the ARTICHOKE;** a genus of plants belonging to the syngenesia class. See Botany Index.

The varieties of the artichoke are propagated by slips or suckers, arising annually from the stool or root of the old plants in spring, which are to be taken from good plants of any present plantation in March or the beginning of April, and planted in the open quarter of the kitchen garden, in rows five feet asunder: and they will produce artichokes the same year in autumn. It should, however, be remarked, that though artichokes are of many years duration, the annual produce of their fruit will gradually lessen in the size of the eatable parts after the third or fourth year, so that a fresh plantation should be made every three or four years. The cardoon is a very hardy plant, and prospers in the open quarters of the kitchen-garden. It is propagated by seed sown annually in the full ground in March; either in a bed for transplantation, or in the place where they are designed to remain. The plants are very large, so must stand at considerable distances from one another. By this means you may have some small temporary crops between the rows, as of lettuce, spinach, endive, cabbage, savoy, or broccoli plants. In the latter end of September, or in October, the cardoons will be grown very large, and their footstalks have acquired a thick substance; you must then tie up the leaves of each plant, to admit of earthing them closely all round for blanching, which will take up six or eight weeks; and thus the plants will come in for use in November and December, and continue all winter.

**CYNEUS,** of Thessaly, the scholar of Demosthenes, flourished 275 years before Christ. Pyrrhus had so high an esteem for him, that he sent him to Rome to solicit a peace; and so vast was his memory, that the day after his arrival he saluted all the senators and knights by name. Pyrrhus and he wrote a Treatise of War, quoted by Tully.

**CYNICS,** a sect of ancient philosophers, who valued themselves upon their contempt of riches and state, arts and sciences, and every thing, in short, except virtue or morality.

The Cynic philosophers owe their origin and institution to Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates; who being asked of what use his philosophy had been to him, replied, "It enables me to live with myself." Diogenes was the most famous of his disciples, in whose life the system of this philosophy appears in its greatest perfection. He led a most wretched life, a tub having served him for a lodging, which he rolled before him wherever he went. Yet he was nevertheless not the more humble on account of his ragged cloak, bag, and tub; for one day entering Plato's house, at a time when there was a splendid entertainment there for several persons of distinction, he jumped upon a very rich couch in all his dirt, saying, "I trample on the pride of Plato." "Yes (replied Plato), but with great pride, Diogenes." He had the utmost contempt for all the human race; for he walked the streets of Athens at noon-day with a lighted lantern in his hand, telling the people, "He was in search of a man." Among many excellent maxims of morality, he held some very pernicious opinions: for he used to say that the uninterrupted good fortune of Harpalus, who generally passed for a thief and a robber, was a testimony against the gods. He regarded chastity and modesty as weaknesses. Hence Laertius observes of him, that he did everything openly, whether it belonged to Ceres or Venus; though he adds, that Diogenes only ran to an excess of impudence to put others out of conceit of it. But impudence was the characteristic of these philosophers; who argued, that what was right to be done, might be done at all times, and in all places. The chief principle of this sect in common with the Stoics, was, that we should follow nature. But they differed from the Stoics in their explanation of that maxim; the Cynics being of opinion, that a man followed nature that gratified his natural motions and appetites; while the Stoics understood right reason by the word nature.

**Cynic-Spasms,** a kind of convulsion, wherein the patient imitates the howlings of dogs.

**CYNIPS,** a genus of insects belonging to the hymenoptera order. See Entomology Index.

**CYNOCEPHALUS,** in Zoology, the trivial name of a species of Simia. See Mammalia Index.