among the Romans, was the staff made use of by the augers in quartering the heavens. It bore a great resemblance to the crozier of a bishop, but was shorter. It was crooked at one end, and thickest in the curved part, according to A. Gellius. We frequently meet with a representation of it upon medals, amongst other pontifical instruments. It was called *Lituus Quirinalis*, from Quirinus, a name of Romulus, who was skilled in all the mysteries of augury.

*Lituus* was also an instrument of music in use in the Roman army. It was straight, excepting that it had a little bending at the upper end like a lituus or sacred staff of the augurs; and from the similitude it derived its name.

*Livadia*, anciently *Achaia* and *Hellas*, or *Greece properly so called*; a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the north by Epirus and Thessaly, from which it is separated by Mount Oeta, now Banina, and by the Euripus, now the strait of Negropot; on the east, by the Archipelago; on the south, by the gulf of Engia or Egina, the isthmus of Corinth, and the gulf of Leptanto; and on the west, by the Ionian sea and part of Epirus. Its extent is about 130 miles from north-west to south-east; but its greatest breadth is not above 36 miles. It is in general a mountainous country; but neither unpleasant nor unfruitful. The principal mountains are, Mount Oeta in Boeotia, where is the famous pass of Thermopylae, not above 25 feet broad; and Parnassus, Helicon, and Cytheron in Phocis, which were sacred to Apollo and the muses, and consequently much celebrated by the poets. The rivers of most note are, the Sionapre, anciently the Achelous, the Cephissus, the Ismenus, and the Asopus. This province is at present divided into Livadia proper, Stramulippa, and the duchy of Athens. The principal places are, Lepanto, anciently Naupactus; Livadia, anciently Libadria or Lebadia; the celebrated city of Athens, now Setines; Thebes, now Stibes; Lepsina, anciently Eleusis; Castris, formerly Delphi; and Megara.

*Livadia*, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, and capital of a province of the same name in Greece. It is a large and populous place, seated on the gulf of Lepanto, about 25 miles from the city of that name. It has now a considerable trade in woollen stuffs and rice. Anciently it was celebrated for the oracle of Trophonius, which was in a cavern in a hill above the town. E. Long. 23° 29'. N. Lat. 38° 40'.

*Liver*, see Anatomy, No. 95.—Plato, and others of the ancients, fix the principle of love in the liver; whence the Latin proverb, *Cogit amare jecur*: and in this sense Horace frequently uses the word, as when he says, *Si torrefic jecur quærus Idonæum*. The Greeks, from its concave figure, called it *πάγκης*, "vaulted, suspended;" the Latins call it *jecur*, q. d. *juxta cor*, as being "near the heart." The French call it *foye*, from *foyer*, focus, or "fireplace;" agreeable to the doctrine of the ancients, who believed the blood to be boiled and prepared in it.—Erasistratus, at first, called it *parenchyma*, i.e. effusion, or mass of blood; and Hippocrates, by way of eminence, frequently calls it the *hypochondrium*.

*Liver of Antimony*. See Chemistry Index.

*Liver of Arsenic*, is a combination of white arsenic with potash. See Arsenic, Chemistry Index.

*Liver of Sulphur*. See Potash, Sulphuret of, Chemistry Index.

*Liverwort*. See Marchantia and Lichen, Botany Index.

*Liverpool*, a large, flourishing, and populous town of England, in the county of Lancaster, situated at the influx of the river Mersey into the sea, in North Lat. 53° 24', and West Long. 2° 50'. This town was of little importance till the end of the 17th century, but from that time it has increased with extraordinary rapidity. In 1699 the population was about 5000, and in 1710, when the first wet dock was constructed, there were about 84 ships belonging to the port, averaging 70 tons and 11 men each. In 1720 an act was procured for opening an inland navigation with Manchester, and for improving the water communication with the Cheshire salt mines, both of which have been of immense advantage to Liverpool. In 1764 the population was 26,000, in 1790 it was 56,000, in 1801 it was 77,600, and in 1811 it was 94,376, exclusive of 7000 sailors. In 1793 she possessed 92,008 tons of shipping. In the year ending 5th July 1818, the number of ships that entered the port amounted to 6779, the tonnage to 754,690. The dock duties, which in 1724 amounted to £10,113. 6d., were £6,915l. 8s. 8d. in 1815, when the official value of the imports was £8,000,000 sterling, and of the exports £12,000,000. In 1818 the dock duties amounted to £98,538l. 8s. 3d. It is by far the greatest sea-port in Britain, except London. It has been estimated that one twelfth of the shipping of Great Britain is furnished by Liverpool; that it has one fourth of her foreign trade, and one sixth of her general commerce; and that its exports and imports amount to not less than one half of those of London.

