in antiquity, were games instituted at Sardis to celebrate the union of Caracalla and Geta, the sons of Septimius Severus.

the capital of the state of Pennsylvania in North America, situated in W. Long. 75° 8' N. Lat. 39° 57'. It is one of the most beautiful and regular cities in the world, being of an oblong form, situated on the west bank of the river Delaware, on an extensive plain, about 118 miles (some say more) from the sea. The length of the city east and west, that is, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, upon the original plan of Mr Penn, is about three miles, and the breadth, north and south, rather less than one mile. But a great part of the plot covered by the city charter is yet unbuilt. The inhabitants, however, have not confined themselves within the original limits of the city, but have built north and south along the Delaware two miles in length. The longest street is Second-street, about 700 feet from Delaware river, and parallel to it. The circumference of that part of the city which is built, if we include Kensington on the north and Southwark on the south, may be about five miles. Market-street is 100 feet wide, and runs the whole length of the city from... river to river. Near the middle, it is intersected at right angles by Broad-street, 113 feet wide, running nearly north and south quite across the city.

The Delaware river at Philadelphia is 1362 yards wide, with sufficient depth of water to admit a 62 gun-ship. The tide rises six feet, and flows at the rate of four miles an hour. Between Delaware river and Broad-street are 14 streets, nearly equidistant, running parallel with Broad-street across the city; and between Broad-street and the Schuylkill, there are nine streets equidistant from each other. Parallel to Market-street are eight other streets, running east and west from river to river, and intersecting the cross streets at right angles; all these streets are 50 feet wide, except Arch-street, which is 65 feet wide. All the streets which run north and south, except Broad-street mentioned above, are 50 feet wide. There were four squares of eight acres each, one at each corner of the city, originally reserved for public and common uses. And in the centre of the city, where Broad-street and Market-street intersect each other, is a square of ten acres, reserved in like manner, to be planted with rows of trees for public walks. This city was founded in 1682 by the celebrated William Penn, who in October 1701 granted a charter incorporating the town with city privileges. The houses are of brick, but generally handsome. The streets are clean and regular, but the foot-paths are often obstructed by the entrances to the cellars. The population in 1810 was 98,866, and in 1818 it was estimated at 120,000. Rents are 25 per cent. lower than at New York, but they are still high, compared with house-rents in Britain.

Their places for religious worship are as follows: The Friends or Quakers have five, the Presbyterians six, the Episcopalians three, the German Lutherans two, the German Calvinists one, the Catholics three, the Swedish Lutherans one, the Moravians one, the Baptists one, the Universal Baptists one, the Methodists two, the Jews one.

The other public buildings in the city, besides the university, academies, &c., are the following, viz., a state-house and offices, a carpenter's hall, a philosophical society's hall, a dispensary, an hospital and offices, an alms-house, a house of correction, a public factory of linen, cotton, and woollen, a public observatory, three brick market-houses, a fish-market, a public gaol.

The poor-laws are administered by 16 citizens, chosen annually by the corporation. They are empowered, with the approbation of four aldermen and two justices, to levy an assessment not exceeding one per cent. nor more than three dollars per head on every free man not otherwise rated. The annual average number of paupers supported in alms-houses of this city is 1600 (1818); the expense of supporting them 70,000 dollars a-year. The produce of the poor-tax for the city and county of Philadelphia 140,000 dollars.

In Philadelphia there are, besides several squares, about 34 streets, many of which are very broad, and all of them neat and elegant, lighted by lamps of two branches each. The expense of lighting and watching Philadelphia was 25,000 dollars per annum in 1818. Here is a library which owed its origin to Dr Franklin, was incorporated in 1742, and now contains upwards of 30,000 volumes, besides a museum and a valuable philosophical apparatus. There is a theatre in Chestnut-street, which was finished in 1793. The university stands on the west side of Fourth-street, and was incorporated in the year 1791, the funds of which produce annually a revenue of about 2365l. and the students on an average amount to 510. In the city and suburbs are 10 rope-walks, 13 breweries, 6 sugar-houses, 7 hair-powder manufactories, 2 rum-distilleries, 15 manufactories of earthen ware, and the public mint for the whole United States.

