In the Encyclopedia will be found an account of the discovery of Brasil, with such particulars relative to its subsequent history, and circumstances, as could be collected from the most approved publications on the subject. We shall here add such further information as has been communicated to the public in the works of more recent travellers.

The name of Brasil, which was at first understood to apply to a small portion of the American coast from the mouth of the Amazons southward, now comprehends the whole Portuguese territories in South America. On the east, this region is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by Peru. To the north and south, its natural boundaries seem to be the two great rivers, the Amazons and the Plata; but its actual frontiers have been fixed by treaties, and have either receded from those natural boundaries, or been enlarged beyond them, according to the political interests and views of the different powers interested in the possession of those territories. This vast country, from the mouth of the river Amazons, almost under the equator, to the 35th degree of south latitude, extends in length about 2000 miles, and its greatest breadth, from east to west, is nearly the same; but, towards the south, it is contracted, by the mutual approach of its eastern and western boundaries, within much narrower limits. The mouths of its navigable rivers, and the windings of the shore, give it about 1200 leagues of sea-coast.

Viewed from the sea, Brasil appears on its first aspect mountainous, rough, and unequal; but, on nearer approach, no prospect can be more picturesque and agreeable than that which it presents,—its eminences covered with magnificent woods, and its valleys with eternal green. The interior of the country, generally speaking, is one vast forest. But in the centre is the vast plain of Campos Parexis, which extends east and west for several hundred miles, and is covered with a light earth, and with heaps of sand, resembling from a distance, by its continual shifting and undulation, the agitated waves of the ocean. The soil is so loose and sandy, that the convoys of mules which have to pass this way, frequently sink into it, and make their way forward with great difficulty. The vegetation with which it is covered consists of a stunted species of herbage, with small leaves, round and pointed like a lancet. This immense sandy plain rises up towards the centre into chains of mountains, which are generally considered the highest in Brasil, and are extended over a space of more than 200 leagues. It is from this mountainous country that all those rivers proceed, which finally pour their tributary waters into the Amazons, the Paraguay, and the southern Atlantic. Those rivers, and the river Madera, which flows northward into the Amazons, together with their tributary streams, run along the interior frontier of Brasil for a space of nearly 1500 miles, and form the boundary by which this country is separated from the Spanish provinces.

The principal mass of mountains is to the northward of Rio Janeiro, towards the sources of those three great rivers in the interior, the St Francis, the Parana, and the Tocantins. These mountains not only abound in mines of copper and of iron, but they conceal besides rich mines of gold, diamonds, and other precious stones. From this elevated group, different chains are prolonged towards the south, in a direction parallel with the coast, under the name of Cerro des Emeraldas, and Cerro do Frio. Another branch, proceeding from the same centre, follows a similar direction to the south, while a third chain, under the name of Matto-Grosso, bends to the north-west towards the central plain, and forms the dividing ridge between the waters which flow southward into the Paraguay and the Parana on one side, and those which flow northward into the Tocantins and the Chingu, and finally into the Amazons, on the other. Between the Parana and the Paraguay, an extensive chain of mountains, running in a direction from north to south, intervenes, which, at its termination, diverges into other ranges, running from east to west. Divers other groups of mountains skirt, for a great distance, the banks of the river Tocantins, while another range, which is one of the most considerable in Brasil, extends towards the northern coasts, and forms a natural division between the provinces of Maranham and Pernambuco.

Brasil is watered with a profusion of great rivers. The longest is the Amazons, which, rising in Peru, enters the Brazilian territory by the south-west, is increased by the accession of the Rio Negro, which, from its great inundations, has been compared to a sea of fresh water; by the Rio Madre, or the River of Forests, which rises in the central mountains of Brasil, and has a course of more than 2000 miles, before it joins the Amazons; by the Topayos, which rises in the heights of the Campos Parexis, and has a course of 900 miles; and, finally, by the Chingu, which descends from the ridges of Matto-Grosso. This last river rises at the distance of 1200 miles from its mouth, and its course is interrupted by several cataracts. Its banks are covered with impenetrable forests, inhabited by tribes of warlike and independent savages. Farther to the east, the great river Tocantins falls into the sea near the mouth of the Amazons, and, being connected by a branch with the main stream, those two immense rivers mixing their waters, rush with one common current into the ocean. The land and sea seem to dispute the dominion of the extensive regions where this junction takes place, which are accordingly either parched by a burning sun, or deluged with periodical rains. About 300 miles before it falls into the ocean, the Tocantins is joined by the Aragua, which is nearly equal to itself in size, and from this point the united streams of these two rivers are navigable to the ocean. Their banks are skirted by mountains and forests, and towards their source they make their way across deep valleys and precipices, where the navigation is interrupted by numerous cataracts.

To the southward of the tributary streams of the Amazons, Brasil is chiefly drained of its waters by means of the great river La Plata. This river, for a considerable part of its course, skirts its interior frontier, running from north to south. For the space of nearly 1600 miles, it receives all the streams which flow down the eastern declivity of the Andes, while, for the same space, it receives all the waters of the Brazilian Andes, which take a westerly course into the interior. The land which divides the waters of the Amazons from those of the Plata, rises to its height between the 13th and 14th parallels of south latitude. Here it is that the Paraguay or the Plata has its rise, and its sources approach within a few miles of those of the Topayos, Chingu, and Tocantins, which are tributary to the Amazons. In many parts, indeed, owing to the configuration of the ground, the tributary rivers of the Amazons and the Plata appear as if they were blended together, and as if their respective streams were in a manner interlocked. From the sources of these rivers, the dividing ridge runs south-west, and afterwards, turning towards the north-east, makes a sort of circle round the head waters of the Aragua, a branch of the Tocantins, which are to be found, in consequence of this bend in the ridge, as far south as the 18th degree. In its course towards the north-east, the ridge confines the waters of the Tocantins within the 10th parallel of south latitude, and, running in a northerly direction parallel to the course of this last-mentioned river, it divides its waters from those of the Rio Francisco, which has its rise about the 20th degree of south latitude, and, after running to the north for a considerable space in the bottom of a longitudinal valley, turns round at length towards the east, and falls into the Atlantic about the 11th degree of south latitude. The Rio Francisco is the only considerable river of Brasil, which is unconnected either with the Amazons or the Plata. Along the Francisco, parallel to its course, runs a ridge of mountains distant from the Atlantic Ocean about 250 miles. This ridge divides the waters of the Francisco from those flowing directly to the ocean, which consist of a variety of insulated streams, such as the Rio Grande, the Rio Doce, and several others of inferior note.