The Liverpool merchants have engaged eagerly in the trade to India since it was thrown open. One vessel was sent out in 1815; next year there were eight vessels in the trade; in 1817 they were increased to 17, with a tonnage of 7538; and from the commencement to September 1818, no fewer than 80 vessels have been employed in the Indian trade. The exports in this trade are chiefly broad cloths and woollens, Birmingham hardware and Sheffield cutlery, Manchester and Glasgow piece goods, Nottingham hosiery, Staffordshire earthen ware, Irish linens, iron, copper, lead, salt, glass, hats, malt liquors, and dollars. The imports are cotton, rice, indigo, sugar, saltpetre, ginger, pimento, and other spices, turmeric, safflower, and other dyes.

The docks of Liverpool are upon a very extensive scale. When the new one begun in 1816 is finished, the total space occupied by the whole will exceed 60 acres. They communicate with one another by tunnels, by which means the water of one is made to wash out the others, and carry off the mud. Along the docks are extensive warehouses, into which goods are removed from the ships with great ease.

There are few manufactories in Liverpool. The most considerable are those for articles connected with the shipping, such as cordage. There is also an extensive pottery, some salt-works, glass-houses, and upwards of 50 breweries, from some of which large quantities of malt liquor are sent abroad. Many of the buildings are elegant; but the old streets are narrow; which defect will soon be removed, as the corporation Liverpool corporation have lately obtained an act of parliament for the improvement of the town, which they have already begun to put in force with great spirit, having taken down the principal streets in the centre of the town, and rebuilt them in a spacious and most magnificent manner; so that in a few years it will be one of the handsomest towns in England. This town contains sixteen churches, namely, St Peter's, St Nicholas's, St George's, St Thomas's, St Paul's, St Ann's, St John's, Trinity, St James's, St Catherine's, St Mary's, St Stephen's, St Matthew's, St Mark's, Christ Church, and All Saints. There are also meetings for independents, anabaptists, quakers, methodists, and presbyterians. The exchange is a noble structure, built of white stone in the form of a square, and round it are piazzas where the merchants assemble to transact business. Its area is twice the extent of that of London. Above it are the mayor's offices, the sessions-hall, the council-chamber, and two elegant ball-rooms. The expense of erecting this building amounted to nearly £100,000. In its centre is a superb group of bronze statuary, representing the death of Nelson. The custom-house is situated at the head of the old dock, and is a handsome and convenient structure. Here are many charitable foundations, among which is an excellent grammar school well endowed, and many of the youth taught in it have exhibitions in the universities. The infirmary is a large edifice of brick and stone, situated on a hill in a very pleasant airy situation, at one end of the town. Above 1500 patients are admitted annually.

In the town is a charity-school, supported by voluntary subscriptions and contributions, for 50 boys and 12 girls, who are not only clothed and educated, but also provided with food and lodging: likewise several almshouses for the widows of seamen; and an excellent poor-house, superior to any in the kingdom, where upwards of 800 men, women, and children, are supported, many of whom are employed in spinning cotton and wool. The new prison is a noble edifice, and upon a very extensive scale. It is built entirely on the plan of the great and benevolent Mr Howard, for solitary confinement; and is perhaps the most convenient, airy, magnificent building of the kind of Europe.

Liverpool received its charter from King John; but it was a borough by prescription long before his reign. It is under the government of a recorder, mayor, and an unlimited number of aldermen, two bailiffs, and a common council of forty of the principal inhabitants, with a town-clerk and other proper officers. The town has a weekly market on Saturday, and is distant from London 224 miles. The income of the corporation is not less than £60,000 a-year. It sends two members to parliament, who are chosen like the magistrates, by the votes of all the free burgesses not receiving alms. The number who polled at the general election in 1818 was 2905.

By means of inland navigation, Liverpool has communication with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Darwent, Severn, Humber, Thames, Avon, &c.; which navigation, including its windings, extends above 500 miles, in the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, York, Westmoreland, Chester, Stafford, Warwick, Leicester, Oxford, Worcester, &c. The Mersey, upon which the town is situated, abounds with salmon, cod, flounders, turbot, plaice, and smelts; and at full sea it is above two miles over. Fresh water is brought into the town by pipes, from some springs four miles off, pursuant to an act of parliament in the reign of Queen Anne. The dispensary of this town does honour to human nature, and has been of the most singular advantage to the afflicted, since 172,273 diseased persons were cured between the years 1778 and 1794, being on an average about 10,000 persons every year. The Union News Room was instituted on the 1st of January 1801; the Lyceum much about the same period, the erection of which cost the sum of £11,000l. and the Commercial News Room in 1803. The Liverpool institution for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts, was founded in 1817. The institution for restoring drowned persons is worthy of notice, as more than 400 people have become objects of it since it was founded, and more than one half of that number have been restored. The Athenaeum, which comprises a news room and library, was projected in 1798, and finished before the close of the year. There are four weekly papers published at Liverpool.