&c.

History of two ounces of powdered canella, six pints of Spanish Simple and white wine, and two pints of proof spirit.

This appears from long experience to be a medicine of excellent service. The dose as a purgative is from one to two ounces. It may be introduced into the habit, so as to be productive of excellent effects, as an alterant, by giving it in small doses, at proper intervals; thus managed, it does not for a considerable time operate remarkably by stool; but at length proves purgative, and occasions a lax habit of much longer continuance than that produced by other common cathartics.

108. SCILLA MARITIMA, E. SCILLA, L. D. Squill. See Botany Index.

When the root of squill is taken in large doses, it produces a violent vomiting and purging, and sometimes strangury, bloody urine, and inflammation and erosion of the stomach or bowels; in moderate doses it proves emetic, without any farther consequence, and in small doses, it is a good expectorant and diuretic. It is chiefly employed as an expectorant in asthma and peripneumony, and as a diuretic in dropsy.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SCILLA MARITIMA EXSICCATA, E. SCILLA EXSICCATA, L. SCILLÆ PREPARATÆ, D. Dried squill.

Squill is dried by first removing its outer coat, then cutting it transversely into thin slices, and drying these with a gentle heat.

The sign of its being properly dried is that it be rendered friable without losing its bitterness and acrimony. This is an excellent mode of preparing squill, where it is to be given in substance. The dose of dried squill, when reduced to powder and given as an expectorant or diuretic, is from one grain to three.

b. ACETUM SCILLÆ MARITIMÆ, E. ACETUM SCILLÆ, L. ACETUM SCILLITICUM, D. Vinegar of squill.

This is made by macerating dried squill in vinegar or distilled vinegar, with a proportion of proof spirit. The proportions of the different colleges vary. The Edinburgh college directs two ounces of squill to two pounds and a half of distilled acetous acid, and three ounces of alcohol; that of London a pound of squill, six pints of vinegar, and half a pint of proof spirit; while the Dublin proportions are half a pound of squill, three pounds of vinegar, and four ounces of proof spirit. The squill is first macerated with the vinegar for some days with a gentle heat, then the liquor is expressed, and the spirit added to it. Dose from two drams to half an ounce, chiefly in composition.

c. SYRUPUS SCILLÆ MARITIMÆ, E. Syrup of squill.

This syrup is made with two pounds of vinegar of squill, and three pounds and a half of double refined sugar, dissolved in a gentle heat.

A good expectorant. Dose from half an ounce to an ounce.

d. OXYMEL SCILLÆ, L. Oxymel of squill. Prepared by boiling three pounds of clarified honey, Simple and with two pints of vinegar of squill in a glass vessel, with a gentle heat, to the consistence of a syrup.

This is not so good a preparation as the syrup of squill, and is very apt to produce sickness. Dose three Oxymel of four drams.

e. CONSERVA SCILLÆ, L. Conserve of squill.

This is made by beating together in a mortar, an ounce of fresh squill and five ounces of double refined sugar.

A very injudicious and nauseous preparation.

f. TINCTURA SCILLÆ, L. D. Tincture of squill.

This tincture is prepared by digesting four ounces of fresh dried squill, in two pints, or two pounds, of proof spirit, for seven or eight days, and pouring off the clear liquor.

This is a good preparation of squill, especially when it is intended as a diuretic. Dose twenty or thirty drops.

g. MEL SCILLÆ, L. MEL SCILLITICUM, D. Honey of squill.

Prepared by boiling together in a glass vessel, three pounds of clarified honey and two pints of the tincture of squill, to the consistence of a syrup. Dose, a dram or two.

h. PILULÆ SCILLÆ, L. PILULÆ SCILLITI. Squill pills. CÆ, E. D. Squill pills.

These, according to the London and Dublin colleges, are to be prepared by beating together a dram of fresh dried squill reduced to powder, three drams of powdered ginger, three drams of soap, and two drams of gum ammoniac, with a sufficient quantity of syrup of ginger, or jelly of soap, to form a mass fit for making pills. In the Edinburgh process a scruple of dried squill, in fine powder, a dram of gum ammoniac, a dram of powdered lesser cardamom seeds, and a dram of extracted liquorice, are beaten into a mass, with simple syrup.

This is a good form of squill, when intended as an expectorant. Dose from 10 to 15 grains.

109. LILIUM CANDIDUM. LILIUM ALBUM, White lily. D. White lily root. See Botany, p. 156.

110. ACORUS CALAMUS, E. CALAMUS AROMATICUS, L. Sweet flag. See Botany, p. 159.

Order III. TRYGINIA.

111. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE, E. COLCHICUM, Colchicum, L. D. Colchicum, or meadow saffron. See Botany, p. 161.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SYRUPUS COLCHICI AUTUMNALIS, E. Syrup of colchicum.

Prepared by first macerating an ounce of fresh colchicum root, cut into thin slices, in 16 ounces of vine- History of gar for two days, with occasional agitation, and the Simple and boiling the expressed liquor with 26 ounces of double refined sugar into a syrup.

Employed as a diuretic, in a dose of from a dram to an ounce or more.

Oxymel of colchicum.

b. Oxymel Colchici, L. Oxymel of colchicum.

This is made in the same manner as the syrup, only that two pounds of clarified honey are used instead of sugar to the pint of vinegar of colchicum. It is given in similar doses with the former.

Rumex acetosa, E. ACETOSA PRA-TENSIS, L. ACETOSA, D. Sorrel. See Botany, p. 160.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

Æsculus hippocastanum, E. HIPPOCASTANUM. Horse-chesnut bark and fruit.

The bark of horse-chesnut is a powerful astringent, and has lately been recommended as a substitute for cinchona. It is certainly a good tonic, and may be given in powder from half a dram to a dram; or a dram of the extract of it may be mixed with an ounce of cinnamon water, and given in the dose of a tea spoonful three or four times a day. A strong infusion of it, snuffled up the nose, has long been employed as an erthine.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

Amyris elemifera. ELEMI, L. Resin of elemi. See Botany, p. 166.; and Chemistry, No 2471.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Unguentum Elemi, D. UNG. ELEMI COMPOSITUM, L. Elemi ointment.

Prepared by first melting a pound of elemi with two pounds of mutton suet, and on removing them from the fire, immediately adding 10 ounces of turpentine and two ounces of olive oil, and straining the mixture.

A stimulating ointment, in much reputation with some surgeons for cleansing ulcers.

Amyris Gileadensis, E. BALSAMUM GILEADENSE. Balsam or balm of Gilead. See Botany, p. 166.

Daphne mezereum, E. MEZEREUM, L. MEZEREON, D. Mezereon or spurge laurel. See Botany, p. 168.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Decoction of mezereon.

Prepared by boiling with a gentle heat two drams of the bark of mezereon root, and half an ounce of bruised liquorice root, in three pounds of water to two pounds.

Much recommended as a diaphoretic and stimulant, History of in rheumatic affections and in cutaneous eruptions. Simple and Dose from four to eight ounces twice a day.

Polygonum bistorta, E. BISTORTA, L. D. Great bistort or snakeweed. See Botany, Great bistort, p. 168.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

Laurus cinnamomum, E. CINNAMOMUM, L. D. Cinnamon. The bark and its essential oil. See Botany, p. 170. and 174. See also the article Ceylon.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua Lauri Cinnamomi, E. AQUA CINNAMOMI, L. D. Cinnamon water. Barley cinnamon water.

A gallon of water distilled from a pound of bruised cinnamon.

An excellent cordial in a dose of two ounces,

b. Spiritus Lauri Cinnamomi, E. SRIRITUS CINNAMOMI, L. D. Spirit of cinnamon.

A gallon of proof spirit distilled from a pound of bruised cinnamon.

Preferable to the former only where ardent spirits are required.

c. Tinctura Lauri Cinnamomi, E. TINCTURA CINNAMOMI, L. D. Tinctoria of cinnamon.

Made by digesting three ounces, or three ounces and a half of bruised cinnamon, in about two pounds of proof spirit, for about a week.

A better tonic than the spirit, as it contains the astringent as well as aromatic principle of cinnamon. Dose two or three drams.

d. Tinctura Cinnamomi Composita, E. L. Compound TINCTURA AROMATICA, D. Compound tincture of cinnamon. Aromatic tincture.

Made by digesting an ounce (or six drams, L. D.) of bruised cinnamon, an ounce (or two drams, D. or three drams, L.) of bruised cardamom seeds, two drams of powdered long pepper, (and two drams of powdered ginger, L. D.) in two pounds and a half (or two pounds, D. or two pints, L.) of proof spirit, for seven days.

A very hot tincture, useful in asthenic atony of the stomach. Dose two or three drams.

e. Pulvis aromaticus, E. L. D. Aromatic powder.

The Edinburgh aromatic powder is prepared of equal parts of cinnamon, lesser cardamom seeds, and ginger, beaten together to a very fine powder. The proportions of the other colleges are cinnamon two ounces, lesser cardamom seeds, ginger and long pepper, of each an ounce. Dose 10 grains to a scruple.

f. Electuarium aromaticum, E. D. CONFECTION AROMATICA, L. Aromatic electuary confection. Cordial confection. The Edinburgh electuary is made by mixing one simple and part of aromatic powder with two parts of syrup of orange peel. That of the Dublin college is prepared by mixing three ounces of conserve of orange peel with half an ounce of powdered cinnamon, half an ounce of powdered nutmeg, two drams of powdered ginger, and two drams of saffron, with an ounce of double refined sugar, and beating them together with a sufficient quantity of syrup of orange peel into an electuary. The London confection is made by first macerating half a pound of zedoary in coarse powder, and half a pound of saffron, in three pints of water for 24 hours, pressing out the liquor, and evaporating it to a pint and a half, and adding 16 ounces of compound powder of crabs claws, of cinnamon and nutmeg each two ounces, cloves an ounce, lesser cardamom seeds half an ounce, all in fine powder, and two pounds of double refined sugar, so as to form an electuary.

Of these compositions, the first is the best. Dose a scruple to half a dram.

119. Laurus Cassia, E. Cassia Lignea, D. Cassia bark. See Botany, p. 173.

This is commonly employed instead of cinnamon, and though not so delicate, is as efficacious as that expensive drug. The buds of cassia are, we believe, stronger than the bark.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Aqua Lauri Cassiae, F. Cassia water.

Distilled like cinnamon water, for which it is commonly substituted.

120. Laurus Camphora, E. The camphor tree. CAMPHORA, L. D. Camphor or Camphire. See Botany, page 170, and Chemistry, No. 2441. See also the article CAMPHORA.

Internally camphor is administered as a diaphoretic in typhoid fevers, in rheumatism, in low eruptive fevers, in a dose of five to 20 grains; and as an antispasmodic in hiccup, hysteria, epilepsy and in mania and melancholia, especially in that maniacal affection that sometimes takes place in lying-in women. It is applied externally in cases of gangrene, to discuss indolent tumours, and to disperse collections of milk in the breasts of women who are weaning their infants.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Emulsio Camphorata, E. Camphorated emulsion.

Prepared by first beating together two drams of blanched sweet almonds, and a dram of double refined sugar, then rubbing with these a scruple of camphor, and gradually adding six ounces of water to make an emulsion. Dose two or three ounces.

b. Mistura Camphorata, L. Camphorated mixture.

Made by rubbing a dram of camphor, first with a little rectified spirit of wine, and then with half an ounce of double refined sugar, and adding gradually a pint of boiling distilled water, and straining off the clear liquor.

Seareely so active as the foregoing. Dose much the same.

c. Tinctura Camphorae, E. Spiritus Camphoratus, L. D. Tincture of camphor. Camphorated spirit.

A solution of camphor in rectified spirit. The several colleges direct very different proportions, viz. the Edinburgh an ounce, or two or three ounces, of camphor, to a pound of alcohol; the London four ounces to two pints; and the Dublin college half an ounce to eight ounces.

d. Oleum Camphoratum, E. Camphorated oil.

A solution of camphor in oil olive, in the proportion of half an ounce of the former to two ounces of the latter, made by triturating them together in a glass or marble mortar.

e. Linimentum Camphorae Compositum, L. LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE, D. Compound liniment of camphor.

Made by first mixing six ounces of water of pure ammonia (L.), or 10 ounces of water of carbonated ammonia (D.), with 16 ounces (or two pounds, D.) of spirit of lavender, and distilling off the spirit from a glass retort; then dissolving in the distilled spirit two ounces (L.) or three ounces (D.) of camphor.

These three last are intended for external application in the cases above mentioned, and the last is the most stimulating.

121. Laurus Nobilis, E. LAURUS, L. Bay. See Botany, p. 171, and 172.

The leaves, berries, and expressed oil of the berries, are employed in medicine.

122. Laurus Sassafras, E. SASSAFRAS, L. Sassafras. D. Sassafras wood, root, and bark. See Botany, p. 173.

Employed chiefly as a gentle diaphoretic or alternative in cutaneous eruptions, by way of decoction or infusion.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum Volatile Lauri Sassafras, E. OLEUM SASSAFRAS, L. Oil of sassafras.

Distilled as the other volatile oils.

Order 2. TRIGYNIA.

123. Rheum Palmatum, E. RHABARBARUM, L. D. Rhubarb. See Botany, p. 175.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Rhei Palmati, E. Infusion of rhubarb.

Made by macerating half an ounce of bruised rhubarb in eight ounces of boiling water for 12 hours; then adding an ounce of spirit of cinnamon, and straining. Dose half an ounce to an ounce and a half.

b. Vinum Rhei Palmati, E. VINUM RHABARBARI, L. Rhubarb wine. The Edinburgh wine is prepared by infusing two ounces of sliced rhubarb and a dram of bruised canella alba in 15 ounces of Spanish white wine, and two ounces of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining through paper. The London formula directs two ounces and a half of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce of bruised lesser cardamom seeds, and two drams of saffron, to be digested in two pints of Spanish white wine, and half a pint of proof spirit, for 10 days.

The Edinburgh wine is the stronger, and may be given in the dose of an ounce. Dose of the London, about an ounce and a half, or a small wine glass full.

c. Tinctura Rhei palmati, E. Tinctura Rhubarbari, L. D. Tincture of rhubarb.

Prepared by digesting three ounces (E.) or two ounces (L. D.) of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce (E.) or two drams (L. D.) of bruised cardamom seeds, and two drams of saffron (L. D.) in two pounds and a half (E.) or two pounds (D.) or two pints (L.) of proof spirit, for about a week, and straining.

As a purgative, this may be given in the dose of an ounce; as a stomachic from two to four drams.

d. Tinctura Rhubarbari composita, L. Compound tincture of rhubarb.

Prepared of two ounces of sliced rhubarb, half an ounce of bruised liquorice root, two drams of powdered ginger, and two drams of saffron, digested for 14 days in 12 ounces of proof spirit mixed with a pint of distilled water.

Uses and doses as of the preceding.

e. Tinctura Rhei et Aloes, E. Tincture of rhubarb and aloes.

Made by digesting 10 drams of sliced rhubarb, six drams of powdered socotrine aloes, and half an ounce of bruised cardamom seeds, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days.

Dose half an ounce to an ounce.

f. Tinctura Rhei et Gentianae, E. Tincture of rhubarb and gentian.

Made by digesting two ounces of sliced rhubarb, and half an ounce of sliced gentian root, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining.

A good stomachic. Dose two or three drams.

Class X. DECANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia.

124. Myroxylon Peruiferum, E. Balsamum Peruvianum, L. D. Balsam of Peru. See Botany, p. 182, and Chemistry, No 2484.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Tinctura Balsami Peruviani, L. Tincture of balsam of Peru.

Made by digesting four ounces of balsam of Peru in a pint of rectified spirit of wine till the balsam is dissolved.

Dose half a dram to a dram and a half as a stimulant.

125. Toluifera Balsamum, E. Balsamum Tolutanum, L. D. Balsam of Tolu. See Botany, p. 182, and Chemistry, No 2483.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura Toluiferæ Balsami, E. Tinctura Balsami Tolutani, L. D. Tincture of balsam of Tolu.

Made by digesting an ounce, or an ounce and a half (D.), of balsam of Tolu, in a pound, or a pint (L.), of alcohol, till the balsam is dissolved.

This is the best form of employing this balsam, and it may be given mixed with honey, or, as in the following preparation, with syrup. Dose, half a dram to two drams as an expectorant or stimulant.

b. Syrupus Toluiferæ Balsami, L. Syrupus Tolutanus, L. Syrup of balsam of Tolu, or balsamic syrup.

The Edinburgh college direct this syrup to be prepared by mixing an ounce of the above tincture with two pounds of common syrup. The London process is to boil eight ounces of balsam of Tolu with three pints of distilled water for two hours, strain the liquor, and boil it with a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to make a syrup. The Edinburgh formula produces both a cheaper and a stronger syrup.

126. Cassia Fistula, E. Cassia Fistula-Ris, L. D. Cassia fruit. See Botany, p. 181.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Electuarium Cassiae Fistulæ, E. Electuarium Cassiae, L. D. Electuary of cassia.

This is prepared of four parts (E.), or half a pound (L.), of the pulp of cassia; one part (E.), or an ounce (L.), of the pulp of tamarinds; one part (E.), or two ounces (L.), of manna; and four parts or half a pound of syrup of damask roses. The manna is first dissolved in the syrup by a gentle heat, the pulps are then added, and the whole evaporated to the consistence of an electuary.

A gentle laxative. Dose two or three drams.

127. Cassia Senna, E. Senna, L. D. Senna leaves. See Woodville, Lewis, and Duncan (c.)

(c) This volume is now drawing very near a close, and it is indispensable that the present article should not extend beyond it. It is therefore necessary that in the remaining part of the materia medica, we should be extremely concise, and should omit all the natural history, and much of the medical history, of the simple articles. Fortunately, in many cases, these circumstances have been anticipated under Botany; and where this has not been Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Sennae simplex, L. Simple infusion of senna.

Prepared by macerating an ounce and a half of senna, and a dram of powdered ginger, in a pint of boiling water, for an hour, in a covered vessel. Dose about two or three ounces.

b. Infusum Sennae tartarisatum, L. Tartarized infusion of senna.

Instead of ginger, half an ounce of bruised coriander seeds and two drams of crystals of tartar are here added. Dose as of the above.

c. Infusum Tamarindi cum Sennae, E. Infusion of tamarinds with senna.

Prepared by macerating an ounce of preserved tamarinds, a dram (or two, three, &c. drams) of senna, half a dram of bruised coriander seeds, and half an ounce of brown sugar, in eight ounces of boiling water, for four hours, in a glass vessel.

An excellent laxative. Dose from two or four ounces, according to the quantity of senna.

d. Tinctura Sennae composita, E. Tinctura Sennae, L. D. Compound tincture of senna.

The Edinburgh tincture is made by digesting two ounces of senna, an ounce of bruised jalap root, and half an ounce of bruised coriander seeds, in three pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, straining the tincture, and adding four ounces of double-refined sugar. The London and Dublin tinctures are made by digesting a pound of senna, an ounce and a half of bruised caraway seeds, half an ounce of bruised cardamom seeds, and 16 ounces of stoned raisins, in a gallon or nine pounds (D.) of proof spirit, for 14 days. Dose half an ounce to an ounce and a half.

e. Electuarium Cassiae Sennae, E. Electuarium Sennae, L. D. Electuary of senna. Lenitive electuary.

The Edinburgh and London electuaries are composed of eight ounces of pounded senna, four ounces of powdered coriander seeds, three ounces of liquorice root, half a pound or a pound of figs, half a pound of pulp of tamarinds, half a pound of pulp of prunes (and half a pound of pulp of cassia (L.), and two pounds and a half of double refined sugar. That of Dublin is made of four ounces of powdered senna, a pound of pulp of French prunes, two ounces of pulp of tamarinds, a pound and a half of molasses, and two drams of essential oil of caraway. Dose about half an ounce.

f. Extractum Cassiae Sennae, E. Extractum Sennae, L. D. Extract of senna.

Made like other extracts that have been mentioned. Dose 10 to 30 grains. Not much used.

g. Pulvis Sennae compositus, L. Compound powder of senna.

Composed of senna, crystals of tartar, each two ounces, scammony half an ounce, and ginger two drams. Powder of senna.

128. Hematoxyylon campechianum, E. Hæ.-Logwood, Mattoxylon, L. D. Lignum Campechense. Logwood. See Botany, p. 183.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Extractum Hematoxylis, L. Extract of logwood.

Made by boiling logwood in successive portions of water, and evaporating the mixed liquors to a proper consistence. Dose a scruple to two scruples.

129. Swietenia mahagoni, E. Mahogany tree bark.

130. Swietenia febrifuga, E. Febrifuge Swietenia bark.

These barks are good tonics, and may be used instead of the cinchona.

131. Guaiacum officinale, E. Guaiacum, L. D. Guaiacum wood, bark and resin. See Botany, p. 181.; and for an excellent account of the nature and chemical properties of the resin, see Phil. Trans. for 1856, p. 89.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Decoctum Guaiaci compositum, E. Compound decoction of guaiacum.

Made by boiling three ounces of guaiacum raspings, cum, and two ounces of stoned resins, in ten pounds of water to five pounds; adding, towards the end, of sliced sassafras and bruised liquorice root, each an ounce.

Given as a diet drink in cutaneous eruptions and rheumatism, to the extent of a pint in the day.

b. Tinctura Guaiaci officinalis, E. Tincture of guaiacum.

Made by digesting a pound of powdered resin of guaiacum in two pounds and a half of alcohol for ten days, and filtering.

A good diaphoretic. Dose, two or three drams mixed with honey or syrup.

c. Tinctura Guaiaci ammoniata, E. Tinctura Guaiaci volatilis, D. Ammoniated tincture of guaiacum.

This

the case, we here make a general reference to Woodville's "Medical Botany," Lewis's "Experimental History," Duncan's "New Dispensatory," the "Practical Synopsis," and "Thesaurus Medicaminum." This is made by digesting four ounces of powdered resin of guaiacum in about one pound and a half of ammoniated alcohol for seven days (three days L.), and filtering.

More stimulant than the last. Dose one or two drams.