To the south of the dividing ridge between the waters of the Plata and those of the Tocantins, the great river Parana, which flows into the Plata, on the eastern bank, about 700 miles from its mouth, is formed by the accumulated waters of several extensive valleys. From the east, it receives all the waters of the western declivity of that mountainous ridge which runs along the shores of the Atlantic, and rising to its height at the distance, generally, of some hundred miles from the coast, pours all its great streams into the interior, to make their way into the ocean by the channel of the Plata. The head waters of the Parana approach within less than 100 miles of the eastern shore, from which their course is westerly into the interior, until they turn towards the south. To the southward of the Parana rises the river Uruguay. Its head waters, like those of the Parana, flow from the mountainous ridge which runs along the Atlantic shore, and they pursue a course somewhat similar, flowing down the western declivity into the interior, and afterwards turning in a circular direction to the south. The Uruguay falls into the Plata near its mouth, after a course of 1000 miles.

In consequence of the immense extent of Brasil, from north to south, it possesses great variety both of soil and climate. The country in the vicinity of the Amazonas is exposed to the tropical heats, which, however, are in some measure tempered by the natural humidity of the climate. In those regions, there is little distinction of seasons. The ground is continually covered with flowers and with trees, always green, while the abundant dews, the shade of the forests, and the delicious coolness of the nights, present the image of perpetual spring. In ascending towards the sources of the great rivers, the temperature is modified by the height of the ground; and within the elevated plains which spread out into the interior, fertile valleys are found, which possess a salubrious and temperate climate, and in which all the fruits of Europe grow to maturity, along with the native productions of America. Of this nature is the climate of Brasil towards Minas Geraes, Villa Rica and Saint Paul. In some of the more elevated mountainous situations, which are raised to the height of 5000 and 6000 feet above the level of the sea, and towards the southern extremity of Brasil, the air is still colder, and the soil produces, in great perfection, both European fruit and grain.

The west wind, passing over vast marshy forests, is frequently found to be unhealthy in the interior parts, while the excessive heat which follows the course of the sun, fills the atmosphere with igneous particles, which produce occasionally fatal consequences. But those unhealthy blasts are corrected by the influence of the aromatic plants which abound in the woods, and which fill the air with their fragrance, so that it can be plainly perceived at several leagues from the shore, when the wind blows in that direction.

From the month of March to August, the rainy season prevails upon the coast. During the rest of the year, there is almost constant drought, the wind blowing from the north, with little interruption. Under the influence of these dry and parching blasts, vegetation languishes, and all the higher and more exposed parts appear to be burnt up and withered. The sea breeze, which ushers in the rainy season, refreshes the atmosphere and reanimates vegetation.

The interior of Brasil consists in many parts of one continued forest, in which the trees are covered with brushwood and twigs, twining round them even to their summits, after which they frequently make their way again to the earth, where they take root, and, mounting anew, they grow from one tree to another, until the whole forest is laced together by this vegetable cordage, and rendered completely impracticable. It sometimes grows to the thickness of a man's leg, and is so closely interwoven that neither animals nor birds can pass across it. When young, these twigs are flexible, and frequently serve for ordinary purposes instead of cords. Mr Mawe mentions that he had often seen negroes convert them into bridles, and ride with them for days together. In some species of this underwood, if an incision is made, a considerable quantity of cool and excellent water is procured. The shrubs which yield this precious resource are found in marshy countries, or in sandy plains, where, without this assistance, the traveller would die of thirst. The wild recesses of those impenetrable forests are inhabited by great numbers of apes, which multiply undisturbed in these inaccessible abodes.

At a little distance from the coast, the country is covered with numerous varieties of the palm-tree, among which we meet with that celebrated species, whose long, serrated, lancet-formed leaves are composed of innumerable fibres, which rival silk both in fineness and strength. These are frequently used for fishing-lines. Here also is to be found the Brazilian cocoa tree, which is thicker and more elevated than that of the Indies,—also the tree called the pekia, which bears a fruit large and hard, something similar both in shape and size to a common ball, so that it is dangerous to be near it when the fruit falls to the ground,—and the Brazilian myrtle, distinguished by the shining of its silver bark. No country in the world furnishes so many precious woods for dyeing, for cabinet work, or for ship-building. The cedar, the wild cinnamon tree, and the rose-wood trees, are improved by being worked, and resist for a long time the action both of the water and of the air. There is, besides, an immense variety of other species of trees, adapted for every purpose, either of utility or ornament; and it is in Brasil, also, that those gigantic trees are to be found which rise to the height of 80 feet, and which are so well adapted by their size for the construction of the largest ships.

The woods of Brasil are full of rapacious animals, such as the tiger-cat, the hyena, the saratu, which is the size of a fox, but much more ferocious and brave. The jaguar, from its strength and ferocity, the terror of the Brazilian peasantry, is frequently met with; also the porcupine, which, when it is irritated, darts its quills with such force as to occasion serious wounds. This animal must not be confounded with the armadillo, or with the common porcupine, which rolls itself up like the hedge-hog, and presents to its pursuers an impenetrable coat of mail. The farmers in Brasil are much infested by ounces, which are of various colours, some black and brown red, and are exceedingly ravenous and ferocious. This animal is hunted with dogs, and when it is run down, a contest ensues, which is seldom terminated without the loss of some of the dogs. Wild hogs are common, and all sorts of monkeys; some of which, when asleep, snore so loud as to astonish the traveller. The tapir is the largest quadruped found in the country; in its form it resembles a hog, but is nearly the size of a calf. The most formidable rep- tiles are the corral-snake, the sorrocuco, and the jarraraca, all of them venomous, and generally dreaded by the inhabitants. The corral-snake is between two and three feet in length, and about two inches in circumference, with a pointed tail and white belly; the head is covered with white cubical scales, edged with black, and the back is adorned with red, black, and white spots, in alternate order. In the marshy countries of the south is found the boa-serpent, which grows to the length of 30 feet, and in thickness equals the body of a man. As some sort of compensation for the production of these monstrous reptiles, the forests of Brasil abound in an infinite variety of the most beautiful birds, which are distinguished not more by the brilliancy of their plumage than by the melody of their notes.

