Entomology (from ἔντομος an insect, and λόγος a discourse) is the name of a science, embracing the study of all such annulose animals as have articulated legs; namely of Cirripedes, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Acari, Arachnoida, and Insecta.

Under the head Annulosa (Vol. I. p. 401—429—432 and 447) we have already given a rapid sketch of the principal systems that have been proposed by various authors. In the present article it is our intention to exhibit an historical view of the rise and progress of Entomology, and to enumerate, with general remarks, all the works and dissertations that have come under our view.

Of the most ancient writers on this subject we are totally ignorant; we know only that insects were not unnoticed by Moses, who frequently alludes to them in the sacred writings; and it is said that Solomon cultivated this as well as other branches of natural history.

Linus, a poet of Thebes, is the first author who is recorded to have described all animals and plants. After him, Orpheus, Anaxagoras, Archelaus, Democritus, and Hippocrates, are quoted by Pliny and other authors, as having studied Insects; but we believe that none of their works on this subject are now extant.

Aristotle wrote on insects. In the seventh chapter of his first book, we find his ἔντομα accurately distinguished from the other animals of the group of exsanguineous animals, with which he arranged them. In the first chapter of the fourth book, the essential external characters are more clearly given; namely, the incisions on the back and belly, &c. In another part of his work, he describes them as being composed of three parts, the head, trunk, and abdomen; and mentions their legs. In subsequent passages, he describes insects that fly, and those that walk. Amongst the former, he notices those with naked and those with sheathed wings; he observes, too, that some have these sheaths divided, and others immoveably connected; he distinguishes also insects with two and insects with four wings; and observes that the latter are often furnished with stings, whilst the former are always destitute of these weapons. The modifications in the form of the antennae and legs of insects, he has likewise described with accuracy. A cursory perusal of this work will astonish the modern Entomologist, who will be surprised at its consistency, and with the accordance of the author's divisions with the present systems of Entomology. Alexander the Great furnished Aristotle with means of cultivating science, which no other philosopher ever enjoyed; yet, notwithstanding these advantages, and his astonishing powers of mind, his writings contain too great an accumulation of knowledge, to have been the result of his individual inquiries: and we are perfectly convinced, from the slow manner in which all human knowledge is developed, that the study of nature must have made very considerable advances before his time; and that he must have derived assistance, either from his pupils, or from the labours of more ancient naturalists.

Speusippus and Leonides, pupils of Plato and Aristotle, are quoted by Athenaeus, as having turned their attention towards Insects.

Xenocrates, who lived in the 110th Olympiad, in his six books on Nature, treated of Insects.

Theophrastus, too, an auditor of Plato and Aristotle, notices Insects in his writings.

Antigonus, who flourished under Ptolemy II. in a work, which was published at Leipzig in 1791, alludes to the manners of Insects.

Amongst the Greek writers who immediately, or within a few centuries, followed Aristotle, treating on Insects, we find quoted the names of Democritus, Neoptolemus, Philistus, Nicander, and Herodius. These writers are supposed to have been contemporary with Pliny; and, during the same period, several Latin writers seem to have pursued the science through the influence of the Greeks, who were insensibly led to it, from their culture of bees, which was at that time attended to with the most enthusiastic ardour. Aristomachus is said to have written on the subject, from the result of fifty years experience; and Philiscus to have employed his whole life in deserts and forests attending to their history.

Publius Nigidius Figulus, who flourished about sixty-four years before the birth of Christ, wrote a work on animals, in which insects are sometimes mentioned.

M. T. Varro, contemporary with Cicero, in his work, "De re Rustica," is the first Roman author who mentioned Roman insects, and Cicero, himself, has not unfrequently noticed insects in his "De Natura Deorum."

P. O. Naso, born in the first year of our era, is quoted as an Entomologist.

L. J. M. Columella lived under the Emperor Claudius, and, in his work, "De re Rustica," takes notice of various insects.

Pliny, the most celebrated of all the Roman naturalists, in the eleventh book of his Historia Naturalis treats of Insects. His observations on this subject Entomology are chiefly copied from Aristotle, and he has made use of the observations of various other writers, whose works he quotes; and has sometimes described species with tolerable exactness. Insects, indeed, seem to have occupied a considerable portion of his attention, and to have been a favourite study. "In his," says he, "tam parvis tamque fere nullis quae ratio! quanta vis! quam inextracabilis perfectio!" In his day, the culture of silk-worms was an object of peculiar attention: He says that garments of silk were very much admired by the fair part of the community, as they showed their form to great advantage. Pliny has frequently described the economy of animals with very great accuracy, but he has often admitted, on the authority of others, the most absurd and improbable fables.

Claudius Ælianus, a Roman who flourished under Adrian in 120, wrote twenty-seven books on animals, entitled Περὶ ζῷων, and has appropriated several chapters to Insects, describing the generation of wasps, &c. often accompanied with fiction.

From the time of Ælian until the overthrow of the Roman Empire, the study seems not to have been totally disregarded; but we are ignorant what progress was made during that period; between which and the middle ages, we find the names of Titus, Ætius, Alexander, Oribasius, Trallian, Paulus Ægineta, Lucius Apulcius, Athenaeus, Oppianus, Marcus Aurelius Olympius, St Ambrosius, Epiphanius Cyrius, Decius Magnus Ausonius, Ænilius Marcus, Merboldus, and Cassiodorus Isidorus, whose works contain general remarks on Insects, more or less mixed up with fiction.

Between the ninth and twelfth century, some of the Arabian botanists distinguished themselves as Entomologists. The principal were Rhazes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, and Averrhoës. From this period until the fifteenth century, a few obscure writers, scarcely worthy of notice, appeared; viz. Myrepus, Platerus, and Lianus.

About the twelfth century, Hildegardis de Pinqua wrote four books, entitled "Physica St Hildegaridis," published in 1533 and 1544 in folio.

In the thirteenth century flourished Albertus Magnus, who wrote a work, entitled "De Naturis Animalium," part of which treats of Insects, in an obscure and barbarous manner. His works, in twenty-one volumes folio, were published at Lyons in 1657.

In the same century lived the celebrated Vincentius Bellouacensis, a French philosopher, who likewise cultivated the study of Insects.

Some time in the fourteenth century, an obscure work, entitled "Jorath De Animalibus," was written, and in the same era also, another work, "De Natura Rerum," both of which mention insects.

About the middle of the fifteenth century, Theodoreus Gaza translated the works of Aristotle on animals into Latin. Towards the end of the same century, Hermolaus wrote "Castigationes Caii Plini." Rome, 1492 et 1493, Basil, 1589; of which there were also several other editions. Jonannes Cuba, author of a work entitled "Hortus Sanitatis," &c. Argent, 1536, is supposed to have lived in the same era. Agricola, in 1549, published a systematic arrangement of Insects in his work "De Animalibus Subterraneis," in which he reduces all insects to three principal classes, viz. 1. Those that walk. 2. Those that fly. 3. Those that swim; and describes a number of species.

In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Gregorius wrote his excellent work in German, on Birds and Fishes, of which there is a Latin edition. Insects are mentioned in this work.

In this year appeared a work by Paulus Jovius, "De Piscibus Romanis," Basil, 1581; of which a second edition was published at Rome in 1524.

Petrus Gyllius, a Frenchman, published "De Natura Animalium," Lugd. 1583.

In this year the celebrated Conradus Gesner published his "Historia Naturalis;" A work to be consulted by the Entomologist. Gesner was born in 1516, and died in 1568.

In 1552, Edward Wotton published his work "De differentiis Animalium," Paris, 1552, in which he treats largely on Insects. The book is in folio, and appeared three years before the author's death.

Rondeletius this year produced his little work, "De Piscibus Marinis, cum universa Aquatilium historia, et de Insectis et Zoophytis." Ludg. Gall. 1554; and, in the following year, published his "Universa Aquatilium historia pars altera." Ludg. Gall. 1555, fol. The third book of which treats of Insects, and is accompanied by rude wood cuts.

Petrus Andreas Matthiolus in this year published his "Commentarii de Medica Materia," &c. Venet. 1583, which is illustrated with figures.

A little work by Gesner, entitled "Serpentiam Historia et Insectorum Libellus," was published in this year.

In this year appeared "Ferrante Imperato dell' Historia Naturale." Naples, 1599. And "Xenocrates De Natura, Libri sex. Cura Gesneri." Turici, 1559.

Ulysses Aldrovandus published a very voluminous work, "De Animalibus Insectis," Bononiae, 1602. fol. This indefatigable compiler has certainly acquitted himself very well in collecting together the undigested observations of the ancients, considering how entirely he was ignorant of the subject himself. He has consequently fallen into all the errors of his predecessors; but has very rarely omitted to mention his authorities. He was professor of medicine at Bologna, and spent much of his time and money in acquiring insects and in employing artists to figure them. He is stated to have paid two hundred florins annually to an artist, who was solely occupied in the delineation of Insects. Aldrovandus divides insects into two great groups, 1. Terrestrial; 2. Aquatic, which he terms Insecta farica, and non farica; these he again distributes into minor groups from the number and situation of their wings and feet. His figures are but rudely executed; but as the art of engraving on copper had at that period but scarcely emerged from its infancy, such works were almost exclusively produced by artists themselves.

Wolfgang Franzius published, in 1612, his "Historia Animalium Sacra," in which insects are divided into, 1. Aëria; 2. Aquatica; 3. Terrea; and are described with greater accuracy than in any former work.

A pamphlet of about an hundred pages, entitled "Jeremiah Wilde De Formica," appeared in Rome. In 1622, a work but remotely relating to Insects was published in Edinburgh, bearing the following title, "Hieroglyphica Animalium Terrestrium, &c. quae in Scripturis Sacris inveniuntur et plurium aliorum, cum eorum interpretationibus." 4to.

A thin quarto, containing 226 miscellaneous figures of insects, was published under the title of "Diversae Insectorum volitantium Icones ad vivum depictae, per D. J. Hoeftagle, typique mandate a N. J. Vischer."