The university of Philadelphia was founded during the war. Its funds were partly given by the state, and partly taken from the old college of Philadelphia. A medical school, which was founded in 1765, is attached to the university; and has professors in all the branches of medicine, who prepare the students for degrees in that science. Besides the university and medical school, there is the Protestant Episcopal academy, a very flourishing institution; the academy for young ladies; another for the Friends or Quakers, and one for the Germans, besides five free schools.

In Market-street, between Front and Fourth-streets, is the principal market, built of brick, and is 1500 feet in length. This market, in respect to the quantity, the variety, and neatness of the provisions, is not equalled in America, and perhaps not exceeded in the world.

There are various literary and philosophical institutions in Philadelphia. The American Philosophical Society was incorporated in 1780, and has published five volumes of Transactions. The Philadelphia Medical Society established in 1790; the College of Physicians in 1789; the Medical Lyceum in 1804; the Academy of Fine Arts in 1805; the Linnean Society in 1806; the Agricultural Society in 1809; and the Academy of Natural Sciences, which commenced a Journal in 1817. Peale's Museum, founded in 1784, contains an extensive collection of objects connected with natural history.

The style of living in Philadelphia is substantial, and among the richer classes splendid, though not very refined. Many of the houses are richly furnished, and a considerable number of carriages are kept. All classes live well, and apparently there is less economy and less exertion than in England. The dress of the gentlemen is taken from England, that of the ladies from France. The distinction between the blacks and whites is jealously kept up here. The former are not allowed to go into the same church with the latter.

The wages of labour and prices of commodities in Philadelphia may serve as a specimen of those of the large towns of America generally. In October 1817, according to Mr Fearon, labourers were paid from 4s. 6d. to 5s. 7d. per day; female servants 4s. 6d. to 9s. per week, with board; men servants 5s. 6d. to 6s. 6d. per month; carpenters from 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d. per week; shoemakers 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d.—they work more hours than in London. Fish from 2d. to 6½d. per pound; beef 5½d.; bacon 7d. to 8d.; butter 17d. to 20d.; fowls 16d. to 2s. 3d.; turkeys 5s. 6d.; flour 10 dollars per barrel of 160 pounds; lump sugar 1s. to 1s. 3d.; tea 4s. 6d. to 9s.; Liverpool salt 3s. 4d. per bushel; Shoes 13s. 6d. to 15s. 9d. per pair; best hats 40s. 6d.; superfine coats 8l. 18s. 6d.

The philanthropic and useful institutions in Philadelphia are very numerous and extremely well conducted. In the Alms House and House of Employment, ment, the average number of persons maintained in 1810 was 735; and the average weekly expense for each was $1 dollar 21 cents per week. The poor are employed here in the fabrication of coarse manufactures. The Friends Alms House was established by the Quakers for the infirm and indigent members of their own community. The Abolition Society for promoting the abolition of slavery, and for the relief of free negroes unlawfully held in slavery, was established in 1774. The Washington Benevolent Society has nearly 3000 members. The asylum for the relief of lunatics was planned by the Quakers in 1813. The society for alleviating the misery of public prisons, instituted in 1787, has been the means of introducing great improvements into these establishments. The Pennsylvania hospital, founded in 1756, affords relief to poor persons afflicted with diseases. The Dispensary affords medical advice and assistance to the indigent sick who are unable to pay for a physician.