The great extent of Brasil, and the general aspect of the country, diversified as it is by hill and valley, gives it such a variety of soil and climate, that it is well adapted to produce all that is necessary either for luxury or use; and the fruits and productions of the tropical climates, as well as all sorts of European grain, are accordingly found to flourish in its congenial soil. In no country would agriculture yield larger returns to the industrious farmer, and in no country is it more generally neglected. A propensity to seek after gold and diamonds, with which the country abounds, is fatally prevalent among the people; and to such a length is this carried, that they have lost all relish for sober industry. They will not be turned away from this, as they fancy, short road to wealth; and their whole time being wasted in a fruitless search after these precious productions, they entail upon themselves and their families wretchedness and want. It is a general remark, that those who devote themselves wholly to mining, are badly clothed and worse fed, while those who have attended to agriculture are well provided with every necessary of life. But though there are not wanting many examples of the superior advantages of agriculture, it is extraordinary that, throughout all Brasil, the husbandmen have ever been considered an inferior class to the miners; and it is probable that this prejudice will continue until the country being in a great measure exhausted of its gold and diamonds, its inhabitants shall be compelled to seek, in the cultivation of the soil, a sure and permanent source of wealth. Most of the towns in the southern provinces of Brasil were first settled by bands of adventurers, who penetrated into the interior in quest of the precious metals; and when they had gradually exhausted the country of its mineral treasures, they were then compelled to employ themselves in husbandry. The town of St Paul's, in the province of Minas Geraes, which contains about 15,000 inhabitants, was settled in this manner. The town of Villa Rica owed its origin to the same cause. The country around both these places has been in a great measure drained of its gold by the rapacious industry of successive adventurers. The inhabitants of St Paul's, the vicinity of which has been long exhausted, have betaken themselves to industry. But in Villa Rica, where the precious metal has not entirely disappeared, they still retain their blind passion for mining, and totally neglect the fine country around them, of which the produce would amply compensate them for the loss of its former wealth. The descendants of the original settlers in the interior of Brasil, have generally sunk into a deplorable degeneracy of manners. They are unfitted for active life by their education, their habits, and still more by their hereditary prejudices. Perpetually indulging in prospects of fancied wealth, they neglect the means by which alone their hopes can be realized. They are listless and indolent, passing whole days in perfect inactivity, and leaving every trade to be occupied by mulattoes or negroes.

Every where throughout Brasil there are large tracts of unoccupied land, which may be obtained by making proper application to government, and may be afterwards held as freehold property. Other excellent lands are possessed by many indolent persons, who are either unwilling or incapable of turning them to any advantage. These may be bought at very low prices, and they afford every possible encouragement to enterprising settlers. Many districts abound with iron ore and limestone; there is excellent clay for making bricks,—wood in abundance for every purpose, and water at command. As an example of the profits which may be gained by farming in Brasil, Mr Mawe mentions having met with an industrious Priest, who, having obtained possession of a farm, which he diligently cultivated, had in the course of four years rendered it worth L. 400,—although he possessed only L. 8—per annum, his salary as a clergyman, with which to hire negroes for the cultivation of his property.

Maize, beans, cassava root, which is generally eaten as bread by all ranks, are very generally cultivated. In many parts wheat and other European grain is reared; and where the farmer has planted a sufficient supply of food for the consumption of the farm, he grows coffee, and, if he has the means, he prepares for growing and manufacturing sugar. The farm-houses are generally miserable hovels of one story; the floor is neither paved nor boarded, and the walls and partitions are formed of wicker-work plastered with mud. The kitchen is a filthy room with an uneven muddy floor, interspersed with pools of water; the fire-places are formed by the rude contrivance of three round stones; and as there is no proper chimney, the place is always filled with smoke, which vents itself through the door and other apertures, leaving all within black and dirty. In more remote parts of the country, the same habits of indolence prevail. "The people," says Mr Mawe, to whose researches we are indebted for much valuable information respecting this interesting country, "seemed to act as if the tenure by which they held their lands was about to be abolished; all around them had the appearance of make-shift; their old houses fast hastening to decay, bore no marks of repair about them; wherever a bit of garden ground was enclosed, it appeared overrun with weeds; where coffee-trees, planted in former years, still existed, the present occupiers were too indolent to gather the fruit; no inclosures were made for pasturage; a few goats supplied the little milk that was consumed, and cow's milk was rarely to be procured."

Brasil has long been celebrated for the gold and diamonds with which it abounds; but so watchfully was this precious produce formerly guarded by the jealousy of the Portuguese Government, that no foreigner was ever permitted to penetrate into the interior; and, in consequence, no satisfactory information could ever be procured respecting those valuable productions. Lately, however, and more especially since the emigration of the Portuguese Royal Family to the Brasils, this policy has been relaxed; and we are indebted to Mr Mawe, who was freely permitted to visit both the gold and the diamond mines of the interior, and to examine every part of the works connected with them, for many curious details respecting this branch of domestic industry, by which the inhabitants are drawn from every other pursuit.

In the beds of almost all the rivers which have their rise in the interior of Brasil, gold is found in abundance, and the nearer the source of the river, the soil always proves to be the richer in mineral wealth. It is known that the head waters of all those streams which have their source in the provinces of Minas Geraes or of Goias, and which, running south-west, fall into the Parana, a branch of the great river Plata, or turning to the north-east, are carried by the Rio Francisco to the Atlantic, are rich both in gold and diamonds. Almost all the towns in the interior of Brasil, were established by adventurers in pursuit of gold, and they will be found, accordingly, to be situated near the sources of the great rivers. The town of St Paul is situated on the western declivity of the chain of mountains which run along the coast near the source of the river Tiete, which, running west, falls into the Parana. Villa Rica is, in like manner, situated near the source of the Paraiba, which falls into the Atlantic, and on the sources of all the other rivers, towns have been established by adventurers drawn to these remote and unfrequented regions by their eager searches after gold. The village of Paracatu is established on the sources of the Rio Francisco, between 300 and 400 miles north-west from Rio Janeiro; its population is estimated at 1000 souls; and it will soon be more numerous, as the rumoured discovery of some rich mines lately found in its vicinity, has already tempted many families to remove to it. Farther to the west, we meet with the head waters of the rivers Tocantins, and with those of the river Aragua, as we advance into the province of Matto-Grosso. There is every reason to believe that those unexplored regions abound in untouched treasures both of gold and diamonds. The town of Villa Boa is situated on the eastern waters of the river Aragua, in the province of Goias, and is 80 leagues to the west of Paracatu, from whence there is a good road. Several other villages have also been established, at no great distance, for the purpose of collecting the gold which is found in the channels of those mountain streams.

