A general account of this city will be found in the Encyclopaedia, to which we now propose to add such further information as more recent publications afford.

This city, the capital of Ireland, and in extent and population the second in the British empire, is situated near the mouth of the river Liffey, by which it is divided into two unequal parts. It stands nearly in the south-eastern extremity of an immense plain, which stretches considerably above 100 English miles from sea to sea, and which, though it is occasionally diversified by gentle eminences, is nowhere interrupted by hills. Originally the river Liffey, towards its mouth, overspread all the low grounds in the neighbourhood to such an extent, as to approach within eighty yards of the college on the south. To obviate these inconveniences, embankments on both sides, called the North and South Walls, have been raised along the river, as far as its mouth at Ringsend, by which a considerable tract of land has been recovered from the sea, while the channel of the river has at the same time been deepened. On both sides spacious quays have been erected, which communicate by means of bridges, at convenient distances, across the river. Below Carlisle Bridge, which is placed near to the mouth of the river, the only modern addition which has been made to Dublin is the new Customhouse, with a few houses either in its immediate vicinity, or scattered on the southern quay. The great accessions to the city are on the north-east and south-west, where the houses, especially those towards the north-east, are removed to a due distance from the influence of the marshy soil on the banks of the river. And here the general aspect of the town is splendid; the streets and squares are all, without exception, spacious and elegant, not inferior to the finest squares of London, and amply supplied with every convenience suited to a town residence. In proceeding to the westward, or higher up the river, the general appearance of the city declines. The streets are less spacious, and the houses, though comfortable and in good repair, yet bear the marks of antiquity. Continuing further to the westward, the scene becomes gradually more unpleasing, until it terminates in that neglected portion of the metropolis usually denominated the Liberty, from its being without the jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor. Here, with the exception of some streets, which, though spacious, are irregular and inelegant, the houses are crowded together, with dirty back yards of small extent attached to some of them, while others have no convenience of any kind. These streets are inhabited partly by shopkeepers or traders, but by far the greatest proportion of them are occupied by working manufacturers, petty retailers, labourers of the lowest condition, and beggars, who are crowded together in narrow lanes and alleys to a degree distressing to humanity. Those wretched habitations are let out in single apartments, at the rate of from one to two shillings per week, and to lighten this rent, two, three, and even four families become joint tenants. In one small house, from 30 to 50 individuals will be frequently found crowded together; and it is a well attested fact, that, some years past, one house in Braithwait Street contained 108 individuals. The nuisance and filth arising from this excessively crowded population, it is hardly possible to describe. At an early hour, from ten to sixteen persons may be seen in one of these rooms not fifteen feet square, stretched on filthy straw, swarming with vermin, and without any covering—save the wretched rags that constitute their wearing apparel. The landlords of these miserable tenements generally reside in a different part of the town. They seldom visit their tenants, but for the purpose of exacting the weekly rent, in which they betray no remissness. As to repairs, or whatever else may be required for the comfort of the inhabitants, they are totally indifferent; so that many of these habitations are in a state of decay, and totally unfit to afford the necessary shelter from the inclemencies of the weather. All these evils are aggravated by the various nuisances of slaughter-houses, soap manufactories, carrion-houses, &c. which are allowed to exist here; and by the numerous dram-shops which are established, and which necessarily lead to all sorts of immoralities and disorders.

The bay, at the head of which Dublin is situated, has been justly celebrated by all travellers. From this bay, there is so fine a view of the surrounding scenery, that it has been compared to the Bay of Naples. The entrance between Bally Point, in the peninsula of Howth, on the north, and Dalkey island on the south, is 6½ English miles wide, and from the island to the point, the direction is N. 11° 0' E. From the line uniting these points to the light-house at the end of the pier, the distance is 3½ miles, and to Ringsend, at the mouth of the Liffey, 6½ miles. The north entrance of the bay is bounded by the bold and elevated peninsula of Howth, which, with its two light-houses, forms an excellent land-mark both by night and by day. Here the eye is met by heath and rocks rudely intermingled, while among these wild objects a neat villa, with glittering white walls, placed in an apparently inaccessible situation, and having around it several spots of green pasture reclaimed from the surrounding waste, appears finely contrasted with the romantic wildness of the adjacent scenery. After passing the peninsula of Howth, the north shore of the bay is low; and is generally studded with white houses, either single or in groups, to the water's edge, whence a fine country is seen rising into gentle eminences, clothed with wood and interspersed with villas, till the view is lost in the distant horizon.