132. RUTA GRAVEOLENS, E. RUTA, L. D. Rue. See Botany, p. 182.

Officinal Preparations.

560 Volatile oil of rue. a. OLEUM VOLATILE RUTÆ, D. Volatile oil of rue. Distilled as other volatile oils. Used chiefly as an anthelmintic. Dose from three to six drops.

561 Extract of rue. b. EXTRACTUM RUTÆ GRAVEOLENTIS, E. EXTRACTUM RUTÆ, L. D. Extract of rue. Made like other watery extracts. Dose about one scruple.

562 Simarouba. 133. QUASSIA SIMARUBA, E. SIMAROUBA, L. D. Simarouba, or mountain damson bark. Used as a tonic in dysentery, obstinate diarrhoea, indigestion, and intermittent fevers. Dose about a dram in substance, or two drams in the form of decoction, which is the better mode of exhibition.

563 Quassia. 134. QUASSIA EXCELSA, E. QUASSIA, L. Quassia wood, bark, and root. A strong bitter, and good tonic, generally given by way of infusion, in the proportion of one to two drams to a pint of water.

564 Yellow-flowered rhododendron. 135. RHODODENDRON CHRYSANTHUM, E. Yellow-flowered rhododendron. See Botany, p. 184. and Duncan's Dispensatory.

565 Whortleberry. 136. ARBUTUS UVA URSI, E. UVA URSI, L. D. Whortle-berry. See Botany, p. 184.

566 Storax. 137. STYRAX OFFICINALE, E. STYRAX, L. STYRAX CALAMITA, D. Storax. See Botany, p. 184. and Chemistry, No 248.

Officinal Preparation.

a. STYRAX PURIFICATA, L. D. Purified storax. Storax is purified by dissolving it in rectified spirit, straining the solution, and reducing it to a proper thickness by a gentle heat. Employed chiefly as an ingredient in a tincture to be mentioned immediately.

138. STYRAX BENZOIN, E. BENZOE, L. BENZOINUM. D. Benzoin or benjamin. See Botany, p. 184. and Chemistry, No 248.

Officinal Preparations.

a. TINCTURA BENZOES COMPOSITA, E. L. BALSAMUM TRAUMATICUM. Compound tincture of benzoin. Traumatic vulnerary, or friars balsam. Prepared by digesting three ounces of powdered benzoin (two ounces of strained storax, L.) an ounce of balsam of Tolu, and half an ounce of powdered socotrine aloe, in two pounds of alcohol, for seven days (or three days, L.), and straining.

This tincture forms a good expectorant, made into an emulsion with honey; and it has been long, though perhaps undeservedly, celebrated, as an external application to wounds.

b. ACIDUM BENZOICUM, E. SAL BENZOINI, L. Benzoic acid. Salt acid of Benzoin. Flowers of benjamin.

The Edinburgh process for obtaining this acid is, to triturate 24 ounces of benzoin with eight ounces of carbonate of soda; to boil this mixture in 16 pounds of water, constantly stirring, straining the decoction; repeat the boiling with six pounds of more water, straining, mixing the two decoctions, and evaporating till only two pounds remain, filtering again, and dropping into the fluid diluted sulphuric acid as long as there is any precipitation; then dissolving the precipitated acid in boiling water, straining the solution through linen, and setting it aside to crystallize; and, lastly, washing the crystals with cold water, and drying them.

For other methods of procuring this acid, and for an account of its chemical properties, See Chemistry, No 714 et seq.

Benzoic acid is employed as an expectorant, in a dose of a grain or two.

139. COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS, E. BALSAMUM COPAI, L. BALSAMUM COPAI, D. copaiva. Balsam of Copaiva. See Botany, p. 185.

Order 2. DIGYNIA.

140. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS, E. CARYO-PHYLLUM RUBRUM, L. D. Clove julyflower, flower. See Botany, p. 196.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SYRUPUS DIANTHÆ CARYOPHYLLÆ, E. SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI RUBRI, L. Syrup of clove julyflower. Made by macerating a pound or two of the petals of clove julyflowers fresh gathered, and freed from the heels, in four pounds or six pints of boiling water for 12 hours in a glass vessel, straining the infusion, and adding of double refined sugar, seven pounds, or as much as is sufficient to form a syrup.

Order 4. PENTAGYNIA.

141. OXALIS ACETOSELLA, LUJULA, L. A-CETOSELLA, D. Wood sorrel. See Botany, p. 187.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CONSERVA ACETOSELLE, D. Conserve of wood sorrel. Made by beating the leaves of wood sorrel in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle, first by themselves, and then with three times their weight of double refined sugar, till they are thoroughly combined. Part IV.

&c.

Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia.

142. Asarum Europaeum, E. Asarum, L. D. Asarabacca. See Botany, p. 190.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Pulvis Asari compositus, E. L. D. Compound powder of asarabacca.

Prepared according to the London and Dublin process, of equal parts of asarabacca, sweet marjoram, Syrian herb mastic, and lavender, dried and reduced together to a fine powder. In the Edinburgh formula there are used three parts of asarabacca, one of marjoram, and one of the lavender.

Used as an erthine.

143. Canella alba, E. L. D. See Botany, p. 192.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia.

144. Eugenia Caryophyllata. Caryophyllus aromaticus, E. Caryophylla aromatica, D. Clove tree, and its essential oil. See Woodville's Botany, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

145. Myrtus Pimenta, E. Pimento, L. D. Pimento, Jamaica pepper, or allspice. See Botany, p. 194.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua Myrtæ Pimentæ, E. Aqua Pimento, L. Pimento water.

A gallon of water distilled from half a pound of pimento. Dose, a small wine glass full.

b. Oleum volatile Myrti Pimentæ, E. Volatile oil of pimento.

Distilled as other volatile oils. Given as a stimulus in a dose of two or three drops.

c. Spiritus Myrti Pimentæ, E. Spiritus Pimento, L. D. Spirit of pimento.

A gallon of proof spirit distilled from half a pound of bruised pimento. Dose about an ounce.

146. Punica granatum, E. Granatum, L. D. Pomegranate. See Botany, p. 195.

147. Eucalyptus resinifera. Kino, E. L. D. Kino. See Dunean's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Tinctura Kino, E. D. Tincture of kino.

Prepared by digesting two ounces of powdered kino in a pound and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and filtering. Dose from one dram to three, as an astringent.

148. Amygdalus communis, E. Amygda. History of Læ dulces, L. D. Amygdalæ amaræ, Simple and L. Sweet and bitter almonds. See Botany, p. 195.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum Amygdali communis, E. Oleum Amygdalarum, L. D. Oil of almonds.

Expressed in the usual manner. Given as an emollient, ad libitum.

b. Emulsio Amygdalæ communis, E. Lac Almond Amygdalæ vel Amygdalarum, L. D. Almond emulsion.

Made by beating an ounce of blanched sweet almonds, or an ounce and a half, either by themselves, or with half an ounce of double refined sugar, and gradually pouring on them two pounds and a half or two pints of distilled water, to form an emulsion.

A grateful demulcent, that may be drunk in any quantity.

149. Prunus domestica, E. L. D. Prunes.

Used as a gentle laxative, chiefly in composition.

150. Prunus spinosa. Prunus sylvestris, Sloes.

L. Sloes.

Employed as an astringent.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Conserva Pruni sylvestris, L. Conserve of sloes.

Made by mixing any quantity of the pulp of sloes, obtained by boiling them in water till they are soft, and subsequent expression, with three times its weight of double refined sugar.

Order 4. Pentagynia.

151. Pyrus cydonia. Cydonia malus, L. Quince seeds. See Botany, p. 197.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Mucilago seminum Cydonii mali, L. Mucilage of quince seed.

Made by boiling one dram of quince seeds in eight ounces of distilled water, with a slow fire for ten minutes, and then squeezing the mucilage through linen.

Order 5. Polygynia.

152. Rosa Gallica, E. Rosa rubra, L. D. Red rose. Red rose buds. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Infusum Rosæ gallicæ, E. Infusum Rosæ, L. Infusum rosarum, D. Infusion of red roses.

Prepared by infusing one ounce of the dried petals of red. History of red roses, in about two pounds and a half of boiling simple and water, in a glass or unglazed earthen vessel, till cold, then adding about half a dram of sulphuric acid, and about two ounces of double refined sugar.

A pleasant refrigerant and gentle astringent, given internally in hemorrhages, and much employed as a gargle.

b. Syrupus Roseae gallicae, E. Syrup of red roses.

Made by macerating seven ounces of the dried petals of red roses in five pounds of boiling water for 12 hours, straining the liquor, and adding six pounds of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

c. Mel roseae, L. D. Honey of roses.

Made by macerating four ounces of dried petals of red rose buds in three pints of boiling distilled water, for six hours, then straining the liquor, and boiling it with five pounds of clarified honey to the consistence of a syrup.

d. Conserva Roseae rubrae, L. Conserva Roseae, D. Conserve of roses.

Made by beating the fresh petals of red roses with three times their weight of double refined sugar till they are thoroughly mixed.

153. Rosa Damascena, L. D. Rosa centifolia, E. The damask rose. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Aqua Roseae centifolie, E. Aqua Roseae, L. D. Rose water.

A gallon of water distilled from six pounds of the fresh petals of damask roses. Chiefly employed as a perfume.

b. Syrupus Roseae centifolie, E. Syrupus Roseae, L. Syrup of damask roses.

Made by macerating one pound (E.) or seven ounces (L.) of the fresh petals of damask roses, in four pounds or four pints of boiling distilled water, and adding to the strained liquor three pounds (E.) or six pounds (L.) of double refined sugar, to make a syrup.

154. Rosa canina, E. Cynosbatus, L. Hips. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Conserva Roseae caninae, E. Conserva Cynosbati, L. Conserve of hips.

Made by beating any quantity of the pulp of ripe hips with three times its weight of double refined sugar.

155. Rubus idaeus, L. D. Raspberry. See Botany, p. 198.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus fructus Rubi idaei, L. Syrup of raspberry juice.

Made by boiling the juice of raspberry with a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

156. Tormentilla erecta, E. Tormen-tilla, L. D. Tormentil root. See Botany, p. 199.

157. Potentilla reptans, Penta-phyllum, L. Common cinquefoil. See Botany, p. 199.

158. Geum urbanum. Avens or herb bennet. See Avens. Botany, p. 199, and the "Practical Synopsis." This is considered as a good substitute for cinchona.

Class XIII. Polyandria. Order I. Monogynia.

159. Papaver rhoeas, Papaver errati-cum, L. Common red poppy. See Botany, p. 204.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus Papaveris erratici, L. Syrup of red poppy.

Four pounds of the fresh flowers of red poppy are gradually mixed with four pints and a half of boiling distilled water in a water bath, constantly stirring them; they are then suffered to macerate for 12 hours, the juice is pressed out and boiled with double refined sugar into a syrup.

Generally added to narcotic draughts, juleps, &c.

160. Papaver somniferum, E. Papaver album, L. D. White poppy. Opium. See Bo-poppy. Tany, p. 204.

To dilate on any article, however important, is now out of our power; we must therefore, besides the above reference, refer our readers for the best accounts of opium, to Dr Crumpe's "Inquiry," Dr Duncan's Dispensatory, the "Practical Synopsis," and Thesaurus Medicaminum.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Opium purificatum, L. D. Purified opium.

A pound of opium, cut into small pieces, is digested with 12 pints of proof spirit, with a gentle heat, till as much as possible of the opium is dissolved. The tincture is then filtered and distilled to a consistence proper for making into pills or beating to powder.

Purified opium is commonly considered as rather weaker than crude opium; two grains of the softer mass, and one grain and a half of the harder, being an ordinary dose.

b. Pulvis opiatus, E. L. Opiate powder.

By the London process this is formed by mixing together a dram of hard purified opium in powder, and nine drams of burnt and prepared hartshorn. The Edinburgh powder is prepared of one part of opium, and nine parts of prepared carbonate of lime, rubbed together to a very fine powder.

Ten grains of these powders contain one grain of opium; but the Edinburgh powder is rather the stronger. They are useful when it is required to administer simple and opium in very small doses.

**c. PILULÆ OPII, L. PILULÆ OPIATÆ, E.**

Opium pills. Opiate or thebaic pills.

The London pills are prepared of two drams of hard purified opium in powder, and one ounce of extract of liquorice, beaten together till they are perfectly united. The Edinburgh pills are formed of one part of opium, and seven of extract of liquorice, softened separately with diluted alcohol, beaten into a pulp and mixed, and then beaten with two parts of pounded Jamaica pepper into an uniform mass.

The London pills contain two grains of opium, and the Edinburgh one grain, in 10 of the mass.

**d. EXTRACTUM OPII, D. Extract of opium.**

Prepared by dissolving two ounces of purified opium in one pound of boiling water, straining the liquor, and adding, while warm, one pound of cold distilled water, exposing to the air for two days, filtering again, and evaporating to the proper consistence of an extract.

**e. TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZÆ CUM OPIO, E. TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZÆ COMPOSITI, D.**

Troches of liquorice with opium. Compound troches of liquorice.

The Edinburgh troches are formed by triturating two drams of opium, with half an ounce of tincture of tolu; then adding by degrees five ounces of extract of liquorice, softened in warm water, and eight ounces of common syrup; and lastly, five ounces of powdered gum arabic, and drying the mass till it is of a consistence to form troches, weighing ten grains each. The Dublin formula directs two drams of purified opium to be triturated with a dram of balsam of Peru, and three drams of tincture of myrrh, till they are intimately mixed; then to be added two drams of tincture of tolu, and nine ounces of extract of liquorice, softened in warm water; when the whole is to be well beaten together, and, with the addition of five ounces of powdered gum arabic, formed into troches, weighing ten grains each.

These troches are intended to allay irritation in tickling coughs. About seven and a half of the Edinburgh, and six of the Dublin troches, contain about one grain of opium.

**f. ELECTUARIUM OPIATUM, E. CONFECTION OPIATA, L. Opiate electuary. Opiate confection.**

The Edinburgh electuary is formed by mixing together six ounces of aromatic powder, three ounces of finely powdered snakeroot, half an ounce of opium, diffused in a sufficient quantity of Spanish white wine, and one pound of the syrup of ginger. The London confection is prepared of six drams of hard purified opium in powder; of long pepper, ginger, and caraway seeds powdered, each two ounces; and syrup of white poppy boiled to the consistence of honey, three times the weight of the other ingredients. The opium is first mixed with the syrup, then the other powders added, and the whole intimately blended.

These are intended as stimulating compositions of opium. Thirty-six grains of the London, and 43 of the Edinburgh preparation, contain about one grain of Simple and opium.

**g. ELECTUARUM MIMOSÆ CATECHU, E. ELECTUARIUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM, D.**

Electuary of catechu, Japonic confection.

These electuaries are prepared of four ounces of extract of catechu powdered, three ounces powdered kino, one ounce of cinnamon, and the same of nutmeg in powder, one dram and a half of opium, diffused in Spanish white wine, and two pounds and a quarter of syrup of red roses boiled to the consistence of honey (E.); or 14 ounces of syrup of ginger, and the same of the syrup of orange peel, boiled to the consistence of honey (D.).

Powerful astringents, given in diarrhoeas. Ten scruples contain about one grain of opium, and the usual dose is a tea spoonful frequently repeated.

**h. TINCTURA OPII, E. L. D. TINCTURA THEBAICA, Tincture of opium. Thebaic tincture, Liquid laudanum.**

The Edinburgh and Dublin tinctures are made by digesting two ounces of opium in two pounds of diluted alcohol, 14 days, and filtering. The London tincture is made by digesting ten drams of powdered purified opium in a pint of proof spirit for ten days.

These tinctures are considered as of nearly equal strength. Dose as narcotics, 25 or 30 drops; as antispasmodics, they are, like the solid opium, given in much larger doses.

**i. TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA, L. D. ELIXIR CAMPHORATUS PAREGORICUM.**

Camphorated tincture of opium. Paregoric elixir.

Prepared by digesting one dram of hard purified opium, one dram of flowers of benzoin, two scruples of camphor, and one dram of essential oil of aniseeds, in two pints of proof spirit, for ten days.

Half an ounce of this tincture contains about one grain of opium. Usual dose about one dram or two.

**k. TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA. Olim ELIXIR AMMONIATUS PAREGORICUM, E. Ammoniated tincture of opium.**

Made by digesting three drams of benzoic acid, three drams of sliced saffron, two drams of opium, and half a dram of volatile oil of aniseeds, in ten ounces of ammoniated alcohol, seven days, in a close vessel.

An excellent antispasmodic, stronger than the last. Dose about one dram.

**l. SYRUPUS OPII, D. Syrup of opium.**

Made by dissolving 48 grains of extract of opium in three pounds of boiling water, and adding a sufficient quantity of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

An excellent narcotic for children. According to Dr Duncan, an ounce of it contains about two grains and a half of opium.

**m. SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS SOMNIFERI, E. SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS ALBI, L. Syrup of white poppies.**

The Edinburgh syrup is made by macerating two pounds History of pounds of sliced white poppy heads, freed from the Simple and seeds, in 3c. pounds of boiling distilled water for 12 hours, boiling it to a third, and pressing out the liquor, which is again boiled to one half, strained, and formed into a syrup with four pounds of double refined sugar. The proportions in the London process are, three pounds and a half of poppy heads, eight gallons of water, and six pounds of sugar.

A weak narcotic, not so certain as the last syrup.

161. CISTUS CRETICUS, LADANUM, L. Ladanum. See Chemistry, No 2466.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EMPLASTRUM LADANI COMPOSITUM, L. Compound ladanum plaster.

Formed of three ounces of ladanum, one ounce of frankincense, powdered cinnamon and expressed oil of mace, each half an ounce, and one dram of essential oil of mint.

A warm stimulating plaster.

Order 3. TRIGYNYIA.

162. DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA. STAPHISAGRIA, L. D. Stavesacre.

Employed as an external application against vermin.

163. ACONITUM NEGROMONTANUM. ACONITUM NA- MONKSHOOD PELLUS, E. ACONITUM, L. D. Blue monkshood, or aconite. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SUCCUS SPISSATUS ACONITI NAPPELLI, E. Insipidated juice of aconite.

Made from the fresh leaves of aconite in the usual manner. Dose from half a grain to three grains, twice or thrice a day.

Order 4. TETRGYNYIA.

164. WINTERIA AROMATICA, E. Winter's bark. Similar to canella alba.

Order 6. POLYGYNYIA.

165. HELLERORUS NIGER, F. L. D. MELAMPODIUM. Black hellebore. See Botany, p. 210.

Officinal Preparation.

a. TINCTURA HELLEBORI NIGRI, E. L. D. Tincture of black hellebore.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of black hellebore, and about half a dram of powdered cochineal, in two pounds and a half (E.), or two pints (L.), or two pounds (D.), of diluted alcohol, for about a week.

Much celebrated as an emmenagogue. Dose about a tea spoonful.

166. HELLERORUS FOETIDUS. HELLEBORAS-TEC, L. Stinking hellebore. See Botany, p. 210.

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Order 1. Gymno-Spermia.

167. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS, E. HYSSOPUS, D. Hyssop. See Botany, p. 216.

168. MENTHA VIRIDIS. MENTHA SATIVA, L. D. Spearmint. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. D. Mint water.

A gallon of water distilled from a pound and a half of mint.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. D. Volatile oil of mint.

Distilled as other volatile oils.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ SATIVÆ, L. Spirit of mint.

A gallon of spirit distilled from a pound and a half of mint.

169. MENTHA PIPERITA, E. MENTHA PIPER-PEPPERMINT, L. D. Peppermint. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ, E. AQUA MEN-PEPPERMINTHÆ PIPERITIDIS, L. Peppermint water.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ vel PIPERITIDIS, E. L. D. Oil of peppermint.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ PIPERITÆ vel PIPERITIDIS, E. L. Spirit of peppermint.

All these are prepared in the same manner as similar preparations of mint, possess similar properties, but rather stronger. Dose of the water, a wine glass full; of the oil a drop or two; of the spirit, about an ounce.

170. MENTHA PULEGIUM, E. PULEGIUM, L. Pennyroyal. D. Pennyroyal. See Botany, p. 217.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. AQUA PULE-PENNYROYAL, L. D. Pennyroyal water.

b. OLEUM VOLATILE MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. OLEUM PULEGI, L. D. Oil of pennyroyal.

c. SPIRITUS MENTHÆ PULEGI, E. SPIRITUS PULEGI, L. Spirit of pennyroyal.

Distilled in the same manner, and possessing similar properties with the preparations of mint.

171. LAVENDULA SPICA, E. LAVENDULA, L. D. Lavender flowers. See Botany, p. 216.

Officinal Preparations.

a. OLEUM VOLATILE LAVANDULÆ SPICÆ, E. OIL OF LA-LEUM vender. Part IV.

&c.

History of LEUM VOLATILE LAVENDULÆ. Volatile Simple and oil of lavender.

Distilled as other volatile oils.

b. SPIRITUS LAVANDULÆ SPICÆ, E. SPIRITUS LAVENDULÆ, L. D. Spirit of lavender.

Two pounds of fresh flowering spikes of lavender to eight pounds of alcohol, and seven pounds drawn off, (E.) A pound and a half of lavender to a gallon (L.) or nine pounds (D.) of proof spirit, and five pints (L.) or five pounds (D.) drawn off.

A powerful stimulus, seldom employed internally, except in the following preparation.

c. SPIRITUS LAVANDULÆ SPICÆ COMPOSITUS, E. SPIRITUS LAVENDULÆ COMPOSITUS, L. TINCTURA LAVENDULÆ COMPOSITA, D. Compound spirit of lavender. Compound tincture of lavender.

Made by digesting an ounce (or half an ounce, L. D.) of bruised cinnamon, half an ounce of bruised nutmegs, (two drams of bruised cloves, E.) and three drams (or an ounce L.) of red sanders shavings, in three pounds (or three pints L.) of spirit of lavender, and a pound (or a pint L.) of spirit of rosemary, for about a week.

An excellent cordial in faintness or nausea. Dose from 20 drops to a dram.