In various other parts of the Capitania, gold washings are established, at some of which gold is found of a very fine quality. Diamonds have been collected in some parts, which are more brilliant in their appearance than those found in the diamond districts of Cerro do Frio, but are not generally of so pure a water. It is known that the river Das Mortes, which belongs to the Capitania of Matto-Grosso, and flows in a large stream into the Aragua from the west, is auriferous; and, according to the experience of those most skilled in the nature of the country, the smaller streams which descend from the higher grounds, must be still more productive of gold. Some mining works were at one time established in these remote districts, which were abandoned, not from any scarcity of gold, but because the few inhabitants who had settled in the country, being far removed from the road, and in the midst of a swamp inhabited by savages, could neither be conveniently supplied with arms for their defence, nor with implements for their trade. Farther to the west is found the river Cuiaha, and the other head waters of the river Paraguay, all of which produce gold. The mines of Cuiaha are established on the river of this name, and near the town of Cuiaha, which is large, and is estimated to contain 30,000 inhabitants. They were discovered in the year 1718, and were long celebrated for the quantity of gold which they produced, which has been calculated at 20 arrobas (500 lbs.) annually. The metal is also said to be of an extremely fine quality. The head waters of all the other great rivers, such as the Chingu, the Topayos, and the Madera, which rise in this Capitania, and flow into the Amazons, are found to produce gold. On the river Arinos, which is a western branch of the Topayos, some establishments for collecting gold were begun in 1747. But they were afterwards abandoned, chiefly in consequence of the dangers to which the adventurers were exposed from the tribes of warlike Indians by which this country is infested. The inextirpate hostility of the native tribes to the Portuguese, tends greatly to obstruct the progress of new settlements; as a body of adventurers must be collected sufficiently numerous to protect themselves against their savage enemies, before any settlement can be begun; and, even in this case, being in a state of perpetual watchfulness and alarm, their attention is continually distracted from agriculture or mining, to the more necessary business of war. But where the country is known to abound in gold or diamonds, adventurers soon crowd from all quarters to gather the rich harvest; the barbarous inhabitants are driven back into the desert; towns and villages arise; roads are opened; and the country around quickly assumes the appearance of cultivation and improvement.

The gold which is collected in Brasil, is found either in deep valleys or in the channels of rivers. It is generally contained in a loose marl-like stratum of rounded quartose pebbles and adventitious matter, called cascalhão, which rests upon granite, and is covered by earthy matter of variable thickness. Sometimes the gold is found covered by the soil at the depth of 20 feet, while at other times, on many of the hills where water can be collected for washing, particles of gold appear in the soil at little greater depth than the roots of the grass.

At the gold washings of Villa Rica, the bed of cascalhão was on the margin of the river; and Mr Mawe found the workmen engaged in cutting away the bank to the depth of, at least, 10 feet, before they could reach the vein containing the gold which was incumbent on the rock. The substance they had to cut through was clay, so strong that, though falls of water were precipitated upon it, and negroes were constantly working it with hoes of various kinds, it was with difficulty removed. Nor was this the only impediment; for, by the continual washing down of mud from the higher grounds, the cascalhão was five feet lower than the bed of the river, so that when the pits were sunk to its depth, they were soon filled with water, which had to be drawn off by means of machinery.

When the stratum which contains the gold is found at a distance from the rivers, it is dug up and carried to a convenient place, where it is washed, for the purpose of separating the earth and other materials from the gold. The method of washing it is simple, and the following account of it is given by Mr Mawe, who was freely permitted to visit the different gold-washings established in the country.

"Where water" (he observes) "of sufficiently high level can be commanded, the ground is cut in steps, each twenty or thirty feet wide, two or three broad, and about one deep. Near the bottom a trench is cut to the depth of two or three feet. On each step stand six or eight negroes, who, as the water flows gently from above, keep the earth continually in motion with shovels, until the whole is reduced to liquid mud, and washed below. The particles of gold contained in this earth descend to the trench, where, by reason of their specific gravity, they quickly precipitate. Workmen are continually employed at the trench to remove the stones and clear away the surface,—which operation is much assisted by the current of water which falls into it. After five days washing, the precipitation in the trench is carried to some convenient stream, to undergo a second clearance. For this purpose wooden bowls are provided, of a funnel shape, about two feet wide at the mouth, and five or six inches deep, called gamellas. Each workman, standing in the stream, takes into his bowl five or six pounds weight of the sediment, which generally consists of heavy matter, such as oxide of iron, pyrites, ferruginous quartz, &c. of a dark carbonaceous hue. They admit certain quantities of water into the bowls, which they move about so dexterously, that the precious metal, separating from the inferior and lighter substances, settles to the bottom and sides of the vessel. They then rinse their bowls in a larger vessel of clean water, leaving the gold in it, and begin again. The washing of each bowlful occupies from five to eight or nine minutes; the gold produced is extremely variable in quantity, and in the size of its particles; some of which are so minute that they float, while others are found as large as peas, and not unfrequently much larger. This operation is superintended by overseers, as the result is of considerable importance."

There is another mode of separating the gold from the cascalhão, which is described in the following manner: "Two planks about ten or twelve inches broad and about twelve or fifteen feet in length, are laid in the ground, forming an inclined plane, sloping one inch in twelve; two other planks, of similar dimensions, are fixed in the same direction at the lower end, forming a second inclined plane, with a fall of six inches from the former. On their sides are boards placed edgewise, and staked down to the ground, so as to form long shallow troughs, the bottoms of which are covered with hides tanned with the hair on, having the hairy side outwards, or, in defect of these, with rough baize. Down these troughs is conveyed the water containing the oxide of iron and the lighter particles of gold; the latter substance precipitating in its course is entangled by the hair. Every half hour the hides are taken up, and carried to a tank near at hand, formed of four walls, say five feet long four broad and four deep, and containing about two feet depth of water. The hides are stretched over this tank and well beaten, then dipped, and beaten repeatedly, until all the gold is disentangled, after which they are carried back and replaced in the troughs. The tanks are locked up at night, and well secured. The sediment taken from them being light, is easily washed away by the hand, in the manner before described, leaving only the black oxide of iron, called esmeril, and the gold, which is so fine that mercury is used to separate it."