The Penitentiary of this city has been justly celebrated, as having set the first example of the efficacy of labour, and a system of moral discipline, in reforming the lives of criminals, and in diminishing the expense of prisons, by rendering the labour of the prisoners the source of their own support. The prison instead of being a scene of idleness, debauchery, and profanity, has the appearance of a large manufactory, in which all are usefully employed, and none seem extremely unhappy. The leading features of the system of discipline established here, will be understood from the following account of the regulations given in "Mease's Picture of Philadelphia:"

"1. Cleanliness, so intimately connected with morality, is the first thing attended to, previously to any attempts at that internal purification, which it is the object of the discipline to effect. The criminal is washed, his clothes effectually purified and laid aside, and he is clothed in the peculiar habit of the jail, which consists of grey cloth, made by the prisoners, adapted to the season. The attention to this important point is unremitting, during their confinement. Their faces and hands are daily washed; they are shaved, and change their linen once a-week; their hair is kept short; and, during the summer, they bathe in a large tub. Their apartments are swept and washed once or twice a-week, as required, throughout the year.

"2. Work, suitable to the age and capacity of the convicts, is assigned, and an account is opened with them. They are charged with their board, clothes, the fine imposed by the state, and expense of prosecution, and credited for their work; at the expiration of the time of servitude, half the amount of the sum, if any, left after deducting the charges, is required by law to be paid to them. As the board is low, the labour constant, and the working hours greater than among mechanics, it is easy for the convicts to earn more than the amount of their expenses; so that, when they go out, they receive a sum of money sufficient to enable them to pursue a trade, if so disposed, or, at least, that will keep them from want until they find employ, and prevent the necessity of stealing. On several occasions, the balance paid to a convict has amounted to more than one hundred dollars; in one instance it was one hundred and fifty dollars; and from ten to forty dollars are commonly paid.—When, from the nature of the work at which the convict has been employed, or his weakness, his labour does not amount to more than the charges against him, and his place of residence is at a distance from Philadelphia, he is furnished with money to bear his expenses home. The price of boarding is sixteen cents per day, and the general cost of clothes for a year is nineteen dollars thirty-three cents.

"3. The prisoners lie on the floor, on a blanket, and about thirty sleep in one room; they are strictly prohibited from keeping their clothes on at night. The hours for rising and retiring are announced by a bell; and at those times they go out and come in with the greatest regularity. For their own comfort, they have established a set of rules respecting cleanliness, on breach of which a fine is exacted. No one is permitted even to spit on the floor. A large lamp is hung up, out of the reach of the prisoners, in every room, which enables the keeper or watch to see every man; and for this purpose a small aperture is made in every door. The end of the cord by which the lamps are suspended is outside of the rooms; the solitary cells is the punishment for extinguishing these lamps.

"4. Their diet is wholesome, plain, and invigorating, and their meals are served up with the greatest regularity and order; a bell announces when they are ready, and all collect at the door leading to the passage where they eat, before any one is allowed to enter. They then take their seats without hurry or confusion, and all begin to eat at the same time. While eating, silence is strictly enjoined by the presence of the keepers, who give notice of the time for rising from table. For breakfast, they have about three-fourths of a pound of good bread, with molasses and water. At dinner, half a pound of bread and beef, a bowl of soup and potatoes. Sometimes herrings in the spring. At supper, corn meal mush (mash?) and molasses, and sometimes boiled rice.

"The black seat at a separate table. There is also a table set apart for those who have committed offences for the first time, but not of sufficient enormity to merit the solitary cells; such as indolence, slighting work, impudence, &c.; and to such no meat is given. Every one finds his allowance ready on his trencher. The drink is molasses and water, which has been found to be highly useful, as a refreshing draught, and as a medicine. Spirituous liquors or beer never enter the walls of the prison. The cooks and bakers, who are convicts, are allowed thirty cents per day by the inspectors. The decency of deportment, and the expression of content, exhibited by the convicts at their meals, renders a view of them, while eating, highly interesting. No provisions are permitted to be sent to the convicts from without.

"5. The regularity of their lives almost secures them against disease. A physician, however, is appointed to attend the prison; a room is appropriated for the reception of the sick or hurt, and nurses to attend them. The effect of the new system has been seen in no particular more evidently than in the diminution of disease among the convicts.