172. TEUCRIUM MARUM. MARUM SYRIACUM, L. D. Syrian herb mastich. See Botany, p. 216.

173. TEUCRIUM SCORDIUM. SCORDIUM, L. Water germander. See Botany, p. 216.

176. MARRUBIUM VULGARE. E. L. D. White horehound. See Botany, p. 218.

177. ORIGANUM VULGARE. ORIGANUM, L. D. Origanum, or wild marjoram. See Botany, p. 218.

Officinal Preparation.

a. OLEUM ORIGANI, L. D. Oil of origanum.

Distilled as other volatile oils. Much used in toothache.

178. ORIGANUM MAJORANA, E. MAJORANA, L. D. Sweet marjoram. See Botany, p. 219.

179. MELISSA OFFICINALIS, E. MELISSA, L. Balm. See Botany, p. 219.

Order 2. ANGIOSPERMIA.

180. DIGITALIS PURPUREA, E. DIGITALIS, L. D. Foxglove. See Botany, p. 221. Sec also Withering on Foxglove, Duncan's Dispensatory, the Practical Synopsis, and the Thesaurus Medicaminum.

Dose of the digitalis in substance about one grain, gradually increased.

Officinal Preparations.

a. INFUSUM DIGITALIS PURPUREÆ, D. Infusion of foxglove.

Made by macerating a dram of the dried leaves of foxglove in eight ounces of boiling water, with an ounce of spirit of cinnamon, for four hours, and filtering.

Used principally in dropsical complaints. Dose half an ounce, or one ounce, twice a day.

b. TINCTURA DIGITALIS PURPUREÆ, E. Tincture of foxglove.

Prepared by digesting an ounce of the dried leaves of foxglove in eight ounces of diluted alcohol, for seven days, and straining through paper.

Much recommended in haemoptysis, and the early stages of consumption, to diminish the frequency of the pulse. Dose from 10 to 20 drops, twice or thrice a day, gradually and cautiously increased.

CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Order 1. SILICULOSÆ.

181. COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS, E. COCHLEARIA, D. COCHLEARIA HORTENSIS, L. Garden scurvygrass. See Botany, p. 225.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SUCCUS COCHLEARII COMPOSITUS, E. L. Compound juice of scurvygrass.

According to the Edinburgh process, this is prepared by mixing juice of scurvygrass, juice of water cresses, both fresh gathered, and juice of Seville oranges, each of two pounds, with half a pound of spirit of nutmeg; and after the feces have subsided, straining the liquor. The London preparation is composed of two pints of juice of scurvygrass, one pint of the juice of brooklime, and the same of that of water cresses, and 20 ounces by measure of Seville orange juice, mixed and strained as before.

A celebrated remedy in the scurvy, and cutaneous eruptions. Dose from one to four ounces, twice or thrice a day.

182. COCHLEARIA ARMORACIA, E. RAPHANUS RUSTICANUS, L. D. Horse-radish root. See Botany, p. 226.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SPIRITUS RAPHANI COMPOSITUS, L. D. Compound spirit of horse-radish.

Two gallons or 18 pounds (D.) of proof spirit distilled from fresh horse-radish root, and dried Seville orange peel, of each two pounds; fresh garden scurvygrass four pounds, and bruised nutmegs an ounce.

Formerly much celebrated as an antiscorbutic, and stimulant. Dose from half an ounce to an ounce.

Order 2. SILIQUOSÆ.

183. CARDAMINE PRATENSIS, E. CARDAMINE, L. Ladies smock. See Botany, p. 226.

183. SINAPIS ALBA, E. SINAPIS, D. White mustard seed.

184. SINAPIS NIGRA. SINAPIS, L. Common mustard seed. See Botany, p. 228. Officinal Preparation.

a. CATAPLASMA SINAPEOS, L. CATAPLASMA SINAPIUM, D. Mustard cataplasm, or sinapism.

Prepared of equal parts of powdered mustard and crumb of bread, made into a proper consistence with vinegar.

An excellent external stimulant application, in the low stage of acute diseases, and in other cases where slight external inflammation is indicated.

185. SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM, E. NASTURTIUM AQUATICUM, L. D. Water cresses. See Botany, p. 226.

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Order 1. TRANDRIA.

186. TAMARINDUS INDICA, L. TAMARINDUS, L. D. Tamarinds. See Botany, p. 231.

Order 8. POLYANDRIA.

187. MALVA SYLVESTRIS, E. MALVA, L. Common mallow. See Botany, p. 233.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM PRO ENEMATE, L. Decoction for clysters.

Made by boiling one ounce of the dried leaves of mallow, and one ounce and a half of dried chamomile flowers, with a pint of water, and straining.

188. ALTHÆA OFFICINALIS, E. ALTHÆA, L. Marshmallow root. See Botany, p. 233.

Officinal Preparations.

a. DECOCTUM ALTHÆÆ OFFICINALIS, E. Decoction of marshmallow.

Made by boiling four ounces of dried marshmallow root bruised, and two ounces of stoned raisins of the sun, in seven pounds of water to five pounds, straining, and when the feces have subsided, pouring off the clear liquor.

A good emollient drink in inflammatory diseases.

b. SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ OFFICINALIS, E. SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ, L. Syrup of marshmallow.

Made by boiling one pound of fresh marshmallow root, sliced or bruised, in ten pounds or a gallon of water, to one half, and adding four pounds of double refined sugar to make a syrup.

A good emollient and demulcent in coughs, &c.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Order 2. HEXANDRIA.

189. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS. FUMARIA, D. Common fumitory. See Botany, p. 237.

Order 3. OCTANDRIA.

190. POLYGALA SENEGA, E. SENEKA, L. D. Seneka root. See Botany, p. 237.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM POLYGALÆ SENEGÆ E. Decoction of seneka.

Made by boiling one ounce of seneka root in two pounds of water to 16 ounces, and straining.

Used in dropsy and rheumatic or arthritic complaints, and lately recommended in croup. Dose about two ounces, three or four times a-day.

Order 4. DECANDRIA.

191. PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS, E. SANTA-RUBRUM, L. D. Red sanders wood.

Employed chiefly to give colour to a tincture.

192. PTEROCARPUS DRACO, E. SANGUIS DRA-CONIS, L. Dragon's blood. See Chemistry, No. 2467.

Employed as an astringent, but now seldom used.

193. SPARTIUM SCOPARIUM, E. GENISTA, L. D. Common broom tops. See Botany, p. 237.

Officinal Preparation.

a. EXTRACTUM GENISTÆ, L. Extract of broom.

Extract of broom.

Employed as a diuretic.

194. DOLICHOS PRURIENS, E. DOLICHOS, D. Cowhage, or cow-itich. See Botany, p. 239.

195. ASTRAGALUS TRAGACANTHA, E. TRAGA-CANTHIA, L. D. Gum tragacanth, or gum dragant. This gum is a mere mucilage, and is employed as a demulcent.

Officinal Preparations.

a. MUCILAGO ASTRAGALI TRAGACANTHÆ, E. MUCILAGO TRAGACANTHIÆ, L. MUCILA-GUMMI TRAGACANTHÆ, D. Mucilage of gum tragacanth.

Made by macerating one ounce of powdered gum tragacanth in eight ounces of boiling water (E.), or half an ounce in ten ounces (L.), or one dram in eight ounces (D.), and dissolving by subsequent trituration.

b. PULVIS TRAGACANTHÆ COMPOSITUS, L. Compound powder of tragacanth.

Prepared of powdered gum tragacanth, gum arabic, and starch, of each half an ounce, rubbed into a powder with three ounces of double refined sugar.

A demulcent powder, serviceable in tickling coughs, strangury, ardor urinæ, violent mucous diarrhoea, and similar diseases.

196. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, E. GLYCYR-RHIZA, root. Part IV.

&c.

RHIZA, L. D. Liquorice root and extract of liquorice.

Officinal Medicines. Used as an emollient and demulcent, in substance, in decoction, pills, electuaries, &c.

Officinal Preparation.

Extract of liquorice. a. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ GLABRÆ, E. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ, L. D. Extract of liquorice.

Prepared like other watery extracts.

Cabbage-tree bark. 197. GEOFFRÆA INERMIS, E. GEOFFRÆA, D. Cabbage-tree bark.

Lately introduced into this country from the West Indies as an anthelmintic, in the form of decoction.

Officinal Preparation.

Decoction of cabbage-tree bark. a. DECOCTUM GEOFFRÆA INERMIS, E. Decoction of cabbage-tree bark.

Made by boiling one ounce of powdered cabbage-tree bark with a gentle fire in two pounds of water to one pound, and straining. Dose to children a tablespoonful, to adults four; giving castor oil, and diluting with acidulated drinks, if unpleasant symptoms should arise.

Fenugreek seed. 198. TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRECUM. FOENUM GRECUM, L. Fenugreek seed. See Botany, p. 241.

CLASS XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Order 3. ICOSANDRIA.

Seville orange. 199. CITRUS AURANTIUM, E. AURANTIUM HISPALENSE, L. D. Seville orange juice, peel, and leaves. See Botany, p. 243.

Officinal Preparations.

Syrup of orange peel. a. SYRUPUS CITRI AURANTII, E. SYRUPUS CORTICIS AURANTII, L. D. Syrup of orange peel.

Prepared by macerating six ounces, or eight ounces (L. D.) of the fresh outer rind of Seville oranges, with three pounds or five pints (L. D.) of boiling water, for 12 hours in a close vessel, and adding to the filtered liquor of double refined sugar four pounds, or enough to make a syrup.

Used chiefly in composition.

Orange peel water. b. AQUA CITRI AURANTII, E. Orange peel water.

Ten pounds of water distilled from two pounds of fresh orange peel, after due maceration.

A pleasant cordial water. Dose two or three ounces.

Tincture of orange peel. c. TINCTURA AURANTII CORTICIS, L. D. Tincture of orange peel.

Made by digesting three ounces of fresh orange peel in two pints or two pounds of proof spirit for three days. Dose three or four drams to an ounce.

d. CONSERVA CITRI AURANTII, E. CONSERVA AURANTII HISPALENSIS, L. CONSERVA CORTICIS AURANTII, D. Conserve of orange peel.

Prepared by beating the fresh rind of Seville oranges first by itself, and then with three times its weight of double refined sugar.

200. CITRUS MEDICA, E. LIMON, L. D. Lemon juice, peel, and essential oil. See Botany, p. 242.

Officinal Preparations.

a. AQUA CITRI MEDICÆ, E. Lemon peel water.

A gallon of water distilled from two pounds of fresh lemon peel.

A pleasant aromatic water, similar to orange water.

b. SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICÆ, E. SYRUPUS LEMONIS SUCCI, L. D. Syrup of lemon juice.

Made by dissolving five parts (E.) or five pounds (L.) or four pounds (D.) of double refined sugar, in three parts or two pints (L.) or two pounds (D.) of filtered lemon juice.

A pleasant refrigerant syrup.

c. SUCCUS LEMONIS SPISSATUS, L. Inspissated lemon juice.

Prepared in the same manner as the inspissated juice of elder berries.

Employed chiefly as a refrigerant, especially in bilious or remittent fevers.

Order 4. POLYANDRIA.

201. MELALEUCA LEUCODENDRON, E. CAJEPUT PUTA. Cajeput oil.

Used as an external stimulant in cases of luxation, sprains, and rheumatic and gouty affections.

202. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. HYPERICUM, L. St John's wort. See Botany, p. 243.

CLASS XIX. SYNGENESIA. Order 1. POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS.

203. LEONTODON TARAXACUM, E. TARAXACUM. Dandelion root and leaves.

Reputed a diuretic, but scarcely employed in modern practice.

204. LACTUCA VIROSA, E. Wild lettuce. See Botany, p. 248.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SUCCUS SPISSATUS LACTUCAE VIROSAE, E. Insipissated juice of wild lettuce.

Prepared as other inspissated juices; employed as a tuee, narcotic and diuretic, principally in dropsies proceeding from visceral obstructions. Dose at first about three History of three grains, gradually increased to 15 or more, twice Simple and or thrice a-day.

205. ARCTIUM LAPPA, E. BARDANA, L. D. Burdock root.

Recommended as a diuretic, and given in the form of decoction in dropsies, &c.

206. CYNARA SCOLYMUS, E. CINARA SCOLYMUS, E. D. Artichoke leaves.

Employed as a diuretic.

Order 2. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

207. ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM, ABROTANUM, L. Southernwood. See Botany, p. 251.

Officinal Preparation.

a. DECOCTUM PRO FOMENTO, L. Decoction for fomentations.

Prepared by boiling for a little, of the dried leaves of southernwood, the dried tops of sea wormwood, and dried chamomile flowers, each an ounce, with half an ounce of dried bay leaves, in six pints of distilled water, and straining.

208. ARTEMISIA MARITIMA, ABSYNTHIUM MARITIMUM, L. D. Sea wormwood. See Botany, p. 251.

Officinal Preparation.

a. CONSERVA ABSYNTHII MARITIMI, L. Conserve of sea wormwood.

Prepared by beating the fresh tops of sea wormwood with three times their weight of double refined sugar into a conserve.

Employed as a tonic and stomachic in hypochondriasis, epilepsy, &c. and as an anthelmintic. Dose two drams to half an ounce, twice or thrice a-day.

209. ARTEMISIA SANTONICA, E. SANTONICUM, L. D. Worm seed.

Employed as an anthelmintic. Dose from half a dram to a dram, twice a-day, in powder.

210. ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM, E. ABSINTHIUM VULGARE, L. D. Common wormwood. See Botany, p. 251.

211. TANACETUM VULGARE, E. TANACETUM, L. D. Tansy, leaves and flowers. See Botany, p. 251.

A good tonic and anthelmintic. Dose half a dram to four drams in substance, or a table spoonful of the expressed juice.

212. ARNICA MONTANA, E. L. D. German leopard's bane. See Botany, p. 253, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

213. INULA HELENIUM, INULA CAMPANA, L. D. Elecampane. See Botany, p. 253.

214. SOLIDAGO VIRGA AUREA, VIRGA AUR-EA, D. Golden rod. See Botany, p. 253.

215. TUSSILAGO FARFARA, E. TUSSILAGO, History of L. D. Coltsfoot. See Botany, p. 252.

216. ANTHEMIS NOBILIS, E. CHAMÆMELUM, L. D. Chamomile flowers. See Botany, p. 254.

An excellent tonic and anthelmintic. Dose in substance about a scruple in powder, or one dram in infusion. Used externally as an emollient and discutient, in the form of clyster or fomentation.

Officinal Preparations.

a. DECOCTUM ANTHEMIDIS NOBILIS, E. DECOC-TUM CHAMÆMELI, D. Decoction of chamomile.

Prepared by boiling an ounce of chamomile flowers, and half an ounce of bruised caraway seeds, in five pounds of water (E.), or half an ounce of chamomile flowers with two drams of sweet fennel seeds, in a pound of water (D.).

Used as a carminative clyster, or stimulant fomentation.

b. EXTRACTUM ANTHEMIDIS NOBILIS, E. EX-TRACTUM CHAMÆMELI, L. Extract of chamomile.

Prepared as other watery extracts. Dose from a scruple to a dram, as a tonic and anthelmintic.

217. ANTHEMIS PYRETHRUM, E. PYRETHRUM, L. D. Pellitory of Spain.

Used chiefly as a masticatory in toothache.

Order 3. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

218. CENTAUREA BENEDICTA, E. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS, L. D. Blessed thistle. See Botany, p. 255.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Order 5. HEX-ANDRIA.

219. ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA, E. SERPEN-TARIA VIRGINIANA, L. D. Virginian snake-root. See Duncan's Dispensatory, and the Synopsis Materiae Mediciæ.

Employed as a stimulant and tonic in low fevers, gangrene, &c. Dose in substance 10 grains to 30.

Officinal Preparation.

a. TINCTURA ARISTOLOCHIÆ SERPENTARIÆ, E. Tincture of TINCTURA SERPENTARIIÆ, L. D. Tincture snake root of snakeroot.

Prepared by digesting two ounces of bruised Virginian snakeroot, and a dram of powdered echinacea, in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol, for seven days (E.), or three ounces of snakeroot in two pints (L.) or two pounds (D.) of proof spirit, for seven or eight days. Dose from two drams to half an ounce.

Order 10. POLYANDRIA.

220. ARUM MACULATUM. ARUM, L. D. Arum, Wake robin.

Officinal Officinal Preparations.

a. Conserva Ari, L. Conserve of arum.

Made by beating a pound and a half of the fresh root of arum bruised, with a pound and a half of double refined sugar, into a conserve. Dose about a dram.

Class XXI. MONOECIA. Order I. Monogynia.

221. Myristica moschata, E. Myristica, L. D. Nutmeg tree.

Nux Moschata. Nutmeg. Macis. Mace. Oleum Macis. Oil of Mace. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Spiritus Myristicæ Moschatæ, E. Spiritus Nucis Moschatæ, L. D. Spirit of nutmeg.

A gallon of spirit distilled from two ounces of well-brushed nutmegs. A good cordial. Dose about half an ounce.

Order 4. TETRANDRIA.

222. Betula alba, D. Birch juice.

A gentle diuretic.

223. Morus nigra, Morus, L. Mulberries.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Syrupus Succi Fructus Mori, L. Syrup of mulberry juice.

Prepared in the same manner as the syrup of black currant juice.

Employed as a refrigerant and demulcent.

224. Urtica dioica, Urtica, L. Common stinging nettles.

Used as a rubefacient to paralytic limbs, which are whipped with nettles.

Order 8. POLYANDRIA.

225. Quercus robur, F. Quercus, L. D. Oak bark.

A powerful astringent, employed in passive hemorrhages, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, and similar cases. Dose in substance 15 grains to half a dram of the powdered bark. Used externally by way of gargle, or lotion.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Extractum Quercus, D. Extract of oak bark.

Prepared like other watery extracts. Dose 10 grains to a scruple.

226. Quercus Cerris, E. L. D. Galla. Gall-nuts. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

This is perhaps a more powerful astringent than oak bark, and is employed in similar cases.

227. Juglans regia. Juglans, L. Unripe walnuts.

Employed as a tonic and anthelmintic.

Order IO. MONADELPHIA.

228. Pinus abies. The fir tree.

Pix Burgundica, E. D. Burgundy pitch.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Emplastrum Picis Burgundice, D. Emplastrum Picis Compositum, L. Compound Burgundy pitch plaster.

Prepared of two pounds of Burgundy pitch, one pound of ladanum (L.) or of galbanum (D.), four ounces of yellow wax, the same of yellow resin, and one ounce of expressed oil of mace.

A stimulating plaster.

229. Thus, L. Frankincense.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Emplastrum Thuri Compositum, L. Compound plaster of frankincense.

Prepared of half a pound of frankincense, three ounces of dragon's blood, and two pounds of litharge plaster, adding the resins in powder to the melted litharge plaster.

230. Pinus balsamea. Hemlock fir.

Balsamum Canadense, E. L. D. Balsam of Canada.

231. Pinus Larix. The larch.

Terebinthina Veneta, E. D. Venice turpentine. Oleum Volatile Piní, E. Oleum Terbinthinae, L. D. Oil of turpentine.

The oil of turpentine is directed by the London college to be prepared by distillation from common turpentine.

Officinal Preparation.

Oleum Volatile Piní Purissimum, E. Oleum Terbinthinae Rectificatum, L. D. Purified oil of turpentine. Spirit of turpentine.

Distilled with the addition of water in well fitted vessels till the purest part of the oil has come over.

Stimulant and diuretic. Dose from 10 to 30 drops.

Mixed with an equal proportion of ether, it is much recommended in calculus. It is an excellent application to chilblains and recent burns.

232. Pinus Sylvestris.

A. Pix Liquidá, E. D. Tar.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Unguentum Picis, E. L. D. Tar ointment.

Prepared by melting together equal parts of tar and mutton. History of mutton suet (L. D.), or five parts of tar and two parts Simple and of yellow wax (E.). Official Medicines. Esteemed a good application in cutaneous diseases, especially tinea capitis.

B. Terebinthina vulgaris, L. D. Common turpentine. pentine.

This, like other turpentines, is a stimulant and diuretic.

C. Resina flava, L. RESINA ALBA, D. Yellow rosin, White rosin.

Employed chiefly in making stimulating ointments and plasters.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Unguentum Resinosum, E. UNGUENTUM RESINÆ FLAVÆ, L. D. Resinous ointment. Yellow basilicon.

Prepared by melting together eight parts of hog's lard, five of white rosin, and two of yellow wax (E.) or by melting together, of yellow rosin and yellow wax, each one pound, over a slow fire, adding a pint or seven ounces of olive oil, and straining the mixture while hot (L. D.).

b. Ceratum Resinæ flavæ, L. D. Cerate of yellow rosin.

Prepared by melting together half a pound of the preceding ointment, and one ounce of yellow wax.

These are intended as stimulating applications to ulcers that do not heal or suppurate properly.

c. Emplastrum resinosum, E. EMPLASTRUM LYTHARGYRI CUM RESINA, L. EMPLASTRUM ADHESIVUM. Resinous plaster. Litharge plaster with rosin. Adhesive plaster.

Prepared by melting five parts (F.), or three pounds (L.), of plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead (litharge plaster), and adding one part (E.) or half a pound (L.) of white or yellow rosin powdered.

Employed, spread on linen, to form adhesive plasters, for keeping the edges of ulcers or recent wounds together; for giving mechanical support to ulcerated limbs, or keeping on other dressings.

Palma christi seeds.

233. Ricinus communis, E. L. D. Palma christi seeds. See Botany, p. 271.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Oleum Ricini, L. Castor oil.

Expressed in the usual manner from the husked seeds.

Castor oil is seldom prepared in this country, being brought chiefly from the West Indies. When cold drawn, it is milder, and less subject to become rancid, but it requires a larger dose than the common oil. It is an excellent purgative, well suited to cases of colic and worms, given either by the mouth, or by way of elyster. Dose in the former case about one ounce, and in the latter about two ounces.

234. Croton eleutheria, F. Cascarilla, L. D. Cascarilla bark.

An excellent aromatic tonic. Dose about half a dram, or two scruples, two or three times a day.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura Cascarillæ, L. D. Tincture of cascarilla.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of powdered cascarilla bark in two pints or two pounds (D.) of proof spirit for about a week, with a gentle heat. Dose about one ounce; best in composition with decoction or infusion of cinchona.

b. Extractum Cascarillæ, L. D. Extract of cascarilla.