In all those various operations of digging up the cascalhão, of removing it to a convenient place, and, finally, of washing away the earth from the gold, a great deal of time and labour is wasted which might be saved by adopting some very simple contrivances. In removing the earth, for example, to the place where it is to be washed, not a cart or a wheelbarrow is used. The whole is transported in bowls, which are carried on the heads of poor negroes, who have frequently, with these heavy burdens, to climb up steep ascents, where various methods might be adopted with little trouble or contrivance, to abridge this unnecessary labour. The hydraulical apparatus, in use for draining off the water, is cumbersome and expensive. In many cases, ordinary pumps would answer the purpose better, as they can be made at little trouble and expence, are easily repaired, and can always be ready to work at an hour's notice. It is singular, that this very common and simple machine should be utterly unknown in those parts. The method practised in washing the cascalhão in bowls, is extremely tedious, and might be easily shortened. Great advantages would also be derived from the use of properly constructed mills for breaking down the hard substances which contain gold, and which might then be washed in the same manner as the softer matter. We are informed by Humboldt, that, in the silver mines of Mexico, this operation is executed with admirable skill, and with great advantages.* The hardest substances, previous to their amalgamation, are reduced to a fine powder; by which process every particle of the precious metal which they contain is carefully extracted. Those who are employed in washing for gold in Brasil, are exposed to various disadvantages from the scarcity and high price of iron; and owing to this circumstance they are frequently in want of the most ordinary tools. This fact strikingly illustrates the indolence and want of enterprise which generally prevails in this country. A blind pursuit after gold seems to be the exclusive occupation of all classes, in favour of which the most valuable resources of the country are neglected. In many parts iron-ore is produced in abundance, and there is little doubt that, if any spirited individual were to devote his attention to this branch of industry, he would not only facilitate the acquisition of the precious metals, but he would more rapidly acquire wealth, than if he were directly seeking after it by establishing gold-washings.

The particles of gold being separated, by washing, from the stratum in which they are found, are brought to the nearest mint, where a fifth part is taken for the crown. The remainder undergoes a process of amalgamation with mercury, and is afterwards poured into an ingot, which being sent to the assay master, he ascertains its weight and fineness, and puts upon it the public stamp, when it is delivered to the owner for circulation. The operation of melting seldom occupies more than ten minutes; and those who deliver into the mint any quantity of gold dust, may reckon on having it returned to them for circulation in less than an hour. The gold is of different qualities. Some of the bars which are in circulation are so low as 16 carats, while others are as fine as 23½ carats, which is within one-half carat of what is denominated pure gold. The standard is 22 carats fine, and gold exceeding this standard receives a premium in proportion to its fineness. Gold of a low standard is generally of a pale colour, which is ascribed to the mixture which it contains of silver, platina, or some other metals.

The washing for diamonds is another favourite employment in Brasil, and, being esteemed too lucrative a branch of business for individuals to enjoy, is now prosecuted by the state as a royal monopoly. The district of Cerro do Frio, or of the cold mountains, in which the diamond works are established, is situated on the highest ridge of those mountains; which, running nearly parallel with the coast of Brasil, rise to their height at the distance of about 300 miles in the interior, and divide the streams which fall into the Atlantic by the Rio Doce and the Rio Grande, from those which, running westward into the Rio Francisco, are carried to the north by that river, and fall into the Atlantic about the 11th degree of south latitude. It is at the sources of these streams that the diamond works are situated. This district consists of a range of rugged mountains that run north and south, and are generally considered to be the highest in Brasil. The tract of country termed the diamond ground, extends about 16 leagues from north to south, and about 8 leagues from east and west. Nearly in the middle of it stands the town of Tejuco, 400 miles north of Rio Janeiro, in a straight line, but nearly double that distance by the winding roads of the mountains. It contains about 6000 inhabitants, and is chiefly supported by the diamond works in its neighbourhood. The most considerable of these is situated on the head waters of the river Jijitonhonha, a branch of the Rio Grande, while others are established on the Rio Velho, a branch of the Francisco, and on the other numerous small streams which have their rise in this mountainous region. The river Jijitonhonha, where the diamond works are established, is about as wide as the Thames at Windsor, and is in general from three to nine feet deep. The cascalhao consists of nearly the same materials as that which contains the gold, and it has to be dug from the bottom of the river, which, for this purpose, is diverted into a new channel. When Mr Mawe visited these works, they were working at a bend of the river, from which the water was diverted by means of a canal cut across the tongue of land round which it held its course; an embankment formed of several bags of sand, being carried quite across the old channel, just below the head of the canal. After this operation, the deeper parts of the river are laid dry by means of pumps, and, the earth being removed, the cascalhao is dug up and removed to a convenient place for washing. This fatiguing work was until lately performed by the unassisted labour of the negroes, who carried the cascalhao in bowls on their heads, and in many establishments this mode of working still prevails. Two inclined planes have been since contrived, along which, by means of a water-wheel, two carts are set in motion, one of which descends empty by one inclined plane, while the other, loaded with cascalhao, is drawn to the top of the other. At some of the diamond works, on the same river, the cascalhao is conveyed to the place for washing by different and more improved machinery, and railways are even constructed on some parts of the uneven ground. The cascalhao, when it is carried from the bed of the river whence it is dug, is laid down in heaps, containing apparently from five to fifteen tons each; and they calculate in digging as much during the rainy season, as will give full employment to all their hands during the months which are not subject to rain. Into all the various parts of the works erected for washing the cascalhao, water is distributed by means of aqueducts, constructed with great ingenuity and skill. The following is an account of the mode of washing for diamonds, as it was observed by Mr Mawe, which appears to be highly curious and interesting.

"A shed is erected in the form of a parallelogram, 25 or 30 yards long, and about 15 wide, consisting of upright posts, which support a roof

* Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, Vol. III. p. 256. thatched with long grass. Down the middle of the area of this shed, a current of water is conveyed through a canal, covered with strong planks, on which the cascalhão is laid two or three feet thick. On the other side of the area is a flooring of planks, from four to five yards long, imbedded in clay, extending the whole length of the shed, and having a slope from the canal, of three or four inches to a yard. This flooring is divided into about twenty compartments or troughs, each about three feet wide, by means of planks placed upon their edge. The upper ends of all these troughs (here called canoes) communicate with the canal, and are so formed that water is admitted into them between two planks that are about an inch separate. Through this opening, the current falls about six inches into the trough, and may be directed to any part of it, or stopped at pleasure by means of a small quantity of clay. For instance, sometimes water is required only from one corner of the aperture, then the remaining part is stopped; sometimes it is wanted from the centre, then the extremes are stopped; and sometimes only a gentle rill is wanted, then the clay is applied accordingly. Along the lower ends of the troughs, a small channel is dug to carry off the water.