The southern point of entrance into the bay is formed by the rocky island of Dalkey, which is crowned by a martello tower, and separated from the continent by a deep navigable channel varying from 200 to 300 yards in breadth. Over the rocky bottom of this narrow channel, the tide rushes with an impetuosity, which, joined to the narrow entrance, will render it impossible, by any improvement, to make this a safe place of shelter for vessels in stormy weather. From Dalkey, farther into the bay, the coast is rocky and dangerous; there are several villages on it, however, such as Bullock, Dunleary, and Blackrock; behind which the eye wanders over a fine country, richly overspread with villas, woods, and pastures, and gradually rising by gentle eminences into the Wicklow mountains, which form, by their picturesque outline, a beautiful termination to the prospect. The only possible chance of accident in entering the bay of Dublin, arises from the sand called Kish, the north part of which lies about six miles NE. from Dalkey, and on which the Albion man-of-war formerly struck. The bottom of the bay is, throughout, of fine sand, and affords good anchorage, in from four fathoms, or not so much at low water, to a greater depth. With westerly winds, which blow from the shore, the water is of course smooth; from a northerly wind, the peninsula of Howth affords shelter, and from a south wind, the high grounds on the southern shore. But there is no shelter from easterly or south-easterly storms, which, during the winter months, frequently blow with tremendous fury into the bay. A vessel which happens at these times to be embayed while there is not sufficient water over the bar, must depend for safety solely on her anchor, and if this last hope fail, she can scarce avoid destruction on that immense extent of sands which encircle the bottom of the bay, and which have been the scene of numerous and fatal shipwrecks. These dangerous sand-banks, which extend over so large a space to the north and west of Dublin, are called the North and South Bulls. Between them lies the harbour. This is properly a continuation of the channel of the Liffey, which, when the tide is full, seemingly terminates at Ringsend, on the sea-shore, where the sand commences, but when the tide retires, the channel is seen to extend three miles and two hundred and eighty-six yards farther into the bay, having the sand-banks on each side. A harbour formed in this manner, of such precarious materials as the shifting sands of the ocean, liable to be driven from their position by every tempest or river-flood, which was besides narrow, irregular in its depth, of limited accommodation, entirely exposed to the prevailing winds, and of difficult entrance in consequence of its bar, could not be supposed adequate to the rising trade of a flourishing metropolis; and with the view, therefore, of correcting these natural defects, the most magnificent works have been projected and carried into effect by the spirited inhabitants of Dublin. The stream of the Liffey, as far as the sea-shore at Ringsend, was first confined by two walls, called the North and South Walls, already mentioned, and to secure the channel of the river from the inroads of the adjacent sands of the southern bank, called the South Bull, a vast work of frames and piles was carried along its edge to a distance into the sea of 7938 feet, or about one mile and a half. For this there was substituted, in 1755, a double stone wall, filled between with gravel, and forming an elevated walk, secured on both sides by parapet walls. The frame-work was afterwards carried out 9816 feet further to the eastern point of the bank, and, in consequence of the expense of keeping it in repair, a stone wall was substituted in its place, which was begun in 1761, and finished in 1768. This pier, which is the greatest work of the kind ever attempted in Britain, or perhaps in the world, is above three English miles in length. It consists of two parallel walls, constructed with large blocks of hewn granite, so dovetailed into each other, that no single block can be removed from the mass of which it forms a part without breaking it. The space between the two walls is filled with gravel and shingle to a certain height, over which is a course of masonry, and the whole is covered with granite blocks, generally from six to seven feet in length. The pier thus constructed forms a solid mass thirty-two feet in breadth at the bottom, and twenty-eight feet at the top, and it is terminated by a handsome circular light-house, which was finished in 1768. By means of these great works, the harbour is effectually secured against the adjacent sands of the South Bull, which are rapidly accumulating against its outer side, and have, in one place indeed, risen above it. To the northward, however, it is open to the encroachments of the sands from the North Bull; a projection from which, with a depth on it, at low-water of spring-tides, of only five feet, runs out in a south-west direction, and shoots athwart the harbour, forming a bar without the entrance two miles long by half a mile broad. This bar formerly extended to the South Bull; but at present it is separated from the latter by the south channel, about a quarter of a mile wide, and in which the least depth of water is eight feet. Various improvements have been suggested with the view of still farther securing the harbour, which continues exposed to the open swell of the sea in easterly storms. The object of these is chiefly to give shelter and smooth water, to deepen the channel for the lying of ships, to increase, in a certain degree, the current at the mouth of the harbour during the ebb-tide, and to direct it immediately against the bar, with a view of sweeping it in whole or in part away. The entrance is at present marked by the light-house on the south side, and, on the north, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, by the spit buoy, placed on a spit of sand projecting from the North Bull, which dries at the low-water of spring-tides. The plan proposed is to build a light-house at this buoy, and a pier commencing from the light-house, and carried to the north shore of the bay, so as to recede by a circular sweep from the pier on the south side as it approaches the shore; and thus to inclose within the harbour a great expanse of water, which, flowing out at the ebb through the contracted space between the two light-houses, must increase the action of the current against the bar, and must thus tend to sweep it away. The two light-houses also, by marking the channel more decidedly, will render stranger vessels less liable to fatal mistakes.

