SALZBURG, an archbishopric of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, bounded on the east by Styria, and the Upper Austria, on the west by the county of Tyrol, on the north by the duchy of Bavaria, and on the south by the duchy of Carinthia and the bishopric of Brixen. It is said to be about 100 miles from east to west, and upwards of 60 from north to south. With respect to the soil, it is very mountainous, yielding, however, excellent pasturage, and, in consequence of that, abounding in cattle, and horses remarkable for their mettle and hardiness. This country is particularly noted for the great quantities of salt it produces, and its strong passes and castles. Here are also considerable mines of silver, copper, lead, iron, and lapis laminaris, with quarries of marble, and a natural hot-bath. The principal rivers are the Salza, the Inn, the Eas, and Maer; which, as well as the lakes and other streams, are well stored with fish. The peasants here are all allowed the use of arms, and trained to military duty. There are no nobles in the country, and most of the lands belong to the clergy. The states consist of the prelates, the cities, and towns. Notwithstanding this country is under the power of a Popish ecclesiastic, and the violent, arbitrary, and oppressive manner in which the Protestants have always been treated, great numbers of them still remained in it till the year 1792, when no less than 30,000 of them withdrew from it, dispersing themselves in the several Protestant states of Europe, and some of them were even sent from Great Britain to the American colonies. Besides brass and steel wares, and all sorts of arms and artillery, there are manufactures of coarse cloth and linen here. The archbishop had many and great prerogatives: he was a prince of the empire, and perpetual legate of the holy see in Germany, of which he is also primate. He had the first voice in the diet of this circle, and next to the electors in that of the empire, in the college of princes, in which he and the archduke of Austria presided by turns. But his rights as a sovereign prince were lost when the territory was united to Austria in 1805. He had also the nomination to several bishoprics; and the canonicates that fall vacant in the months in which the popes, by virtue of the concordat, are allowed to nominate, are all in his gift. His suffragans are the bishops of Freisingen, Ratisbon, Brixen, Gurk, Chiemsee, Seckan, and Lavant; and of these, the four last are nominated, and even confirmed by him and not by the pope. His revenue was Salzburg said to amount to near 200,000l. a year, a great part of it arising from the salt-works. He was able to raise 25,000 men; but kept in constant pay, besides his guards, only one regiment, consisting of 1000 men. At his accession to the see, the archbishop paid 100,000 crowns to Rome for the pall. There is an order of knighthood here, instituted in 1711, in honour of St Rupert, who was the first bishop of Salzburg, about the beginning of the 8th century. This territory, which formerly was an independent principality, was united to Austria at the peace with France in 1805. At the peace of Presburg in 1809, she was compelled to cede Salzburg to Bavaria; but she regained it in 1815, and it now forms an integral part of the Austrian monarchy.

Salzburg, the capital of a German archbishopric of the same name, and which takes its own from the river Salza, on which it stands, and over which it has a bridge. It is a very handsome place, well fortified, and the residence of the archbishop. The houses are high, and all built of stone; the roofs are in the Italian taste, and you may walk upon them. The castle here is very strong, and as strongly garrisoned, and well provided with provisions and warlike stores. The archbishop's palace is magnificent; and, in the area before it, is a fountain, esteemed the largest and grandest in Germany. The stables are very lofty; and the number of the horses usually kept by the archbishop is said to be upwards of 200. The city, of which one part stands on a steep rock, is well built, but the streets are narrow and badly paved. Besides the above mentioned, there are two other stately palaces belonging to the archbishop, one of which is called the Neubau, and the other Mirabell. The latter of these has a very beautiful garden; and the number of trees in the orangerie is so great, that Mr Keyser tells us, 20,000 oranges have been gathered from them in one year. The river Salza runs close by the walls of this garden. There are a great many other fine structures in the city, public and private, such as palaces, monasteries, hospitals, and churches. In the cathedral dedicated to St Rupert (the apostle of Bavaria, and a Scotchman by birth), all the altars are of marble of different kinds, and one of the organs has above 3200 pipes. The whole structure is extremely handsome. It is built of freestone in imitation of St Peter's at Rome. The portico is of marble, and the whole is covered with copper. Before the portico there is a large quadrangular place, with arches and galleries, in which is the prince's residence; and in the middle of this place there is a statue of the Virgin in bronze; it is a fine piece of art, but of an unnatural size. There are large areas encompassed with handsome buildings on both sides of the church. In the middle of that which is to the left, there is a most magnificent fountain of marble, and some valuable figures of gigantic size. There is likewise a fountain in that to the right, but it is not to be compared with the former one, and the Neptune of it makes but a very pitiful figure. This town contains many more excellent buildings and statues, which remind one that the borders of Italy are not far distant. The winter and summer riding schools here are noble structures. The university was founded in 1629, and committed to the care of the Benedictines. Besides it, there are two colleges, in which the young noblemen are educated. Salzburg E. Long. 13. 0. Lat. 47. 45.