"On the heap of cascalhão, at equal distances, are placed three high chairs for the officers or overseers. After they are seated, the negroes enter the troughs, each provided with a rake of a peculiar form and short handle, with which he rakes into the trough about 50 or 80 lbs. weight of cascalhão. The water being then let in upon it, the cascalhão is spread abroad, and continually raked up to the head of the trough, so as to be kept in constant motion. This operation is performed for the space of a quarter of an hour; the water then begins to run clearer, having washed the earthy particles away, the gravel-like matter is raked up to the end of the trough: after the current flows away quite clear, the largest stones are thrown out, and afterwards those of inferior size, then the whole is examined with great care for diamonds. When a negro finds one, he immediately stands upright and claps his hands, then extends them, holding the gem between his fore-finger and thumb; an overseer receives it from him, and deposits it in a gamella or bowl, suspended from the centre of the structure, half full of water. In this vessel all the diamonds found in the course of the day are placed, and at the close of work are taken out and delivered to the principal officer, who, after they have been weighed, registers the particulars in a book kept for that purpose.

"When a negro is so fortunate as to find a diamond of the weight of an octavo (17 1/2 carats), much ceremony takes place; he is crowned with a wreath of flowers, and carried in procession to the administrator, who gives him his freedom, by paying his owner for it. He also receives a present of new clothes, and is permitted to work on his own account. When a stone of eight or ten carats is found, the negro receives two new shirts, a complete new suit, with a hat and a handsome knife. For smaller stones of trivial amount, proportionate premiums are given. During my stay at Tejuco, a stone of 16 1/2 carats was found; it was pleasing to see the anxious desire manifested by the officers that it might prove heavy enough to entitle the poor negro to his freedom, and when, on being delivered and weighed, it proved only a carat short of the requisite weight, all seemed to sympathize in his disappointment."

The flat pieces of ground which lie on each side of the river, are generally equally rich throughout their whole extent, and the officers employed in the works are enabled to calculate the value of the places unworked from the parts adjoining. The substances which are considered the best indications of diamonds are bright, bean-like, iron-ore; a slaty flint-like substance, resembling Lydian stone, of fine texture; black oxide of iron in great quantities; rounded bits of blue quartz; yellow crystal, and various other materials, entirely different from any substance found in the adjacent mountains. Diamond washings have been established on the river Jijitonha, and the neighbouring streams for many years, and great quantities of the finest stones have been collected. These vary extremely in size, some being so small that four or five are required to weigh one grain, and consequently there are sixteen or twenty to the carat. It is calculated that only two or three stones of from 17 to 20 carats are found in the course of a year, and not once in two years is there found throughout all the diamond washings a stone weighing 30 carats. Mr Mawe mentions, that during the five days in which he was employed visiting these works, the number of diamonds found amounted only to forty, the largest of which weighed only four carats, and was of a light green colour.

The diamond district was first explored by some enterprising miners from Villa do Principe, which is about 60 miles south-east from Tejuco. Their search was after gold, which they sought for on the banks of the rivulets in the neighbourhood of Tejuco, and not suspecting that they contained diamonds, they were not aware of the value of these stones when they were first discovered. Nor was it until they were sent to Europe that their worth was accurately ascertained. Immediately on this discovery, the Portuguese Government erected Cerro do Frio into a distinct district, which was placed under its own peculiar laws and regulations; and the lucrative trade of searching for diamonds being prohibited to all individuals under the severest penalties, was constituted a strict monopoly for the benefit of the crown. But in this, as in most other cases, the power of the Government was counteracted by the fraud and cunning of its subjects. By means of the intrigues and misrepresentations of interested individuals, government was prevailed on to farm these territories to a company, who were bound only to employ a certain number of negroes, or to pay a certain sum for each negro employed over the quantity agreed for. Under cover of this lease, every species of fraud and corruption was practised. About double the stipulated number of negroes was employed, and the agents of Government were bribed to connive at this fraud. Seasonable presents were also made in order to secure influence at court; and, by such arts, the farmers of these valuable works were continued in their lease until about the year 1772, when Government resolved to appoint its own officers to superintend this valuable branch of its revenue. Under this new system of management, abuses, however, still continued; and the establishment was run in debt to foreigners, who advanced a considerable sum to carry it on, on condition of receiving, as security, all the diamonds which it produced. This debt still remains unpaid, and there are other incumbrances from which it is not likely that the establishment will ever be freed while it continues under the management of the state. According to the information of Mr Mawe, "the expences of these works amounted, during a period of five years, from 1801 to 1806 inclusive, to L.204,000; and the diamonds sent to the treasury, at Rio Janeiro, during the same period, weighed 115,675 carats. The value of the gold found in the same period, amounted to L.17,900 Sterling, from which it appears that the diamonds actually cost Government 3s9d. per carat. These years were esteemed singularly productive; the mines in general do not yield to Government more than 20,000 carats annually."

All the gold collected in Brasil being liable to pay a fifth share to the crown, the temptation to evade so heavy a tax has given rise to a contraband trade in this precious commodity, and various precautions have been adopted to prevent the injury thence arising to the revenue. But the temptation is even greater to carry on an illicit trade in diamonds than in gold, because, in the one case, it is only the royal fifth which the smuggler gains by evading the regulations of the state, while, in the case of diamonds, he gains the whole value of the article which he succeeds in conveying clandestinely away. The irresistible temptation which this monopoly holds out to illicit trade, is met by regulations of correc;onding strictness and severity. For the security of the revenue, the country has been subjected to a most vexatious system of military police, and the unhappy offender, who is detected in the heinous crime of illicit trade, is doomed to experience, in a cruel and hopeless captivity, or in transportation to the African colonies, the utmost vengeance of his rapacious rulers. The more effectually to counteract the projects of the smugglers, the diamond district is placed under peculiar regulations. On all the various roads leading to it, registers or military posts are established, in which is stationed an officer with twenty horse soldiers under him. These are continually patrolling the roads. Whenever they observe a stray passenger they instantly ride up to him, questioning him as to his business and the purposes of his journey, and he must satisfy them as to all these particulars before he is allowed to pass. They are authorized to stop all travellers without distinction, and to search, with the utmost rigour, those whom they suspect of concealing gold dust or diamonds. All persons passing with mules are ordered to stop at these registers, and to deliver their passports to a soldier for the inspection of his commanding-officer, who, if he is satisfied that there are no grounds of suspicion, allows them to proceed. But if he judges otherwise, the mules are unloaded, and all the baggage subjected to the strictest scrutiny. If, in the course of these examinations, a negro is suspected of having swallowed a diamond, he is confined to a bare room until the truth can be ascertained. These buildings are all provided with strong cells for the confinement of suspected persons. In the management of the works many precautions are adopted to prevent the negroes from embezzling diamonds. They work immediately under the eye of their overseers, who sit on a seat raised above them for the purpose of watching them, and, at the word of command from the overseers, they instantly move into each other's troughs, so that no collusion can possibly take place.

