the fingers, and turn them yellow; and often, if it be not regarded, will eat off the skin and the nails.

These are the methods to be used with shells which require but a moderate quantity of the surface to be taken off; but there are others which require to have a larger quantity removed and to be uncovered deeper: this is called entirely scaling a shell. This is done by means of a horizontal wheel of lead or tin impregnated with rough emery; and the shell is wrought down in the same manner in which stones are wrought by the lapidary. Nothing is more difficult, however, than the performing this work with nicety: very often shells are cut down too far by it, and wholly spoiled; and to avoid this, a coarse vein must be often left standing in some place, and taken down afterwards with the file, when the cutting it down at the wheel would have spoiled the adjacent parts.

After the shell is thus cut down to a proper degree, it is to be polished with fine emery, tripoli, or rotten stone, with a wooden wheel turned by the same machine as a leaden one, or by the common method of working with the hand with the same ingredients. When a shell is full of tubercles or protuberances which must be preserved, it is then impossible to use the wheel; and if the common way of dipping into aquafortis be attempted, the tubercles being harder than the rest of the shell, will be corroded before the rest is sufficiently scaled, and the shell will be spoiled. In this case, industry and patience are the only means of effecting a polish. A camel's-hair pencil must be dipped in aquafortis; and with this the intermediate parts of the shell must be wetted, leaving the protuberances dry: this is to be often repeated; and after a few moments the shell is always to be plunged into water to stop the erosion of the acid, which would otherwise eat too deep, and destroy the beauty of the shell. When this has sufficiently taken off the foulness of the shell, it is to be polished with emery of the finest kind, or with tripoli, by means of a small stick; or the common polishing-stone used by the goldsmiths may be used.

This is a very tedious and troublesome thing, especially when the echinated oysters and murices, and some other such shells, are to be wrought; and what is worst of all is, that when all this labour has been employed, the business is not well done; for there still remain several places which could not be reached by any instrument, so that the shell must necessarily be rubbed over with gum-water or the white of an egg afterwards, in order to bring out the colours and give a gloss; in some cases it is even necessary to give a coat of varnish.

These are the means used by artists to brighten the colours and add to the beauty of shells; and the alterations produced by polishing in this manner are so great, that the shell can scarcely be known afterwards to be the same it was; and hence we hear of new shells in the cabinets of collectors, which have no real existence as separate species, but are shells well known, disguised by polishing. To caution the reader against errors of this kind, it may be proper to add the most remarkable species thus usually altered.

The onyx-shell or volute, called the purple or violet onyx-tip, which in its natural state is of a simple pale brown shell. Of the Ha. when it is wrought slightly, or polished with just the blotting of surfaces taken off, is of a fine bright yellow; and when it is eaten away deeper, it appears of a fine milk- white, with the lower part bluish: it is in this state that it is called the onyx-shell; and it is preserved in many cabinets in its rough state, and in its yellow ap- pearance, as different species of shells.

The violet shell, so common among the curious, is a species of porcelain, or common cowry, which does not appear in that elegance till it has been polish- ed; and the common sea-ear shows itself in two or three different forms, as it is more or less deeply wrought. In its rough state it is dusky and coarse, of a pale brown on the outside, and pearly within; when it is eaten down a little way below the surface, it shows variegations of black and green; and when still farther eroded, it appears of a fine pearly hue within and without.

The nautilus, when it is polished down, appears all over of a fine pearly colour; but when it is eaten away but to a small depth, it appears of a fine yellowish colour with dusky hairs. The burgau, when entirely cleared of its coat, is of the most beautiful pearl col- our: but when slightly eroded, it appears of a va- riegated mixture of green and red; whence it has been called the parroquet shell. The common helmet- shell, when wrought, is of the colour of the finest agate; and the mussels, in general, though very plain shells in their common appearance, become very beau- tiful when polished, and show large veins of the most elegant colours. The Persian shell, in its natural state, is all over white, and covered with tubercles; but when it has been ground down on a wheel, and polished, it appears of a gray colour, with spots and veins of a very bright and highly polished white. The limpets, in general, become very different, when polished, most of them showing very elegant colours; among these the tortoise-shell limpet is the principal; it does not appear at all of that colour or transparence till it has been wrought.