The work of Thomas Mouffet, entitled "Insectorum sive minimorum Animalium Theatrum." Londini, 1634. fol. This is the first work on Entomology published in Britain; it is ornamented with several wooden cuts, rudely executed, accompanied by long, tedious, and often fanciful descriptions of the species. The first seven chapters are occupied with heavy details concerning the common hive bee (Apis mellifica). The eighth is entitled, "De Vespis:" the ninth, "De Crabrone et Tenthredine," which includes descriptions of the humble-bees (Bombi). The three following chapters, "De Muscis," under which are comprehended several Dipterus, Hymenopterous, and Neuropterous insects. The thirteenth, "De Culicibus." The fourteenth, "De Papilionibus," which occupies two hundred pages, the margins of which are embellished with one hundred and twelve wooden figures, executed in the rudest style; yet in most instances they are tolerably intelligible. The fifteenth, "De Cicindela," including the glow-worm (Lampyris) and several other genera. The seventeenth, "De Locustis." The eighteenth, "De Blattis." The nineteenth, "De Buprestide et Cerambyce." The twentieth, "De Cantharide." The twenty-first, "De Scarabaeis," including several of the larger Coleoptera. The twenty-second, "De Scarabaeis minoribus." The twenty-third, "De Proscarabaeo et Scarabaeo aquatico." The twenty-fourth, "De Gryllo-talpa." The twenty-fifth, "De Phryganea." The twenty-sixth, "De Tipula." The twenty-seventh, "De Forficula sive Auricularia." The twenty-eighth, "De Scorpioni, Formica, et Pediculis alatis;" and lastly, the twenty-ninth, "De Cimice Sylvester." We then arrive at the second book, which treats of apterous insects, amongst which he arranges all sorts of larvæ or caterpillars, and several vermes. We must apologise to the reader for having taken up so much of his time with the above dry extracts; but as they occur in the earliest of our works, we trust they will not prove entirely uninteresting. We shall conclude with quoting the following passage, relating to a species of mantis, as a specimen of his style and notions relative to the subject: "Pectus habet longum, tenue, cuculo tectum, caput simplicem; oculos sanguinosos, satis magnos; antennas breves; pedes sex locustarum more, sed anteriores multo crassiores longioresque cæteris, quos quia junctos plerumque elevat (præcantium ritu a nostratis presque Dieu dici solet: Entomology. totum corpus macilentum est. Tam divina censetur bestiola, ut puero interroganti de via, altero pede extenso rectam monstrat, atque raro vel nunquam fallat. Cauda illi bifurca, setaceis duobus aculeis praedita; atque ut manuum elevatione vates refert, ita etiam et motus similitudine; neque enim ludit ut ali, neque saltat, neque gestit; sed lente obambulans modestiam retinet et maturam quadam ostendit gravitatem." This work is professedly an improvement on that of Dr Wotton, begun in 1550, continued by Gesner, and afterwards published in its present form by Mouffet.

In 1646, Hollar gained considerable reputation by his work, "Muscarum, Scarabaeorum, Vermiumque variae Figurae et Formae, omnes ad vivum coloribus depictae," &c. Antwerp.

In this year, Johnson published his "Historia Naturalis" in folio; but, as this work is a mere compilation, without a single new remark, it is unworthy of further notice.

An English translation of Mouffet's work was published in London by Topsal.

Dr Mey, minister of Middleburgh, published a Latin translation of Goedart's work, entitled, "Metamorphoses et Historia Naturalis Insectorum, 1662."

In 1664, a quarto relating to insects as objects of microscopical observation, by Power, was published.

In 1665, "Hook's Micrographia" appeared, treating of minute insects.

C. Merret, in 1667, published in London his celebrated "Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia et Fossilia, in hac Insula reperta inchoatus." As this is the earliest book treating exclusively of British insects, it is not devoid of interest. It contains a brief catalogue of such species as were known to Dr Merret, with a concise descriptive sentence, by way of name. In the first volume of the "Transactions of the Entomological Society of London," an account of the insects enumerated, with their systematic names, is given by Haworth.

Charlton produced his "Onomosticon Zoicon," London, 1668, 4to, which contains a systematic arrangement of insects after the manner of Aldrovandus.

In 1669 was printed in Dutch, with a Latin title, at Utrecht, "Historia Insectorum Generalis," &c. by the celebrated Swammerdam. This work was printed in quarto illustrated with thirteen copperplates. Many years elapsed before this great work, the admiration of later times, was in any manner acknowledged. It was condemned as inaccurate until the death of its learned author; but no sooner was his death announced, than his value was discovered, and his work was translated into the French language. This was shortly after followed with other editions. Swammerdam divided insects into four groups, the characters being taken from their metamorphosis and economy. The first undergo no change, such as spiders, onisci, &c. (The classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnoida, and Acari, of the moderns.) The second includes those which, after leaving the egg, appear under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings, in which state they eat and grow, till, having shed their skin, they appear in the winged form, and are capable of propagating their kind. (The orders Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Dictyoptera, Hemiptera, and some of the Neuroptera.) In the second group are comprehended those insects which appear, when hatched from the egg, under the form of a caterpillar, which, when full grown, changes into a chrysalis, where it remains until the parts are fully developed. The insects included under this head are, the orders Coleoptera and Aplera. The fourth group comprehends those who, having attained their pupa state, do not divest themselves of their skin, namely the Hymenoptera and Diptera.

Wolf's "Dissertatio de Insectis," &c. was published at Leipsic, during the same year. The author was Professor of Medicine at Jena.

In 1661 was published, in 12mo, "Redi Experimenta circa generationem Insectorum," in which the long maintained and ridiculous doctrine of equivocal generation is most successfully overthrown.

Claude Perrault, one of the most learned exotic Entomologists of his age, author of several very valuable papers in the "Memoirs of the French Academy," published a folio work in Paris, entitled, "Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux," 1671.

In 1672, Ferrard published a work on Insects, at Naples. We have never met with it, but it is highly spoken of.

Franzelio, in 1673, submitted his "Insecta Novisoli cum nive delapsa" to the world.

In the same year, Mollerus published at Franckfort, "Meditatio de Insectis quibusdam Hungaricis prodigiosis anno proxime praterito, ex aëre una cum nive in agros delapsis," ornamented with wooden cuts.

Swammerdam published, in 1675, a tract on the natural history of the Ephemerá horaria, entitled, "Ephemerí Vita."

In the same year, an elementary tract was printed at Upsal, by G. Belerio, named, "σεξι τῶν εργίων."

And about the same time, by Samuel Bochart, a work entitled, "Hierozoicon, sive bipartium opus de Animalibus Sanctae Scripturae."

In 1676, some additions to Claude Perrault's work were published.

In 1691, Madame Maria Sybilla Merian, or Gräfinn, produced the first part of her work, "Der Raupen wunderbare verwandelung und sonderbare blumen-nahrung," which relates principally to European insects, of the order Lepidoptera. The authoress was a native of Frankfort on the Maine, wife of John Andrew Gräffinn. In early life she imbibed a taste for the study of insects, from being occupied at times in painting these objects as ornaments to her flower-pieces, in which she is said to have excelled. The task of painting insects she performed with tolerable accuracy; yet there is a wireiness in the outline, and "a peculiar exuberance of style, incompatible with any faithful resemblance of nature." Many of her original drawings are preserved in the British Museum, as specimens of her performance.

In 1680 was published, "Johannis Jacobi Wagneri, Historia Naturalis Helvetiae curiosa," with figures.

Grew, in 1681, published his "Museum Regalis Entomology Societatis," being a catalogue, with descriptions of the natural and artificial curiosities, belonging to the Royal Society of London, preserved in Gresham College. London, folio.

In the same year, an English translation of Swammerdam's "Ephemeris Vita" was published in London, and a French translation in Paris.

In 1682, a book, entitled, "Johannes Godartus of Insects, done into English, and methodised, with the addition of Notes; the figures etched in copper, by Mr P. Fib;" was published at York. It is supposed to have been translated by Martin Lister; the initials M. L. being at the close of the address to the reader. The impression, as we learn from the preface, consisted of one hundred and fifty copies, which were intended merely for the curious. The notes are copious.

Hoppis, in the same year, published a Dissertation on the Migratory Locust.

In 1683, the second part of Merian's "Der Raupen," &c. appeared.

In 1685, the first Latin edition of Swammerdam's great work was printed in Lyons, under the title, "Historia generalis Insectorum, Latinam fecit H. C. Hennius."

In this year also, Lister's Latin edition of Goëdart, entitled, "J. Goedartius de Insectis in methodum redactus, &c. Opera, M. Lister, &c. Item Appendices ad Historiam Animalium Angliae, Ejusdem M. Lister, Londini, 1685," 8vo. Illustrated with several copperplates. In this work Lister has distributed the materials of the work into a new form of arrangement, the merits of which are too obvious, not to be considered as an important improvement on the original production. He divides them into ten sections, as follow:

1. Those with erect wings and angulated pupae. Butterflies. 2. Those with horizontal wings, proceeding from caterpillars, called by Goëdart, Geometre. 3. Those with deflexed wings, Moths. 4. Libellulae, or dragon-flies. 5. Bees. 6. Beetles. 7. Grasshoppers. 8. Flies with two wings. 9. Onisci or Millipedes. 10. Spiders.

Although we allow to Lister all the credit due for this arrangement, yet we cannot avoid expressing our regret at his remarks on the original author, to whom he allows neither credit as a naturalist nor as a writer. He highly praises his skill as a painter; but says, "Goëdart, after forty years' attention, seems to have made but little advancement in his skill in the nature of insects; he rather appears to have diverted himself, than to have given himself any trouble to understand them; and yet, after all, you will find him every where just and correct, but in many places short and hardly intelligible." These opinions are delivered in a style of highly unbecoming affected superiority over his author, and have gained him no reputation on the Continent, where he has been much neglected and condemned for his illiberality.

In 1687, Leuwenhoek produced his "Anatomia Entomologiae seu interiora rerum, cum animitarum tum inanimatarum, ope et beneficio exquisitissimorum microscorum detecta."

Geyereus, in the same year, wrote a treatise on the medical effect of Spanish flies (Cantharides), entitled, "Tractatus Physico-medicus de Cantharidibus."

J. F. Griendel, about the same period, published at Neuremberg, in quarto, "Micrographia Nova," in which some notice is taken of insects.

In 1688 was published an Italian edition of Redi's experiments, entitled, "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione degli Insetti."

In this year also, Stephen Blankart of Amsterdam published a work, "Schon Berg der Rupsen, Wormen, Maden en vliegende Dierkens daar uit voort-kommende." The author was a physician who devoted much of his time to collecting insects. The plates are admirably executed; but the work in other respects bears but a very indifferent character. It treats of the larvae of various insects, and a few in the perfect state are also noticed. Frisch and Lyonet consider it but a superficial production. Another edition was published at Leipzig in 1690.

John Cyprien also published at Frankfort, "Historia Animalium," in the same year, in which insects are noticed.

About this period, two papers on insects are mentioned as having been published, one by John de Muralto, the other by C. Mentzelius.

In 1690, Bilberg published, at Upsal, a dissertation, entitled, "Locustae."

Also König's "Regnum Animalae." And Stephanus Blancard published, in 8vo, at Leipsic, his "Schon-burg der Ruspen, Wormen, Maden."