Notwithstanding the strictness of the police, however, and the severity of the criminal law, there is no doubt that a contraband trade, both in gold and diamonds, is carried on in Brasil to a great extent; and the present plan upon which the diamond works are managed, is calculated to give every facility to this forbidden traffic. Owing to the pecuniary embarrassments of the establishment, the Intendant has never been able to purchase a stock of negroes to carry on the work, and he is, in consequence, obliged to engage the negroes of others. The hiring out of negroes to the diamond works has long been the favourite occupation in Tejuco, in which rich and poor engage with equal eagerness to the full extent of their capital; and numbers of persons are supposed to reside in Tejuco with no other view than to place their negroes in this profitable employment. There is no apparent reason for this anxiety among all classes to hire out the industry of their negroes, seeing that the pay is small, the labour hard, the maintenance poor, and the treatment not always the most gentle. It is conjectured, therefore, with great probability, that the real object is to gain access to these works for the purpose of purloining some portion of their precious produce; and it is certain, that by whatever means they are procured, the market is supplied with large quantities both of contraband gold and diamonds. The great value and small bulk of these articles, hold out such temptations, and, at the same time, such facilities for secreting them, that no laws, however strict, can possibly counteract those strong inducements to illicit trade.

In this view, the policy of imposing so heavy a tax on gold may well be questioned, and, in regard to the monopoly of diamonds, there can be no doubt that it is both impolitic and tyrannical. There is something mean and rapacious in the principle of those measures, of which the object is to seize upon all the most valuable produce of the country; and Government, having set the example, can hardly expect that its subjects will be outdone in the practice of avarice and fraud. In this, as in all other cases, the sagacity and address of individuals will prove an overmatch for the violence of power. Harsh and cruel laws may be passed; but, while the inducement to violate them continues, adventurers will be found to run all risks; and though individuals may occasionally incur the penalties of the law, the contraband trade will flou- Brasil. rish in proportion to the bounty held out by the regulations of the state. The colonial policy of Europe seems generally to have been founded on the most false calculations. Even in respect to revenue, a moderate tax on several articles of general consumption would, in a flourishing community, be far more productive than this monopoly established in Brasil. The authors of these devices for cramping industry seem to imagine, that, for the diamonds which are exported by private adventurers, no valuable equivalent is received in return. They make no calculation of the additional capital which they bring into the country; of the increase thus made to the fund for maintaining productive industry; and of the general vigour diffused by a free trade over every department of an industrious community. They do not reflect, that an improving commerce, cherished and protected by an enlightened government, would soon pour into the treasury, as the cheerful gift of a free and a flourishing people, a far ampler revenue than can ever be extorted from them by all the miserable devices of tyranny.

There are various other duties imposed on the transit of commodities into the interior, which are both oppressive and impolitic. They generally take place at the crossing of ferrics, and are laid on according to the weight of the goods passing, without any regard to their bulk or value. All heavy articles, in consequence, pay high, while woollens, cottons, and other light goods, pay only about 8 or 10 per cent. Iron, which is in great request in the interior, pays an enormous duty, of nearly 100 per cent. This is the case also with salt, which, being absolutely necessary in this country for the subsistence of the cattle, the effect of the tax is to discourage breeding, and is, in this view, most injurious to the interests of agriculture. A duty of 2d. per lb. is also imposed on all commodities which pass into the mining districts, and a new tax has lately been laid on the rents of houses. We are informed, that the weight of the taxes presses most severely upon the poorer classes, and the same remark seems applicable to other parts of the country. A tenth in kind is raised upon cattle, poultry, and agriculture, and even upon salt. This belonged, in former times, to the clergy; but as, in the infancy of Brasil, it was inadequate to their support, they petitioned Government to have it commuted into a fixed stipend. This petition was acceded to. In the meantime, by the improvement of the country, the tithes begun greatly to increase in value to the profit of the Government, and to the loss of the church, and the clergy now complain grievously of this agreement, by which, for a temporary advantage, such a valuable revenue was surrendered. For the due collection of the public revenue, the country is parcelled out into extensive districts, and the taxes of each district are farmed out to the highest bidder. These again dispose of their farm in small shares to under farmers, who oppress and plunder the people for their own private emolument. Besides a tithe of all the cattle, which is levied on estates in the interior, meat in the shambles pays a duty of about 25 per cent. Fish pays a 10th, and afterwards a 15th. A duty of 10 per cent. is imposed on every transfer of immoveable property, and of 5 per cent. upon the sale of all moveable. Rum, whether for exportation or home consumption, pays a duty of from 15 to 20 per cent. Cotton pays a 10th, and, on its exportation, pays an additional duty of 1/4d. per lb.; and all goods imported are liable at the custom-house to an ad valorem duty of 15 per cent. There is also a tax imposed at Pernambuco for lighting the streets of Rio Janeiro, while its own streets are in total darkness. The produce of these duties is expended in the support of the civil Government, in which, owing to the excessive multiplication of offices with inadequate salaries, peculation and bribery prevail to such an extent, as not only to escape punishment, but even any great degree of public reproach.

The roads in the interior are generally indifferent, and the common mode of travelling is by mules, by which means are transported to the towns on the coast cotton, sugar, coffee, grain, and the other produce of the country. In return are procured iron, steel, salt, woollens, cottons, common and finer earthenware, and glass. In the towns of the interior Mr Mawe saw all sorts of English goods, which were by no means dear.