For many years prior to the year 1806 the streets of Dublin were, in the essential points of paving, lighting, and cleansing, in an adéplorable state. In these matters great improvements have been made by the commissioners appointed since that time, so that there is now little to complain of on the ground of these deficiencies. Additional supplies of water have been also introduced into the city from the Grand and Royal Canals, and metal pipes have been substituted in place of wooden ones. In the year 1816, the expenses of the water establishment amounted to L.21,000. The markets in Dublin are extremely convenient and well laid out; and they are abundantly supplied with cheap and excellent meat. But they are generally placed in low and confined situations, to which the access is narrow and dirty. Poultry and eggs are in great plenty, and the fish markets always contain an abundant supply, and in great variety. Roots and vegetables are also plentiful and of a good quality. Fruits are not so abundant in Dublin as in other places. Strawberries, however, form an exception, which are plentiful and of an excellent kind. Milk and butter bear a high price, and they are, as in all large capitals, frequently bad, more especially the first.

Dublin abounds beyond almost any other place in charitable institutions. For every infirmity to which the human frame is subject, whether bodily or mental, hospitals are established. Here are houses of asylum for age, sickness, and poverty; also for unemployed tradesmen, and for servants out of work. There are institutions for the employment of the industrious, as well as for the reformation of the profligate, of both sexes. Charitable associations exist under every modification, and societies without number for searching out objects of distress, and for relieving those who are ashamed to beg. Several charitable dispensaries have been begun, and institutions for diffusing among the poor the benefits of the vaccine. Of most of these institutions a general account will be found in the Encyclopedia. Many others have been lately begun, of which our limits can afford only a slight notice. St. George's Dispensary, which annually relieves 5000 patients, and which has a connected fever hospital, was opened in 1801; and the North-west Dispensary, which annually relieves 3000 patients, in 1804. In 1814, an infirmary was begun for diseases in the eye, which, in nine months, afforded advice and assistance to 800 persons. The Dublin Female Penitentiary, directed by a committee of females, by whom it is daily visited, was established in 1813; also in 1809, an asylum was begun for infirm and aged female servants; in 1802, a house of refuge for servants out of place; and, in 1814, a temporary retreat for poor artisans out of employment. In 1813, a society was begun for the relief of poor debtors, and various charitable associations have of late years been instituted, generally for the relief of the industrious poor, while others have been confined to particular classes of trades and professions. In 1816, a society was founded for the instruction of young chimney sweeps, and for rescuing them from the tyranny of their masters.

The institutions for the diffusion of instruction, whether moral or religious, are numerous. Schools abound of every description, and for every class of persons. There are also religious societies for every purpose, for distributing Bibles and religious tracts, as well as for discountenancing vice. The same zeal is also displayed for the advancement of literature, science, and the arts; and different institutions have been formed for these laudable objects. Of these may be mentioned, the Dublin Library Society, and the Dublin Institution, begun in 1811, to each of which libraries are attached. In the Dublin Institution lectures are now given on scientific subjects, to illustrate which by experiments, a philosophical apparatus has been procured. The Dublin Society also, originally instituted for the encouragement of agriculture, has considerably extended its plan; having established an excellent museum of natural history, and instituted professorships for different branches of science. This society removed in 1815 to the magnificent mansion formerly possessed by the Duke of Leinster.