In 1691, the "Historia Vermium," by Jungius, was printed at Hamburgh.

In 1692, in the "Memoirs of the French Academy," we find a curious paper, by Sedileau, entitled, "Observations sur l'Origine d'une espèce de Papillon," which treats of Saturnia Pavonia major.

In 1693, an augmented edition of Swammerdam's work was printed at Utrecht, entitled, "Historia Generalis Insectorum, Latinam fecit H. C. Hennius."

In this year, the prodigious ravages occasioned by immense swarms of locusts, which, in the month of August, over-ran Germany, and extended partially through the rest of Europe, even to the northern borders, could not fail to engage the notice of many writers, amongst whom we find the following accounts. "Heberstretit; de Locustis immenso agmine aerem nostrum impletibus, et quid portendere putentur." This treatise is comprised in sixty-five pages, with one plate, from which we learn the species treated of to be Locusta migratoria. "Lodolphi Dissertatio de Locustis, anno praeterito immensa copia in Germania visus, cum diatriba, qua sententia autoris de שִׂים defenditur." In folio, consisting of eighty-eight pages, embellished with figures. The following authors also published tracts on this subject, namely Crelluis, Kirkmajour, Wollen- Entomology, haupt, and Treunera; but we are ignorant of the titles of their little dissertations.

In 1694, Albino published a small tract on the Spanish flies (Cantharides).

In 1695 appeared the "Arcana Naturae Detectae," by Leuwenhoek.

And, in the same year, a small octavo, "Jacobi Petiveri Museum."

In 1699, Hombergh published a paper in the Memoirs of the French Academy, on Agrion Virgo, Fabr.

In 1700 was published, in 3 vols. duodecimo, "Histoire Naturelle des Insectes selon leurs différentes metamorphoses, observées par Jean Goedart, Amsterdam."

James Petiver, in 1702, produced the first decade of his "Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis," which was carried on progressively during ten years. It consists of ten parts, which treat of insects, as well as of various animals, fossils and plants.

In 1705, our celebrated countryman Ray published his work entitled "Methodus Insectorum, seu in methodum aliquam digesta."

In this year, also, the entomological part of the work of Ruumphius appeared.

In 1707 appeared in London "A Voyage to the Islands of Madeira, Barbadoes, Jamaica, with the Natural History," &c. by Sir Hans Sloane, folio.

In 1710, Russel published his "Theatrum universale omnium Animalium," which treats of insects.

And in this year appeared Ray's posthumous work, "Historia Insectorum," which was brought out under the care of Dr Derham. Insects are defined to be animals, having their bodies divided more or less by incisions. The first division, ἀπορροφατά, undergo no change, and consists of, 1. Ασπόδα, or those without legs, under which he comprehended the class Vermes (Anneloides Cuvier), and some intestinal worms (Entozoa); 2. Pedata, including the classes Arachnoida, Myriapoda, Insecta Metabolia, and some of the Crustacea Malacostraca Edriophthalma. The second division, περιοχατά, pass through the state of larva, and contains all the Insecta Metabolia.

In 1717, Wedelio published a tract of the utility of Cantharides, in the Materia Medica of Jena.

In the same year, J. Petiver published a work in London, "Papilionum Britannicce Icones, Nomina," &c. folio. This was certainly, in its day, a valuable acquisition to the student, and is still, as a work of reference, of some repute.

Frisch, in 1720, published his "Beschreibung von Insecten in Deutschland." The whole work consists of thirteen parts, illustrated, each, with plates.

Eleazer Albin published, in London, "A Natural History of English Insects," with one hundred copperplates, in one quarto volume.

In 1721, Bradley published, in London, "A Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature," which contains some entomological matter, and a few engravings of insects. 8vo.

In 1722, Opera Omnia Leuvenhoekii.

Sir Hans Sloane published in London, in 1725, the second volume of his "Natural History of Jamaica," the second book of which treats of the insects of that island, and is accompanied by several Entomology plates.

In 1726, Madam Merian published at the Hague, in large folio, "De Generatione et Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium," the materials of which were collected by herself, or under her immediate direction, in Surinam, where she spent two years, for the sole purpose of forming a collection, and in taking drawings for this work; which is not, however, entirely devoted to Entomology, for, besides insects, we find plants, and various reptiles, as toads, lizards, serpents, &c. depicted.

In 1730, Valisnieri, in his "Esperienze et Observationi intorno agli Insetti," distributes all insects into four groups, from the following characters: 1st, Those living on plants: 2dly, Those living in water: 3dly, Those living on the earth, or amongst stones: 4thly, Those which subsist on other animals.

Eleazer Albin, in 1731, published, in a quarto volume, "Insectorum Angliae Historia Naturalis illustrata Iconibus in centum tabulis æneis eleganter ad vivum expressis," &c. which came out in London, and was esteemed an elegant work. It is more remarkable for gaudiness than fidelity.

And, in the same year, in London, "Histoire Naturelle de la Caroline, la Floride," &c. par Marc Catesby, folio.

Reaumur published, in 1734, the first volume of his valuable "Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," in Paris. The five succeeding volumes appeared between that time and 1742.

In the same year, the first volume of the celebrated "Alberti Sebae, Locupletissimi rerum Naturalium Thesauri accurata descriptio, et Iconibus Artificiosissimis, Expressio Latinæ et Gallicæ," folio. The three succeeding volumes appeared before 1765.

In 1735, the celebrated Swedish naturalist Linnaeus published the first edition of his "Systema Naturæ, sive Regna tria Naturæ systematicæ proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species," in which work he distributes insects into four orders, according to the number and form of their wings, under the names, 1. Coleoptera, or insects with covered wings. 2. Angioptera, those with naked or uncovered wings (such as the modern orders Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera). 3. Hemiptera, comprehending the modern orders Hemiptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, and Dictyoptera. 4. Aptera, including the orders of insects now named Aptera, Thysanura, and Anoplura, as well as the classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Arachnoida, and part of the classes Vermes and Echinodermata. In this latter order, he by no means deviated from the received opinions of his time. In the subsequent editions of this work, the Vermes and Echinodermata are separated, and constitute, with the true Mollusca, and the Entozoa, his class Vermes. See the year 1767, under which head, when speaking of his twelfth edition, his final views will be duly noticed.

In 1736, all the works of Swammerdam were put to press, entitled "Biblia Naturæ, sive Historia Insectorum Belgicæ, cum versione Latina, H. D. Gaubii, et vita auctoris, per A. Boerhaave." The first vo- Entomology. lume appeared in 1737, and the second in the year following.

Lesser, in 1738, published a work entitled "F. C. Lesser's Insecto-Theologia, oder Vernunft und Schriftmässiger Versuch wie ein mensch durch außermercksame Betrachtung derer sonst wenig geachte-ten, insecten, &c. Frankfort und Leipzig." Svo. It was translated into French in 1742.

The folio work of L'Admiral, entitled, "Naaw-keurige Waarnemingen van Gestaltvermisseende gekorwene Diertjes," was published in Amsterdam. It contains a series of highly finished etchings, some of which have been copied by Harris, in his Aurelian. This work is confined to the insects of Europe, and contains figures of about fifty of the larger species, principally of Lepidoptera, which are represented in various attitudes, with branches of the plants in which their larvae feed, accompanied, in some instances, with figures of their larvæ and pupæ. Most of the copies contain but twenty-five plates, and five pages of letter press; but we have seen one copy containing thirty-two plates, and twenty pages of description.

In 1741, Scheffer published his "Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam Indigenorum," in three volumes quarto, the plates being coloured. The classification of this author differs from that of Linné, and approaches to that proposed by Geoffroy in some points. He divided insects into seven orders, which he termed classes: 1. Coleoptero-Macroptera, those with their elytra crustaceous through their whole length, and extending beyond the abdomen when closed. 2. Coleoptera-Microptera, those with crustaceous elytra shorter than the abdomen. 3. Coleoptero-Hymenoptera, such as have their elytra half crustaceous, or becoming, towards their extremities, membranaceous. 4. Hymeno-Lepidoptera, insects with transparent or membranaceous wings, imbricated with scales. 5. Hymeno-gynnoptera, those with four naked membranaceous wings. 6. Diptera, insects with two wings. 7. Aptera, those without wings.

Lesser's Insecto-Theologia was translated by Lyonnet a la Haye into French in 1742, Svo, entitled, "Theologie des Insectes, ou Demonstration des Perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les Insectes." The views of the author and translator are to promote the glory of God, nor do either of them attempt to establish any new entomological fact, but have directed their attention to the relating of such anecdotes relative to the natural history of insects, as could be rendered a convenient medium for the theological remarks with which the pages abound. To the entomologist the work is useless, as the remarks are often erroneous; but, as a theological publication, it doubtless had a useful tendency at the time in which it appeared. One of the best chapters relates to the abuse of inquiries about insects in theology, in which several of the fables invented by the Rabbis concerning the erection of Solomon's temple, &c. as well as the legends of Catholic superstition, equally fraught with folly, are most successfully combated.

Detharding, also, in the same year, published a small treatise relating to the larvæ of moths, entitled "Disquisitio Physica Vermium in Norvegia qui nova Entomology, visi."

George Edwards, in 1743, published the first volume of his "Natural History of Uncommon Birds, and of some other rare and undescribed Animals." London, 4to. Three other volumes appeared before 1752 in which several insects are figured.

In 1744, at Stockholm, was published by De Geer, an interesting little work in octavo, entitled, "Tal om nyttan, som Insectere ochderas sharshandande, tilskynda oss," pointing out the advantages of cultivating the natural history of these animals. It is, as far as we know, the oldest work on this subject.

In 1745, at Stockholm and Upsal, by Linnaeus, a small octavo volume, entitled "Olandska och Gothländska Resa förrättad år."

In 1746, "Der Montalich-herausgegebenen Insecten Belustigung," by Rösel of Nuremberg, a man of genius, who was by profession a miniature-painter. The work is in quarto. Two other volumes appeared in 1749 and 1755. To these a fourth volume was added by a relation (Kleemannir) after his death in 1761; and since that period, Kleemannus published three other parts.

In 1747, a tract explaining the advantages arising from the study of insects, entitled "Dissertatio de Usa Cognitionis Insectorum," was published by C. F. Menander.

John Gould, in the same year, published, in London, "An Account of British Ants."

And Bazin published, in Paris, his "Abrégé de l'Histoire des Insectes, pour servir de suite à l'histoire naturelle des Abeilles." Paris. In two volumes duodecimo.

