a department in the south-west of France. It contains 3700 square miles, with 240,000 inhabitants. It is one of the most barren districts in the kingdom, three-fourths of it consisting of heaths. The produce consists of corn, wine, olives, and wood. There are mines of iron; and salt is made on the coast. Landes Mont de Marsan is the chief town.

LANDGRAVE, (formed of the German land, "earth," and graff, or grabe, "judge" or "count"); a name formerly given to those who executed justice in behalf of the emperors, with regard to the internal policy of the country. The title does not seem to have been used before the 11th century. These judges were first appointed within a certain district of Germany: in process of time the title became hereditary, and these judges assumed the sovereignty of the several districts or counties over which they presided. Landgrave is now applied by way of eminence to those sovereign princes of the empire who possess by inheritance certain estates called landgraviates, and of which they receive the investiture of the emperor. There are four princes who have this title, viz. those of Thuringia, Hesse, Alsace, and Lenchtemberg. There are also other landgraves, who are not princes but counts of the empire. See Count.