The public buildings of Dublin are both magnificent and substantial. They have been mostly described in the Encyclopedia; but various alterations and improvements have since taken place. In 1815, the foundation stone was laid of a new post-office, the building of which has been carried on with great vigour. This spacious edifice is 223 feet in front, and 150 feet in depth; and it consists of three stories. In the centre is a grand portico 80 feet in length, consisting of a pediment supported by six pillars of the Ionic order, and surmounted by three beautiful statues. The estimated expense of this building is L.50,000. The stamp-office has been transferred from the inconvenient house in Eustace Street, in which its business was formerly transacted, to the splendid mansion occupied by Lord Powerscourt, and the accommodation has been increased by an extensive wing which has been added at the back. The Dublin Penitentiary, begun in 1812, is a plain and substantial building, formed of hewn blocks of limestone, presenting a front of 700 feet. It is intended for the reformation of such convicts as are sentenced to transportation, who are placed in solitary confinement, and gradually restored to society as their conduct recommends them to favour. The expense of this edifice is estimated at L.40,000. A new house of correction was also begun in 1813. This building, of which the expense is stated at L.28,000, has a ponderous and gloomy aspect. The Richmond Lunatic Asylum, which was begun in 1810; was completed in 1815; at an expense of L.50,000. This is a noble institution, and the regulations under which it is managed breathe a spirit of mildness and benevolence honourable to the humanity of their authors. To accommodate the increasing number of students at the university, it has been found necessary to erect a new and extensive range of apartments on the south side of the new square, which had not before been completed. This wing forms a new front to the college, 270 feet in breadth. It consists of four stories, containing thirty-two windows in each, and cost L.26,000. The number of students at the university in 1817 was 1230. The old chapel for public worship at the castle having fallen into a ruinous condition, has been taken down, and a new edifice erected in its place, at an expense of L.42,000. This chapel was opened for public worship on Christmas 1814. An elegant new church, for the accommodation of a Catholic congregation, was begun in the year 1816, of which the estimated expense is L. 50,000. The principal front extends 118 feet, and consists of a portico of six fluted columns of the Doric order. Over the entablature is a pediment ornamented with the figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity. The portico projects ten feet on an extended flight of steps, and beneath it are the three grand entrances for the congregation.

Great improvements have been of late made on the river Liffey, both in the formation of quays and in the construction of bridges. The old walls by which the river was embanked having fallen into ruin, it became necessary to rebuild them, and this work has been proceeded in with great vigour. The new walls which have been erected are faced with large blocks of hewn mountain granite, and huge blocks of the same material connect them with the quays, and give them stability; all the awkward buildings, wharfs, and warehouses, which interrupted the line of quays, on either side of the river, and projected into its channel, have been at the same time removed. The river Liffey is crossed by seven bridges, some of which are of recent construction, and an eighth is just begun. The foundation of Whitworth bridge was laid in 1816, in place of the one formerly known under the various names of the Old Bridge, Dublin Bridge, and Ormond Bridge, which was carried away in 1802. Richmond Bridge, which was begun in 1813, was opened to the public in 1816. It is 52 feet broad, and 220 long, and cost L. 25,800. Between this bridge and Essex Bridge, an iron bridge for foot passengers was opened in 1816. It is 140 feet long, and 12 feet wide, and cost L. 3000.

Population of Dublin in 1728, according to the most accurate computations - 146,000 By an actual enumeration in 1798 - 170,805 By the return to Parliament in 1814 - 175,319

See Whitelaw's History of Dublin. 2 vols. 4to. 1818.

a county of Ireland, situated between 53° 10' and 53° 37' N. Latitude, and between 6° 4' and 6° 36' W. longitude from Greenwich, is bounded on the north by the county of Meath; on the east by the Irish sea; on the south by Wicklow; and on the west by Meath and Kildare. It is about 30 English miles in length and 20 in breadth, and contains, according to Archer's Survey, 147,840 Irish, or nearly 240,000 English acres. Beaufort estimates its contents at 355 square miles, or 228,211 acres English, and Wakefield at 388 square miles. About an eighth of its area is occupied with mountains and wastes, a tenth with buildings, roads, rivers, &c. and the remainder is arable and pasture. It is divided into six baronies and a half; namely, Balruddery, Nethercross, Coolock, and Castleknock, on the north of the river Liffey, and Newcastle, Uppercross, and the half of Rathdown on the south,—the other half of Rathdown being in the county of Wicklow. The most fertile land is in the former baronies; great part of the latter, bordering on the county of Wicklow, is covered with heath, and rocky or mountainous. Dublin is in the province of Leinster; gives a title to an archbishop, whose jurisdiction also extends over the dioceses of Kildare, Ferns and Leighlin united, and Ossory; and contains 107 parishes, of which 20 are in the city of Dublin, provided with rectors or vicars, and forty-six curates.