Prepared in the usual way of making extracts. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

Order IO. Syngenesia.

235. Momordica Elaterium, E. Cucumis Agrestis, L. D. Wild cucumber.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Succus Spissatus Momordice Elaterii, E. Elaterium. ELATFRRIUM, L. Insipissated juice of wild cucumber. Elaterium.

This is prepared by slicing ripe wild cucumbers, expressing the juice very gently, and straining it through a very fine hair sieve; boiling it a little, and setting it by for some hours, till the thicker part has subsided. The supernatant fluid is then poured off, and separated by filtering from the thicker matter, which is to be dried and kept for use.

A violent cathartic, employed in dropsy. Dose half a grain to one grain.

236. Cucumis colocynthis, E. Colocynthis, L. D. Colocynth or bitter apple. See Botany, p. 271.

Officinal Preparation.

a. Extractum Colocynthidis compositum, L. Compound extract of colocynth.

Prepared by digesting six drams of the pith of colocynth, cut small, in a pint of proof spirit, with a gentle heat for four days, then dissolving in the expressed tincture one ounce and a half of powdered socotrine aloes, and half an ounce of powdered scammony; and lastly drawing off the spirit, and adding to the insipissated extract, a dram of husked cardamom seeds in powder.

A strong cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose from 5 to 30 grains.

237. Bryonia alba, Bryonia, D. Bryony root. See Botany, p. 271, where it is described under the name of Bryonia dioica. Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of Simple and Class XXII. Diœcia. Order 2. Diandria.

228. Salix fragilis, Salix, D. Crack willow bark.

A good tonic, employed as a substitute for Peruvian bark. Dose about one dram.

Order 5. Pentandra.

239. Pistacia Terebinthus, Terebinthina chia, L. Chio turpentine.

Not materially different from the other turpentines.

240. Pistacia Lentiscus, E. Mastiche, L. Mastich. See Botany, p. 276, and Chemistry, No 2464.

Hop.

241. Humulus Lupulus. Hop.

A good narcotic, which has been found an excellent substitute for opium. See an Inaugural dissertation de Humulo Lupulo, lately printed at Edinburgh by Dr de Roches; and Kirby's Tables, p. 94.

Order 6. Hexandra.

242. Smilax Sarsaparilla, E. Sarsaparilla, L. D. Sarsaparilla root.

A slight diaphoretic, of little efficacy.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Decoction of sarsaparilla.

Prepared by digesting six ounces of sliced sarsaparilla root in eight pints of distilled water, for two hours in a heat of about 195°; then taking out the root and bruising it, repeating the maceration; then boiling the liquor down to four pints, pressing it out, and straining the decoction.

b. Decoction of sarsaparilla compositum, L. D.

Made by macerating six ounces of sliced and bruised sarsaparilla root, one ounce of the bark of sassafras root, in ten pints of distilled water, for six hours; then boiling down to five pints, adding towards the end three drams of mezereon, and straining the decoction.

A good diet drink, but scarcely superior to the compound decoction of guaiacum. Dose from four to eight ounces, three or four times a day.

Order 12. Monadelphia.

243. Juniperus communis, E. Juniperus, L. D. Juniper berries. See Botany, p. 278.

Officinal Preparations.

Oil of juniper.

a. Oleum volatile Juniperi communis, E. Oleum Juniperi baccæ, L. Oleum baccarum Juniperi, D. Oil of juniper berries.

Distilled in the same manner as other volatile oils. Stimulant and diuretic. Dose from three to ten grains.

b. Spiritus Juniperi communis compositus, E. Spiritus Juniperi compositus, L. D. Compound spirit of juniper.

Nine pounds or a gallon of diluted alcohol distilled from one pound of well bruised juniper berries, one ounce and a half of bruised caraway seeds, and the same of sweet fennel seeds.

A good diuretic, but not superior to common gin.

244. Juniperus Lycia, E. Olibanum, L. Olibanum, D. Olibanum. See Chemistry, No 2487.

245. Juniperus Sabina, E. Sabina, L. D. Savine.

Reputed a specific in uterine obstructions, but gradually losing its celebrity. Dose in substance from fifteen grains to two scruples. Applied externally as an escharotic to venereal warts and similar excrescences.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oleum volatile Juniperi Sabinae, E. Oleum Sabinae, D. Volatile oil of savine.

b. Extractum Sabinae, L. D. Extract of savine.

Made like other extracts. Dose from 10 to 30 grains twice or thrice a day.

c. Tinctura Sabinae composita, L. Compound tincture of savine.

Prepared by digesting one ounce of extract of savine in a pint of tincture of castor, and half a pint of tincture of myrrh, till the extract is dissolved.

Given as an emmenagogue, and as an antispasmodic in hypochondriac affections. Dose from 30 drops to a dram twice or thrice a day.

246. Cissampelos Pareira, Pareira brava root. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

Class XXIII. Polygamia. Order 1. Monoecia.

247. Stalagmitis Cambogioides, Camboge, Gia, E. L. D. Gamboge. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

A violent cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose from 1 or 2 grains or 10 or 15 grains. The latter chiefly in cases of tenia.

248. Veratrum album, E. Helleborus albus, L. D. White hellebore root. See Botany, p. 281.

Officinal Preparations.

b. Decoction of white hellebore.

Made by boiling an ounce of powdered white hellebore. History of bore root in two pints of distilled water to one pint, and Simple and adding to the strained liquor when cold two ounces of rectified spirit of wine.

Used as a lotion, diluted, if necessary, in the itch, and similar cutaneous affections.

Tincture of white hellebore.

Prepared by digesting eight ounces of powdered white hellebore root in two pounds and a half of diluted alcohol for several days, and filtering through paper.

Employed occasionally to assist the operation of emetics and cathartics, in some applectic and paralytic cases, in mania; dose in these cases from half a dram to two drams. Employed also as a general stimulant or alternative in cutaneous diseases, beginning with about two drops twice or thrice a day, and gradually increasing the dose.

Ointment of white hellebore.

Prepared by mixing four ounces of ointment of hog's lard, with one ounce of powdered white hellebore, and one scruple of essential oil of lemon.

Used in similar cases with the decoction.

249. MIMOSA CATECHU, E. CATECHU, L. D. Catechu, or Japan earth. See Botany, p. 282.

A powerful astringent, employed in diarrhoeas, uterine hemorrhage; and externally by way of lotion, or lozenge, for exulcerations and aphthous ulcers of the mouth. Dose internally from 15 grains to two scruples.

Officinal Preparations.

a. INFUSUM MIMOSÆ CATECHU, E. INFUSUM JAPONICUM. Infusion of catechu.

Prepared by macerating two drams and a half of powdered extract of catechu, and half a dram of bruised cinnamon, in seven ounces of boiling water, for two hours, in a covered vessel, straining the liquor, and adding one ounce of simple syrup. Dose from one to two ounces.

b. TINCTURA MIMOSÆ CATECHU, E. TINCTURA CATECHU, L. TINCTURA JAPONICA. Tincture of catechu.

Prepared by digesting three ounces of extract of catechu, and two ounces of bruised cinnamon, in two pounds and a half, or two pints (L.), of diluted alcohol, for seven or ten days, and straining through paper. Dose two or three drams.

c. ELECTARIUM MIMOSÆ CATECHU, E. ELECTARIUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM, D. CONFECTION JAPONICA. Electuary of catechu. Japonica Confection. See preparations of opium.

250. MIMOSA NILOTICA, E. GUMMI ARABICIUM, L. D. Gum arabic.

A dry mucilage, very useful as an emollient and demulcent.

Officinal Preparations.

a. MUCILAGO MIMOSÆ NILOTICA, E. MUCILAGO ARABICI GUMMI, L. D. Mucilage of gum arabic.

Prepared by dissolving one part of powdered gum arabic in about two of boiling water, and straining.

b. EMULSIO MIMOSÆ NILOTICA, E. EMULSIO ARABICA, D. Arabic emulsion.

Prepared, according to the Edinburgh process, in the same manner as almond emulsion, with the addition of two ounces of gum arabic, added while beating the almonds. The Dublin emulsion is composed of two drams of powdered gum arabic, half an ounce of large almonds, three drams of double refined sugar, and one pound of decoction of barley.

Employed in the same cases as almond emulsion.

c. TROCHISCI GUMMOSI, E. Gum troches.

Prepared of four parts of gum arabic, one of powdered starch, and 12 of double refined sugar, made into a mass for troches with water.

Similar in uses to the lozenges of starch. See No 369.

251. PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS. PARIETARIA, L. Pellitory of the wall.

Order 2. DIOECIA.

252. FRAXINUS ORNUS, E. L. D. Manna-ash. Manna.

A mild purgative, well suited to children, but requiring some gentle aromatic to prevent griping. Dose from a dram to half an ounce. Best in composition with senna.

Officinal Preparation.

a. SYRUPUS MANNAE, D. Syrup of manna.

Prepared by macerating half an ounce of senna in one pound of boiling water for twelve hours in a covered vessel, straining the liquor, and adding one pound of manna, and one pound of double refined sugar, to make a syrup.

This forms an excellent purgative for children.

253. PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM. GINSENG, L. Ginseng root.

A Chinese root, formerly much in repute as a stimulant, but now out of fashion.

Order 3. TRIOECIA.

254. FICUS CARICA, E. CARICA, L. D. Figs. Figs. See Botany, p. 282.

A gentle laxative, used chiefly in composition.

Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Order 1. Filices.

255. POLYPODIUM FILIX MAS, E. FILIX, L. Male fern root. Order 3. ALGÆ.

256. Lichen Islandicus. Iceland liver-wort.

This lichen has lately become a fashionable remedy as an emollient, in pulmonary consumption. It contains a great quantity of farinaceous and mucilaginous matter, and is therefore highly nutritious. See Synopsis Materiae Mediceæ, and Thesaurus Medicaminum.

Order 4. FUNGI.

257. Boletus Igniarius, F. Agaricus. Female agaric.

This substance has been much celebrated as a styptic; and before ligatures were so much employed, was used to stop hemorrhage from the mouths of bleeding vessels during surgical operations. It is now out of fashion.

Appendix. PALMÆ.

258. Cocos Butyracea. Palma, E. Mackaw tree. Palm oil. Sec Botany, p. 289.

A vegetable oily matter, employed as an external emollient.

CHAP. III. MINERAL SUBSTANCES.

Sect. I. Water.

259. Aqua. Water.

Though simple water forms no part of the Materia Medica in the Pharmacopœias, it is an article of so much importance, both in diet and medicine, that it ought not to be omitted here. We shall therefore make no apology for inserting the following neat account of it, given by Dr Duncan in the later editions of his Dispensatory.

"The chemical properties of water have been already enumerated. (See Chemistry, No. 384, et seq.) The purest natural water is snow or rain water collected in the open fields; that which falls in towns, or is collected from the roofs of the houses, is contaminated with soot, animal effluvia, and other impurities; although, after it has rained for some time, the quantity of these diminishes so much, that Morveau says that it may be rendered almost perfectly pure by means of a little barytic water, and exposure to the atmosphere. Rain water, after it falls, either remains on the surface of the earth, or penetrates through it, until it meets with some impenetrable obstruction to its progress, when it bursts out at some lower part, forming a spring or well. The water on the surface of the earth, either descends along its declivities in streams, which gradually wearing channels for themselves, combine to form rivers, which at last reach the sea; or remains stagnant in cavities of considerable depth, forming lakes or ponds, or on nearly level ground, forming marshes.

Vol. XII. Part II.

"The varieties of spring water are exceedingly numerous; but they may be divided into soft, which are simple and sufficiently pure to dissolve soap, and to answer the purposes of pure water in general; the hard, which contain earthy salts, and decompose soap, and are unfit for many purposes, both in domestic economy, and in manufactories; and the saline, which are strongly impregnated with soluble salts. When spring waters possess any peculiar character, they are called mineral waters. River water is in general soft, as it is formed of spring water, which, by exposure becomes more pure; and running surface water, which, although turbid from particles of clay suspended in it, is otherwise very pure. Lake water is similar to river water. The water of marshes, on the contrary, is exceedingly impure, and often highly fetid, from the great proportion of animal and vegetable matters which is constantly decaying in them.

"Mineral waters derive their peculiarity of character, Mineral in general, either from containing carbonic acid or waters, soda not neutralized, sulphurated hydrogen, purging salts, earthy salts, or iron; or from their temperature exceeding in a greater or less degree that of other surrounding bodies. The following are the most celebrated.

"a. Warm Springs.—Bath, Bristol, Buxton, Matlock, Warm in England. Barege, Vichy, &c. in France. Aix-la-springs. Chapelle, Borset, Baden, Carlsbad and Toeplitz in Germany; and Pisa, Lucca, Baia, and many others in Italy.

"b. Carbonated Springs.—Pyrmont, Seltzer, Spa, Carbonated Cheltenham, Scarborough.

"c. Alkaline.—Carlsbad, Aix-la-Chapelle, Barege, Alkaline. Toeplitz.

"d. Sulphurous.—Enghien, Lu, Aix-la-Chapelle, Sulphure-Kelburn, Harrowgate, Moffat, and many in Italy.

"e. Purging.—Sea water, Lemington Priors, Harrowgate, Lu, Carlsbad, Moffat, Toeplitz, Epsom, Sedwaters, Kelburn, and all brickack waters.

"f. Calcareous.—Matlock, Buxton, and all hard waters.

"g. Chalybeate.—Hartfell, Denmark, Cheltenham, Chalybeate. Pyrmont, Spa, Tunbridge, Bath, Scarborough, Vichy, Carlshad, Lemington Priors.

"Medical use.—Water is an essential constituent in the organization of all living bodies; and as it is continually expended during the process of life, that waste must be also continually supplied; and this supply is of such importance, that it is not left to reason or to chance, but forms the object of an imperious appetite. When taken into the stomach, water acts by its temperature, its bulk, and the quantity absorbed by the lacteals. Water about 60 degrees, gives no sensation of heat or cold; between 60 degrees and 45, it gives a sensation of cold followed by a glow and increase of appetite and vigour; below 45, the sensation of cold is permanent and unpleasant, and it acts as an astringent and sedative; above 60, it excites nausea and vomiting, probably by partially relaxing the fibres of the stomach, for when mixed with stimulating substances it has not these effects. In the stomach and in the intestines it acts also by its bulk, producing the effects arising from the distension of these organs; and as the intestinal gases consist of hydrogen gas, either pure, or carbonated, or sulphurated, or phosphorated, it is probably in part decomposed in them. It likewise dilutes the contents of the stomach and intestines, thus often diminishing..." History of diminishing their acrimony. It is absorbed by the lacteals, dilutes the chyle and the blood, increases their fluidity, lessens their acrimony, and produces plethora ad molem. Its effects in producing plethora and fluidity are, however, very transitory, as it at the same time increases the secretion by the skin and kidneys. Indeed the effects of sudorifics and diuretics depend in a great measure on the quantity of water taken along with them.

"Mineral waters have also a specific action, depending on the foreign substances which they contain. It is, however, necessary to remark, that their effects are in general much greater than might be expected from the strength of their impregnations, owing probably to the very circumstance of their great dilution, by which every particle is presented in a state of activity, while the lacteals admit them more readily than they would in a less diluted state.

"Carbonic acid gas gives to the waters which are strongly impregnated with it, a sparkling appearance, and an agreeable degree of pungency. In its effects on the body it is decidedly stimulant, and even capable of producing a certain degree of intoxication. It is of great service in bilious complaints, atony of the stomach, nausea, and vomiting, and in all fevers of the typhoid type.

"Alkaline waters produce also a tonic effect on the stomach, but they are less grateful. They are particularly serviceable in morbid acidity of the stomach, and in diseases of the urinary organs.

"Sulphurous waters are chiefly used in cutaneous and glandular diseases. Their effects are stimulant and heating, and they operate by the skin or bowels.

"Purging waters derive their effects from the neutral salts they contain, especially the muriates of soda, lime, and magnesia, and the sulphates of soda and magnesia. They are much more frequently used for a length of time to keep the bowels open by exciting the natural action, than to produce full purging. Used in this way, instead of debilitating the patient, they increase his appetite, health, and strength.

"Chalybeate waters are used as tonics. They stimulate considerably, and increase the circulation; but as they also generally contain neutral salts, they act as gentle laxatives. They are used in all cases of debility, cachexia, chlorosis, fluor albus, amenorrhoea; and, in general, in what are called nervous diseases.

"The external use of water depends almost entirely on its temperature, which may be:

1. Greater than that of the body, or above 97° Fahr. The hot bath.

2. Below the temperature of the body. a. From 97 to 85, the warm bath. b. From 85 to 65, the tepid bath. c. From 65 to 32, the cold bath.

"The hot bath is decidedly stimulant in its action. It renders the pulse frequent, the veins turgid, the face flushed, the respiration quick; increases animal heat, and produces sweat. If the temperature be very high, the face becomes bathed in sweat, the arteries at the neck and temples beat with violence, anxiety and a sense of suffocation are induced; and if persisted in, vertigo, throbbing in the heart, and apoplexy, are the consequences. It is very rarely employed in medicine, except where there are hot springs, as at Baden in Switzerland.

"The Russians and some other nations use the hot bath as an article of luxury.

"The effects of the affusion of hot water have not been ascertained; and it is probable, that when the heat is not so great as to destroy the organization of the skin, the very transient application of the water would be more than counteracted by the subsequent evaporation.

"With regard to the action arising from their temperature, all baths below 97° differ only in degree, as they all ultimately abstract caloric from the surface, but with a force inversely as their temperature.

"The warm bath excites the sensation of warmth, partly because our sensations are merely relative, and partly because its temperature, though less than that of the internal parts of the body, is actually greater than that of the extremities, which are the chief organs of touch. But as water is a much better conductor of caloric than air, and especially than confined air, as much caloric is abstracted from the body by water, which is a few degrees lower than the external temperature of the body, as by air of a much lower temperature. The warm bath diminishes the frequency of the pulse, especially when it has been previously greater than natural; and this effect is always in proportion to the time of immersion. It also renders the respiration slower, and lessens the temperature of the body, relaxes the muscular fibre, increases the bulk of the fluids by absorption, removes impurities from the surface, promotes the desquamation and renewal of the cuticle, and softens the nails and indurations of the skin.

"The stimulant power of the warm bath is therefore very considerable, and its employment in disease will be chiefly indicated by preternatural heat of the surface, and frequency of the pulse, rigidity of the muscular fibre, and morbid affections of the skin. It has accordingly been found serviceable in many cases of pyrexia, both febrile and exanthematous, in many spasmodic diseases, and in most of the impetigines. It is contraindicated by difficulty of breathing and internal organic affections, and should not be used when the stomach is full.

"The affusion of warm water very generally produces Affusion of warm water a considerable diminution of heat, a diminished frequency of pulse and respiration, and a tendency to repose and sleep; but its effects are not very permanent, and its stimulus is weak. It is recommended in febrile diseases, depending on the stimulus of preternatural heat, and in those attended with laborious respiration, and in the paroxysms of hectic fever.

"As the tepid bath and affusion produce effects intermediate between those and cold water, it is unnecessary to enumerate them.

"The cold bath produces the sensation of cold, which gradually ceases, and is succeeded by numbness. It excites tremor in the skin, and shivering. The skin becomes pale, contracted, and acquires the appearance termed cutis anserina. The fluids are diminished in volume, the solids are contracted, the caliber of the vessels is lessened, and therefore numbness and paleness are induced, and the visible cutaneous veins become smaller. There is a sense of drowsiness and inactivity, the joints become rigid and inflexible, and the limbs are..." Part IV.

Materia Medica, &c.

History of are affected with pains and spasmodic contractions. Simple and The respiration is rendered quick and irregular, the Officinal pulse slow, firm, regular, and small; the internal heat Medicines. returns nearly to its natural standard; the extremities, however, continue cold and numb, or swollen and livid; the perspiration is suppressed, and the discharge of urine is rendered more frequent and copious. If the cold be excessive on its application, long-continued violent shiverings are induced, the pulse ceases at the wrist, the motion of the heart becomes feeble and languid, there is a sensation of coldness and faintness at the stomach, and a rapid diminution of animal heat; and, at last, delirium, torpor, and death, are the consequences. If the application of the cold bath be not carried to an excessive length, on emerging from the water the whole body is pervaded by an agreeable sensation of warmth, and the patient feels refreshed and invigorated.

"The primary action of the cold bath is stimulant, and the degree of this action is in proportion to the lowness of its temperature. This opinion is indeed directly opposite to a theory of cold which has been advanced with the confidence of demonstration. "Heat is a stimulus, cold is the abstraction of heat; therefore cold is the abstraction of stimulus, or is a sedative." To this we might oppose another theory, equally syllogistic, and nearer the truth. Free caloric is a stimulus, cold is the sensation excited by the passage of free caloric out of the body; therefore cold is a stimulus. But, in fact, the action of cold is by no means so simple. It is complicated, and varies according to its intensity, duration, and the state of the system to which it is applied. It acts at first as a stimulant, in exciting sensation; then as a tonic, in condensing the living fibre; and, lastly, however paradoxical it may appear, as a sedative, by preventing that distribution of blood in the minute and ultimate vessels, which is necessary for the existence of sensibility and irritability, and by the abstraction of the stimulus of heat.

"The cold bath may be so managed as to procure any of these effects, by regulating the length of time for which it is applied.

"Cold affusion, or the pouring of cold water over the body, is a very convenient way of applying the cold bath in many cases. In this way cold is very suddenly applied to the surface, its operation is instantaneous and momentary; but may be continued by repeated affusions for any length of time, and so as to produce its extreme effects. Where the effects of cold affusion may be thought too severe, sprinkling the body with cold water, or water and vinegar, may be substituted.

"The application of cold may be employed in fevers and febrile paroxysms, when the heat is steadily above the natural standard, and in many diseases arising from relaxation and debility. It is contraindicated when the heat of the body is below 97°, when there is any notable perspiration from the surface; and when there is general plethora. Debilitated habits should be defended from the violence of its action, by covering the body with flannel.