Adrian Gadd, too, published, in quarto, "Observations Physico-Œconomica, in Septentrionali praetura territorii superioris Satagundiae collectae. Dissertatio Praëside C. F. Menander, Aboæ," an interesting tract, explaining the advantages arising from the study of natural history.

In 1748, was published in London, by J. Duffield, six numbers of "A Natural History of English Moths and Butterflies."

And two small tracts, by T. C. Hoppe, "Antwort-Schreiben auf Herrn Schreibers zweifel; Gera."—"Eichen Weiden und Dorrosen;" Leipsic.

In 1749, Linnaeus published "Skånska Resa."

And, in the same year, or perhaps earlier, the work of Benjamin Wilks, entitled "The English Moths and Butterflies, together with the Plants on which they feed, and are usually found." The plates which appeared first bear no date. The greater portion of this publication is copied from the first volume of Rösel, from Albin, Merian, and other writers of his day; but this imposition on the public was not discovered in England; it was first pointed out by Rösel, in the third volume of his "Insecten Belustigung." Wilks also published "Twelve new designs of Butterflies," a work of no use to science, although sometimes quoted by writers on Entomology.

In 1752, Dr Hill, in his "History of Animals," London, divides insects into three classes; the first Apteria includes all insects without wings; the se- Entomology-cond Pteraria, is devoted to the winged insects; the third Gymnanthridia, comprehends those with soft and naked bodies.

De Geer also, in this year, published the first volume of his invaluable work "Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," at Stockholm, which was received with every demonstration of praise to which its merits entitle it. From the testimony of the author's abilities, afforded by this volume, the continuation was expected with impatience; but nine years elapsed before the second volume appeared, and it was altogether twenty-six years from the commencement to its termination. It was completed in 1778, in which year the labours of its author closed with his life. He was author of several papers in various Transactions, which we shall notice in their proper places.

In the same year, Linnaeus published two dissertations at Upsal, "Miracula Insectorum," and "Noxia Insectorum." The latter of these is very valuable, from the object in the contemplation of the author; and the first is not destitute of merit.

Scopoli, in the year 1753, produced his "Entomologia Carniolica," in which he distributes all the insects of which he treats into orders, genera, and species, nearly after the manner of Liné. As a systematic work, this publication is of little importance; in other respects it is valuable.

In this year also, "Novae Insectorum Species, R. J. Uddman. Aboc." 4to.

In the year 1754, Kalm, a learned botanist, published a paper on a species of Cicada, in the Swedish language, but we are unacquainted with its title.

In 1756, in folio, "Brown's Civil and Natural History of Jamaica."

F. Hasselquiust published his "Iter Palæstinum" at Stockholm.

In this year, an English translation of one of the works of Swammerdam was published in London by Thomas Floycd.

In 1759, "Carolii Linnæi Animalium Specierum, &c. in formam Enchiridii, Ludg. Bat." 8vo.

In 1760, "Carolii a Linné Amoenitates Academicae. Holmiae" Volume V. 8vo.

In 1761, Linnaeus produced his "Fundamenta Entomologiae," being an introduction to the study of the science.

In this year likewise, an interesting work, "Insecta Musei Gracensis," was given to the world by Nicolaus Poda, containing an account of the Insects of Greece, after the Lincean manner.

J. H. Sulzer, in the same year, produced an introductory work to the study of Insects, in quarto, illustrated by several plates, under the title, "Die Kennzeichen der Insekten nach Anleitung der Ritters, Karl Linnaeus, durch 24 Kupfertafeln erläutert, und mit derselben natürlichen geschichte begleitet." Zurich.

And Linnaeus his "Fauna Suecica editio altera auctior."

Also Martinus Tirane, "Prodromus Insectorum Sialländicæ, Hafniae." 8vo.

Sepp, in 1762, began his "Beschonaring per Wondern Gods in de Minstgeachte schepzelen van Nederlandsche Insecten," which is dedicated to Dutch Lepidopterous Insects. The plates are very numerous, and admired for their peculiar neatness, being engraved in the dot manner, with very considerable delicacy and elegance.

In this year, a most valuable systematic work by Geoffroy was published in Paris, and demands the attention of every entomologist, to whom the possession of it is indispensable. It is entitled, "Histoire Abrégée des Insectes," and divides Insects into six classes, 1. Coleoptères ; 2. Hemiptères ; 3. Tetrapteres à ailes nues ; 4. Tetrapteres à ailes farineuses ; 5. Diptères ; and, 6. Aptères. In the distribution of the genera, he has made much use of the number of joints composing their tarsi.

L. T. Gronovius published, in 1763, in folio, "Zoophylacum." Three fasciculi only appeared.

Linnaeus again appeared before the public, and produced his "Museum Ludovicæ Ulricæ Reginæ. Holmiæ, 1764." 8vo.

"M. T. Brünich Entomologia, Hafniæ, 1764." 8vo.

"O. F. Müller Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsdalinae Methodica Descriptio Insectorum agri Fridrichsdalensis, &c. Hafniæ et Lipsiæ." 8vo.

Also, J. C. Schaeffer's "Abhandlungen von Insecten. 3 Bande. Regensburg." 4to.

And the second part of "Zoophylacium Gronovianum," containing descriptions of about six hundred insects, with synonyms after the Linnean system, accompanied by four illustrative plates. Leyden. Folio.

In 1766, Schaeffer published at Regensburg, "Elementa Entomologie," containing 132 plates, illustrating the principles of his system; and an additional section with two plates, describing the manner of catching, feeding, and examining insects. He was author of another work on the same subject, entitled, "Zweifel und Schwürigkeiten, welches in der Insectenlehre annoch vorwalten," which was published at Regensburg, but we are ignorant of its date.

Pallas, in 1767, published at Berlin, in 4to, the first fasciculus of his "Spicilegia Zoologica quibus nova informis et obscuræ Animalium species Iconibus, Descriptionibusque atque Commentariis illustratur;" a very valuable work. Several other fasciculi were published before 1780, when the last made its appearance.

In the same year, the twelfth edition of the "Systema Naturæ" of Linnaeus was produced; and as it was the last of that celebrated naturalist, we shall lay before our readers his entomological arrangement. He divided insects into seven orders, deducing his characters from their wings, as follow:

Order I. COLEOPTERA (from κολεός, a sheath, and ἀπέσιον, a wing). Insects with four wings, the anterior of which are crustaceous, and shut together, forming a longitudinal suture down the back. (Beetles.)

Order II. HEMIPTERA (from ἥμιον, half, and πτερόν, a wing). These insects with their upper wings half crustaceous, and half membranaceous, or of a matter intermediate between leather and membrane. (Bugs, Locusts, Cockroaches.)

Order III. LEPIDOPTERA (from λεπίς, a scale, and ἀπέσιον). Insects having four wings, imbricated with scales. (Butterflies, Moths.)

Order IV. NEUROPTERA (from νεῦρον, a nerve, and Entomology. Insects with four transparent naked wings, reticulated with nervures. (Dragonflies, Phryganeae.) Order V. Hymenoptera (from ὑμένος, a membrane, and πτερόν). Insects with four naked membranaceous wings. (Bees, Sawflies.) Order VI. Diptera (from δίς, two, and πτερόν). Insects with two wings. (Gnats, Flies, Gadflies &c.) Order VII. APTERA (from ἀ, without, and πτερόν). —(Fleas, Lice, Spiders, Mites, Centipedes, Crabs, &c.)

The great perspicuity of Linnaeus's system of entomology arose from its author having made choice of the most obvious marks which insects afford, for the leading distinctions of his orders. In the construction of his genera, he has taken his characters from the parts of the head alone, especially from the form of the antennae or horns; these parts being subject not only to a great variety in their appearance, but being also very prominent organs in most insects. That there are other characters, which, in the opinion of modern entomologists, ought not to be neglected, the reader must be perfectly aware; and although these may be too minute for the superficial observer, yet to the man of science, who wishes to study the philosophy of classification, there can rest no doubt as to the superiority of the modern views, which take into consideration every possible character, external as well as internal. The simplicity of the general distribution proposed by Linnaeus, the celebrity of his name, and the princely patronage under which he wrote, conspired, with other favourable circumstances, to render the science more universally cultivated, admired, and respected about his time, than it appears to have been at any former period. Much credit is undoubtedly due to this great man for his entomological labours. We must not, however, be so unjust as he was, and neglect to acknowledge the merits of his predecessors, who wrote under less favourable circumstances, but nevertheless excelled in this department of science; and to whom Linnaeus stands in a very high degree indebted. In the works of Aristotle and Pliny, in those of Aldrovandus and Swammerdam, as well as in those of our countrymen, Ray, Willoughby, Lister, and various others (whose works we have noticed), we perceive, with some variations, the grand outline on which he has founded his arrangement. It was from these valuable sources that he gained the materials, from which he has selected, with profound judgment, and the greatest success, the valuable matter, carefully and industriously separating the dross. The characters of his orders and genera are to be found in several earlier publications, as are descriptions of many of the species. But he has concentrated these scattered rays of science, with so much skill and industry, that we must admit, that to him the science is indebted for that firm foundation on which it now rests. His style throughout is concise and expressive, but in many instances it is so laconic, that it is impossible even to guess at the animals described.

Bomare published in 1768, "Dictionnaire Raisonné Universel d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris." 4to.

In 1769, in three volumes 4to, "Icones Insectorum Circa Ratisbonam Indigenorum, &c. Regensburg," by Schäffer.

Dr J. Berkenhout published, in the same year, the Entomology, first edition of his "Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain." That portion treating of Insects is extremely limited; he has enumerated no more than six hundred species, which are arranged after the Linnean method. Notwithstanding its defects, this little book has materially advanced the study of Entomology in Great Britain.

P. S. Pallas, this year (1770), published his "Spicilegia Zoologica. Berolini." 4to. Eight numbers.

And J. R. Forster published at Warrington, in 8vo, "A Catalogue of British Insects," a mere list of Latin names, amounting to about 1000 species, the greatest number hitherto enumerated. This was intended as a Prodromus to a general work on the Insects of Britain, as we learn from the preface, where the author offers duplicates in exchange for any not in his collection.

D. Drury, also this year, produced a work in one volume, containing descriptions in French and English, with an index of Linnean names, illustrated by coloured copperplates, entitled, "Illustrations of Natural History, wherein are exhibited Figures of Exotic Insects," &c. The plates form a miscellaneous assemblage of the more beautiful exotic insects, which the extensive collection of the author afforded. Three years after the publication of the first volume, a second came out; and the third, which concludes the work, appeared in 1782. Besides those figured and described in the three volumes published, the extensive cabinet of Mr Drury contained many choice specimens, reserved as materials for a fourth, amongst which were a vast number of curious species, collected in the interior of Africa, and other parts of the world rarely visited by Europeans, the introduction of which would have rendered this volume of much greater interest than any of the preceding. Mr Drury's cabinet contained about 11,000 species of insects (in his time the largest collection), which he obtained by transmitting printed directions in various languages for gathering and preserving insects, offering sixpence per insect "for all, from the size of a honey-bee upwards." This museum was disposed of by public auction, and produced six hundred pounds. All the British species were purchased by Mr Donovan.

