in Roman antiquity, a public standing place within the city of Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people.

Forum was also used for a place of traffic, answering to our market-place. These were generally called fora venalia; in contradistinction to the former, which were called fora civilia.

The fora civilia were public courts of justice, very magnificent in themselves, and surrounded with porticos and stately edifices; of these there were six very remarkable: 1. Forum Romanum. 2. Julianum. 3. Augustum. 4. Palladium. 5. Forum Traiani. 6. Forum Salustii. The Forum Romanum was the most noted, and is often called simply Forum, by way of eminence. Here was the pleading place called Rostra, the Comitium, the sanctuary of Saturn, temple of Castor, &c. See ROSTRA, COMITIUM, &c.

The fora venalia, or market-places, were very numerous. The chief of them were the forum boarium for oxen or beef; suarium for swine; pistorium for bread; cupendarium for dainties; olitorium for garden stuff.

The Grecian Agora, exactly correspond with the Roman fora, being places where courts and markets were held. At Athens they had many fora, but the chief of them were the old and the new.

Forum Indicere, was the act of the prætor appointing the place in Rome where causes were to be tried. Agere forum denoted the bringing on causes out of Rome, in a Roman province (Cicero, Suetonius); the same with agere conventum (Florus).

The term forum added to a proper name, denoted some town or market borough; as,

Forum Allieni, a place mentioned only by Tacitus; and, from what he says of it, thought to be Ferrara, capital of the duchy of that name in Italy. E. Long. 12. 5. N. Lat. 44. 46.

Forum Appii (Cicero, Luke); a town of the Volsci, in Latium, on the Via Appia; a little beyond the Tres Tabernae; set down in the Jerusalem Itinerary as situated near the river Nymphæus: now entirely extinct.

Forum Cornelii, a town of the Cispadana, built by Sylla: Now Imola, a city in Romagna, and territory of the Pope. E. Long. 12. 12. N. Lat. 44. 30.

Forum Domitii, a town of Gallia Narbonensis; probably built by Domitius Ahenobarbus, who commanded in those parts: Now Frontignan, or Frontignac, in Languedoc, near the Mediterranean. E. Long. 3. 30. N. Lat. 43. 30.

Forum Fulvi, a town of Liguria, surnamed Valentium: from which it is conjectured that it is now Valenza, in the duchy of Milan; which is confirmed by Peutinger's distances. E. Long. 9°. N. Lat. 45°.

Forum Gallorum, a small town of the Cispadana, on the Via Æmilia, eight miles from Mutina, beyond the river Scultenna. Here Antony defeated Panas, and was in his turn defeated by Hirtius: Now Castelfranco, in the territory of Bologna.—Another Forum Gallorum, a town of the Vascones in the Hither Spain: Now Gurrea, a small town of Arragon.

Forum Julium. There are several towns of this name; as a Forum Julium of Gallia Narbonensis; or Forojulium: Now Frejus, or Frejules, in Provence, at the mouth of the Argens. Forum Julium Carnorum, to the north of Aquileia, in the Transpadana: Now Civi- dal di Friuli, formerly Cividal d'Austria, in the terri- tory of Venice.

Forum Jutuntorum, a town of the Insubres, in the Transpadana: Now Crema, capital of the Cremasco, in the territory of Venice. E. Long. 10. 15. N. Lat. 45. 20.

Forum Livii, a town of the Semnones, in the Cis- padana: Now Forli, in Romagna. E. Long. 12. 45. N. Lat. 44. 25.

Forum Segusianorum, situated on the east side of the Liger, in Gallia Celtica: now Feurs, on the Loire, in the Lyonnais, capital of the territory of Forez. E. Long. 4. 15. N. Lat. 45. 44.

Forum Tiberii, a town of the Pagus Tigurinus, in Belgica, on the left or south side of the Rhine: Now Kaysersstuhl; literally the tribunal of Tiberius, which he held there when commander in the Rhetian war.

Forum Volcani (Strabo); the Campi Phlegraei of Pliny; a place in Campania encompassed with rocky eminences, near Puteoli, and distant from it two miles towards Naples, emitting smoke, and in some places flame, like a large extensive furnace, and yielding sul- phur: Now called Solfatara, in the Terra di Lavoro.

Forum is also used, among causists, &c. for juris- diction; thus they say, In foro legis, &c.