"6. Religious instruction was one of the original remedies prescribed for the great moral disease, which the present penal system is calculated to cure. Divine service is generally performed every Sunday, in a large room..." room appropriated solely for the purpose. Some clergyman or pious layman volunteers his services, and discourses are delivered, suited to the situation and capacities of the audience. The prisoners in the cells are denied this indulgence; good books are likewise distributed among them.

"7. Corporal punishments are strictly prohibited, whatever offence may have been committed. The keepers carry no weapons, not even a stick. The solitary cells and low diet have on all occasions been found amply sufficient to bring down the most determined spirit, to tame the most hardened villain that ever entered them. Of the truth of this there are striking cases on record. Some veterans in vice, with whom it was necessary to be severe, have declared their preference of death by the gallows to a further continuance in that place of torment. In the cells, the construction of which renders conversation among those confined in them difficult, the miserable man is left to the greatest of all possible punishments, his own reflections. His food, which consists of only half a pound of bread per day, is given him in the morning; in the course of a few days or weeks, the very nature of the being is changed; and there is no instance of any one having given occasion for the infliction of the punishment a second time. Such is the impression which the reports of its effects have left among the convicts, that the very dread of it is sufficient to prevent the frequent commission of those crimes for which it is the known punishment, as swearing, impudence, rudeness, quarrelling, indolence repeated, or wilful injury to the tools, or to articles of manufacture.

"There are fourteen inspectors, three of whom are elected by the select and common councils in joint meeting, in May and November; two by the commissioners of the Northern Liberties, and two by the commissioners of Southwark, at the same time."

We extract the following account of the malignant fever which prevailed in Philadelphia in 1793 and 1797, from a pamphlet written by Mr Carey. "The symptoms which characterized the first stage of the fever were, in the greatest number of cases, after a chilly fit of some duration, a quick tense pulse; hot skin; pain in the head, back, and limbs; flushed countenance; inflamed eyes; moist tongue; oppression and sense of soreness at the stomach, especially upon pressure; frequent sick qualms, and retchings to vomit, without discharging anything, except the contents last taken into the stomach; costiveness, &c.

"These symptoms generally continued with more or less violence from one to three, four, or even five days; and then gradually abating, left the patient free from every complaint, except general debility. On the febrile symptoms suddenly subsiding, they were immediately succeeded by a yellow tinge in the opaque cornea, or whites of the eyes; an increased oppression at the precordia, a constant puking of every thing taken into the stomach, with much straining, accompanied with a hoarse hollow noise.

"If these symptoms were not soon relieved, a vomiting of matter resembling coffee-grounds in colour and consistence, commonly called the black vomit, sometimes accompanied with or succeeded by hemorrhages from the nose, fauces, gums, and other parts of the body; a yellowish purple colour, and putrescent appearance of the whole body, hiccup, agitations, deep and distressed phlegm, sighing, comatose delirium, and finally death, are the consequence. When the disease proved fatal, it was generally between the fifth and eighth days.

"This was the most usual progress of this formidable disease through its several stages. There were, however, very considerable variations in the symptoms as well as in the duration of its different stages, according to the constitution and temperament of the patient, the state of the weather, the manner of treatment, &c.

"In some cases, signs of putrefaction appeared at the beginning or before the end of the third day. In these, the black vomiting, which was generally a mortal symptom, and universal yellowness, appeared early. In these cases, also, a low delirium, and great prostration of strength, were constant symptoms, and coma came on very speedily. In other, the symptoms inclined more to the nervous than the inflammatory type."

an ancient town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia. It is seated at the foot of Mount Tmolus, by the river Cogamus, from whence there is an exceeding fine view over an extensive plain. This place was founded by Attalus Philadelphus, brother of Eumenes.

