JAMES, D.D.** A late pious and learned dissenting minister, was born in Ireland, and finished his studies at the university of Glasgow; which afterwards, from a regard to his merit, conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. He resided 10 or 11 years at Cambridge, as the pastor of a small congregation there; where he enjoyed his beloved retirement, the advantage of books and of learned conversation, which he improved with the greatest diligence. On Mr Abernethy's removal from Antrim, he succeeded him there; and on that gentleman's death, he succeeded him as minister of a dissenting meeting-house in Wood-street, Dublin. In this situation he continued till his death, which happened on the 4th of May 1761, when he had completed his 64th year. He published a volume of excellent discourses on the presumptive arguments in favour of the Christian religion, and many occasional tracts; and after his death was published a number of his sermons, in three volumes 8vo.

**DUCHY,** in Geography, an appellation given to the dominions of a duke.

**Duchy Court,** a court where all matters belonging to the duchy or county palatine of Lancaster are decided by decree of the chancellor of that court.

The origin of this court was in Henry IV's time, who obtained the crown by the deposition of Richard II, and having the duchy of Lancaster by descent, in right of his mother, became seized thereof as king, not as duke: So that all the liberties, franchises, and jurisdictions of the said county passed from the king by his great seal, and not by livery or attornment, as the earldom of March, and other possessions, which descended to him by other ancestors than the king's did. Henry IV, by authority of parliament severed the possessions, liberties, &c., of the said duchy from the crown; but Edward IV restored them to their former nature.

The officers belonging to this court are, a chancellor, attorney general, receiver general, clerk of the court, and messenger; beside the assistants, as an attorney in the exchequer, another in chancery, and four counsellors.

**DUCK.** See *Anas*, Ornithology Index.

This fowl is furnished with a peculiar structure of vessels about the heart, which enables it to live a considerable time under water, as is necessary for it in diving. This made Mr Boyle think it a more proper subject for experiments with the air-pump, than any other bird. A full-grown duck, being put into the receiver of an air-pump, of which she filled one-third part, and the air exhausted, the creature seemed to bear it better for the first moments than a hen or other such fowl; but after about a minute, she showed great signs of uneasiness, and in less than two minutes her head fell down, and she appeared dying, till revived by the admission of the air. Thus, whatever facility of diving this and other water fowl may have, it does not appear that they can subsist, without air for respiration, any longer than other animals. A young callow duck was afterwards tried in the same manner, and with the same success, being reduced very near death in less than two minutes. But it is observable, that both birds swelled very much in pumping out the air, so that they appeared greatly larger to the spectators, especially about the crop. It not being intended that any water-fowl should live in an exceeding rarefied air, but only be able to continue occasionally some time under water, Nature, though she has provided them with the means of this, hath done nothing for them in regard to the other.

The strongest instance of these creatures being calculated to live almost in any situation, we have in the accounts of the blind ducks in the Zirchnitzer lake in Carniola. It is supposed that this lake communicates with another lake under ground in the mountain Savornic, and fills or empties itself according to the fulness or emptiness of that lake; the water of the upper lake running off, and that in vast quantities, by holes in the bottom. The ducks which are here always in great numbers, are often carried down along with the water, and forced into the subterraneous lake to which it retires. In this unnatural habitation many of these creatures undoubtedly perish, but some remain alive. These become blind, and lose all their feathers; and in the next filling of the lake, both they and vast numbers of fish are thrown up with the water. At this time they are fat, but make a strange appearance in their naked state, and are easily caught, by reason of their want of sight. In about a fortnight they recover their sight and feathers: and are then of the size of a common wild duck, but of a black colour, with a white spot on their forehead. When opened, on being taken at their first coming up in their blind state, their stomachs are found full of small fishes, and somewhat resembling weeds. From this it seems that they cannot be absolutely blind: but that the degree of light to which they have been accustomed in their subterraneous habitation, is sufficient to enable them to procure food for themselves: and their blindness, on coming again to open day light, is no other than that of a man who has been long in the dark, on having in an instant a large blaze of candles set under his eyes.

**Duck, Stephen,** originally a thrasher in a barn, was born about the beginning of the 18th century. By his poetical talents, he first attracted the notice of some gentlemen at Oxford; and being recommended to Queen Caroline, he, under her patronage, took orders, and was preferred to the living of Byfleet in Surrey. His abilities were, however, much more conspicuous in his primitive station than in his advancement: though, it is said, he was not disliked as a preacher. Falling at length into a low-spirited melancholy way, probably owing to his change of life and cessation from his usual labour, he in a fit of lunacy flung himself into the Thames, in 1756.

**Ducking,** plunging in water, a diversion anciently practised among the Goths by way of exercise; but among the Celtæ, Franks, and ancient Germans, it was a sort of punishment for persons of scandalous lives.—At Marseilles and Bourbon their men and wo-