That elegant species of shell called the jonquil cha- ma, which has deceived so many judges of these things into an opinion of its being a new species, is only a white chama with a reticulated surface; but when this is polished, it loses at once its reticular work and its colour, and becomes perfectly smooth, and of a fine bright yellow. The violet-coloured chama of New England, when worked down and polished, is of a fine milk-white, with a great number of blue veins, dispo- sed like the variegations in agates.

The asses-car shell, or halicota arima of Linnaeus, when polished after working it down with the file, be- comes extremely glossy, and obtains a fine rose-colour all about the mouth. These are some of the most fre- quent among an endless variety of changes wrought on shells by polishing; and we find there are many of the very greatest beauties of this part of the creation, which must have been lost but for this method of searching deep in the substance of the shell for them.

The Dutch are very fond of shells, and are very nice in their manner of working them: they are under no restraint, however, in their works; but use the most violent methods, so as often to destroy all the beauty of the shell. They file them down on all sides, and often take them to the wheel, when it must destroy the very characters of the species. Nor do they stop here: but determined to have beauty at any rate, they are for improving upon nature, and frequently add some lines and colours with a pencil, afterwards covering them with a fine coat of varnish, so that they seem the natural lineaments of the shell: the Dutch cabinets are by these means made very beautiful, but they are by no means to be regarded as instructors in natural his- tory. There are some artificers of this nation who have a way of covering shells all over with a different tinge from that which nature gives them; and the curious are often enticed by these tricks to purchase them for new species.

There is another kind of work bestowed on certain species of shells, particularly the nautilus; namely, the engraving on it lines and circles, and figures of stars, and other things. This is too obvious a work of art to suffer any one to suppose it natural. Buonani has figured several of these wrought shells at the end of his work; but this was applying his labour to very lit- tle purpose; the shells are spoiled as objects of natural history by it.—They are principally done in the East Indies.

Shells are subject to several imperfections; some of which are natural and others accidental. The natural defects are the effect of age, or sickness in the fish. The greatest mischief happens to shells by the fish dying in ac- tion. The curious in these things pretend to be al- ways able to distinguish a shell taken up with the fish alive from one found on the shores: they call the first a living, the second a dead shell; and say that the co- lours are always much fainter in the dead shells. When the shells have lain long dead on the shores, they are subject to many injuries, of which the being eaten by sea-worms is not the least; age renders the finest shells livid or dead in their colours.

Besides the imperfections arising from age and sick- ness in the fish, shells are subject to other deformities, such as morbid cavities, or protuberances, in parts where there should be none. When the shell is va- luable, these faults may be hid, and much added to the beauty of the specimen, without at all injuring it as an object of natural history, which should always be the great end of collecting these things. The cavities may be filled up with mastic, dissolved in spirit of wine, or with isinglass; these substances must be either coloured to the tinge of the shell, or else a pencil dipped in wa- ter-colours must finish them up to the resemblance of the rest; and then the whole shell being rubbed over with gum-water, or with the white of an egg, scarce any eye can perceive the artifice; the same substances may also be used to repair the battered edge of a shell, provided the pieces chipped off be not too large. And when the excrescences of a shell are faulty, they are to be taken down with a fine file. If the lip of a shell be so battered that it will not admit of repairing by any cement, the whole must be filed down or ground on the wheel till it become even. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE CLII. Multivalve Shells.

Fig. 1. *Chiton squamosus*; \(a\), the margin. From \(a\) to the opposite side is the breadth of the shell. Page 401, No. 1.

Fig. 2. *Lepas anatifa*, (Anatifa laevis, Lamarck's System); \(a\), the feelers; \(b\), the cartilage; \(c\), the peduncle or pedicle. Page 403, No. 39.

Fig. 3. *Lepas tintinnabulum*, (Balanus tintinnabulum, Lamarck); \(a\), the operculum, or lid; \(b\), the base. Page 403, No. 2.