The most remarkable incident in the recent history of Brasil is the emigration to its capital of the royal family of Portugal from Europe. In the long wars which have been recently concluded between France and Britain, it was obviously the interest of the minor powers, such as Portugal, to preserve a strict neutrality. But this was rendered difficult, as well as by the inveterate hostility of the two nations at war, as by the preponderating power which both had acquired on their respective elements of land and sea. Portugal, from her situation, was entirely exposed to the vast military power of France; and it was well understood, when France had gained the undisputed ascendancy in Europe, that the inferior states could only hope to purchase a nominal independence by acceding to, and rigorously executing within their territories, the system devised by Bonaparte, for the proscription of the British trade. The Court of Portugal, terrified by the menaces of so powerful a state, agreed, about the end of the year 1807, though with reluctance, to adopt that harsh system; but delaying, under various pretences, to seize the property and persons of British merchants, which was prescribed as an indispensable condition of her alliance with France, the French ambassador quitted Lisbon, which was the prelude to more decisive measures. A French army was directed to march against Portugal, and there being no resistance, it was rapidly advancing to the capital. In the meantime, war had been declared against England by the Court of Lisbon, a fleet had been fitted out, and all the severe measures dictated by France against Britain had been agreed to; but the secret connections of Portugal with this country were but imperfectly disguised by this affected hostility; and it had accordingly no effect in retarding the march of the invading army. In this emergency, it was resolved by the Court to escape the danger by embarking for Brasil, under the protection of Sir Sidney Smith, whose squadron was at that time blockading the mouth of the Tagus. This revolution was announced to the people by a royal decree. A council of regency was established, the public archives and treasure were embarked, the royal family followed, and on the 19th November 1806, the Portuguese fleet, joined by the English squadron, finally departed from Europe, and arrived at Bahia on the 19th January following. The royal family were received with every demonstration of attachment and respect; and the inhabitants of Bahia even offered to contribute a large sum of money in order to build a suitable palace for their reception, provided they would agree to reside in that place. Rio Janeiro, however, was thought more suitable for the residence of the Prince, and this capital, to which the court of Portugal soon afterwards removed, now became the seat of the Portuguese monarchy.

In considering the emigration of the royal family of Portugal to Brasil, some speculative writers have indulged in the most fanciful anticipations of improvement from this event. They seem to have imagined, that the presence of the Supreme Government of Portugal in its colonies would revive the languishing industry of these countries; that it would remove the corruptions and abuses of their domestic administration; and that, by opening to them a free trade, it would enable them, in some degree, to rival the North American States in their rapid advances to wealth and improvement. But in order to realize those pleasing expectations, it would have been necessary that the Portuguese government, which was feeble and corrupt in Europe, should have totally changed its character in removing to Brasil, and this unhappily does not appear to have been the case. Abuses and corruptions still prevail in that country; the administration of justice is not amended;—the royal monopolies for the sale of ivory, Brazil wood, diamonds, gold dust, gunpowder, tobacco, and snuff, are upheld in all their rigour; and, in general, the government is regulated upon the same principles as before. All the advantages of this translation of the government from the mother country to the colonies, seem therefore to be comprised in the commercial treaty connected with the measure, the effect of which is to open all the ports of Brasil to the vessels and produce of Great Britain, on payment of a duty of 15 per cent. The former system of restraint being removed by this treaty, there will thus be a greater stimulus to improvement of every sort; and industry, freed from the pernicious restrictions under which it formerly laboured, will be excited to new and active exertions by a higher price for its produce. These effects have accordingly, to a certain degree, taken place. We are informed by Mr Koster, who quitted Pernambuco in April 1811, and returned in the end of December in the same year, that, during this short interval, he observed a remarkable change for the better in the aspect of the place, and of the adjacent country. The houses had been greatly improved,—the ladies, in imitation of some families who had arrived from England and Portugal, began to walk abroad during the day,—the English fashions in clothes had become general among both sexes,—the equipages had assumed a gayer appearance,—a greater number of country residences had been built,—lands had risen in price,—labour was in request,—and the adjacent grounds, which had been covered with brushwood, were now cleared, and were laid out for building and for gardens. Before Mr Koster quitted the country, in 1815, various other local improvements had been carried into effect; all which clearly indicate, that the free trade and the unrestrained intercourse with strangers, had diffused a general spirit of amelioration throughout this hitherto languishing community.

Owing to particular circumstances, the opening of the trade to the Brasils was not attended with the same beneficial consequences to Great Britain. At the period when this took place, all British goods were excluded from the Continent of Europe, by the edicts of France; the home market was, in consequence, overstocked, and the British merchant was naturally anxious to find an outlet for his unsaleable produce. In these circumstances, the market of Brasil was suddenly thrown open, and such immense quantities of British goods were immediately poured into it, that it was completely overstocked. Prices fell proportionally; the goods were sold cheaper than they could have been bought or even manufactured at home; and, at last, they were accumulated in such excess, that the warehouses were not adequate to contain them. In many cases they were exposed on the quays to waste and peculation, or they were left to rot in warehouses ill-adapted for their reception. The loss and ruin consequent on these rash speculations, gave rise to numerous bankruptcies at home; and thus the commercial embarrassments of the country were rather aggravated than relieved by the opening of this new market for its produce. There can be no doubt, however, that a free intercourse with this extensive country, must ultimately create an increased demand for the manufactures of Britain, and must, in this view, be of permanent benefit to her commerce.

The military force of Brasil is composed of regular troops and militia. The regular army, which generally amounts to about 8000 men, is extremely ill regulated. It is badly clothed and poorly paid, and owing to the disadvantages of the service, has to be recruited by impressment, a power which, under this despotic government, is exercised with the grossest partiality. The cavalry regiments which patrol the mining districts, are, however, highly respectable, both in point of discipline and equipment. The militia amount to upwards of 30,000 men; and to this service all are liable, with the exception of the first rate nobility.

The population of Brasil has been differently estimated. According to M. Beauchamp, it amounted in 1806 to 800,000 Europeans, 1,500,000 negroes, and to from 800,000 to 900,000 civilized Indians. This, however, appears to be an exaggeration. Sir George Staunton computes the number of whites at 200,000, and the blacks at 600,000; and some authors make the whole amount only to 420,000.

Histoire du Brasil, par M. Alphonse de Beauchamp. 3 tomes 8vo. 1815. Mawe's Travels into the Interior of Brasil, 4to. 1812. Koster's Travels in Brasil, 4to. 1816.