"In yellow fever, especially in those cases in which the heat of the skin is excessive, it is particularly useful, and ought to be long continued. In phrenitis and other local inflammations, it promises to be of advantage. In gouts its effects are doubtful, being in some instances salutary, in others destructive. A criterion to enable us to determine when it ought or ought not to be resorted to, is much wanted. In inflammatory rheumatism and rheumatic gout it is decidedly useful. It is of advantage in all the hemorrhages and exanthemata; in tetanus, cholera, cholera, hysteria, mania, icterus, and in burns; and, in general, in all those local diseases in which solutions of acetate of lead, of nitrate of ammonia, &c. are usually employed; for the good effects of these depend entirely on the diminished temperature."

For more respecting the utility of the cold affusion, see Currie's "Medical Reports;" and for an excellent account of the effects and uses of baths, see Marcard de la Nature et de l'Usage des Bains, and a Treatise on Cold and Warm Bathing, lately published at Edinburgh.

Officinal Preparation.

Aqua destillata, E. Aqua distillata—Distilled water.

From 10 gallons of spring water, the London college directs four gallons to be drawn off, throwing away the first four pints that come over. The Dublin college directs 10 pounds to be distilled from 20 pounds, throwing away the first pound; while the college of Edinburgh directs water to be distilled in very clean vessels till two-thirds have come over.

Sect. II. Inflammable Substances.

Sulphur sublimatum, E. L. D. Flores sulphuris—Sublimed sulphur. Flowers of sulphur.

For an account of the chemical nature and properties of sulphur, see Chemistry, Chap. ix.

As a medicine, sulphur is employed both internally and externally. Internally it is given as a laxative, in the dose of a dram or two, and as a diaphoretic in smaller doses. Externally it is one of the most certain remedies for the itch, and some other cutaneous affections.

Officinal Preparations.

Sulphur sublimatum lotum, E. D. Flores sulphuris loti—Washed sublimed sulphur. Washed flowers of sulphur.

Sublimed sulphur is freed from the sulphureous acid, which it has imbibed in the preparation, by boiling it for a little in four times its weight of water, and after pouring off the water in which it was boiled, washing it by repeated affusions of cold water, till it no longer imparts acidity to the water.

Sublimed sulphur should always be washed before being used internally, otherwise it is very apt to disorder the stomach and bowels.

Oleum sulphuratum, E. L. Sulphurated oil—Sulphurated oil.

Prepared by boiling one part of sublimed sulphur in eight of olive oil (E.), or one part to four parts (L.), in a large iron pot, till they are thoroughly united. Formerly much History of much used as an expectorant in coughs, in a dose of Simple and from 10 to 40 drops, but now seldom used, except as an external application to foul ulcers.

c. PETROLEUM SULPHURATUM, L. Sulphurated petroleum.

Prepared in the same manner as the last, with oil of petroleum, and used for the same purpose.

d. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS, E. L. D. Ointment of sulphur.

Prepared by mixing half a pound (L.) or five ounces (D.) of ointment of hog's-lard, with four ounces (L.) or three ounces (D.) of flowers of sulphur; or four parts of hog's-lard, with one of sublimed sulphur, adding to each pound of the ointment, half a dram of volatile oil of lemons, or volatile oil of lavender (E.).

An excellent application in the itch. Ordinary quantity for an adult about four ounces, which should be rubbed in at once.

e. SULPHORETUM POTASSÆ, E. KALI SULPHURATUM, L. ALKALI VEGETABLE SULPHURATUM, D. HEPAR SULPHURIS. Sulphuret of potash. Sulphurated kali. Sulphurated vegetable alkali. Liver of sulphur.

For the preparation and chemical properties of this substance, see Chemistry, No 918.

Sulphuret of potash is seldom employed in medicine, except as a remedy in violent mercurial salivation, in which it is said to be very effectual*. It has lately been much recommended, dissolved in lime water, as an effectual external application in tinea capitis.

f. SULPHUR PRÆCIPITATUM, L. D. Precipitated sulphur.

Prepared by dissolving six ounces (L.) or four ounces (D.) of sulphuret of potash, in one pound and a half of distilled water, and adding diluted sulphuric acid (L.), or diluted nitrous acid (D.), as long as there is any precipitation. The precipitate is then to be separated by the filter, and washed till it has lost all acidity, and then dried.

Similar in its nature to washed sublimed sulphur, but considered as rather milder.

261. SUCCINUM, E. L. D. Amber. See Chemistry, No 2476.

Amber in its natural state is not employed in medicine, except to make the following

Officinal Preparations.

a. ACIDUM SUCCINI, E. SAL SUCCINI, D. L. Succinic acid. Salt of amber.

b. OLEUM SUCCINI, E. L. D. Oil of amber.

For the preparation and chemical properties of these substances, see Chemistry, No 724, et seq.

c. SAL SUCCINI PURIFICATUS, L. Purified salt of amber.

The London college directs this acid to be purified by boiling half a pound of it in a pint of distilled water, and setting aside the solution to crystallize.

Succinic acid is now scarcely employed in medicine.

d. OLEUM SUCCINI PURISSIMUM, E. OLEUM SUCCINI RECTIFICATUM, L. D. Purified oil of amber.

The Edinburgh college directs oil of amber to be purified by distilling it in a glass retort with six times its quantity of water, till two-thirds of the water have passed into the receiver; when the pure volatile oil comes over, it is to be separated from the water, and preserved in vessels closely stopped. The processes of the other colleges do not materially differ from this.

Oil of amber is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, useful in hysterical and similar disorders. Dose 10 or 12 drops. Used also externally in paralysis and rheumatism.

262. BITUMEN PETROLEUM, E. PETROLEUM, L. PETROLEUM BARBADENSE, D. Petroleum or rock oil. Barbadoes tar.

Officinal Preparation.

a. OLEUM PETROLEI, L. Oil of petroleum.

Prepared by distilling petroleum in a sand bath.

Employed as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose from 10 to 30 drops. Also used as an external stimulant in strains and rheumatisms.

Sect. III. Acids.

263. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, E. ACIDUM VI-Sulphuric TRIOLICUM, L. D. Sulphuric acid. Vitriolic acid, acid. Oil of vitriol.

For the preparation and chemical properties of sulphuric acid, see Chemistry, Chap. x. Sect. i.

Undiluted sulphuric acid is seldom employed in medicine, except as an external stimulant and rubefacient, in combination with fatty substances.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM, E. ACIDUM VITRIOLICUM DILUTUM, L. D. Diluted sulphuric acid. Diluted vitriolic acid. Spirit of vitriol, acid.

One part of sulphuric acid mixed with seven of water (E.), or one ounce with eight ounces of water (L.), or two ounces, with 14 ounces of water (D.).

Diluted sulphuric acid is employed as a refrigerant in fevers, astringent in hemorrhages, and tonic in dyspepsia. Dose from 20 drops to a dram.

b. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, E. Aromatic sulphuric acid. Elixir of vitriol.

Prepared by first mixing two pounds of alcohol with six pounds of sulphuric acid, by gradually dropping the acid into the alcohol; digesting this mixture with a very gentle heat in a close vessel, for three days; and adding one ounce and a half of bruised cinnamon, and one ounce of bruised ginger; digesting again in a close History of close vessel, for six days, and filtering the tincture Simple and through paper in a glass funnel.

An excellent stimulant and tonic, well suited to dyspeptic complaints. Dose from 15 to 40 drops.

c. Sulphas Potassæ, E. KALI VITRIOLATUM, L. ALKALI VEGETABLE VITRIOLATUM, D. Sulphate of potash. Vitriolated kali. Vitriolated vegetable alkali. Vitriolated tartar.

For the nature and properties of this salt, see Chemistry, No 925, et seq.

The Edinburgh college directs this salt to be prepared by an immediate combination of sulphuric acid, diluted with six times its weight of water, with as much pure carbonate of potash, dissolved also in six times its weight of water, as is sufficient to neutralize the acid. The salt is procured from the solution by evaporation and crystallization. The other colleges obtain this salt by dissolving the saline mass that remains after the distillation of nitrous acid, filtering and crystallizing as before.

Sulphate of potash is a mild purgative, and may be given in a dose of four or five drams, but it requires a large quantity of water for its solution. It is employed chiefly to assist in the pulverization of opium, scammony, &c.

d. Sulphas Potassæ cum Sulphure, E. SAI. potash with POLYCHRESTUS. Sulphate of potash with sulphur. Sal polychrest.

Prepared by mixing together equal parts of powdered nitrate of potash and sublimed sulphur; injecting the mixture gradually into a red-hot crucible; and, when the deflagration ceases, allowing the salt to cool, and putting it into a vessel that is to be closely stopped.

Similar in its effects with the last, but more easily prepared.

Sect. IV. Alkalis and Alkaline Salts.

264. Carbonas Soda impurus, E. BARYLLA, L. D. Impure carbonate of soda. Barilla. Fixed mineral alkali.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Carbonas Soda, E. NATRON PREPARATUM, L. ALKALI FOSSILE MITTE, D. Carbonate of soda. Vitriolated natron. Mild fossil alkali.

Prepared by boiling impure carbonate of soda, bruised or powdered barilla, till all the salt is dissolved, then filtering the liquor, and setting it by to crystallize.

For an account of the nature and properties of this salt, see Chemistry, No 1085.

Employed in medicine chiefly as an antacid and lithontriptic. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

b. Aqua supercarbonatis Soda, E. Water of supercarbonate of soda.

Prepared by passing a stream of carbonic acid gas through a solution of carbonate of soda, as was directed for preparing the water of carbonate of potash. See No 315.

This preparation is supposed to be a powerful lithontriptic, and the occasional use of it certainly appears simple and to prevent the formation of uric acid. It may be drunk in the quantity of half a pint or a pint during the day.

c. Phosphas Soda, E. Phosphate of soda.

For the preparation and nature of this salt, see Chemistry, No 1075, et seq.

An excellent laxative, preferable to most other saline cathartics, from its taste being but little unpleasant. Dose from one to two ounces, which is best taken dissolved in soup, beef tea, or gruel.

265. Nitratas Potassæ, E. NITRUM, L. D. Nitrate of nitrate of potash. Nitre. Saltpetre. See Chemistry, potash, No 942, et seq.

Nitrate of potash is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and refrigerant. Dose from five to 20 grains.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Nitrum purificatum, L. Purified nitre. Purified by solution in boiling water, filtration, and nitre crystallization.

b. Acidum nitrosum, E. L. D. Nitrous acid. Nitrous acid. Flaming spirit of nitre.

Prepared by decomposing nitrate of potash by sulphuric acid, in the manner mentioned under Chemistry, Chap. x. Sect. 3.

It is in this state that the acid obtained from nitrate of potash is generally employed in medicine, though for certain purposes the nitric acid is to be preferred. These acids are employed as refrigerants and diuretics, largely diluted, and in small doses, viz. from five to 20 drops, and also as tonics and general stimulants, as mentioned below. Externally they act as stimulants or escharotics, according to their strength.

c. Acidum nitrosum dilutum, E. L. D. Diluted nitrous acid. Aquafortis.

Prepared by mixing equal weights of nitrous acid and water, taking care to avoid the noxious fumes. Uses the same as of the last; but the diluted acid is better calculated for internal exhibition. Doses about double those of nitrous acid.

d. Acidum nitricum, E. Nitric acid.

Prepared by redistilling nitrous acid in a retort with an adapted receiver, with a very gentle heat, till the red portion has passed over, and the remaining acid has acquired the state of nitric acid. See Chemistry as above.

This is the acid which has been so much recommended of late as a cure for syphilis, in which it is administered, diluted with water in the proportion of a dram to a pint, which is to be taken at intervals through the day, sucking it through a quill or glass tube, to avoid injuring the teeth, and gradually augmenting the quantity as far as the stomach will bear. Though the advantages of nitric acid in syphilitic complaints appear to have been overrated, it is no doubt a valuable succedaneum to mercury, and has, we believe, been of service in cases where mercurial preparations were inadmissible, or unsuccessful. Nitric acid, in its nascent state, History of state, as procured by an extemporaneous decomposition simple and of nitre by sulphuric acid, has been found of advantage as a fumigation in correcting putrid effluvia.

c. Unguentum Acidi Nitrosi, E. Ointment of nitrous acid. Oxygenated ointment.

Prepared by gradually mixing six drams of nitrous acid with one pound of melted hog’s lard, and continually agitating the mixture as it cools.

A good remedy in herpes, lepra, and some other cutaneous affections, and said to have succeeded as a substitute for mercurial ointment.

f. Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, E. L. LIQUOR ETHEREUS NITROSUS, D. Spirit of nitrous ether. Ethereal nitrous liquor. Sweet spirit of nitre.

About three parts of alcohol and one of nitrous acid, gradually mixed together, distilling over the spirit from a water bath.

Diuretic, stimulant, and tonic. Dose 20 drops to a dram.

266. Murias Sodæ, E. SAL MURIATICUS, L. SAL COMMUNIS, D. SAL MARINUS. Muriate of soda. Sea salt. Common salt. See Chemistry, No 1046.

Muriate of soda is employed as a laxative and anthelmintic. In the former way it is usually administered in clysters; in the latter it is given by the mouth, in the dose of half a dram to an ounce or more. Externally, when dried by heat, it is used as a stimulant and rubefacient.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Murias Sodæ exsiccatus, E. SAL COMMUNIS EXSICCATUS, D. Dried muriate of soda.

Muriate of soda is dried by roasting it over the fire in a wide iron vessel, with occasional agitation, till it ceases to decrepitate.

b. Acidum Muriaticum, E. L. D. Muriatic acid. Marine acid. Spirit of sea-salt.

Prepared by decomposing muriate of soda by sulphuric acid, in the manner described under Chemistry, Chap. x. Sect. 5.

Muriatic acid is used in medicine as a refrigerant, diuretic, and stimulant. Dose from 10 drops to 40 or 50. It is a good medicine in low fevers, largely diluted and sweetened with sugar. In its nascent state, as obtained by the extemporaneous decomposition of muriate of soda by sulphuric acid, it is an excellent fumigation, and in this respect is perhaps to be preferred to the nitric acid.

c. Sulphas Sodæ, E. NATRON VITRIOLATUM, L. ALKALI FOSSILE VITRIOLATUM, D. SAL GLAUBERI. Sulphate of soda. Vitriolated natron. Vitriolated mineral alkali. Glauber’s salt.

Usually prepared by dissolving and neutralizing the acidulous salt remaining after the preparation of muriatic acid, filtering the liquor, evaporating, and setting it aside to crystallize. See Chemistry, No 1030.

A good purgative, but not suited to all stomachs. Dose from one to two ounces.

267. Subboras Sodæ. BORAS SODÆ, E. RAX, L. D. Subborate of soda. Borax. See Chemistry, No 1067.

Sometimes given internally as a diuretic; but generally employed as a detergent to aphthous crusts and ulcerations in the mouth and fauces, either by way of lotion, or made into a liniment with syrup or honey.

Sect. V. Soaps.

268. Safo Hispanus. SAPO, E. Spanish or Castile soap.

The Edinburgh and London colleges particularize the soap that should be used in medicine, as prepared of olive oil and soda.

On the nature and properties of soap, see Chemistry.

Soap is employed both internally and externally. Internally it acts as a gentle laxative, and is supposed to possess lithotriptic powers. In this latter way it has been given in the quantity of from half an ounce to an ounce in the day. Excepting with this intention, it is seldom given alone. Externally it is used as a stimulant and detergent, under the various forms mentioned below.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Tinctura Saponis, E. LINIMENTUM SAPONACEUM, D. Tincture of soap. Compound liniment of soap. Saponaceous liniment. Opodeldoc.

The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by digesting four ounces of soap shavings in two pounds of alcohol for three days; then adding to the filtered liquor two ounces of camphor, and half an ounce of volatile oil of rosemary, agitating them diligently. The London liniment is composed of three ounces of soap, one ounce of camphor, and one pint of spirit of rosemary; that of the Dublin college of two ounces of Castile soap, one ounce of camphor, eight ounces of alcohol, and the same of water, and two scruples of essential oil of rosemary.

b. Tinctura Saponis et Opii, E. LINIMENTUM ANODYNUM. Tincture of soap and opium.

Prepared in the same manner as the last, with the addition, from the beginning, of one ounce of opium.

These tinctures or liniments are excellent stimulant applications in cases of sprains, rheumatic pains, and similar affections; and the latter of them has been found useful when applied to the tumid belly of children that are threatened with rickets.

c. Ceratum Saponis, L. D. Soap cerate.

Prepared by boiling one pound of powdered litharge with a gallon or eight pounds (D.) of vinegar, over a slow fire, with constant agitation, till the mixture combines and thickens; then adding eight ounces of soap, 10 ounces of yellow wax, and a pint or 14 ounces (D.) of olive oil, and continuing the heat and agitation till they are united to form a cerate.

d. Emplastrum Saponis, L. EMPLASTRUM SAPONACEUM, E. D. Soap plaster.

Prepared by mixing one part of soap with six of melted Part IV.

&c.

History of melted litharge plaster (L. D.), or one part of sliced simple and soap, with four of plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead, officinal and two parts of gum plaster melted together (E.). These are intended as discutient applications.

Sect. VI. Earths and Earthy Salts.

269. SULPHAS BARYTÆ, E. TERRA PONDEROSA VITRIOLATA. BARYTES. Sulphate of Baryta. Vitriolated ponderous earth. Barytes. See Chemistry, No 1256, et seq.

Employed in medicine only for preparing the muriate of baryta.

270. CARBONAS BARYTÆ, E. TERRA PONDEROSA. Carbonate of baryta. Heavy spar. See Chemistry, as above.

Officinal Preparations.

a. MURIAS BARYTÆ, E. Muriate of baryta.

Prepared by dissolving carbonate of baryta broken into small pieces in a mixture of one part of muriatic acid and three of water, filtering the liquor, evaporating and crystallizing. Where the carbonate of baryta cannot be procured, this salt is obtained from the sulphate, by a very complex process, for which see Duncan's Dispensatory, and Chemistry as above.

b. SOLUTIO MURIATIS BARYTÆ, E. Solution of muriate of baryta.

Prepared by dissolving one part of crystallized muriate of baryta in three of water.

This has been recommended as a powerful stimulant and tonic, in a variety of diseases. We believe it has been of service in some cases of scrophula. Dose from five to ten drops, twice or thrice a-day.

271. CALX, L. CALX VIVA, E. CALX RECENS USTA, D. Lime. Quicklime. See Chemistry, Chap. xiii. Sect. 1.

Lime in substance is scarcely employed in medicine, except by way of caustic, mixed with soft soap or potash.

Officinal Preparation.

a. AQUA CALCIS, E. L. D. Lime-water.

This is a saturated solution of fresh burnt quicklime in water. After being made, it should be kept in vessels that are not too large, and carefully stopped, that it may not imbibe carbonic acid from the air.

Lime-water is employed as an antacid and astrigent, a tonic, and an anthelmintic. Dose internally from two to four ounces. As an anthelmintic it is used in the way of clyster, to destroy ascarides. It is also employed externally as a stimulant and detergent.

b. LINIMENTUM AQUE CALCIS. OLEUM LINI CUM CALCÆ, E. Liniment of lime, or Linseed oil with lime.

Prepared by mixing equal parts of lintseed oil and lime-water.

A useful application to recent scalds and burns.

272. CARBONAS CALCIS, E. Carbonate of lime. History of CARBONAS CALCIS MOLLIOR, E. CRETA, L. D. Simple and Chalk. CARBONAS CALCIS DURIOR, E. MARJOR. Officinal Medicines. Marble. See Chemistry, No 1230, et seq.

Carbonate of lime in its soft state is much employed in medicine as an antacid, and when powdered or prepared, it is applied externally to scalds and burns, and to cancerous sores.

Officinal Preparations.

a. CARBONAS CALCIS PRÆPARATÆ, E. CRETA PRÆPARATA, L. D. Prepared carbonate of lime. Prepared chalk.

This is chalk reduced to a very fine powder by trituration, levigation, diffusion in water, filtration, and drying. Ordinary dose, as an antacid, from 15 grains to a dram.

b. POTIO CARBONATIS CALCIS, E. MISTURA CRETAEA, L. D. Chalk potion.

Prepared, according to the Edinburgh college, by triturating an ounce of prepared carbonate of lime with two ounces of mucilage of gum arabic, and half an ounce of double-refined sugar; then adding gradually two pounds and a half of water, and two ounces of spirit of cinnamon.

The London and Dublin mixture is prepared by mixing one ounce of prepared chalk, six drams of double-refined sugar, one ounce of powdered gum arabic, with two pints or 30 ounces (D.), of distilled water.

Employed as an antacid, especially in diarrhoea, accompanied by acidity in the intestinal canal. It may be taken ad libitum.

c. TROCHISI CARBONATIS CALCIS, E. TROCHIS CI CRETAE, L. Troches of carbonate of lime. Troches of chalk.

Prepared of four ounces of carbonate of lime, one ounce of gum arabic, one dram of nutmeg, and six ounces of double-refined sugar, powdered together, and formed into a mass with water (E.) or, of four ounces of prepared chalk, two ounces of prepared crab's claws, half an ounce of cinnamon, and three ounces of double-refined sugar, powdered and made into a mass with mucilage of gum arabic (L.). Used as the preceding.

d. PULVIS CARBONATIS CALCIS COMPOSITUS, E. Compound PULVIS CRETAE COMPOSITUS, L. Compound powder of carbonate of lime. Compound powder of chalk.

Prepared of four ounces of prepared carbonate of lime, half a dram of nutmeg, and half a dram of cinnamon powdered together (E.) or, of half a pound of prepared chalk, four ounces of cinnamon, three ounces of tormentil, and the same of gum arabic, and half an ounce of long pepper powdered separately, and mixed together (L.).

Used as antacids and tonics, in debility of the intestinal canal. Dose from 15 to 30 grains.

e. AQUA AERIS FIXI, D. Water impregnated with fixed air.