Fig. 4. *Lepas tracheiformis*, (Tubicinella balanarum, Lamarck); \(a\), the operculum, or lid; \(b\), the ribs.

Fig. 5. *Pholas crispatus*. Page 404, No. 11.

BIVALVE SHELLS.

Fig. 6. *Mya arenaria*; \(a\), projecting tooth; \(b\), the breadth of the shell; \(c\), cicatrix, or tongue.

Fig. 7. *Solen ensis*; \(a\), the ligament; \(b\), length of the shell; \(c\), the breadth. Page 406, No. 5.

Fig. 8. *Tellina virgata*; \(a\), primary tooth. Page 406, No. 5.

Fig. 9. *Cardium oblongum*; \(a\), lateral teeth; \(b\), length of the shell; \(c\), breadth. Page 409, No. 27.

Fig. 10. *Macra stultorum*; \(a\), triangular tooth; \(b\), sides; \(c\), the base; \(d\), the summit; also one of the umbones. Page 410, No. 18.

Fig. 11. *Donax trunculus*; \(a\), the posterior slope; \(c\), right valve; \(d\), left valve; \(e\), crenulated margin; \(f\), the hinge. Page 411, No. 5.

Fig. 12. *Venus erycina*, (Cytherea erycina, Lamarck); \(a\), the umbo; \(b\), the posterior slope; \(c\), the anterior slope; \(d\), the muscular impression. Page 412, No. 21.

Fig. 13. *Arca barbata*; \(a\), numerous teeth, the characteristic of the genus; \(b\), the byssus, or beard. Page 416, No. 3.

PLATE CLIII.—BIVALVE SHELLS continued.

Fig. 1. *Spondylus longispina*; \(a\), spines. Page 414, No. 8.

Fig. 2. *Spondylus plicatus*, (Plicatula ramosa, Lamarck). Page 415, No. 22.

Fig. 3. *Mya inequivalvis*, (Corbula nucleus, Lamarck). Page 405, No. 38.

Fig. 4. *Arca nucleus*, (Nucula margaritacea, Lamarck); \(a\), the pit in which the cartilage is fixed. Page 417, No. 42.

Fig. 5. *Chama cor.*, (Locardia cor., Lamarck); \(a\), beaks. Page 415, No. 1.

Fig. 6. *Chama gigas*, (Tridacna gigas, Lamarck); \(a\), scales. Page 415, No. 3.

Fig. 7. *Ostrea pleuronectes*, (Pecten pleuronectes, Lamarck); \(a\), ears; \(b\), base; \(c\), apex; from \(b\) to \(c\), is the length of the shell, and the reverse is the breadth. Page 417, No. 6.

Fig. 8. *Ostrea lima*, (Lima ——, Lamarck); \(a\), ribs. Page 419, No. 53.

Fig. 9. *Anomia undulata*; \(a\), the ligament perforation. Page 422, No. 21.

PLATE CLIV.—Univalve Shells continued.

Fig. 1. *Argonauta tuberculata*; \(a\), toothed ridges. Page 425, No. 2.

Fig. 2. *Nautilus suborbiculatus*; \(a\), umbilicus. Page 426, No. 2.

Fig. 3. *Nautilus spirula*, (Spirula fragilis, Lamarck); \(a\), the siphuncle; \(b\), partitions of the chambers. Page 426, No. 16.

Fig. 4. *Cypraea Arabica*; \(a\), aperture; and from \(a\) to \(a\), is the length of the shell; from \(b\) to \(b\), its breadth; the face presented to the observer is the venter or belly of the shell. Page 431, No. 3.

Fig. 5. *Bulla ficus*, (Pyula ficus, Lamarck). Page 433, No. 10.

Fig. 6. *Voluta nitidula*, (Tornatella nitidula, Lamarck). Page 335, No. 46.

Fig. 7. *Buccinum areola*, (Cassis areola, Lamarck); \(a\), the pillar lip, much reflected on the columella; \(b\), canal, or gutter; \(c\), the outer lip; \(d\), varices. Page 440, No. 20.