The prevailing wind is from the south-west, from which and from the other western points it blows for nearly two-thirds of the year. The north-west wind also is more frequent here than in England, and the north, east, and north-east less so; but easterly winds are common in the spring months, and often check vegetation. Storms, chiefly from the SW. and W. are more frequent than in England. According to a register kept at the botanic gardens near Dublin, the quantity of rain in the year, from 1802 to 1811 inclusive, varied from 18,970 to 29,720 inches. The range of the barometer is about 2½ inches. The medium heat for five years ending with 1800 was 50° 15', the maximum 81° 50', and the minimum 14° 50'. The yearly number of fair days at Dublin, for 12 years from 1791 to 1802 inclusive, was from 168 to 205, the average number being 179.

The soil of this county is generally shallow, and soil and the substratum almost universally a cold clay. There is very little turf bog in the northern parts, but some considerable tracts among the mountains in the south. The face of the country does not exhibit much diversity of prospect; but from the hill of Howth, a little to the north-east of the city, there is a very extensive view, embracing the bay of Dublin and the city itself, and a number of villages and country seats around it, with the Wicklow mountains on the south, the bases of which are studded with numerous villas, and the ocean on the east. The Phoenix Park, the country seat of the Lord Lieutenant, stands on the banks of the Liffey, west from the city. In this county, as in many parts of Ireland, there is a want of trees to add to the beauty of the landscape.

No minerals or fossils of much value have been discovered, or are now worked. To the south of the city are some good quarries of freestone; limestone, and limestone gravel, abound in various parts. At Lucan, about eight miles from the city, there is a mineral spring which is much frequented in summer. The water is sulphureous, resembling that of Aix-la-Chapelle and Bruges, but with this difference, that the Lucan water is cold, whereas that of the above two places is hot. The principal river is the Liffey, which flows through the middle of the county from west to east, and falls into the bay of Dublin. It is navigable for large vessels up to the new custom-house at Carlisle bridge, where spring tides rise about 13 feet, and for boats as far as Chapel-izod, about four miles above Dublin castle. The only other river worthy of notice is the Dodder, which, rising in the northern mountains, discharges itself into the bay of Dublin at Ringsend, a little below the city.

Landed property in this county is a much more marketable commodity than in most other districts of Ireland. There are here no large territorial domains. Leases vary in their terms, but commonly include a life, for the purpose of creating a vote. Farms are in general very small near the city, seldom more than 20 or 30 acres, but at a distance from 50 to 150 acres. The farm buildings are for the most part very insufficient. Near the city the fences are of white thorn, but in the remote parts they are nothing more than a bank and ditch. Lime, limestone gravel, and marl, are used as manures. The city of Dublin might afford the means of enriching a tract of several miles around it, but its street dung is so little valued, that it is sometimes brought to Scotland by coasting vessels as ballast, and much of it is thrown into the Liffey. Except in the vicinity of the city, the demands of which regulate the species of crops cultivated, the agriculture of this county does not differ materially from that of the Irish counties we have already described. Two crops of wheat in succession, and after these two of oats, without fallow or green crop, are frequently taken, according to Archer. Barley is not cultivated extensively. The natural pastures are, with few exceptions, of an inferior quality. There are few or no flocks of sheep in the possession of farmers. In the city, and within four miles of it, about 1600 cows were kept in May 1801, according to Archer, where there were formerly near 7000. The old Irish breed of cows is almost extinct, and their place is supplied by the short horns and other breeds from England. In 1801, the tithe throughout the county was for wheat from 7s. to 10s.; barley 6s. to 8s.; Oats 5s. to 7s.; and hay 2s. 6d. to 10s. per acre.

The manufactures of this county are not of great importance in a national point of view. A strong kind of dowlas, and some sheetings, with a few other articles, comprise all the branches of its linen manufacture. A number of hands are employed in making broadcloths, cottons, silks, stockings, glass, and the coarser sorts of hardware, though none of the works are upon a very large scale.