Prepared Prepared by passing a stream of carbonic acid gas arising from the decomposition of three ounces of powdered white marble, and one half pound of diluted vitriolic acid, mixed with an equal quantity of water, through six pounds of pure spring water, in a Nooth's apparatus, with occasional agitation.

An excellent tonic, refrigerant, and anti-emetic.

f. Solutio Muriatis Calcis, E. Solution of muriate of lime.

Prepared by dissolving nine ounces of white marble broken to pieces, in sixteen ounces of muriatic acid, mixed with eight ounces of water; digesting for half an hour, pouring off the liquor, evaporating to dryness, dissolving the residuum in $1\frac{1}{2}$ times its weight of water, and filtering the solution.

An excellent tonic, useful in cases of scrofula and schirrus. Dose from 30 to 60 drops, twice or thrice a-day.

273. Sulphas Magnesiae, E. MAGNESIA VITRIOLATA, L. D. SAL CATHARTICUS AMARUS. Sulphate of magnesia. Vitriolated magnesia. Epsom salt. See Chemistry, Chap. xiii. Sect. 4.

Used as a purgative, in a dose of an ounce to an ounce and a half; as a tonic and gentle stimulant, in the dose of a dram or two diluted considerably, twice a-day.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Carbonas Magnesiae, E. MAGNESIA ALBA, L. D. Carbonate of magnesia. White Magnesia.

Prepared by decomposing sulphate of magnesia by an equal weight of carbonate of potash, each previously dissolved in twice its weight of warm water, strained, and then mixed, instantly adding eight times their weight of warm water; then boiling the liquor for a little with agitation, and when the heat is a little diminished, straining the liquor through linen, and well washing the powder that remains on the filter with warm water, and drying.

An excellent antacid, and in cases of acidity, a laxative; also a good anti-emetic, where the sickness is accompanied with acidity. Dose from half a dram to a dram.

b. Magnesia, E. MAGNESIA USTA, L. D. Magnesia. Burnt or calcined magnesia.

This is pure magnesia, freed from carbonic acid, by keeping it in a red heat for two hours, and putting it up in closely stopped bottles.

Preferable to the former as an antacid, wherever the extrication of carbonic acid may be unpleasant, by producing flatulency, especially for children.

c. Trochisci Magnesiae, L. Troches of magnesia.

Prepared by triturating together four ounces of burnt magnesia, two ounces of double refined sugar, and a scruple of powdered ginger, and forming a mass for troches, with mucilage of gum arabic.

274. Supersulphas Aluminae et Potassae, SUL-

PHAS ALUMINÆ, E. ALUMEN, L. D. Sulphate of alumina and potash. Alum. See Chemistry, No 1418, et seq.

Alum is employed both externally and internally as an astringent and tonic. Internally it is given chiefly in haemorrhages; dose from ten grains to a scruple.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Alumen Purificatum, L. Purified alum.

Prepared by boiling one pound of alum with one dram of chalk, in a pint of distilled water, straining and crystallizing.

b. Sulphas Aluminae Exsiccatus, E. ALUMEN Dried sulphate of alumina. Burnt alum.

Alum is freed from its water of crystallization by melting it over the fire in an earthen or iron vessel, and keeping it there till it ceases to boil.

Employed as an escharotic, to destroy fungous excrescences.

c. Aqua Aluminis Composita, L. Compound alum water.

Prepared by dissolving half a dram of alum, and the same of vitriolated zinc, in four ounces of distilled water.

Employed externally as a stimulant or astringent, especially in ophthalmia, and as an injection in leucorrhoea.

d. Pulvis Sulphatis Aluminae Compositus, E. Compound Pulvis Stypticus. Compound powder of sulphate of alumina. Styptic powder.

Composed of four parts of sulphate of alumina, and one part of kino, rubbed together to a fine powder.

Astringent. Dose from 15 to 30 grains.

e. Cataplasmum Aluminis, L. COAGULUM ALUMINOSUM, D. Alum cataplasm. Alum curd.

Prepared by shaking any quantity of the white of egg with a piece of alum till a curd is formed.

A useful application to sore and watery eyes, spread on linen, and applied at bed-time.

275. Bolus Gallicus, L. French bole. French bole.

A clayey earth, formerly employed as an antacid or absorbent.

Sect. VII. Metals and Metallic Preparations.

275. Acidum Arseniosum. OXIDUM ARSENIÆ, E. Arsenious acid. Oxide of arsenic. White acid arsenic. See Chemistry, No 1536, et seq.

For an excellent account of the effects of arsenic on the living body, the modes of obviating or counteracting them, and of its medical use, see Duncan's Dispensatory.

This substance is employed as a tonic in intermittent fever, but we consider it as a dangerous remedy. For the mode of preparing and exhibiting it, see Duncan's Part IV.

&c.

History of Duncan's Dispensatory as above, and Thesaurus Medicinalis Simple and officinal Medicines.

276. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII, E. ANTIMONIUM, L. STIBIUM, D. Sulphuret of antimony.

For the natural history and chemical nature of this substance, see Mineralogy Index, and Chemistry, Chap. xiv. Sect. 12.

In its natural state, sulphuret of antimony is not employed in human medicine, except to form the following

Officinal Preparations.

a. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PRÆPARATUM, E. ANTIMONIUM PRÆPARATUM, L. STIBIUM PRÆPARATUM, D. Prepared antimony.

Reduced to a very fine powder in the same manner as chalk, &c.

b. OXIDUM ANTIMONII CUM SULPHURE PER NITRATEM POTASSE, E. CROCUS ANTIMONII, L. STIBIUM NITRO CALCINATUM, D. Oxide of antimony with sulphur. Crocus of antimony.

Prepared by injecting into a red-hot crucible equal weights of sulphuret of antimony and nitrate of potash, powdered separately, and well mixed; separating the reddish matter that remains after the deflagration is over, from the whitish crust above it, and reducing the former to powder, which is to be well washed with hot water till it is tasteless. Scarcely employed in medicine, except as the basis of other preparations.

c. OXIDUM ANTIMONII CUM SULPHURE VITRIFICATUM, E. ANTIMONIUM VITRIFICATUM, L. Vitrified oxide of antimony with sulphur. Vitrified antimony. Glass of antimony.

Prepared by gradually heating powdered sulphuret of antimony till it ceases to emit sulphurous fumes, and then melting it by an intense heat into a glass, which is to be poured out on a heated brass plate.

Employed by the London colleges as the basis of their antimonial wine.

d. OXIDUM ANTIMONII VITRIFICATUM CUM CERA, E. Vitrified oxide of antimony with wax.

Made by adding to one part of melted yellow wax, eight parts of vitrified oxide of antimony with sulphur, and roasting the mixture over a gentle fire with continual agitation for about a quarter of an hour, then pouring out the mixture, and, when cold, grinding it to powder.

This is similar to a medicine that was much esteemed by Sir John Pringle, as a remedy in dysentery. Dose from two or three to 20 grains, according to the age and strength of the patient.

e. SULPHUR STIBIATUM FUSCUM, D. KERMES MINERALIS. Brown antimonial sulphur. Kermes mineral.

For the preparations and nature of this substance, see Chemistry, No 1688.

f. SULPHURETUM ANTIMONII PRÆCIPITATUM, E. SULPHUR ANT. PRÆCIP. L. SULPHUR PREPARED.

STIBIATUM RUFUM, D. Precipitated sulphuret of antimony.

Prepared by dissolving two pounds of prepared sulphuret of antimony in four pounds of water of potash, mixed with three pounds of water, adding more, if necessary, in a covered iron pot, over a slow fire for three hours, frequently stirring with an iron spatula, straining the liquor while hot, and precipitating the sulphuret by diluted sulphuric acid; then washing and drying the precipitate. See Chemistry, No 1688.

Employed like the last as a diaphoretic. Dose two or three grains.

g. MURIAS ANTIMONII, E. ANTIMONIUM MURIATICUM, L. STIBIUM MURIATUM CAUSTICUM, D. Muriate of antimony. Muriated antimony. Butter of antimony. See Chemistry, p. 638.

Employed sometimes as a caustic, and for preparing the following substance.

h. CALX STIBII PRÆCIPITATA, D. Precipitated calx of antimony. Powder of algaroth.

Prepared by adding eight ounces of muriated antimony to a filtered solution of eight ounces of mild vegetable alkali, in 40 pounds of water, washing and drying the precipitated powder.

i. OXIDUM ANTIMONII CUM PHOSPHATE CALCIS, E. PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS, L. PULVIS STIBIATUS, D. Oxide of antimony with phosphate of lime. Antimonial powder.

For the preparation and nature of this substance, see Chemistry, No 1686. It is considered as nearly the same with James's powder.

An excellent diaphoretic. Dose from five to ten grains.

k. TARTRAS ANTIMONII ET POTASSÆ. TARTRIS ANTIMONII, E. ANTIMONIUM TARTARI SATUM, L. TARTARUM STIBIATUM, D. Tartrate of antimony and potash. Tartarized antimony. Stibiated tartar. Emetic tartar or tartar emetic. See Chemistry, No 1687, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

The Edinburgh and London colleges direct this to be prepared by boiling together three parts of oxide of antimony with sulphur, (see No 891.) and four parts of super-tartrate of potash, for a quarter of an hour, in a glass vessel, straining the liquor, and setting it by to crystallize.

Emetic; dose two or three grains at once, or better half a grain or a grain at short intervals. Expectorant; dose half a grain, repeated at long intervals of two or three hours. Diaphoretic, in similar doses, combined with opium, &c. Alterative, in still smaller doses. Externally stimulant and rubefacient.

l. VINUM TARTRITIS ANTIMONII, E. VINUM ANTIMONII TARTARISATI, L. VINUM TARTARI STIBIATI, D. Wine of tartrite of antimony. Wine of tartarized antimony.

Prepared by dissolving tartrite of antimony and potash either immediately in Spanish white wine, or first in boiling water, and then adding the wine. The proportions History of portions of the colleges vary; those of Edinburgh being simple and ing 24 grains of salt to a pound of wine; of London and Dublin, 40 grains of salt to two ounces of boiling water, and eight ounces of wine; so that the former contains two grains in every ounce by weight, the latter four grains in every ounce by measure.

Doses of the Edinburgh wine as an emetic, an ounce, or an ounce and a half, or at intervals half an ounce; as an expectorant or diaphoretic, a dram or two. The London and Dublin wine may be taken in about half the above doses.

m. Vinum Antimonii, L. Antimonial wine.

Prepared by digesting an ounce of vitrified antimony in powder, in a pint and a half of Spanish white wine, for 12 days, with frequent agitation and straining through paper.

This preparation might be omitted, as it is neither so easily prepared nor so certain as the last.

n. Antimonium calcinatum, L. Calcined antimony. Diaphoretic antimony. See Chemistry, No 1690.

Formerly much employed as a diaphoretic in a dose of from five to 30 grains; but since the introduction of James's powder and the analogous preparations, nearly disused.

o. Pilulae stibii compositae, D. Pilulae plumeri. Compound antimonial pills. Plumer's pills.

Prepared by triturating together three ounces of precipitated sulphur of antimony, and the same of mild muriate of mercury; then adding a dram of extract of gentian, and the same of hard Spanish soap, and forming a mass with soap jelly.

Formerly in great repute as an alterative.

277. Hydrargyrum, D. Hydrargyrus, E. L. Argentum vivum. Mercury. Quicksilver.

For an account of the chemical nature and properties of mercury, and the modes of ascertaining its purity, see Chemistry, p. 642.

We shall first notice the several officinal preparations of mercury, and then subjoin a sketch of its uses and the cases to which it is best adapted.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Hydrargyrum purificatum, D. Hydrargyrus purificatus, E. L.

The Edinburgh process is to rub together four parts of quicksilver, and one part of iron filings, and distil from an iron vessel.

b. Acetas hydrargyri. Acetis hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum acetatum, D. Hydrargyrus acetatus, L. Accetate of mercury. Acetated mercury. See Chemistry, No 1749.

Scarcely employed at present, except as an external stimulant or discutient.

c. Murias hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum muriatum corrosivum, D. Hy-

DRARGYRUS MURIATUS, L. Muriate of mercury. Corrosive muriated mercury. Corrosive sublimated muriate. See Chemistry, No 1736.

Prepared by boiling two pounds of purified quicksilver in two pounds and a half of sulphuric acid, in a glass vessel, over a sand bath, to dryness, triturating the dried mass when cold with four pounds of dried muriate of soda, then subliming in a glass cucurbit with a heat gradually increased, and separating the sublimed matter from the scoriae.

Used as a sialagogue; dose one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain; as an external stimulus or escharotic to venereal ulcers, chancre, and herpetic eruptions, in the proportion of about a grain or more to the ounce of liquid.

d. Submuriatas hydrargyri, E. Hydrargyrum muriatum mite sublimatum, D. Calomel, L. Submuriate of mercury. Sublimed mild muriate of mercury. Calomel. See Chemistry, No 1742, where the process is much the same as that of the Edinburgh college.

Given in most cases where mercury is indicated. Dose, as a diaphoretic or alterative, about a grain; as a cathartic or anthelmintic, three to 10 grains; as a sialagogue, one or two grains twice a day.

e. Submuriatas hydrargyri precipitatus, E. Precipitated hydrargyrum muriatum mite precipitatum, D. Hydrargyrum muriatus mite, L. Precipitated submuriate of mercury. Precipitated mild muriate of mercury.

Procured by adding to a solution of half a pound of purified quicksilver in the same weight of diluted nitrous acid, a solution of four pounds and a half of muriate of soda in eight pounds of boiling water; washing and drying the precipitate.

Much the same in its effects and doses as the foregoing.

f. Calx hydrargyri alba, L. White calx of mercury. White precipitate.

Prepared by dissolving first half a pound of sal ammoniac, and then half a pound of muriated mercury, in distilled water, adding to the mixed solution half a pound of water of prepared kali, filtering and washing and drying the precipitate. See Duncan's Dispensatory.

g. Unguentum calcis hydrargyri albae, L. Ointment of white calx of mercury.

Ointment of white calx of mercury.

Prepared by mixing a dram of the foregoing with an ounce and a half of ointment of hog's lard.

Used to destroy vermin, and in some cutaneous eruptions.

h. Oxidum hydrargyri cinereum, E. Pulcinereus vis hydrargyri cinereus, D. Cinereous oxide of mercury.

Prepared by dissolving four parts of purified quicksilver in five parts of diluted nitrous acid; then gradually adding 15 parts of distilled water, and pouring in a sufficient quantity of water of carbonate of ammonia to precipitate the whole of the oxide, which is to be washed and dried. Part IV.

&c.

History of A mild sialagogue and alterative. Dose from one simple and to five grains. Used also as a fumigation in syphilitic eruptions, &c.

i. Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri Cinerei, E. Ointment of cinerous oxide of mercury.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and three parts of hog's lard. Used for mercurial inunction.

k. Hydrargyrus cum Creta, L. Quicksilver with chalk.

Prepared by triturating together three parts of purified quicksilver and five parts of prepared chalk, till the globules disappear.

A mild alterative. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

l. Hydrargyrum calcinatum, D. Hydrargyrus calcinatus, L. Calcined mercury. See Chemistry, No 1709.

A violent sialagogue. Dose half a grain to a grain.

m. Oxidum Hydrargyri rubrum per Acidum nitricum, E. Hydrargyrus nitratus ruber, L. Hydrargyrum subnitratum, D. Red oxide of mercury by nitric acid. Red nitrated mercury. Red precipitate. See Chemistry, No 1709.

Used as a stimulant or an escharotic in fungous ulcers, &c.

n. Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri rubri, E. Ointment of red oxide of mercury.

Composed of one part of the foregoing reduced to fine powder, and eight parts of hog's lard.

o. Subsulphas Hydrargyri flavus, E. Hydrargyrum subvitriolatum, D. Hydrargyrus vitriolatus, L. Yellow subsulphate of mercury. Subvitrified mercury. Turpeth mineral. See Chemistry, No 1720.

Employed chiefly as an errhine, mixed with liquorice powder or cephalic snuff.

p. Sulphuretum Hydrargyri nigrum, E. Hydrargyrum sulphuratium nigrum, D. Hydrargyrus cum sulphure, L. Black sulphuret of mercury. Mercury with sulphur. Ethiops mineral.

Prepared by triturating together in a glass mortar with a glass pestle, equal weights of purified quicksilver, and sublimed sulphur, till the globules of the former disappear. See Chemistry, No 1712.

Employed chiefly as an alterative in cutaneous diseases and glandular affections. Dose from five or 10 grains to a dram or more.

q. Hydrargyrum sulphuratium rubrum, D. Hydrargyrus sulphuratus ruber, L. Red sulphuret of mercury. Factitious cinnabar. Vermilion. See Chemistry, No 1713.

Used principally as a fumigation for venereal ulcers in the nose, mouth, and throat, and as an ingredient in an ointment for the itch.

r. Pilulae Hydrargyri, E. L. D. Mercury pills.

Prepared by triturating an ounce of purified quicksilver with the same weight of conserve of red roses in a glass mortar, till the globules completely disappear, adding occasionally a little mucilage of gum arabic, then adding two ounces of starch, and beating the whole with a little water into a mass, to be immediately divided into 480 equal pills (E). The London pills are composed of two drams of purified quicksilver, three drams of conserve of roses, and one dram of powdered liquorice; and the Dublin pills of three drams of quicksilver, the same of extract of liquorice, and a dram and a half of purified liquorice root.

Four grains of the Edinburgh mass, three of the London, and two and a half of the Dublin, contain about one grain of mercury, so that the last are nearly twice as strong as the first. Dose of the Edinburgh pills as a sialagogue, from three to six, once or twice a day.

s. Unguentum Hydrargyri, E. Mercurial ointment. Blue ointment.

Prepared by triturating together one part of quicksilver with a little hog's lard, till the globules disappear; then adding one part of mutton suet, and as much hog's lard as with the first quantity, is equal to three parts. Also formed with double or treble the quantity of mercury.

Used for mercurial inunction. Quantity to be used at once about four scruples or drams every other night, or every night.

t. Unguentum Hydrargyri Fortius, L. D. Stronger mercurial ointment.

Composed of two pounds of purified quicksilver, 23 ounces of prepared hog's lard, and an ounce of prepared mutton suet.

Quantity used at once, about two scruples or a dram.

u. Unguentum Hydrargyri Mitius, L. D. Milder mercurial ointment. Trooper's ointment.

Formed of one part of the foregoing, and two of prepared hog's lard. Used chiefly to destroy vermin, or for some cutaneous affections.

v. Emplastrum Hydrargyri, E. Mercurial plaster.

Formed by melting one part of olive oil, and the same of white rosin together; and when the mixture is cold, rubbing with it three parts of quicksilver till the globules disappear, afterwards adding by degrees six parts of melted plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead, and mixing the whole carefully together.

w. Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro, L. Plaster of gum ammoniac with mercury.

Prepared by triturating together three ounces of purified quicksilver, with about a dram of sulphurated oil, till the globules disappear, and then adding gradually one pound of strained gum ammoniac melted. Employed as a tonic and antispasmodic, chiefly in epilepsy. Dose from three to 10 grains, three or four times a day.

b. Unguentum Oxidi Zinci, E. Ointment of oxide of zinc.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and six parts of simple liniment.

Applied to the eye as an astringent, in cases of ophthalmia, attended with debility and relaxation of the vessels.

c. Sulphas Zinci, E. Zincum Vitriola. Sulphate of Tum, L. D. Sulphate of zinc. Vitriolated zinc. White vitriol. See Chemistry, No 1764.

Employed internally as an emetic, in the dose of from 10 to 30 grains, and as an astringent and tonic in a dose of from two to five grains, several times a day. Externally as a stimulant and astringent, in the form of lotion, collyrium, or injection.

d. Solutio Sulphatis Zinci, E. Solution of sulphate of zinc.

Prepared by dissolving 16 grains of sulphate of zinc in eight ounces of water; then adding 16 drops of diluted sulphuric acid, and filtering through paper.

Used in most cases where the sulphate of zinc is employed externally.

e. Aqua Zinci Vitriolati cum Camphora, L. Water of Water of vitriolated zinc with camphor.

Composed of half an ounce of vitriolated zinc, half camphor, an ounce by measure of camphorated spirit, and two pints of boiling water, mixed together, and filtered through paper.

Used for an astringent lotion and collyrium.

f. Solutio Acetitis Zinci, E. Solution of acetite of zinc.

Prepared by mixing together a solution of one dram of sulphate of zinc, in 10 ounces of distilled water, and a solution of four scruples of acetate of lead in 10 ounces of distilled water, allowing them to stand for some time at rest, and filtering.

An excellent astringent collyrium.

279. Oxidum Zinci Impurum, E. Tutia, L. Impure oxide of zinc. Tutty. See Mineralo-ide of zinc. Index.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Oxidum Zinci Impurum Praeparatum, E. Prepared Tutia Præparata, L. D. Prepared impure oxide of zinc. Prepared tutty.

Prepared in the same way as chalk, and other hard substances.

b. Unguentum Oxidi Zinci Impuri, E. Unguentum Tutiae, L. D. Ointment of impure oxide of zinc. Tutty ointment.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and five parts of simple liniment (E.), or of any quantity of the foregoing, and as much ointment of spermaceti, or of hog's. Part IV.

&c.

History of hog's lard as is sufficient to form a soft ointment Simple and (L. D.) Officinal Medicines. Used in similar cases with No 932.

280. Carbonas Zinci impurus, E. Lapis Calaminaris, L. D. Impure carbonate of zinc. Calamine. See Mineralogy Index.

Officinal Preparations.

941 Prepared a. Carbonas Zinci impurus praeparatus, E. impure car. Lapis Calaminaris praeparatus, L. D. Prepared carbonate of zinc. Prepared calamine.

942 Cerate of impure car. Lapidis Calaminaris, L. D. Ceratum Epuloticum. Cerate of impure carbonate of zinc. Calamine cerate. Epulotic cerate. Brown cerate. Turner's cerate.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and five parts of simple cerate (E.), or of half a pound (L.), or one part (D.) of the foregoing, the same of yellow wax, and a pint (L.) or two parts (D.) of olive oil. Employed chiefly as a dressing to sores and ulcers.