In 1771, John Reinhold Forster produced "Nova Species Insectorum Centuria," the avowed purpose of which was to describe an hundred species of insects, not mentioned in the latest work of Linnaeus. The greater number of these are coleopterous insects, partly indigenous, some from China, and others from South America. These, with the exception of the genera Cistela and Anthribus, which are adopted from Geoffroy, are arranged after the manner of Linnaeus. Many of the species were unknown to Linnaeus, but some few had previously been made known to the world by the works of Schaeffer and Drury. Forster was one of the naturalists who accompanied Captain Cook in his voyage round the world.

The "Mantissa Plantarum" of Linnae, in which several insects not mentioned in his former works are described, appeared at Holm, this year, in octavo.

In 1772, Curtis produced a translation of the "Fundamenta Entomologiae" of Linnae, which tend- Entomology. ed materially to advance the study of entomology in this country.

M. T. Brünnich produced his "Zoologie Fundamenta, Hafniae et Lipsiae," in 8vo.

"Icones rerum Naturalium, &c. par le Professeur Arcanius. Copenhague, 1772." 4to.

Also "Introduction aux Observations sur la Physique, &c. par L'Abbé Rozier." Vol. I. and II. Paris.

This journal, which we shall henceforward term "Journal de Rozier," is now continued monthly under the title of "Journal de Physique." The above two volumes contain, 1. Observations sur le Noto-pède, par E. Weiss. 2. Histoire des Charansons, avec des moyens pour les détruire, &c. 3. Descriptions des Plusieurs Insectes inconnus jusqu'à ce jour." In this memoir will be found figures of species, considered by the naturalists of the present day as recent discoveries.

In 1773, Kuhn published a tract relative to the mode of preserving and catching insects, entitled, "Kurze anleitung Insecten zu sammeln."

In the same year, T. P. Yeats published "Institutions of Entomology," an useful work, being a translation of the characters of Linnean orders and genera, collated with three other systems; namely, those of Geoffroy, Scopoli, and Schaeffer. It contains many original observations, but is very defective in the comparison drawn between the systems of Scopoli and Linnae.

In this year, too, the account of a tour made by the celebrated Russian naturalist Pallas appeared, entitled, "P. S. Pallas Reise durch Verschiedene Provizen des Russischen Reichs, St Petersburgh," which has been translated into Latin and English.

In the same year, Dr J. Hill published a "Decade of curious Insects, some of them not described before, shown of their natural size, and as they appeared through a microscope," &c. which is illustrated with ten quarto plates, in which the figures are sometimes immensely magnified, and far from correct. The accounts are in English, and are accompanied with observations on their economy.

In 1774 was published at Amsterdam, in folio, by Jacob L'Admiral, "Veranderingen van Veele Insecten."

And "J. L. Tagebuch der Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen der Russischen Reichs, Alenburgh." Two other volumes were published before 1783.

The Journal de Rozier, for this year, contains, 1. "Observations sur les Mouches communes, par Blondeau. 2. Mémoire sur la manière d'élever les larves des Papillons, &c. par M. Nicolas. 3. Lettre de M. Bonnet, sur les moyens de conservir diverses espèces d'Insectes," &c.

In 1775, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linnaeus, published a new system of Entomology, under the title "Systema Entomologiae," in which the principles of a new mode of classification are, for the first time, developed. He has taken the essential characters of his classes and genera, from the parts of the mouth (Instrumenta Cibaria), which has given to his classification the title of Cibarian System. In this work, he has disposed all Entoma into eight classes, viz. Eleutherata, Ulonata, Synistata, Agonata, Ugona-tata, Glossata, Rhyngota, and Antiata. In this general arrangement Fabricius has been followed by Entomology, but few; but his mode of distinguishing the genera it still retained by all; and by the followers of Latreille, it is combined with other essential characters, such as organs of locomotion, &c. He gained so much reputation by this work, that he prosecuted his labours with increased ardour, and acquired the rank of the first entomologist of his age. We shall notice his later system in proper order.

Also, "Descripciones Animalium, &c.; quæ in Itinere Orientali observavit, Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris, editit Carsten Niebuhr."

Moses Harris also published a little pamphlet, entitled, "The English Lepidoptera, or Aurelian's Pocket Companion," &c. London; an alphabetical catalogue of the larger Lepidoptera, collected by its author in England. This little tract, although apparently insignificant, has materially contributed to the practical study of entomology in Britain. The Linnean names, as far as they were known to him, were added, and the time and place of the appearance of the insects in their different states are concisely given in columns. A frontispiece is added, explaining the terms used in the description of the insects of this order.

"Dissertazione seconda su de' Timpanetti dell'udito scoverti Nel Granchio Paguro e Sulla Bizzarra di lui vita, del P. A. Minasi. Napoli, 1775." 8vo. We received this rare work as we were correcting the press; it is therefore impossible to give an analysis of its contents.

The Journal de Rozier, for this year (Vol. V. and VI.), contains, "Trois Mémoirs sur les Abeilles," &c. par M. Bonnet; and Vol. VIII., for 1776, contains, "Essai sur la Fourmi, par M. Barbotaeu."

In the same year, Peter Brown, in his "New Illustrations of Zoology," figured several insects.

And J. H. Sulzer published, in quarto, his "Abgekürzte Geschichte der Insecten, Winterthur."

The "Genera Insectorum" of Fabricius appeared in this year.

Also, "Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte von Franz, von Paula Schrank, Leipzig," 8vo.

O. F. Müller produced his "Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, &c. Hafniae," which is an useful book.

A valuable work was published at Halle in octavo, by J. Schröter, named, "Abhandlungen über verschiedene Gegenstände der Naturgeschichte;" a succeeding part appeared in 1777.

Also, an useful book in quarto, entitled, "Systematisches Verzeichniz der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend, &c. Wien."

Scopoli, in 1777, produced his "Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem." In this work, insects are divided into five groups, under the singular appellations of, 1. Swammerdami-lucifuga ; 2. Geoffroy-gymnoptera ; 3. Roesselii-lepidoptera ; 4. Reaumurii-probosceida ; 5. Frischii-coleoptera. In this manner he identifies each tribe with the name of the author who has, in his opinion, been most successful in the explanation of that to which his name is attached.

In this fertile year, J. A. E. Goeze began his extensive systematic work, called, "Entomologische beyträge zu des Ritters Linné zwölfsten Ausgabe Entomology des Natur Systems," &c. which was continued progressively in parts, till 1783, in octavo.

Esper also produced in Germany the first part of his valuable work on Lepidoptera, entitled, "Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildung nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen," illustrated by several plates; a second part appeared in 1779, and, before 1786, two other parts also were published.

The Journal de Rozier, for this year (Vols. IX. and XI.), contains, 1. "Suite de l'Essai sur la Fourmi, par M. Barboteau. 2. Description d'une Lepture, et d'une espèce de Scorpion aquatique;" and Vol. XI., for 1778, contains, "Observations sur la production des pattes des Crabes, par M. de Badier."

At Berlin, during the same year, P. S. Pallas published in quarto, "Naturgeschichte Merkwürdiger Thiere, in welcher Vornehmlich neue und unbehandelte Thierarten durch kuperfärstiche, Beschreibungen und Erklärungen erläutert werden."

And, Paul Czempinsky, in octavo, "Totius Regni Animalis Genera."

Also, in quarto, "Nomenclatur und Beschreibung der Insecten in der Grafschaft Hanau-Münzenberg, von J. A. B. Bergsträsser."

"Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie Herausgegeben, von J. G. Fuesly, Zurich und Winterthur."

"Versuch einer Naturgeschichte vom Livland, Entworfen, von J. L. Fischer, Leipzig." 8vo.

Moses Harris also published his "Aurelian, or Natural History of English Insects, namely, Moths and Butterflies, London." 4to.

Lastly, "J. C. Fabricii Philosophia Entomologica;" a small work, which, with all its faults, is indispensably necessary to the library of the scientific Entomologist.

In 1779, Pieter Cramer published a work on exotic Lepidoptera, entitled, "De vit Landsche Kapellen, Voorkomende in de drie Waereld deelen Asia, Africa, en America." This part, with the continuation published in 1782, consists of four quarto volumes.

And, in the same year, another very extensive work, devoted also to Lepidoptera, named, "Papillons, d'Europe peints d'après Nature, par Ernst."

Also, in octavo, "Anfangsgründe der Naturgeschichte, von N. G. Leske. Leipzig."

The Journal de Rozier, for this year, Vol. XIII., contains, "Observations sur les Œufs des Papillons, par J. Bernoulli."

A very valuable little book, in one volume octavo, on the animals of Greenland, was published in 1780, viz. "Othonis Fabricii Fauna Greenlandica. Hafniae et Lipsiae."

"Lettres sur les Truffes du Piémont," par le Comte de Borch. Milan, 1780. 8vo. Contains Observations on the insects that destroy truffles.

"Hydrarchae quas in aquis Dariae palustribus detexit, descripsit, &c. Otho Fredericus Müller. Lipsiae, 1781." A very valuable work, with good figures of the species of the genera Hydrachna, and Elais.

"J. C. Fabricii Species Insectorum, Hamburgi et Killonii." Two volumes octavo.

F. P. Schrank produced a descriptive catalogue of the Insects of Austria, called, "Enumeratio Insectorum Austriæ Indigenorum," which has since been Entomology, rendered into German by Fuesly.

Johann Nepomuk von Laicharting, in this year, published at Zurich, the first part of his catalogue of the Insects of the Tyrol, "Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der Tyroler Insecten;" a second part appeared in 1784. He adopts a system very distinct from that of Linnaeus. Insects are by him disposed into ten groups, characterized from various parts of the body, and are named, Scarabaeoides, Grylloides, Cimicoides, Papilionoides, Libelluloides, Vespoïdes, Muscoides, Cancroïdes, Aranoïdes, and Oniscoïdes. "Icones Insectorum praesertim Rossiae, Siberiaeque, peculiarium, quæ collegit et descriptionibus illustravit, Petrus Simon Pallas, M.D. Erlangæ, 1781." One volume 8vo.

Thunberg, too, published at Upsal, the first part of his "Museum Naturalium Academiae Upsalensis," to which twenty other parts, and an appendix, were added before 1800.