It was very liable to earthquakes, which, perhaps, arose from its vicinity to the region called Catakekaumene*. So severe were those earthquakes, that even the city walls were not secure; and so frequent were they that these experienced daily concussions. The inhabitants, therefore, who were not numerous, lived in perpetual apprehension, and their constant employment was in repairs. In fact, so great were their fears, that their chief residence was in the country, the soil of which was very fertile. Such is Strabo's account of this place. In the year 1097, it was taken by assault by John Ducas the Greek general. It was without difficulty reduced also in the year 1106, under the same emperor. The Turks marched from the East with a design to plunder it and the maritime towns. The emperor Manuel, in 1175, retired for protection from the Turks to this place. In 1300, it fell by lot to Karaman. In 1306, it was besieged by Alifaras, and considerably harassed; but was not taken. In 1397, this place alone refused to admit Bajazet; but it was at length forced to capitulate for want of provisions. It has been matter of surprise that this town was not totally abandoned; and yet it has survived many cities less liable to inconveniences, and is still an extensive place, though in its appearance it is poor and mean. Some remnants of its walls are still standing, but with large gaps. The materials of the wall are small stones strongly cemented. It is thick, lofty, and has round towers. Near this place, between the mountains, there is a spring of a purgative quality; it is much esteemed, and many people resort to it in the hot months. It tastes like ink, is clear, but tinges the earth with the colour of ochre. The famous wall, which credulity has asserted to be made of human bones, stands beyond this and beyond the town. See the next article.

When Dr Chandler was there, he tells us, "The bishop of Philadelphia was absent; but the proto-papas or chief priest, his substitute, whom we went to visit, received us at his palace, a title given to a very indifferent house or rather a cottage of clay. We found him ignorant..." ignorant of the Greek tongue, and were forced to discourse with him by an interpreter in the Turkish language. He had no idea that Philadelphia existed before Christianity, but told us it had become a city in consequence of the many religious foundations. The number of churches he reckoned at 24, mostly in ruins, and mere masses of wall decorated with painted saints. Only six are in a better condition, and have their priests. The episcopal church is large, and ornamented with gilding, carving, and holy portraits. The Greeks are about 300 families, and live in a friendly intercourse with the Turks, of whom they speak well. We were assured that the clergy and laity in general knew little of Greek as the proto-papas; and yet the liturgies and offices of the church are read as elsewhere, and have undergone no alteration on that account.

"The Philadelphians are a civil people. One of the Greeks sent us a small earthen vessel full of choice wine. Some families beneath the trees, by a rill of water, invited us to alight, and partake of their refreshments. They saluted us when we met; and the aga or governor, on hearing that we were Franks, bade us welcome by a messenger.

"Philadelphia possessing waters excellent in dyeing, and being situated on one of the most capital roads to Smyrna, is much frequented, especially by Armenian merchants. The Greeks still call this place by its ancient name, but the Turks call it Allahjir. The number of inhabitants is about 7000 or 8000; of whom 2000 are supposed to be Christians. It is about 40 miles E. S. E. of Smyrna. E. Long. 28. 15. N. Lat. 38. 28."

PHILADELPHIA-Stones, a name which some authors have given to what is otherwise called Christian bones, found in the walls of that city. It is a vulgar error that these walls are built of bones; and the tradition of the country is, that when the Turks took the place, they fortified it for themselves, and built their walls of the bones of the Christians whom they had killed there. Dr Smyth in one of his epistles, mentions this wall as an instance of Turkish barbarity. This idle opinion has gained credit merely from a loose and porous stone of the sparry kind, found in an old aqueduct, which is still in the wall. Sir Paul Rycaut brought home pieces of these stones, which even he supposed to have been bones, but they proved on examination to be various bodies, chiefly vegetable, incrusted over and preserved in a spar of the nature of that which forms incrustations in Knaresborough spring, and other places with us. These bodies are often cemented together in considerable numbers by this matter, and their true shape lost in the congeries, till a diligent and judicious eye traces them regularly.