Fig. 8. *Murex spiralis*, (Pyrula spirillus, Lamarck); \(a\), the beak or rostrum. Page 447, No. 73.

Fig. 9. *Murex perversus*, (Pyrula perversa, Lamarck). This is an example of a shell with a reversed spire. It will be observed the aperture is on the right side of the shell, in place of the left side.

Fig. 10. *Turbo setosus*; \(a\), furrows; \(b\), ribs.

Fig. 11. *Turbo nautiloides*, (Planorbis nautiloides, Lamarck).

Fig. 12. *Haliotis imperforata*, (Stomatella auricula, Lamarck).

PLATE CLV.

Fig. 1. *Bulla navicula*.

Fig. 2. *Bulla aperta*, (Bullea aperta, Lamarck).

Fig. 3. *Bulla rivalis*.

Fig. 4. *Bulla Virginea*, (Achatina virginea, Lamarck).

Fig. 5. *Bulla cylindrica*, (Volvaria cylindrica).

Fig. 6. *Bulla terebellum*, (Terebellum, Lamarck).

Fig. 7. *Voluta mercatoria*, (Columbella, Lamarck). Page 336, No. 71.

Fig. 8. *Voluta papalis*, (Mitra pontifica, Lamarck). Page 438.

Fig. 9. *Voluta cruenta*, (Ancilla cruenta, Lamarck). Page 435, No. 32.

Fig. 10. Buccinum zeylanica, (Eburna Zeylanica). Fig. 11. Buccinum Persicum, (Purpura Persica, Lamarck). Page 441, No 51. Fig. 12. Buccinum therites, (Nassa therites, Lamarck). Page 441, No 43. Fig. 13. Buccinum vittatum, (Terebra vittata, Lamarck). Page 443, No 141. Fig. 14. Strombus nodosa, (Pterocera nodosa, Lamarck). Fig. 15. Murex lineatus, (Clavatula lineata, Lamarck). Fig. 16. Murex horridus, (Ricinula horrida, Lamarck). Fig. 17. Murex semigranosus, (Cerithium semigranosum, Lamarck). Fig. 18. Trochus moniliferus. Fig. 19. Trochus coronaria, (Monodonta coronaria, Lamarck). Fig. 20. Turbo scalaris. Variety, rare, (Scalaria pretiosa, Lamarck).

Fig. 21. Turbo uva, (Pupa uva, Lamarck). Fig. 22. Turbo laminatus. Fig. 23. Helix fasciatus, (Bulimus fasciata, Lamarck). Fig. 24. Helix vivipara, (Paludina achatina, Lamarck). Fig. 25. Helix putris, var. (Lymnaea putris, Lamarck). Fig. 26. Helix ianthina, (Ianthina fragilis, Lamarck). Fig. 27. Nerita canrena, (Natica canrena, Lamarck). Fig. 28. Patella oculus-copri. Fig. 29. Patella fissura, (Emarginula cornea, Lamarck). Fig. 30. Dentalium elephantinum. Fig. 31. Serpula anguina, (Siliquaria anguina, Lamarck). Fig. 32. Teredo navalis. Fig. 33. Patella aculeata, (Crepidula aculeata, Lamarck).

INDEX.

ACORN-shell, species of, n° 25 Adanson, his system of shells, 11 Amphitrite, generic character of, 15 Ancients prosecuted the study of shells, 3 Animal gives form to the shell, method of killing, 111 Anomia, species of, p. 421 Arca, species of, 416 Argonauta, 425 Ark-shell, see Arca, n° 36 Ascidia, generic character of, 15

B. Bivalves, terms of, defined, 18 generic characters of, 22 Breynius, his system of shells, 7 Buccinum, species of, p. 439 Bulla, species of, 433

C. Cardium, species of, 408 Chama, species of, p. 415 Characters, generic, of testaceous animals, n° 15 Classification of shells, n° 20 Clio, generic character of, 15 Cockle, see Cardium, 30 Colours of shells vary, 87 Colouring matter secreted from the neck, 88 prove, 89 seeming exception, 92 causes of this, 91 changes in the organs of, 92