"Beiträge zur Insekten geschichte, &c. W. Knoch, Leipzig." 8vo.

James Barbut published, in the same year, an elementary book, entitled, "The Genera Insectorum of Linnaeus, exemplified by various Specimens of English Insects," London. As an illustration of the Linnean System, this work may not be uninteresting to the English reader, but his views are too limited to admit of even mere general utility. Its author does not seem to have been aware of the vast improvements the science had undergone on the Continent, in the interval between the publication of Linnaeus's last work, and the time he wrote; and has, therefore, drawn no comparisons between them, which, without innovation, must have placed the science in a more lucid point of view. It is to the silence of English writers, either arising from want of information, from sentiments of illiberality, from jealousy or negligence, that we must ascribe the very low state of entomological (and indeed of every branch of zoological and zootomical) knowledge in Britain, at the present period.

Moses Harris, in 1782, published his "Exposition of English Insects, &c." illustrated by fifty-one copperplates, in 4to, in which he has given figures of about 500 species. The descriptions are in French and English; the specific names in Latin, but many of them of a nature by no means to be tolerated, such as Apis Audeo, &c.

In the Transactions of the French Academy we find a paper by Morand, entitled, "Memoire sur les Vers de Truffes, et sur les Mouches qui en proviennent."

"Versuch eines Diarium über die Economie Mancher Insecten im Winter, von J. S. Senler."

Another interesting work appeared this year, "Nues Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie, Herausgegeben, von J. C. Fuesly, Winterthur." 8vo.

In 1783 appeared "C. Lib. Bar. De Geer. Genera et Species Insectorum e generosissimi auctoris scriptis extraxit, A. J. Retzius. Lipsiae, 1783." 8vo. In this work, insects are divided into fourteen groups, under the titles, Lepidoptera, Alingua, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Syphonata, Dermoptera, Hemiptera, In the same year, W. Curtis published an interesting little pamphlet, "A Short History of the Brown-Tail Moth," the caterpillar of which had appeared in such immense swarms in the fields surrounding London, during the summer of 1782, and despoiled so many trees of their foliage, as to create apprehensions of the total destruction of the whole vegetable kingdom, and to spread such an alarm throughout the whole population of that vast metropolis, that prayers were ordered to be read in all the churches to avert the supposed impending calamity. The object of this tract is to point out the absurdity of these apprehensions, and to show, that corn and grass, not being the food of these voracious animals, would escape their attack.

In 1784, J. A. B. Bergstræsser published his elementary work, in octavo, entitled, Entomologia Scolarum in usu Concinnata."

Thunberg, in this year, published his "Dissertatio sistens Insecta Suecica."

And Herbst produced his work, entitled, "Kurze Einleitung zur Kenntniss der Insecten, Berlin." 8vo.

The "Journal de Rozier" (Vols. XXIV. and XXV.) contains, 1. "Mémoire sur l'Histoire des Abeilles, par l'Abbé Ray." 2. "Dissertation sur la sensibilité des Insectes, précédée de quelques observations sur la Mante, par l'Abbé Poiret;" and Vols. XXVI. and XXVII., for 1785, contain, 1. "Moyen simple de dessécher les larves pour les conserver dans les collections Entomologiques à côté des Insectes qu'elles produisent, par D'Antic." 2. "Description de quelques individus monstrueux de la Pédiculaire des Bois, par Reynier."

"Entomologia Parisiensis, sive Catalogus Insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur; secundum Methodum Geoffreanum, edente A. F. De Fourcroy." Two volumes 12mo.

Matthew Martyn published this year in Exeter, his "Aurelian's Vade Mecum." The insects are whimsically arranged, according to the Linnean classes and orders of plants on which they feed.

"Historia naturalis Curculionum Sueciae, auctore Gabriel Bonsdorff, &c. Upsalia." 4to.

"Natursystem aller Bekanten in und Auslandischen Insecten, &c. von Carl. Gustaf. Jablonsky, Berlin, Fortgesetzt, von J. T. W. Herbst."

In 1786, Xavier Wulffen published an account of the Insects inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope, entitled, "Descriptiones quorundam Capensium Insectorum, Erlange."

The "Journal de Rozier," for this year (Vols. XXVIII. and XXIX.), contains, 1. "Observations sur des Crevettes de Rivière phosphoriques, par MM. Thulis et Bernard." 2. "Recherches sur les Sauterelles et sur les moyens de les détruire, par M. Baron;" and Vols. XXX. and XXXI., for 1787, contain, 1. "Observations sur la durée de la vie de certains Insectes, par M. Riboud." 2. "Mémoires sur quelques Insectes de Barbarie, par l'Abbé Poiret." 3. "Observations sur les effets de la figure de l'Araignée-Crabe des Antilles, par M. Arthaud." 4. "Description de la Bête à mille pieds de St Do-

mingue, par le même." 5. "Lettre de M. Bruyère, Entomology. à M. Thouin, sur un nouvel Insect." 6. "Mémoire sur quelques Insectes, par M. de la Martinière." 7. "Lettre de le Comte de Razoumousky, sur une Araignée."

"Dominicus Cyrillus published this year a folio work on the Insects of Naples, entitled, "Entomologia Neapolitana."

A curious little tract, on the Gad-fly, was published in Leipsic, by J. S. Fischer, entitled, "Observationes de Oestro ovino atque bovino factas."

"J. C. Fabricii Mantissa Insectorum, Hafniae." Two volumes 8vo.

"V. Petagna Specimen Insectorum Ulterioris Calabriae, Francofurti et Moguntiae." 4to.

"Disputatio inauguralis de Coccinellae Natura, Viribus et Usu, A. J. G. Linck. Lipsiae." 4to.

John Adams published "Essays on the Microscope," in quarto, London.

The "Journal de Rozier," Vol. XXXIII., for 1788, contains, 1. "Extrait d'un Mémoire lu à l'Académie des Sciences, sur les parties de la bouche des Insectes, par M. Olivier;" and Vols. XXXIV. and XXXV., for 1789, contain, 1. "Recherches sur la Chenille Processionnaire du Pin, par M. Dorthes." 2. "Mémoire sur quelques espèce de Charansons de la Guyenne Françoise, par M. Sonini de Monoucours."

A series of Letters, on the important subject of the cochineal insect (which had been discovered at Madras a few years before), from James Anderson, addressed to Sir J. Banks, from Madras, were published. Two other letters have been published since.

In the same year, Swederus published a monograph on that curious and interesting genus Ceraptes, in a Memoir, entitled, "Beskrifning poa elt nytt genus ibland insekterna, hörande til Coleoptera."

The work of M. B. Borkhausen, on the Lepidoptera of Europe, appeared at Francfort, entitled, "Naturgeschichte der Europäischen Schmetterlinge nach Systematischer ordnung."

J. F. Gmelin published his edition of the Linnean Systema Naturae. The Entomological part is comprised in three parts, and was published at Leipsic. The editor is considerably indebted to the writings of Fabricius; and, although he rejects his classification, yet he has copied the species, and incorporated them with the Linnean genera, which he has divided into families, answering to the Fabrician genera, and has, by this means, very materially augmented and improved the original work of Linnaeus; although he has committed a vast number of the most inexcusable blunders, especially in his quotations and references to plates. He has, in many instances, described the same species twice or three times, under different names. But we are surprised that his errors are so few, when we consider that he was but a closet compiler.

In this year also was published, in Leipsic, a work, entitled, "Nützliches Allerley aus der Natur und dem gemeinen Leben für allerley Leser, von J A. E. Goeze." 8vo.

Mr Thomas Marsham wrote the article Entomo- Entomology. logy in "Hall's Eneylopædia," which is illustrated by three plates. In this paper he briefly explains the Entomological System of Linnaeus, and mentions the names of several authors of eminence; he likewise explains the method of collecting and preserving insects.

In this year, too, J. J. Römer published his "Genera Insectorum Linnei et Fabricii, Iconibus Illustrata, &c. Vitaduri Helvetiorum." 4to. This work contains thirty-seven explanatory plates, nearly all of which had previously constituted the work of Sulzer.

The celebrated Olivier published this year the first part of a very voluminous and valuable work, entitled, "Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec des caractères génériques et spécifiques, &c. Paris." 4to. From its title, it would seem that the author intended to have treated on every class and order; and, in conformity with the first part, to have illustrated the whole with figures. He, however, has confined the book entirely to the illustration of the Coleoptera, which was rendered as complete as possible, and as a work of reference, is one of very great utility.

G. Paykull produced in this year, at Upsal, "Monographia Staphylinorum Sueciae," in octavo.

And C. de Villers published, at Lyons, a small work, under the title, "Linnei Entomologia, &c. curante et augeate C. de Villers, Lugduni," 8vo. In which the author has availed himself of the works of Scopoli, Geoffroy, De Geer, and Fabricius.

And at Leipsic, in octavo, "Anfangsgründe der Naturgeschichte von N. G. Leske."

In 1790, some remarks on the genus Melolontha were published in the "Journal für die Entomologie," &c. vor D. J. Mayer.

In the same year, a catalogue of the Insects of Bohemia, entitled, "J. D. Preysler, Verzeichniss Böhmischer Insecten, Prag." 4to.

And "Fauna Estruca, sistens Insecta, que in provinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertim collegit, Petrus Rossius, Liburni." 4to. The genus Xenos, the type of the new order Rhipiptera, is first made known in this work.

Also, "Dissertatio Historico-naturalis, ignotas Insectorum species continens; auctore Conrad Quesnal, Lundae." 4to. This author is also the author of two tracts, but we are ignorant of their dates; the first is on Papilio, entitled, "Beskrifningar öfver 8 nya Svenska, Dagfjärilar;" the second on a moth, "Beskrifningar öfver en y Nattjaril."

G. Paykul too produced his "Monographia Caraborum Sueciae."

L. G. Scriba likewise published two works, "Beytrage zu der Insecten Geschichte; Frankfurt." And "Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie; Frankfuirt."

And "Insecten Kalender, von N. J. B. Mainz." 8vo.

The Journal de Rozier, Vol. XXXVI., contains a paper entitled, "Notice sur un phénomène occasioné par une espece de Fournil nommée par Linnaeus Formica nigra; par M. Dorthes."

Lastly, the first volume of a great compilation on Zoology, entitled, "Vivarium Naturæ, or the naturalist's Miscellany, by G. Shaw, the figures by P. Entomology, Nodder." A volume was produced annually for twenty-four years, when the author died. Several gaudy insects are figured in this work.

