in Fortification, an enveloped counter-guard, or elevation of earth, made beyond the second ditch, opposite to the places of arms; differing from the ravelin only in their situation. Lunettes are usually made in ditches full of water, and serve to the same purpose as faussebrayes, to dispute the passage of the ditch. See Fortification.

in the manege, is a half horse-shoe, or such a shoe as wants the sponge, i.e. that part of the branch which runs towards the quarters of the foot.

LUNETTE is also the name of two small pieces of felt, made round and hollow, to clap upon the eyes of a vicious horse that is apt to bite, and strike with his fore feet, or that will not suffer his rider to mount him.

LUNGS, in Anatomy, a part of the human body, serving for respiration. See Anatomy, No. 117.

In the Journal de Médecine for June 1789, is a description of an Instrument for Inflating the Lungs, invented by Mr. Gorcy, physician to the military hospital at Neufbrisack, which appears to be extremely well adapted to the purpose, whilst it may be used with the greatest ease and facility.

This instrument, which the inventor styles apodopic, that is, "restorer of respiration," consists of a double pair of bellows, BCLM, fig. 1, the two different parts of which have no communication with each other. In the lower side BM, is an aperture A for a valve constructed on the principles of those of Mr. Nairne's air-pump. It consists of a rim of copper, closed at one end by a plate of the same metal, in which plate are seven small holes placed at equal distances. This plate is covered with pieces of silk coated with elastic gum, in which are six transverse incisions of two or three lines in length. Each incision is so made as to be situated between two of the holes, and at an equal distance from each: see D, fig. 2. The silk must be made very secure by a thread passing several times round the rim. It is obvious, that a stream of air applied to that side of the plate which is opposite the silk, will pass through the holes, and lifting up the silk, escape through the incisions. On the contrary, a stream of air applied to the other side will press the silk upon the plate, and thus close the holes, so that it will be impossible for it to pass through them. This valve opens internally, so as to admit the air from without. At B is another valve, on the same construction, but opening in a contrary direction, thus permitting the air to escape out of the lower part into the tube EF; but preventing its entrance. At C is another valve, opening internally to admit the air from the tube EF; and at D there is a fourth, opening externally to discharge the air from the upper part.

The flexible tube EF, screwed on at the end CB, being introduced into one of the nostrils, whilst the mouth and the other nostril are closed by an assistant, if we separate the two handles LM, which were close together at the introduction of the tube, it is evident, that the air in the lungs will rush into the upper part through the valve C, whilst the external air will fill the lower part through the valve A: the two handles being... being again brought into contact, the atmospheric air will be forced into the lungs through the valve B, and at the same time the air in the upper part will be discharged at the valve D. Thus by the alternate play of the double bellows, the lungs will be alternately filled and emptied as in respiration. In using the instrument care should be taken not to be too violent; as the more perfectly the natural motion of respiration is imitated, the better.

To prevent any substances from without injuring the valves AD, fig. 1, the rim is made with a screw, B, fig. 3, in order to receive a cap AA, fig. 3, full of small holes. This screw has also another use. If air or oxygen gas be preferred, a bladder filled with it, fig. 4, may, by means of the screw A, be fastened to the valve A, fig. 1; and, to prevent waste, as this air may serve several times, a flexible tube may be screwed on the valve D, fig. 1, communicating with the bladder by means of the opening d, fig. 4; thus it may be employed as often as the operator thinks proper.

There is a handle K to the partition in the middle, in order that, if it be at any time necessary to use either of the divisions alone, the other may be confined from acting. c, b, fig. 5, represent the two valves to be applied at the end of the instrument C, B, fig. 1; and fig. 6, is a section of the end CB, showing the valves in their proper places.

It is proper to add, that the capacity of the instrument should be proportioned to the quantity of air received into the lungs in inspiration, which Dr Goodwyn has ascertained to be twelve cubical inches or somewhat more. Each division of the instrument, therefore, should be capable of containing that quantity.