D. Da Costa, his system of shells, p. 14 D'Argenville, his system of shells, 9 Dentalium, species of, p. 467 Dipper, see Bulla, n° 50 Donax, species of, p. 410 Doris, generic character of, n° 15 Dutch method of polishing shells, 151

F. Fishery, pearl, in Britain, 138 in Ceylon, 139 G. Gaping cockle, see Chama, 35 Geoffroy, his system of shells, 12 Grooves, formation of, 117 Growth of shells, interrupted, 79

H. Haliotis, species of, 93 Helix, species of, 94 of porcelain shells, affected by light, 107

K. Klein, his system of shells, opinion of the formation of shells,

L. Land shells very numerous, method of collecting, 121 Langius, his system of shells, 48 Layer of shells, last formed, white, 102 Lepas, species of, 49 Light, effects of, on shells, 431 Limax, generic character of, 15 Limpet, see Patella, Lister, his system of shells,

M. Mactra, species of, 407 Moderns, progress of, in conchology, 17 Muller, his system of shells, 15 Multivalves, terms of, defined, 151 Murex, species of, 445 Musel, see Mytilus, Mya, species of, margaritifera yields pearl and mother-of-pearl, 445 Mytilus, species of, margaritiferus produces pearls, 445

N. Nautilus, species of, 98 Nereis, generic character of,

Nerita, species of, p. 462

Reaumur's investigation of the formation of shells, n° 72

Opinion mistaken, 73

Controverted, 76

Experiments, 78

Ribs of shells, formation of, 113

Only on sea-shells, 114

Hollow, 118

S.

Sabella, species of, p. 469

Scallop, see Ostrea maxima, n° 37

Worn by pilgrims, ib.

Sea-ear, see Halictis, 59

Sea-ting, see Pinna, 45

Sepia, generic character of, 15

Serpula, species of, p. 467

Shells, constituent parts of, n° 66

Porcellaneous, 67

Mother-of-pearl, 68

Formed in the egg, 74

Last formed, 75

Process of their formation, 79

Formed by secretion from the animal, 80

Time necessary, 81

Layers seen by burning, 83

Growth of, interrupted, 98

Distinguished by colour, 100

Lower valve colourless, 108

Spiral, four classes, 110

Derive their form from the animal, 111

Found on every part of the globe, 124

Land, numerous, 125

Tropical, most beautiful, 126

Sea, methods of fishing, 136

Ship-worm, natural history of, 63

Snails, see Helix, 66

Solen, species of, p. 405

Species of shells enumerated, n° 65

Species, produced, 116

Spire, generic character of, 15

Spires of the shell, turns increased, 84

Spondylus, species of, p. 414

Sprat's, Bishop, history of the oyster, n° 41

Striae, formation of, 98

Strombus, species of, p. 444

Systems of conchology,

Lister's, n° 4

Langius's, 5

Breynius's, 6

Tournefort's, 7

D'Argenville's, 8

Klein's, 9

Adamson's, 10

Geoffroy's, 11

Muller's, 12

Da Costa's, 13

Tellina, species of, p. 469

Teredo, species of, n° 15

Terebellia, generic character of, 16

Terms explained,

In multivalves, 17

Bivalves, 18

Univalves, 19

Testaceous animals both oviparous and viviparous, 71

Detached from the shell, 85

Tethys, generic character of, 15

Tooth-shell, see Dentalium, 61

Tournefort's system of shells, 8

Triton, generic character of, 15

Trochus, species of, p. 450

Tropical shells most beautiful, n° 127

Tubercles on shells, formation of, 116

Turbo, species of, p. 453

Umbilicus, formation of, n° 111

Univalves, terms of, defined, 19

Generic character of, 23

Valve, lower, of shells, colourless, 108

Venus, species of, p. 411

Voluta, species of, 434

Volute, see Voluta, n° 51

Wedge-shell, see Donax, n° 32

Whelk, see Buccinum, 52

Wreath, see Turbo, 56

CONCHYLIA.