In 1791, the first volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" appeared, and contained the following papers: 1. "On the Phalena Bombbyæ Lubricepeda of Linnaeus, and some other species allied to it; by T. Marsham, Esq." 2. "Some observations on the Natural History of Curculio Lapathi and Silpha grisea of Linnaeus; by W. Curtis, Esq." 3. "Account of a singular conformation in the Wings of some Moths, by Esprit Giorna." 4. "Descriptions of two new species of Phalena, by L. Bosc;" and, lastly, under the head of extracts from the minute book, we find mention of a new Baprestis, communicated by Mr Dryander.

In the same year, "Neuestes Magazin für die Leibhaber der Entomologie, herausgegeben von D. H. Schneider; 5 heste. Straulsund." 8vo.

Likewise, "Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Bisher Behauften Schmetterlinge, &c. Von C. C. Jung. Marktbreit." 8vo.

Also, an interesting work on some Hymenoptera, entitled, "Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclatur der Insecten von Beinen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht. Frankfort am Main; von C. J. Ludwig." 4to.

In 1792, Edward Donovan published the first volume of his "Natural History of British Insects," 8vo. The work consists of eighteen volumes, which were published in successive years, and includes figures and descriptions of a considerable variety of species, being the most extensive elucidation of British Entomology that has hitherto been undertaken.

Thomas Martyn published in the same year, "The English Entomologist, exhibiting all the coleopterous insects found in England, including upwards of five hundred different species, the figures of which have never been given to the public; the whole accurately drawn and painted after nature, arranged and named after the Linnean system. London." 4to. Although this work is so frequently cited, the figures are nearly useless, and the text but indifferent.

J. C. Fabricius published in this year his "Entomologia Systematica." A supplement appeared in 1798, under which date we shall mention his latest systematic views.

And G. Paykull produced his "Monographia Curculionum Sueciae."

Lastly, O. F. Müller published his celebrated work, "Entomostraca seu Insecta testacea que in aquis Daniae et Norvegiae reperit, descripsit et Iconibus illustravit, O. F. Müller. Frankfurti." 4to. In this volume, all the Entomostraca, which Linne had comprehended under the generic title Monosculus (excepting his cancer salinus and stagnatis), are arranged as follow:

1. MONOCULI. * Univalves. Gen. 1. Amynome; 2. Nauplius. ** Bivalves. Gen. 3. Cypris; 4. Cythere; 5. Daphnia. *** Crustacei. Gen. 6. Cyclops; 7. Polyphemus. II. BINOCULI. * Univalves. Gen. 8. Argulus; 9. Caligus; 10. Limulus.

** Bivalves. Gen. 11. Lynceus.

G. W. F. Panzer, in 1793, published his "Beyträge zur Geschichte der Insecten. Erlang.;" and, in the same year, commenced the "Fauna Insectorum Germaniae Initia, oder Deutschland Insecten." One hundred and nine numbers, each containing twenty-four plates, were published before the death of the author. In the following year, 1794, he published his "Entomologia Germanica. Pars I. Nuremberg." 8vo. Also "Fanuae Insectorum Americae Borealis Prodromus;" and edited "J. E. Voet Icones Insectorum Coleoptratorum, &c. illustravit G. W. F. Panzer. Erlange." 4to.

"Neuestes Magazine für die Libhaber des Entomologie herausgegeben, von D. H. Schneider. Stralsund." 8vo.

A second volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society appeared this year; in which are the following Entomological papers: 1. "The History and Descriptions of four species of Phalena, by Mr J. Beckwith." 2. "A new arrangement of the genus Papilio of Linneaus, by W. Jones." In this paper a new division, the Romani, is added, and the characters of the Linnean divisions are very much amended.

In the Journal de Rozier (which here, for the first time, appears under the care of J. C. Lamétherie), for this year, we find a paper by Monsieur Luge, entitled, "Description d'un Insecte Phosphorique."

In 1795 was published in Halle, in 8vo, "Entomologisches Bilderbuch für junge Insectensamler, von J. H. A. Dunker."

"D. H. Hoppe Enumeratio Insectorum circa Erlangani indigenorum, &c.; Observationibus Iconibusque illustrata, Erlange." 8vo.

"The Papilios of Great Britain, by W. Lewin. London." 4to. In this work the Butterflies of England, sixty in number, and all that were at that time discovered in England, are elegantly figured.

The "Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin," for this year, contains a paper entitled "Beschreibung einiger ostindischen Insectin, von Missionarius John in Tankebar."

P. A. Latreille, in 1796, produced his "Precis du caractères des Genres," a work which commences a new era in the science of Entomology, and in which, for the first time, the distribution of Insects, Crustacea, &c. into families, is indicated. The genera are characterized by the modification of the organs of mastication. Throughout this volume we find the same acuteness of observation, that characterizes all the works of this, the first of Entomologists.

Mr John Francillon also published this year, "Description of a rare Scarabaeus, from Potosi." The subject of this paper has been named S. Macropus, by Shaw. It forms the type of a new genus, the characters of which will be soon given to the world, by W. Maclay, Esq. a most accurate and learned entomologist, who is now occupied with examining the old genus Scarabaeus of Linneus, of which his father's cabinet contains about 2000 species, which he intends to arrange into natural families and genera.

The second volume of "Catalogus Bibliothecae Entomology. Historica Naturalis, Josephi Banks, Baroneti," by T. Dryander, comprehending the entomological works of that immense collection, appeared this year. The contents of this work are so admirably arranged, as to form a valuable bibliographical system of Entomological writers, down to the day of its publication.

"Monographia Bombyliorum Bohemie, Iconibus Illustrata, auctore J. C. Mikau, M. D. Prage."

In 1797 appeared, "Natursystem der Ungeflügelten Insecten, von J. F. W. Herbst. Erster Heft. Berlin." 4to. This volume contains the Solpugae, Phrynni, Thelaphroni, and Opiliones, which are illustrated by coloured figures.

"Illustratio Iconographia Insectorum quae in Museis Parisinis observavit, J. C. Fabricius. Auctore S. J. Coquebert." 4to.

"Mantissa Insectorum Iconibus Illustrata, &c. Fas. 1. auctore G. C. Reich, Norimbergae." 8vo.

"The Natural History of the rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, collected from the Observations of M. J. Abbot, by J. E. Smith, M. D." This work is comprised in two volumes, with about an hundred plates, copied from the original designs made from nature by Mr Abbot, to whom the London collectors of insects are indebted for the greater portion of the Georgian insects contained in their cabinets. Eighteen volumes of insects, their larvae, &c. and spiders, drawn by Mr Abbot, are now deposited in the British Museum, for the use of those engaged in the study of entomology.

The third volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London," containing some interesting papers, appeared in the same year. 1. "Observations on some rare Insects, by W. Lewin." 2. "History of three species of Cassida, by the Rev. W. Kirkby." 3. "Observations on the Economy of Ichneumon Manifestator, by T. Marsham, Esq." 4. "Observations on the Insects that infested the Corn in 1795, by the same." 5. A most interesting and valuable paper on "The Oestrus or Gadfly, by B. Clark, Esq."

In 1798, J. C. Fabricius published the supplement to his "Entomologia Systematica;" which presents us to his system in its latest state, and therefore deserves to be recorded here.

Class I. Eleutherata. Jaws naked, free, bearing palpi.

Class II. Ulonata. Jaws covered with an obtuse mouth-piece or galca.

Class III. Synistata. Jaws elbowed near the base, and connected to the lower lip.

Class IV. Piezata. Jaws horny, compressed, and generally elongated.

Class V. Odonata. Jaws horny and toothed; two palpi.

Class VI. Mitosata, Jaws horny, arched; no palpi.

Class VII. Unogata. Jaws horny, unguiculated.

Class VIII. Polygonata. Jaws many, within the lip.

Class IX. Kleistagnata. Jaws many, without the lip. Class X. Exognata. Jaws many, outside the lip covered by the palpi.

Class XI. Glossata. Mouth with a spiral tongue between the palpi.

Class XII. Ryngota. Mouth composed of a beak, or articulated sheath.

Class XIII. Antliata. Mouth composed of a sucker.

The first of these classes contains the order Coleoptera; the second, the orders Orthoptera, Dermaptera, and Dictyoptera; the third, the orders Thysanura, Trichoptera, and a part of the Neuroptera; the fourth, the order Hymenoptera; the fifth, the Neuroptera; the sixth, the class Myriapoda; the seventh, the class Arachnoida; the eighth, ninth, and tenth, the class Crustacea; the eleventh, the order Lepidoptera; the twelfth, the orders Hemiptera and Oomoptera; the thirteenth, the order Diptera. This system was followed by a very few entomologists, and is now entirely set aside.

In the same year, Clairville published an excellent work on the insects of Switzerland, entitled "Entomologie Helvetique," in which he has distributed them into the following orders: viz

I. Peterophora. With wings. A. Mandibulata. With jaws. Section 1. Elythroptera. Wings crustaceous. —— 2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous —— 3. Dictyoptera. Wings reticulated. —— 4. Phleboptera. Wings veined. B. Haustellata. With a sucker. Section 5. Halteriptera. Wings with a balance. —— 6. Lepidoptera. Wings covered with powder. —— 7. Hemimeroptera. Wings half obscure, half diaphanous.

II. Aftera. Without wings. A. Haustellata. With a sucker. Section 8. Rophoteira. With a sharp rostrum. B. Mandibulata. With jaws. Section 9. Pododonera. Runners.

This first volume treats of the Curculionidae, and is illustrated by some very beautiful plates. Volume second appeared in 1806, and contains the Carabidae and Dyticidae. Both are highly interesting, and are very necessary to the library of an European Entomologist.

"Verzeichniss der Käfer Preussens, &c. von J. K. W. Illiger, Halle, 1798." 8vo. This highly interesting work contains the most accurate descriptions of the Prussian insects, and should find a place in every entomological library.

"Philosophie Entomologique, &c. pour servir d'introduction à la Connoissance des Insectes, &c. par J. F. Saint-Amans, &c. Agen, an. vii." 8vo. It contains descriptions of the parts which compose an insect, and terminates with an exposition of the methodical distribution of insects by Geoffroy and Linne, combined with that of Fabricius.

"Lepidoptera Pedimontana illustrata a Leonardo de Prunner. Augusta Taurinorum." 8vo.

"Naturgeschichte der schädlichen Nadelholz-Insecten, nebst Anweisung zu ihrer Vertiligung, &c. von G. G. Zinke, Weimer." 8vo.

Voigt, in this very fertile year, published his "Magazin für den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunde mit Büschricht auf die dazu gehörigen Hülfswissenschaften, von J. H. Voigt. Weimer." 8vo.

Schrank also published his "Fauna Boica, &c. Nurnberg." 8vo.