The trade of the county, and of a great part of Ireland, necessarily centres in Dublin, the capital. Two canals afford a ready communication between the city and the interior of the country. The grand canal runs from Dublin to the river Shannon, at Banagher, 63 miles; while a branch proceeds southward till it meets the river Barrow at Athy, 43 miles from Dublin. The royal canal, which leaves Dublin to the north of the former, is to join the Shannon at Tarmonbarry, 60 miles from Dublin. It is now nearly finished. Passage-boats ply from Dublin to within nine miles of Tarmonbarry. The affairs of the original company having got into disorder, it was dissolved by an act of the 5th of the King, and their whole property vested in trustees, who are the directors general of inland navigation. Great expense has been incurred in attempts to improve the harbour of Dublin; but the shifting sands by which it is incommodeed, have rendered them in a great measure unsuccessful. Yet Dublin enjoys an extensive commerce with the colonies, with the continent of Europe, particularly Spain and Portugal, and with America. Its corn trade has increased from £233,069 in 1785, to £860,165 in 1811; and in the provision trade it seems to be gaining both upon Cork and Limerick.

The fish found in the rivers of this county are Fisheries. salmon, pike, and eels. There is a considerable salmon fishery on the Liffey, which, in 1801, gave employment to eighteen men from January to Michaelmas. During the season, from 90 to 200 were caught every week. There is a fine salmon leap at the town of Leixlip. The eels are of two kinds: the silver eel, so called from the whiteness of its colour, is exceedingly abundant in Tullagheen river, and near Fieldstown; and the sand eel, which is frequent in the loose sand near the sea coast. In 1801, 87 wherries belonged to the county, each carrying seven or eight hands, and receiving a bounty of 20s. a ton, which were employed in catching cod, ling, haddock, ray, herrings, &c. There were about 20 smacks, and five seine nets employed in the salmon fishery between the bay of Dublin and Dunleary; which, with many small boats, engaged in the herring fishery at the proper season. At Dunleary there were also eleven yawls, and at Bullock seven, engaged in fishing for whit ing, pollock, and herrings. The shad and the sprat have been found in the Liffey, and the sturgeon in the bay of Dublin. Near the city, there are both natural and artificial beds of oysters; some of them in the latter as large as a horse-shoe. Porpoises are often found on the coast.

The avoidupos weight is in general use for all weights of grain, groceries, provisions, &c. With grain and Measures. of every denomination weight is assigned for measure. The barrel of wheat, peas and beans, and potatoes, must weigh 20 stone, barley 16, oats 14, and malt 10 stone. Rough tallow from the butcher is sold by the stone of 15 lb.; wool by the stone of 16 lb.; and hay by the load of 4 cwt. The barrel of lime is 40 gallons of 217 cubic inches; and the half barrel of coals 20 gallons Winchester.

In Archer's Survey, no fewer than 79 towns and villages are mentioned, besides the city of Dublin. Of these the most considerable are Balbriggan, Black Rock, Chapel-izod, Clontarf, Dunleary, Finglass, Glasnevin, Howth, Leixlip, Lucan, Mallahide, Rathfarnham, Rush, Skerries, Swords, and Tallagh. The county, the city, and the university of Dublin, Represented ten members to the Irish Parliament; the county now sends two, the city two, and the university one, to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The cabins, fuel, food, and clothes of the lower classes in the country, are not materially different from what they are in the Irish counties already described, except that fuel is very scarce, and cabins near the city are high rented. Turf bog is of small extent in most parts of it; and coals, which are brought from the opposite coasts of England and Scotland for the supply of the city, are too dear for the cottager and small farmer. In 1801, the wages of common labour were from 8s. to 9s. a-week; prices while oatmeal was 4s. 8d., and potatoes 1s. 9d. per stone. In 1811, wages were nearly the same; but oatmeal was 3s., and potatoes 6d. per stone. As these two articles form almost the only food of the lower classes, their price, when compared with the rate of wages, affords a rule for estimating the condition of the great body of the people.

The population of the county in 1792, according to Beaufort, was 54,000; and of the city 144,000. Whitelaw makes the population of the city in 1798 amount to 172,091, and the number of houses to be 16,401; but by an enumeration in 1804, the houses were found to be less by 756, and the inhabitants by 4192. By a census taken in 1813, the population of the whole county appears to be 208,000, and the number of houses 26,000. According to Wakefield, the Catholics are to the Protestants as six to one. Few of the officers of the militia are Catholics; but many of the privates. On the grand juries the proportion of Catholics is small; in some instances none are called. The use of the English language is universal, and few can speak Irish.

See the Works of Beaufort, Newenham, and Wakefield, as quoted under the preceding counties of Ireland; Rutt's Natural History of the County of Dublin, 1772; Young's Tour in Ireland in 1779; Archer's Statistical Survey of the County of Dublin, 1801; Dutton's Remarks on Archer's Survey; and the article Dublin in the body of the work.