secret testimony of the soul, whereby it gives its approbation to things that are naturally good, and condemns those that are evil. See Moral Philosophy.

A man of integrity will never listen to any reason, or give way to any measure, or be misled by any inducement, against conscience.—The inhabitants of a great town offered Marshal de Turenne 100,000 crowns, upon condition he would take another road, and not march his troops their way. He answered them, "As your town is not in the road I intend to march, I cannot accept the money you offer me."—The earl of Derby, in the reign of Edward III., making a descent

ancestors has two descendants who increase in a duplicate ratio, it will follow, that the ratio in which all the descendants increase downwards, must be double to that in which the ancestors increase upwards: but we have seen, that the ancestors increase in a duplicate ratio: therefore, the descendants must increase in a double duplicate; that is, in quadruple ratio.

| Collateral Degrees | Number of Kindred | |-------------------|------------------| | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 4 | | 3 | 16 | | 4 | 64 | | 5 | 256 | | 6 | 1024 | | 7 | 4096 | | 8 | 16384 | | 9 | 65536 | | 10 | 262144 | | 11 | 1048576 | | 12 | 4194304 | | 13 | 16777216 | | 14 | 67108864 | | 15 | 268435456 | | 16 | 1073741824 | | 17 | 4294967296 | | 18 | 17179869184 | | 19 | 68719476736 | | 20 | 27487796944 |

This calculation may also be formed by a more compendious process, viz. by squaring the couples, or half the number of ancestors, at any given degree; which will furnish us with the number of kindred we have in the same degree, at equal distance with ourselves from the common stock, besides those at unequal distances. Thus in the tenth lineal degree, the number of ancestors is 1024; its half, or the couples, amounts to 512; the number of kindred in the tenth collateral degree amounts therefore to 262144, or the square of 512. And, if we will be at the trouble to recollect the state of the several families within our own knowledge, and observe how far they agree with this account; that is, whether, on an average, every man has not one brother or sister, four first-cousins, sixteen second cousins, and so on, we shall find, that the present calculation is very far from being overcharged. scent in Guinne, carried by storm the town of Ber- gerac, and gave it up to be plundered. A Welch knight happened by chance to light upon the receiver's office. He found there such a quantity of money that he thought himself obliged to acquaint his general with it, imagining that so great a booty naturally belonged to him. But he was agreeably surprised when the earl told him, with a pleasant countenance, that he wished him joy of his good fortune; and that he did not make the keeping of his word to depend upon the great or little value of the thing he had promised.—In the siege of Falisci by Camillus general of the Romans, the schoolmaster of the town, who had the children of the senators under his care, led them abroad under the pre- text of recreation, and carried them to the Roman camp, saying to Camillus, that by this artifice he had delivered Falisci into his hands. Camillus, abhorring this treachery, observed, "That there were laws for war as well as for peace; and that the Romans were taught to make war with integrity not less than with courage." He ordered the schoolmaster to be stripped, his hands to be bound behind his back, and to be de- livered to the boys to be lashed back into the town. The Falerians, formerly obstinate in resistance, struck with an act of justice so illustrious, delivered themselves up to the Romans; convinced that they would be far better to have the Romans for their allies than their enemies.

It is a saying, That no man ever offended his own conscience, but first or last it was revenged upon him. The power of conscience indeed has been remarked in all ages, and the examples of it upon record are innum- erable. The following is related by Mr Fordyce, in his Dialogues on Education*, as a real occurrence which happened in a neighbouring state not many years ago. A jeweller, a man of good character and considerable wealth, having occasion in the way of his business to travel at some distance from the place of his abode, took along with him a servant, in order to take care of his portmanteau. He had with him some of his best jewels, and a large sum of money, to which his servant was likewise privy. The master having occasion to dismount on the road, the servant watching his opportunity, took a pistol from his master's saddle and shot him dead on the spot; then rifled him of his jewels and money, and hanging a large stone to his neck, he threw him into the nearest canal. With this booty he made off to a distant part of the country, where he had reason to believe that neither he nor his master was known. There he began to trade in a very low way at first, that his obscurity might screen him from observation; and in the course of a good many years seemed to rise, by the natural progress of business, into wealth and consideration; so that his good fortune appeared at once the effect and reward of industry and virtue. Of these he counterfeited the appearance so well, that he grew into great credit, married into a good family, and by laying out his hid- den stores discreetly, as he saw occasion, and joining to all an universal affability, he was admitted to a share of the government of the town, and rose from one post to another, till at length he was chosen chief magistrate. In this office he maintained a fair cha- racter, and continued to fill it with no small applause, both as a governor and a judge; till one day as he sat on the bench with some of his brethren, a criminal was brought before him who was accused of murder- ing his master. The evidence came out full, the jury brought in their verdict that the prisoner was guilty, and the whole assembly waited the sentence of the pre- sident of the court (which he happened to be that day) with great suspense. Meanwhile he appeared to be in unusual disorder and agitation of mind, and his colour changed often; at length he arose from his seat, and coming down from the bench, placed him- self just by the unfortunate man at the bar. "You see before you (said he, addressing himself to those who had sat on the bench with him), a striking in- stance of the just rewards of heaven, which this day, after 30 years concealment, presents to you a greater criminal than the man just now found guilty." Then he made an ample confession of his guilt, and of all its aggravations. "Nor can I feel," (continued he) any relief from the agonies of an awakened conscience, but by requiring that justice be forthwith done against me in the most public and solemn manner." We may easily suppose the amazement of all the assembly, and especially of his fellow-judges. However, they pro- ceeded, upon this confession, to pass sentence upon him, and he died with all the symptoms of a penitent mind.

Courts of Conscience, are courts for recovery of small debts, constituted by act of parliament in Lon- don, Westminster, &c. and other populous and trading districts.

Consciousness. Metaphysicians, in lieu of the word conscience, which seems appropriated to theo- logical or moral matters, ordinarily use that of con- sciousness; whereby they mean an inner sentiment of a thing, whereof one may have a clear and distinct notion. In this sense they say that we do not know our own soul, nor are assured of the existence of our own thoughts, otherwise than by self-consciousness. See Metaphysics.