281. Stannum, E. L. D. Tin. See Chemistry, p. 653.

Officinal Preparations.

943 Tin.

944 Powder of tin.

a. Stanni pulvis, L. D. Powder of tin.

Prepared by granulating melted tin by agitation in a covered wooden box rubbed with chalk; or by stirring while melted over the fire till it be reduced to a powder. Employed as a mechanical anthelmintic, especially in cases of tenia and lumbricus. Dose from two drams to half an ounce.

282. Plumbum, E. L. D. Lead. See Chemistry, p. 657.

945 Lead.

946 White oxide of lead.

Oxidum Plumbi albi, E. Cerussa, L. D. White oxide of lead. Ceruse. White lead. See Chemistry, No 1836.

Officinal Preparations.

947 Compound powder of ceruse.

a. Pulvis Cerussae compositus, L. Compound powder of ceruse.

Composed of five ounces of ceruse, half an ounce of sarcocel, and half an ounce of gum-tragacanth, powdered together. Intended as an external discutient, but inferior for that purpose to the solutions of the salts of lead.

948 Ointment of white oxide of lead.

b. Unguentum oxidi Plumbi albi, E. Unguentum album. Ointment of white oxide of lead. White ointment.

Composed of five parts of simple ointment, and one of white oxide of lead. A cooling desiccative ointment, forming a useful application in cases of excoriation.

949 Superacetate of lead.

c. Superacetas Plumbi, Acetis Plumbi, E. Cerussa acetata, L. D. Saccharum

SATURNI. Superacetate of lead. Acetated ceruse. Sugar of lead. See Chemistry, No 1858.

Chiefly employed in solution as an external refrigerant or astringent, by way of lotion, collyrium, or injection. Its external use being highly dangerous, ought to be entirely abandoned.

d. Unguentum acetitis Plumbi, E. Unguentum cerussae acetatae, L. D. Unguentum saturninum. Gintment of acetate of lead. Ointment of acetated ceruse. Saturnine ointment.

Composed of one part of the foregoing, and 20 parts of simple ointment (E.) or two drams of the foregoing, two ounces of white wax, and half a pint or half a pound of olive oil (L. D.).

A useful refrigerant ointment.

283. Oxidum Plumbi rubrum, E. Minium, L. Red oxide of lead. Red lead. See Chemistry, No 1832.

This is now scarcely employed in medicine.

284. Oxidum Plumbi semivitrum, E. Lithargyrus, L. D. Semivitrified oxide of lead. Litharge. See Chemistry, No 1834.

Officinal Preparations.

951 Prepared litharge.

Reduced to an impalpable powder by levigation, &c., in the usual manner.

b. Aqua Lithargyri acetati, L. Liquor Lithargyri acetati, D. Extractum Saturni. Water of acetated litharge. Extract of litharge.

Prepared by mixing two pounds four ounces of litharge with a gallon of distilled vinegar, boiling to six pints with constant agitation, then setting it aside till the feces have subsided, and then straining.

c. Liquor Lithargyri acetati compositus, D. Compound water of acetated litharge.

Prepared by mixing a dram of the foregoing with a dram of proof spirit, and adding 14 ounces or a pint of distilled water.

This is intended as a refrigerant application, and is attended with effects similar to those of the superacetate of lead, from which it however differs in its chemical nature.

d. Ceratum Lithargyri acetati compositum, L. Ceratum Lithargyri acetati, D. Compound cerate of acetated litharge.

Prepared by rubbing half a dram of camphor with a little olive oil, and in the mean time adding gradually two ounces and a half of acetated litharge to a melted mixture of four ounces of yellow wax, and nine ounces of olive oil, stirring it till cold; and lastly adding the camphorated oil. Formerly much employed as a refrigerant application, but differing in little, except in consistence, History of consistence, from the other combinations of lead with simple and fatty matters.

Officinal Medicines.

e. Emplastrum oxidii Plumbi semivitrii, E. Emplastrum lithargyri, L. D. Emplastrum commune. Plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead. Litharge plaster. Common plaster. Dia-

cultum plaster.

Prepared by boiling together over a slow fire, one part of semivitrified oxide of lead in powder, and about two parts of olive oil, adding a little hot water from time to time, and constantly agitating till the litharge and oil are uniformly mixed.

This plaster has been long employed to cover excoriated surfaces, and to form plasters for supporting the teguments in the neighbourhood of sores and ulcers.

For the ill effects of lead as a poison, see Fothergill's "Cautions concerning Poisons of Lead and Copper."

285. Ferrum, E. L. D. Iron. See Chemistry, p. 664.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Ferri Limaturae purificatae, E. Purified filings of iron.

Filings of iron are purified by placing a sieve over them, and attracting the purer particles through the sieve by means of a good magnet.

Sometimes employed internally as a tonic and anthelmintic, but their use is attended with an unpleasant extrication of hydrogenous gas.

b. Ferri oxidum nigrum purificatum, E. Ferri squamae purificatae. Purified black oxide of iron. Purified scales of iron.

This is a preparation of the scales of iron that collect about a smith's anvil, by the magnet.

A better medicine than the former, as it is not attended with the extrication of hydrogen gas. Dose from five grains to a scruple.

c. Carbonas ferri, E. Ferri rubigo, L. D. Carbonate of iron. Rust of iron. See Chemistry, No 1886, and 1929.

A good tonic, useful in general debility, and in uterine obstructions dependent on debility. Dose about a scruple, several times a day.

d. Aqua ferri aerati, D. Water of aerated iron.

This is an artificial chalybeate water, prepared in the same manner as No 875, with the addition of a coil of fine iron wire suspended in the water.

An excellent tonic, forming a good substitute for the natural chalybeate waters. Dose a glass or two, twice or thrice a day.

e. Vinum ferri, L. Vinum ferratum, D. Wine of iron. Chalybeate wine.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of iron filings in four pints of Spanish white wine, for a month, with frequent agitation, and then straining the liquor.

A tonic formerly much used in chlorotic cases. Dose from a dram to half an ounce.

f. Sulphas ferri, E. Ferrum vitriola-tum, L. D. Sal martis. Sulphate of iron. Simple and Vitriolated iron. Salt of steel. See Chemistry, No 1903.

A good tonic, but apt to disagree with the stomach and bowels. Dose from half a grain to one grain several times a day.

g. Tinctura muriatis ferri, E. Tinctura ferri muriati, L. D. Tincture of muriate of iron.

The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by digesting three ounces of purified black oxide of iron in powder, and ten ounces of muriatic acid, with a gentle heat; then adding, after the powder is dissolved, as much alcohol as will make the whole liquor amount to two pounds and a half. The preparations of the other colleges do not materially differ from this. Dose from 10 to 20 drops, twice or thrice a day.

h. Ferrum tartaratum, L. Tartarized iron.

Prepared by mixing one pound of iron filings, and two pounds of powdered crystals of tartar, into a thick mass with distilled water, exposing them to the air for eight days in a wide glass vessel, and then drying the matter in a sand bath, and grinding to a very fine powder. See Chemistry, p. 671. Dose from 10 to 30 grains.

286. Sulphas ferri nativus. Native sulphate of iron. Green vitriol. Green copperas.

Officinal Preparations.

a. Sulphas ferri exsiccatus, E. Dried sulphate of iron.

Prepared by exposing any quantity of sulphate of iron to the action of a moderate heat, in an unglazed earthen vessel, till it becomes white and perfectly dry.

b. Oxidum ferri rubrum, E. Red oxide of iron. Red oxide of iron. Colcothar of vitriol.

Prepared by exposing the foregoing preparation to an intense heat till it is converted into a very red matter.

c. Emplastrum oxidii ferri rubri, E. Emplastrum roborans. Plaster of red oxide of iron. Strengthening plaster.

Prepared by grinding eight parts of red oxide of iron with three of olive oil; and then adding them to a melted mixture of 24 parts of plaster of semivitrified oxide of lead, six parts of white rosin, and three of yellow wax.

Used as an external application, spread on linen or leather, in weaknesses of the back and loins.

d. Muriatas ammoniae et ferri, E. Ferrum ammoniacale, L. Muriate of ammonia and iron.

Prepared by mixing equal weights of red oxide of iron, washed and dried, and muriate of ammonia, and subliming, E. Dose from three to ten grains.

e. Tinctura ferri ammoniacalis, L. Tincture of ammoniacal iron.

Prepared Part IV.

&c.

Prepared by digesting four ounces of the preceding, simple and with a pint of proof spirit, and straining.

Used in similar cases with the tincture of muriate of iron, which is, however, to be preferred to it.

Tincture of acetated iron.

f. TINTURA FERRI ACETATI, D. Tincture of acetated iron.

Prepared by rubbing together in a glass mortar, acetated vegetable alkali, and vitriolated iron, of each an ounce, till the mass deliquesces, and then adding during the trituration two pounds of alcohol, and straining the solution.

A powerful astringent and tonic. Dose 20 or 30 drops.

The preparations of iron, given in a moderate dose, gradually raise the pulse, improve the colour of the face, and increase the alvine, urinary, and cuticular excretions. Their taking proper effect is denoted by fetid eructations and black stools.

These tonics are indicated chiefly in cases of supernatural discharges, or suppression of natural secretions or excretions, proceeding from languor and sluggishness of the fluids, and general weakness of the solids. They are therefore useful in passive hemorrhages, in dyspepsia, hysteria, and chlorosis; in most of the cachexies, in cancerous affections, and in the general debility that often remains after acute diseases or excessive hemorrhages.

The preparations of iron, when given too largely, or improperly, produce headache, anxiety, heat of skin, and not unfrequently hemorrhages or vomiting, pains in the stomach, and spasms and pains in the bowels. They are improper wherever the circulation is already too quick, the solids too tense and rigid; and where there is any stricture and spasmodic contractions of the vessels.

CUPRUM, E. L. D. Copper. See Chemistry, p. 674.

SUBACETIS CUPRI, E. ÆRUGO. Subacetate of copper. Verdigris. See Chemistry, No 1995.

Employed chiefly as an escharotic, to destroy callos edges or fungous flesh, or as a stimulant to foul ulcers.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ÆRUGO PRÆPARATA, L. D. Prepared verdigris.

Prepared like other substances not soluble in water.

b. OXYMEL ÆRUGINIS, L. Oxymel of verdigris.

Prepared by dissolving one ounce of prepared verdigris in seven ounces of vinegar, straining through linen, and boiling with 14 ounces of clarified honey to a proper consistence.

Sometimes used as a detergent gargle to venereal ulcerations of the mouth and tonsils, but with much precaution. More generally employed, mixed with some stimulant ointment, as an external stimulant and escharotic.

c. UNGUENTUM SUBACETITIS CUPRI, E. Ointment of subacetite of copper.

Prepared by mixing 15 parts of resinous ointment, and one part of subacetite of copper.

d. LIQUOR CUPRI AMONNIATI, D. AQUA CUPRI AMONNIATI, L. AQUA SAPPHARINA. Water of ammoniated copper. Sapphire water.

Prepared by the Dublin college, by mixing four grains of prepared verdigris, and two scruples of sal ammoniac, with eight ounces of fresh made lime water, digesting for 24 hours, and pouring off the clear liquor.

Used as a stimulant and detergent lotion.

E. CUPRUM VITRIO. Sulphate of copper. Vitriolated copper. Blue or Roman vitriol. Blue stone. See Chemistry, No 1972.

Sometimes given internally as an emetic, in the dose of from two to five grains, and as a tonic, a grain or two, several times a-day; but its internal use is dangerous. More frequently employed as an escharotic.

Officinal Preparations.

a. SOLUTIO SULPHATIS CUPRI COMPOSITA, E. QUA STYPTICA. Compound solution of sulphate of copper. Styptic water.

Prepared by boiling three ounces of sulphate of copper, and the same of sulphate of alumina, in two pounds of water, till they are dissolved; then adding one ounce and a half of diluted sulphuric acid to the liquor previously filtered.

Employed chiefly as a styptic for stopping superficial hemorrhages, or bleedings at the nose.

b. AMONNIARETUM CUPRI, E. CUPRUM AMONNIATUM, D. Ammoniarett of copper. Ammoniated copper.

Prepared by the Edinburgh college, by rubbing two parts of the purest sulphate of copper with three parts of carbonate of ammonia carefully together, in a glass mortar, till the effervescence has entirely ceased, and they unite into a violet-coloured mass, which is to be wrapt up in blotting paper, and dried, first upon a chalk stone, and afterwards by a gentle heat, and put into a phial that is to be closely stopped.

Employed as a tonic and antispasmodic, chiefly in cases of epilepsy. Dose about half a grain or a grain, gradually increased to four or five grains, three or four times a-day.

c. PILULÆ AMONNIARETI CUPRI, E. Pills of ammoniarett of copper.

Composed of 16 grains of ammoniarett of copper in fine powder, and four scruples of crumb of bread, beaten into a mass with a sufficient quantity of water or carbonate of ammonia, and immediately divided into 32 equal pills.

One or two of these pills is a moderate dose.

For an account of the ill effects arising from copper History of as a poison, and the means of detecting and obviating Simple and them, see Fothergill's Cautions concerning the Poisons Official Medicines. of Lead and Copper, and Duncan's Dispensatory.

289. ARGENTUM, E. L. D. Silver. See CHEMISTRY, p. 681.

Officinal Preparation.

a. NITRAS ARGENTI, E. ARGENTUM NITRATUM, L. D. CAUSTICUM LUNARE. Nitrate of silver. Nitrated silver. Lunar caustic.

Prepared by dissolving in a phial, with a gentle heat, four ounces of the purest silver flattened into plates, and cut into pieces, in eight ounces of diluted nitrous acid, mixed with four ounces of distilled water, and evaporating to a dry mass, which is to be put into a large crucible, and placed on a gentle fire, increased gradually till the mass flows like oil; then pouring it into iron pipes previously heated and anointed with tallow, and when cool, putting it into a glass vessel to be well stopped.

Employed chiefly as an escharotic, to destroy the callous edges of ulcers, warts, and other excrescences; but lately much recommended, and employed with some success, as a tonic in cases of epilepsy. It should be begun in very small doses, about one-eighth or one-fourth of a grain, dissolved in distilled water, or made into a pill with crumbs of bread, gradually increasing the dose to a grain or more, twice or three times a-day.

CHAP. IV. Gaseous Substances.

290. GAS OXYGENUM. Oxygenous gas. Vital air.

On the nature and properties of this gas, see CHEMISTRY, No 341.

When air, with an increased proportion of oxygen, is respired, it acts as a powerful stimulus, increasing the circulation and animal heat, raising the spirits, and producing a temporary increase of vigour and activity, followed, however, in a short time, by corresponding languor and weariness. From its stimulant effects, the respiration of superoxygenated air has been much recommended in various cases of debility, as chlorosis, epilepsy, asthmatic and dropsical affections; but it seems now falling into disuse, from a conviction that practitioners were too sanguine in their expectations.

See Alyon Essai sur les Proprietes Medicinales de l'Oxygene, 8vo. Ward Dissert. Inaug. de Medicina Pneumatica, Edin. 1800. Hodge's Dissert. Inaug. de Oxygenio, Edin. 1801; and the Practical Synopsis.

291. GAS AZOTI OXIDUM. OXIDUM NITROSUM. Gaseous oxide of azote. Nitrous Oxide. See CHEMISTRY, p. 493; 494, where the nature and effects of this gas are detailed at sufficient length.

As the respiration of this gas is not followed by the depression and debility consequent on the application of most other stimuli, it promises fair to become a useful remedy in some cases of debility and atony of the vital powers; but it is not yet much employed except by way of philosophical experiment. See Davy's Researches on Nitrous Oxide.

292. GAS HYDROGENEUM. Hydrogen gas. Flammable air. See CHEMISTRY, No 373, et seq.

Hydrogen gas diluted with about ten times its quantity of atmospheric air, has been recommended in asthmatic complaints; but its success has not equalled the expectations of physicians.

293. GAS HYDROGENUM CARBONATUM. Carbonated hydrogen gas. See CHEMISTRY, No 412.

This gas, which is so deleterious when respired in its pure state, has been strongly recommended when diluted with about 20 parts of atmospheric air, as a remedy in phthisis, in some cases of which it has evidently been of service, relieving the symptoms, and at least arresting the progress of the disease. It should, however, be employed with great caution, and at first largely diluted.

294. GAS ACIDUM CARBONICUM. Carbonic acid gas. Fixed air. See CHEMISTRY, No 595.

Besides the solution of this gas in water (see No 875.), used internally as a tonic and refrigerant, the gas itself, as evolved from fermenting substances, is a good stimulant or antiseptic application to foul ulcers and cancerous sores. The modification of this substance which is contained in yeast or barm, has been much employed of late in typhus, but we believe with no material benefit.

295. CALORICUM. Caloric. Heat. See CHEMISTRY, Chap. iii.

It would be in vain for us here to attempt any account of the effects of heat on the human body, and these have been amply detailed, both by chemical and physiological writers. It acts as a powerful stimulus, and as such is often employed, especially in the form of warm and vapour baths, in various cases of debility and atony of the system. The effect and uses of the warm and vapour baths have been already mentioned under WATER, as have the effects and uses of the cold bath.

296. LUMEN. Light. See CHEMISTRY, Chap. ii.

Besides its effect on the eye, in producing vision, light evidently acts as a general and powerful stimulus, raising the spirits, and increasing the vigour and activity of the body. See Rush's Lectures on Animal Life.

297. ELECTRICITAS. Electricity.

Common electricity acts as a powerful stimulus on the system, in proportion to the degree of concentration in which it is applied. When applied under the form of a stream, or continued discharge of electric fluid, its effects are the most gentle; but in general, when applied in the form of sparks, it is more active, but its effects are more confined; and when applied by way of a shock, it acts very powerfully, producing an agitation of the muscles of the part through which the shock is discharged; and if the shock is violent, the whole body partakes of the agitation. Electricity Part IV.

MATERIA MEDICA, &c.

History of lectricity has been found of service, chiefly in cases of Simple and paralysis, and of uterine obstruction dependent on debility.

For the mode of applying electricity to the body, under its various states, we must refer to Cavallo's Medical Electricity, and Cuthbertson's Practical Electricity and Galvanism.

298. GALVANISMUS. Galvanism.

This modification of electricity is found to have produced still greater effects on the human body, when applied under particular circumstances, into which we have not now room to enter. Much has of late been written on the efficacy of this powerful agent in the cure of various diseases, but like most other new remedies, its powers have been greatly overrated. It appears to have been most successful in cases of local paralysis, or nervous atony. In particular, it has in several instances relieved deafness, especially that species which seems to arise from torpor of the auditory nerve.

For the effects of galvanism on the body, and its application in medicine, see Wilkinson's Elements of Galvanism, vol. ii. p. 441.; Cuthbertson's Electricity and Galvanism; the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, &c.

ADDENDUM.

The following was omitted among the preparations of iron.

g. Carbonas Ferri præcipitatus, E. Precipitated carbonate of iron.

Prepared by decomposing a solution of sulphate of iron by a solution of carbonate of soda; washing and drying the precipitate.

Similar in its virtues to 961. Dose five to 30 grains.

The space allotted to this article was so small, and the time for preparing it so short, that it is, of necessity, much less full and complete than it might otherwise have been. As it was impossible, under such circumstances, to produce any thing like an original and complete treatise, the compiler has endeavoured to render as useful as possible the selection that he found it necessary to make, and to supply the unavoidable deficiencies by a reference to the most respectable works on the subject.

INDEX.

A.

Acetate of potash, 311 of mercury, 956 Acid, acetous, impure, 305 distilled, 306 strong, 307 camphorated, 309 acetic, 307 benzoic, 570 succinic, 829 sulphuric, 835 aromatic, 837 vitriolic, 835 nitrous, 847 nitric, 848 muriatic, 853 marine, 888 arsenious, 628 Aconitum neomontanum, 504 Aesculus hippocastanum, 817 Affusion of warm water, 819 cold water, 294 Alcohol, common, 295 pure, 237 ammoniated, 243 aromatic, 246 fetid, 238 Alkali, volatile, mild, 312 vegetable, fixed, 840 mineral, fixed, 473 Allium sativum, 475

B.

