in Chronology, the second month of Numa's year, and under the protection of the god Neptune. This month is not found in the kalendar of Romulus, but was added to the year by Numa. It had its name from Febru, Februaca, or Februalis, all names of Juno, who presided over the purifications of women; and in this month the Lupercalia were held in honour of Juno, and women were purified by the priests of Pan Lyceus at that festival. See LUPERCALIA.
a common year, consists only of 28 days; but in the bissextile year it has 29, on account of the intercalary day added that year.
FEICALES, or FOECIALES, an order of priests or officers, consisting of 20 persons, among the ancient Romans, appointed to proclaim war, negotiate peace, &c.
Festus derives the word from ferio, "I strike;" as ferire facius signifies "to conclude a treaty;" and ac- cordingly, instead of feciales, he would have it written feriales. Others derive it from facius, which was an- ciently written fedus; or from fides, "faith." Others from facio, feci, "I make," &c. because they made war and peace. Vossius chooses to derive it from fatu, of the verb fari, "to speak:" in which sense the feciales should be the same with oratores; which sentiment is also confirmed by the authority of Varro, who says they were called indifferently feciales and oratores.
The feciales were a sort of heralds, who, when the Romans had any dispute with their neighbours, were sent first to demand the thing intended to be usurped, or require satisfaction for the injury alleged to be done. If an answer was not returned by them that was satis- factory to the people and the senate, they were despatch- ed again to declare war, and the like in treating for peace; the feciales being the only persons appointed to negotiate between the senate, &c. and the enemy.
Plutarch in the life of Numa, and Halicarnassus (lib. ii.), observes, that they were first instituted by that prince. The latter adds, that they were first cho- sen out of the best families in Rome; that their office, which was reputed a sort of sacerdotium, or priesthood, only ended with their life; that their persons were sac- red and inviolable, as those of other priests; that they were even charged to see the republic did not declare war unjustly; that they were to receive the complaints and remonstrances of nations who pretended to have been any way injured by the Romans; that if those complaints were found just, they were to seize the criminals, and deliver them up to those they had offended; that they were invested with the rights and privileges of ambassadors; that they concluded treaties of peace and alliance, and took care they were executed; and, lastly, abolished them, if they were found not to be equitable. Livy, lib. i. cap. 24. ascribes their institution to Ancus Martius, in the year of Rome 114.—Varro assures us, that in his time most of these functions of the faciales were set aside; though Plutarch observes, that they had still some authority in his time.
The faciales were crowned with verbenae, "vervain," when they went to declare war. Their head was covered with a veil, over which the crown was applied. In this equipage they proceeded to the frontiers of the new enemy's country, and threw a bloody dart or javelin into the ground within the same. In Livy and other ancient authors we have the formula used in such declarations.