Aquafortis, 476 Arbutus uva ursi, 672 Aristolochia serpentaria, 881 Arnica montana, 828 Arsenic, white, 238 Artemisia abrotanum, 324 Artemisia maritima, 982 Artemisia vulgaris, 336 Artichoke, 340 Arum maculatum, 339 Asarabaca, 587 Asarum europaeum, 505 Asafoetida, 506 Ass's milk, character of, 456 Astragalus tragacantha, 458 Astringents, 450 Atropa belladonna, 331 Avens, 191 Balm, 185 of Gilead, 718 Balsam of Peru, 721 of Tolu, 889 of Copaiva, 892 of Canada, 902 Barberry, 179 Barilla, 461 Bark, Peruvian or Jesuit's, 762 Barytes, 762 Bath, hot, 90 Bath, 511 | Bath, warm, cold | Bay, bees-wax, benzoin or benjamin, Berberis vulgaris, Berries, esculet, list of, Bistort, great, Bittersweet, Borax, Broom, Bryonia alba, Bubon galbanum, Buckthorn, Butter-milk, nature of, | |-----------------|----------------------------------| | C. | Cabbage-tree bark, Calamine, Calamus aromaticus, Calomel, Caloric, Calx of mercury, white, Camphor, Canella alba, Cantharides, Capsicum annum, Carbonate of ammonia, of potash, of soda, impure, of baryta, of lime, prepared, of magnesia, of zinc, impure, prepared, of iron, precipitated, Cardamine pratinensis, Cardamom seeds, lesser, Cardinal flower, blue, Carum carui, Cassarilla, Cassia bark, fistula, senna, Castor, Cataplasm, of cummin, mustard, alum, Catechu, Centaurea benedicta, Centaury, lesser, Cephaëlis ipecacuanha, Cerate of spermacetii, white or simple, of cantharides, resinous, soap, of impure carbonate of zinc, of calamine, epulotic brown, or Turner's, compound of acetated litharge, |

| No 816 | Cerusse, ib. Chalk, Chamomile flowers, Charcoal, Chemical remedies, Chesnut, horse, Chironia centaureum, Cinchona officinalis, caribea, Cinnamon, Cistus creticus, Citrus aurantium, medica, Clove julyflower, Cloves, Cochineal, Cochlearia officinalis, armoracia, Colchicum autumnale, Colocynth, Colts foot, Columbo root, Condiments, nature of, Confection, aromatic, Conserve of squill, wood sorrel, of sloes, of roses, of hips, of orange peel, of sea wormwood, of arum, Contrayerva, Convolvulus scammonia, jalapa, Cookery, general remarks on, Copaiéra officinalis, Copper, vitriolated, Coriandrum sativum, Cowhage, or cowiteh, Cresses, water, Crocus sativus, of antimony, Croton eleutheria, Cubbs, Cucumber, wild, Cucumis colocynthis, Cullen's materia medica, arrangement, Cumminum cuminum, Curcuma longa, Curd, alum, Cynara scolymus, D. Daphne mezereum, Darwin's arrangement of remedies, Datura stramonium, Decoction of barley, compound, of cinchona, |

| No 946 | Decoction of elm bark, of mezereon, compound, of guaiacum, for clysters, of marshmallow, of seneka, of cabbage-tree bark, for fomentations, of chamomile, of sarsaparilla, compound, of white hellebore, Dianthus caryophyllus, Diaphoretics, Diet, writers on, of the sick, remarks on, Digitalis purpurea, Distillation, Diuretics, Dolichos pruriens, Dorstenia contrajerva, Dragon's blood, Duncan's New Dispensatory, E. Earth, japan, Elaterium, Elder, Electricity, Electuaries, general remarks on, Electuary of scammony, aromatic, of cassia, of seuna, opiate, of catechu, Eleocharis, Elm bark, Elutrition, Emetics, Emollients, Emulsion of gum ammoniac, of assafcetida, camphorated, almond, arabic, Errhines, Eryngium maritimum, Escharotics, Ether, sulphuric, with alcohol, aromatic, vitriolic, Evaporation, in pharmacy, Eucalyptus resinifera, Eugenia caryophyllata, Expectorants, Extract of valerian, resinous of jalap, of cinchona, of gentian, of aloes, of senna, of logwood, of rue, Extract | | Index | Materia Medica, &c. | |-------|---------------------| | Extract of opium, | No 616 Hartshorn, | | of broom, | 782 Hellebore, white, | | of liquorice, | 687 Helleborus niger, | | of chamomile, | 720 Helleborus fœtidus, | | of oak bark, | 735 Hemlock, | | of cascarilla, | 759 Hembane, | | compound, of colocynth, | 763 Hirudo medicinalis, | | of savine, | 778 Honey, | | Extracts and resins, general remarks on, | 226 acetaed, | | F. | of squill, | | Fennel, sweet, | of roses, | | Fern root, | Hop, | | Filings of iron, purified, | 458 Horehound, white, | | Filtration, | 798 Horseradish, | | Fish considered in general, | 959 Humulus lupulus, | | Flax, purging, | Hydrosulphuret of ammonia, | | Flowers, esculent, list of, | 76 Hyoscyamus niger, | | of benzoin, | 471 Hyssop, | | of sulphur, | hedge, | | of zinc, | 821 | | Food, considered in general, | Jalap, | | proper quantity of, | 17 Incitantia, catalogue of, | | should be sufficient to nourish the body, | Infusion of cinchona, | | manner of taking, | compound, of gentian, | | derived from quadrupeds, | of rhubarb, | | birds, | 22 of senna, simple, | | reptiles, | 23 tartarized, | | serpents, | 61 of tamarinds with senna, | | fishes, | 68 of roses, | | insects, | 69 of foxglove, | | worms, | 70 of catechu, | | vegetable, considered generally, | Invertentia, catalogue of, | | Forget-me-not, | Ipecacuan, | | Frankincense, | Iris florentina, | | Fraxinus ornus, | pseudacorus, | | Funguses, esculent, list of, | Iron, vitriolated, | | G. | tartarized, | | Galbanum, | Juglans regia, | | Gall nuts, | Juice, inspissated, of henbane, | | Galvanism, | of deadly nightshade, | | Gamboge, | 446 of hemlock, | | Garlic, | 736 of aconite, | | Gas, oxygenous, | 994 lemon, | | hydrogen, | 986 of wild lettuce, | | carbonated, | 988 of wild cucumber, | | carbonic acid, | Juniperus communis, | | Gentiana lutea, | 990 lycia, | | Geoffroea inermis, | sabina, | | Geum urbanum, | K. | | Ginger, | Kaempferia, rotunda, | | Glycyrrhiza glabra, | 825 Kermes mineral | | Gmelin's continuation of Murray, | 688 Kino, | | Gorgonia nobilis, | 609 Kirby's tables, | | Grains and seeds, esculent, list of, | L. | | Granulation, | Lactuca virosa, | | Gratiola officinalis, | 199 Laudanum, liquid, | | Guaiacum officinale, | Laurus, cinnamonum, | | Gum ammoniac, | 345 cassia, | | tragacanth, | 555 camphora, | | arabic, | 324 nobilis, | | H. | sassafras, | | Haematoxylon campeachianum, | Leeches, | | | Leguminous plants, list of, | | Lemon, | 551 | | Leopard's bane, | No 253 | | Lettuce, wild, | 782 | | Levigation, | 631 | | Lewis's materia medica, | 633 | | Ley, mild, | 434 | | caustic, | 392 | | Lichen islandicus, | 285 | | Light, | 276 | | Lime, | 278 | | with pure kali, | 496 | | Liniments, ointments, and cerates, | 398 | | Liniment of ammonia, | 768 | | volatile, | 652 | | simple, | 662 | | camphorated, | 768 | | soap, | 241 | | anodyne, | 390 | | of lime water, | 634 | | Linum usitatissimum, | 345 | | catharticum, | 385 | | Liquor of mild volatile alkali, | 137 | | acetated volatile alkali, | 402 | | volatile, of hartshorn, | 426 | | vitriolic, ethereal, | 330 | | oily, ethereal, | 544 | | Hoffman's anodyne, | 545 | | ethereal nitrous, | 546 | | Liquorice, | 596 | | Litharge, | 658 | | Lithontriptics, | 787 | | Liverwort, Iceland, | 140 | | Lobelia syphilitica, | 408 | | Logwood, | 360 | | Lytta vesicatoria, | 361 | | Madder, | 964 | | Magnesia, | 966 | | vitriolated, | 737 | | calcined, | 391 | | white, | 435 | | Mahogany bark, | 829 | | Malt liquors, character of, | 699 | | Manna, | 704 | | Marshmallow, | 761 | | Marrubium vulgare, | 772 | | Mastich, | 775 | | Materia medica, definition of, | 776 | | writers on, | K. | | late foreign writers | 334 | | Measures and weights, | 894 | | Melaleuca leucodendron, | 585 | | Melissa officinalis, | 13 | | Mentha viridis, | 703 | | piperita, | 625 | | pulegium, | 620 | | Mercury, | 511 | | purified, | 518 | | acetated, | 520 | | muriated, corrosive, | 526 | | mild, | 527 | | calcined, | 285 | | nitrated, red, | 91 | | subvitrliolated, | 696 | | with sulphur, | Mezereum | | Materia Medica, &c. | Index. | |---------------------|--------| | **Mezereum or mezereon,** | **Oxide of lead, white,** | | **Mimosa catechu,** | **No 946** | | nilotica, | rcd, | | **Mixture,** musk, | semivitrified, | | camphorated, | 951 | | chalk, | 952 | | **Mixtures and emulsions,** | of iron, black, purified, | | **Momordica elaterium,** | red, | | **Monro's medical chemistry,** | 960 | | **Moschus moschiferus,** | 969 | | **Mucilage of starch,** | Oxymel, simple, | | of quince seeds, | 278 | | of gum tragacanth, | of squill, | | of gum arabic, | 493 | | **Mucilages, general remarks on,** | of colchicum, | | **Muriate of ammonia,** | 502 | | and iron, | of verdigris, | | of baryta, | 977 | | of antimony, | P. | | of mercury, | **Papaver rhoeas,** | | mild, sublimed, | 610 | | precipitated, | somniferum, | | **Murray's (Dr) apparatus medicaminum,** | 612 | | (Mr) elements of materia medica, | Parsley, | | observations on the action of medicines, | 461 | | arrangement, | **Pastinaca oponoax,** | | **Musk,** | 453 | | **Mustard,** white, | Pearl-ashes, | | common, | 312 | | **Myristica moschata,** | **Penaea sarcocolla,** | | **Myroxylon peruiferum,** | 373 | | **Myrrh,** | Pepper, black, | | **Myrtus pimento,** | long, | | | Cayenne, | | | Jamaica, | | | Percival's propositions on the action | | | of medicines, | | | Petroleum, | | | sulphurated, | | | **Pharmacy,** definition of, | | | Phosphate of lime, | | | of soda, | | | Phosphorus, | | | Physeter macrocephalus, | | | Pills, general remarks on, | | | compound, of assafetida, | | | of galbanum, | | | aloetic, | | | of aloes and assafetida, | | | colocynth, | | | myrrh, | | | Rufus's, | | | squill, | | | opiate, | | | compound antimonial, | | | Plummer's, | | | mercurial, | | | of ammonaret of copper | | **N.** | **Pimento,** | | Nicotiana tabacum, | **Pimpinella anisum,** | | Nightshade, deadly, | **Pink,** Carolina, | | Nitrate of potash, | **Pinus abies,** | | of silver, | balsamea, | | Nitre, | larix, | | Nuts, esculent, list of, | sylvestris, | | Nutrientia, catalogue of, | **Piper nigrum,** | | Nutmeg, | cubeba, | | Nux vomica, | longum, | | O. | **Pistacia terebinthus,** | | Oak bark, | lentiscus, | | Oil, use of, as a condiment, | Plaster of cantharides, | | ammoniated, | compound, | | of hartshorn, | 271 | | animal, or Dippel's, | simple, | | of wine, | gum, | | olive, | cummin, | | linctsed, | of assafetida, | | camphorated, | compound ladanum, | | of almonds, | Plaster, | | of mace, | |

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**Oil, volatile, of carraway,** | **No 453** | | of fennel, | 60 | | of aniseed, | 563 | | of sassafras, | 28 | | of rue, | 560 | | of piniento, | 582 | | of mint, | 637 | | of peppermint, | 640 | | of pennyroyal, | 643 | | of lavender, | 647 | | of origanum, | 654 | | of cajeput, | 700 | | of turpentine, | 746 | | purified, | 747 | | of juniper, | 773 | | of savine, | 777 | | Ointment of spermaceti, | 262 | | cantharides, | 272 | | powder, | 274 | | infusion, | 273 | | simple, | 321 | | wax, | 322 | | elder, | 467 | | of elemi, | 506 | | tar, | 749 | | resinous, | 752 | | of white hellebore, | 785 | | of sulphur, | 825 | | of nitrous acid, | 849 | | oxygenated, | ib. | | of white calx of mercury, | 911 | | of cinereous oxide of mercury, | 913 | | of red oxide of mercury, | 917 | | mercurial, | 922 | | of nitrated mercury, | 928 | | milder, | 929 | | of oxide of zinc, | 932 | | of impure oxide of zinc, | 939 | | tatty, | ib. | | of white oxide of lead, | 948 | | white, | ib. | | of acetite of lead, | 950 | | of subacetite of copper, | 978 | | **Otibanum,** | 775 | | **Opium,** | 612 | | **Opodeldoc,** | 857 | | **Opoponax,** | 455 | | **Orange,** Seville, | 691 | | **Origanum vulgarc,** | 653 | | majorana, | 655 | | **Orri's root,** florentine, | 360 | | **Oxalis acetosella,** | 574 | | **Oxidation,** | 217 | | **Oxide of arsenic,** | 888 | | of antimony with sulphur, | 891 | | vitrified, | 892 | | with wax, | 893 | | with phosphate of lime, | 898 | | of mercury, cinereous, | 912 | | red, | 916 | | of zinc, | 931 | | impure, | 937 |

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**Plaster,** | Index. | Materia Medica, &c. | |--------|-------------------| | Plaster, compound, of Burgundy, pitch, | Quassia simaruba, | | No 740 | No 562 Smilax sarsaparilla, | | of frankincense, 742 | Quercus cerris, | | resinous, 754 | Quicksilver, | | soap, 860 | with chalk, | | mercurial, 925 | Quince seeds, | | of gum ammoniac with mercury, 926 | R. | | litharge with mercury, 927 | Raspberry, | | of semivitrified oxide of lead, 957 | Refrigerants, | | common or diaculum, ib. | Remedies, action of, considered, 122—126 | | of red oxide of iron, 920 | Revertentia, catalogue of, | | strengthening, ib. | Rhizoma catharticus, | | Plasters, 233 | Rhubarb, | | Poison oak, 468 | Rhododendron chrysanthum, | | Polygala senega, 676 | Rhus toxicodendron, | | Polygonum bistorta, 510 | Ricinus communis, | | Polypodium filix mas, 798 | Roots, esculent, catalogue of, | | Pomegranate, 584 | Rosa gallica, | | Poppy, red, 610 | centifolia, | | white, 612 | canina, | | Potash, 317 | Rosmarinus officinalis, | | with lime, 318 | Rust of iron, | | Potion, chalk, 872 | Ruta graveolens, | | Pot-herbs, list of, 86 | S. | | Powder, compound, of crabs claws, 284 | Saffron, | | of myrrh, 329 | Sagapenum, | | of contrayerva, 376 | Sage, | | of scammony, 381 | Sal ammoniac, | | compound, of scammony with aloes, 382 | polychrest, | | of scammony with calomel, 383 | Salix fragilis, | | compound, of jalap, 386 | Salt, common, | | of ipecacuan and opium, 409 | of hartshorn, | | Dover's, ib. | Rochelle, | | of aloes with canella, 477 | of tartar, | | aloetic with guaiacum, 478 | of benzoin, | | iron, 479 | of amber, | | aromatic, 516 | purified, | | compound, of senna, 550 | petre, | | compound, of asarabacca, 577 | sea or common, | | opiate, 614 | Glauber's, | | compound, of gum tragacanth, 685 | Epsom, | | of carbonate of lime, 874 | of steel, | | of chalk, ib. | Sambucus nigra, | | of sulphate of lumina, 883 | Sarsaparilla, | | styptic, 897 | Sarocol, | | of algaroth, 898 | Sassafras, | | antimonial, or James's, 944 | Savin, | | of tin, 947 | Scammony, | | compound, of ceruse, 947 | Seilla maritima, | | Powders, general remarks on, 220 | Scurvy-grass, garden, | | Precipitate, white, 910 | Severnentia, catalogue of, | | red, 916 | Semea root, | | Prunus domestica, 592 | Senna, | | spinosa, 591 | Shoots and stalks, esculent, list of | | Pterocarpus santalinus, 678 | Sialagogues, | | draco, 679 | Silver, nitrated, | | Punica granatum, 584 | Simarouba, | | Pyrus cydonia, 593 | Simples, collection and preservation | | Q. | of, | | Quassia, 563 | Sinapis alba, | | | nigra, | | | Sisynbrium nasturtium, | | | Sium nodiflorum, | | | Skirret, creeping, | | | Sloes, |

| | Smilax sarsaparilla, | | | Snakeroot, Virginian, | | | Soap, Castile, | | | Solanum dulcamara, | | | Solution of volatile alkali, caustic, | | | of mildest vegetable alkali, | | | of muriate of baryta, | | | of lime, | | | of sulphate of zinc, | | | of acetite of zinc, | | | compound, of sulphate of copper, | | | Sorbentia, catalogue of, | | | Southernwood, | | | Spartium scoparium, | | | Spermaceti, | | | Spices, uses of, | | | Spigelia marilandica, | | | Spirit, ardent, uses of, | | | of sal ammoniac, strong, | | | of volatile alkali, | | | of ammonia, succinated, | | | Mindererus's, | | | of ammonia, compound, | | | of hartshorn, | | | of wine, rectified, | | | of vitriolic ether, | | | compound, | | | proof, | | | of rosemary, | | | of caraway, | | | compound of aniseed, | | | of cinnamon, | | | camphorated, | | | of pimento, | | | of mint, | | | of peppermint, | | | of pennyroyal, | | | of lavender, | | | compound, | | | compound, of horse-radish, | | | of nutmeg, | | | of juniper, | | | of vitriol, | | | of nitre, fuming, | | | sweet, | | | of nitrous ether, | | | of sea salt, | | | Sponge, | | | Squill, | | | St John's wort, | | | Stalagmitis cambogioides, | | | Stavesacre, | | | Stimulants, | | | Stone-fruit, esculent, list of, | | | Storax, | | | Styrchnos nux vomica, | | | Styrax officinale, | | | benzoin, | | | Subacetate of copper, | | | Subborate of soda, | | | Subcarbonate of potash, | | | impure, | | | purest, | | | Submuriate | Submuriate of mercury, precipitated, 908 Subsulphate of mercury, yellow, 918 Sugar, uses of, 106, 362 of lead, 949 Sulphate of potash, 838 with sulphur, 839 of soda, 854 of baryta, 861 of magnesia, 877 of alumina, dried, 883 of zinc, 933 of iron, 964 dried, 968 of copper, 980 Sulphur, sublimed, 821 precipitated, 827 antimonial brown, 894 Sulphuret of potash, 826 of antimony, 889 precipitated, 895 of mercury, black, 919 red, 920 Superacetate of lead, 949 Supersulphate of alumina and potash, 881 Supertartrate of potash, 415 Swietenia mahagoni, 553 febrifuga, 554 Synopsis of materia medica, 10 of materia medica, arrangement of, 133 Syrup of acetous acid, 310 ginger, 338 saffron, 358 buckthorn, 412 violets, 420 black currants, 424 garlic, 474 squill, 492 colchicum, 501 Tolu, 540 clove julyflower, 573 red roses, 597 damask roses, 602 raspberry, 606 red poppy, 611 opium, 623 white poppy, 624 marshmallow, 664 orange peel, 692 lemon juice, 698 mulberries, 732 manna, 795 Syrups, general remarks on, 229

T. Tamarindus indica, 669 Tanacetum vulgare, 713 Tar, 748 Tartar, crystals or cream of, 415 soluble, 416 emetic, 889 Tartrate of potash, 416 and soda, 417 of antimony and potash, 889

Thesaurus medicaminum, 722 Thistle, blessed, 389 Thorn apple, 943 Tin, 248 Tincture of castor, compound, 249 of musk, 251 cantharides, 268 myrrh, 328 columbo, 333 ginger, 337 cardamom seeds, 341 compound, 342 valerian, 355 ammoniated, 356 saffron, 359 jalap, 388 henbane, 332 cinchona, 403 compound, 403, d. ammoniated, 404 of bark, Huxham's, 403, d. compound, of gentian, 427 bitter, ib. of assafoetida, 443 galbanum, 448 aloes, 485 and myrrh, 496 compound, ethereal, 487 of squill, 495 cinnamon, 514 compound, aromatic, 515 camphor, 523 rhubarb, 532 compound, 533 and aloes, 534 and gentian, 535 of balsam of Peru, 537 of Tolu, 539 compound, of senna, 547 of guaiacum, 557 ammoniated, 558 compound, of benzoin, 569 of kino, 586 opium, 620 camphorated, 621 ammoniated, 622 thebaic, 620 of black bellebore, 632 lavender, compound, 649 foxglove, 659 orange peel, 694 snakeroot, 724 cascarilla, 758 compound, of savine, 779 of white hellebore, 784 catechu, 788 soap, 857 and opium, 858 of muriate of iron, 965 ammoniacal iron, 972 acetated iron, 973

Tinctures, general remarks on, 230

Tobacco, 393 Toluifera balsamum, 538 Tonics, 174 Turmentilla erecta, 607 Turpentia, catalogue of, 142 Trituration, 197 Troches, general remarks on, 222 of starch, 369 of liquorice with opium, 617 gum, 792 of carbonate of lime, 873 chalk, ib. magnesia, 880 Turmeric root, 335 Turpentine, Venice, common, 750 Chio, 766 Tutty, 937

U. Valeriana officinalis, 354 Veratrum album, 782 Verdigris, 975 Vinegar, 105 radical, 307 aromatic, 308 of squill, 491 Viola odorata, 419 Vitis vinifera, 413 Vitriol, white, 933 green, 967 blue, 980 Ulmus campestris, 439 Urtica dioica, 733

W. Wakerobin, 725 Walnut, 737 Water, 802 of ammonia, 236 pure ammonia, ib. carbonate of ammonia, 239 acetate of ammonia, 240 prepared kali, 314 carbonate of potash, 315 potash, 316 pure kali, ib. Hungary, 348 barley, 371 dill, 457 sweet fennel, 459 cinnamon, 512 cassia, 519 pimento, 581 rose, 601 mint, 636 peppermint, 639 pennyroyal, 643 orange peel, 693 lemon peel, 697 snow or rain purest, 803 varieties of, 804 medical use of, 813 external use of, 814 distilled, 820 Index.

Water of supercarbonate of soda, No 842 lime, 866 impregnated with fixed air, 875 compound alum, 884 of vitriolated zinc with camphor, 935 of acetated litharge, compound, 955 of aerated iron, 962 of ammoniated copper, 979 sapphire, ib. Waters, mineral, 805

Whortle berry, No 565 Willow bark, 765 Wine, uses of, 100, 413 tobacco, ipecacuan, 394 compound, of gentian, 409 bitter, ib. 428 of aloes, 488 rhubarb, 531 of tartrate of antimony, 900 antimonial, 901 of iron, 963

Wintera aromatica, No 630 Wormseed, 711 Wormwood, sea, common, 709, 712

Zedoary, round, 334 long, 339 Zinc, calcined, 930 vitriolated, 931, 933

END OF THE TWELFTH VOLUME. DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES OF VOL. XII.

PART I.

Plate CCXCVI. to face page 60. CCXCVII. 62 CCXCVIII. 264 CCXCVIII. 2d, 396 CCXCIX. CCC.

PART II.

CCCI—CCCXIV. 536 CCCXV. 680