And, in the same year, Paykull published his "Fauna Suecica, Insecta, Upsalae," in three octavo volumes.

"M. C. G. Lehmann de Sensibus externis Animalium exsanguinum Insectorum scilicet ac Vermium, &c. Gottingae." 4to.

"Fauna Ingrice Prodromus, exhibens Methodicam descriptionem Insectorum agri Petropolensis, &c. auctore J. Cederheim, Leipsiae."

E. Donovan, this year, published in London, "Natural History of the Insects of China," which was the first work that has appeared on the insects of that vast empire. The materials composing this volume (which is in quarto), and from which it was in a great manner formed, were obtained from the first and most authentic sources, including many of the species collected at the time of the embassy of Lord Macartney. This work is illustrated with fifty copperplates, beautifully executed.

In the fourth volume of the "Linnean Transactions," we find, "An Essay on the Eye-like Spot in the Wings of the Locustae of Fabricius, as indicating the male sex, by Professor A. A. H. Lichtenstein."—"Account and figure of a minute Ichneumon, by G. Shaw, M. D."—"Amphila, a new genus of Hymenopterous Insects, including the Sphex sabulosa of Linne, by the Reverend W. Kirby."—"Farther observations on the Wheat Insect, &c. by T. Marsham, Esq."—"History of Tipula Triticii, and Ichneumon Tipulae, &c. by the Reverend W. Kirby."—"Observations on the genus Pausus, and descriptions of a new species, by A. Afzelius, M. D."

The "Journal de Physique for 1798" (Vols. III. and IV.) contains, 1. "Observations sur les Œstres, par B. Clark."—"Sur les Araignées tendues, communiquée par P——;" and Vol. LI. for 1799 (An. IV.) contains, "Exposition d'une Méthode Naturelle pour la Classification des Insectes, par le Citoyen Duméril."

Few other works appeared in this year. Amongst them are,

"Entomologische Versuche von C. Crutzer. Wien, 1799." 8vo.

"Europäischen Fauna oder Naturgeschichte der Europäischen Thiere. Von J. A. E. Goeze. Käfer, Leipzic." 8vo.

"Natural History of the Slug-worm. By W. D. Peck. Boston." 8vo.

"Mémoires pour servir à commencer l'histoire des Araignées Aquatiques. Par J. F. A. O."

In 1800, Cuvier, with the assistance of Duméril, published, in Paris, his "Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée," in which the anatomy of Insects is treated of at great length, and a new systematic arrangement is proposed, in which Insects are divided into those with jaws, such as Grathapteres, Neuroptères, Hymenoptères, Coleoptères, and Othoptères; and, secondly, into those that want jaws, Hemiptères, Lepidoptères, Diptères, and Aptères.

"Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux ailes, &c. par J. G. Meigen. Paris." 8vo. This is Entomology. the first production of a man who has enriched the classification of Diptera, not only by describing new species, but by laying the groundwork for their classification. He has in this work characterized eighty-eight genera, and, at the end of each, has enumerated the species. Many of the names proposed have been since changed by Illiger.

"Icones Cimicorum descriptionibus illustratae. Dec. 1. Auctore J. F. Wolff. Erlanga." 4to. The second fascicule appeared in 1801.

"Cimicum in Helvetiae aquis et terris degentium genus in familias redactum, &c. a J. R. Schellenberg. Turici." 8vo. This tract is illustrated by figures of the genera.

"G. Payhull, Fauna Suecica. Insecta. Tom. III. Upsalae." 8vo.

"Natursystem der Ungeflügelten Insekten, von J. F. W. Herbst. Viertes Heft. Berlin." 4to. This number contains a monograph on Scorpio, with coloured figures.

E. Donovan published in this year his "Insects of India," embracing in a general, yet scientific view, a comprehensive display of the most rare and beautiful insects peculiar to these fertile regions.

"Archiv für Zoologie und Zootomie. Von C. R. W. Wiedmann. Berlin und Braunschweig." In four volumes 8vo.

"Verzeichniss meiner Insecten Sammlung oder Entomologisches Handbuch für Liebhaber und Samler. Von J. Sturm, Erst Heft. Nurnberg." 8vo.

Thunberg produced his "Museum Naturalium Academie Upsalensis," &c. 4to.

Lastly, the fifth volume of the "Bibliotheca Hist. Nat. Banksiana," by J. Dryander, containing several very valuable and numerous references to the works of Entomological writers.

Lamarck, in 1801, published his celebrated "Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres," in which we find considerable advances in Entomological arrangement. The greater portion of the Linnean Aplera he has placed in the classes Crustacea, and his new class Arachnides. The Insecta he divides into, I. With mandibles and maxillae; Order 1. Coleoptères ; 2. Orthoptères ; 3. Neuroptères. II. With mandibles and trunk, Order 4. Hymenoptères. III. With a trunk or sucker; no mandibles; Order 5. Lepidoptères ; 6. Hemiptères ; 7. Dipteres ; 8. Aptères.

"J. C. Fabricii Systema Eleutheratorum, &c. Kiliae." Two volumes 8vo.

"Natursystem aller bekannter inund auländischen Insecten, &c. Von J. F. W. Herbst. Der Käfer neunter Theil. Berlin."

"Beiträge zur Insectenhunde, &c. Von A. W. Knoch. Erster Theil. Leipzig." In this work the author has described with the greatest accuracy several new genera and species of Insects, which are illustrated by some excellent coloured figures.

"D. Lehmann de Antennis Insectorum."

"F. Weberi Observationes Entomologicae, &c. Kiliae." 8vo.

"Illustratio Iconographica Insectorum, &c. Auctore A. J. Coquebert. Tab. Decas II. Parisiis. An. x." 4to.

"Systematisches Verzeichniss, von der Schmitterlinge, &c. Von Lehrern. Zweiter Band. Braun-Entomology. schweig." 8vo.

"Kleiner Beytrag zur Entomologie, &c. Von P. Frost. Erster Heft. Erlangen." 8vo.

"Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Dritten Band, Berlin," for this year, contains, "Zu einer neuen gattung Sceliphon. Darch Herrn Dr Klug."

"Sesiae Europae, &c. Auctore J. H. Laspeyres. Berolini." This work is illustrated by some very neat figures of the species.

Illiger's Magazin for this year contains, 1. "Nachtrag und Berichtigungen zum Verzeichnisse der Käfer Peussens." 2. "Namen der Insechten-gattungen."

"J. Sturm's Abbildungen zu Karl Illiger's Uebersetzung. Von Olivier's Entomologie, &c. Narberg." 4to.

"Magazin für Insektenkunde, von K. Illiger. Ersten Bandes. Braunschweig." 8vo. Containing, 1. "Nachtrag und Berichtigungen zum Verzeichnisse der Käfer Preussens." 2. "Ist es richtiger, genus durch Geschlecht oder durch Gattung auszudrücken?" 4. "Namen der Insekten-Gattungen, ihr Genitiv, ihr grammatisches Geschlecht," &c. 5. "Die Deutschen Namen der InsektenGattungen." 6. "Neue Insekten." 7. "Ueber der Winteraufenthalt der Käfer, vom H. Schmidt." 8. "Bemerkungen über Lygaeus apterus, von F. Hausmann." The same work, for 1802, contains, 11. "Ueber das Fabricische System," &c. 12. "Aufzählung der Käfergattungen nach der Zahl der Trussglieder." 13. "Zusätze, Berichtigungen und Bemerkungen zu Fabricii Systema Eleuteratorum." 14. "Beiträge zu den Materialien einer künftigen Bearbeitung der Gattung Blattläuse, von F. Hausmann." 15. "Bemerkungen über die Europäischen Arten der vierzehnten Familie der Schmetterlinge im 10ten Bande von Herbst's Natursystem, &c. Von J. C. Grafen von Hoffmannsegg." 16. "Beschreibung eines neuen Werkzeugs zum Insectenfange. Von T. Koy." 17. "Vorschlag eines neuen auf den Rippenverlauf der flügen gebauten System, von J. D. E. Preyssler."

We are happy in having it in our power to announce the only purely scientific work on Entomology, that has appeared in Britain since the time of Ray. It was published in 1802, by the Rev. W. Kirby, in two volumes octavo, entitled, "Monographia apum Angliae;" a Dissertation on the Bees of England. The author commences with an introduction, in which he gives a general view of the rise and progress of this branch of entomology, with remarks on the various works treating of the subject, definitions of the terms used in describing the genera and species by different authors; and, after pointing out the confusion that had reigned throughout the order Hymenoptera, proposes a new set of terms, with comments on terminology in general. The characters of the order Hymenoptera, with the generic characters, &c. are next given, intermixed with remarks on the economy of each group. Under the head "Addenda," we have some good remarks on other Hymenopterous genera; and at the end of the first volume, a series of outline plates, explaining the various parts of the mouth, &c. peculiar to each sub- Entomology division. The second volume treats of the species, with occasional remarks on the peculiar economy of each. The descriptions are minute, and extremely accurate. It is a fact worth relating, that Latreille, the first of Entomologists, at the same time wrote on the subject, and established similar divisions with those proposed by Kirby, considering each, however, as a peculiar genus. Kirby formed from the Linnean genus Apis two genera, Apis and Melitta, which answer to Latreille's two families, Δπιαριαι and Ανδρεναι. Latreille's divisions are more numerous and more correct than those of Kirby; but this arose no doubt from the longer experience of the author, and the greater extent of his collection.

"Faune Parisienne (Insectes)," &c. par C. A. Walckenaër. Tom. I. 8vo. In this work the system of Fabricius is adopted.

"Observationes Entomologicae, &c. Auctore C. F. Fallén. Lundae."

"Entomologische Beytrage, Von J. R. Schellenberg. Winterthur." 4to.

"Icones Cimicum. Fas. 3. Auctore J. F. Wolff. Erlange." 4to.

"Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de Mémoires et des Observations sur les Abeilles, les Araignées, les Faucheurs et les Autres Insectes," Par P. A. Latreille. Avec figures. Paris, An. x. 8vo. This admirable work is worthy the particular attention of scientific Entomologists.

"Concordance Systématique, servant de table de matières à l'ouvrage de Réaumur, intitulé; Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des Insectes. Par J. N. Vallot." Paris, An. x. 4to.

"Kleiner Beitrag zur Entomologie in einem Verzeichnisse," &c. Von P. Frost. Erstes Heft. Erlangen.

"Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicentia, &c. distribuit Dr J. L. C. Gravenhorst." Brunsvigae, 8vo. A most excellent monograph in the genera and species of the genus Staphylinus of Linne.

The "Journal de Physique" for this year contains "Histoire d'un Insecte ou d'un Crustacée," par B. Prevost. This treats of the genus Branchipus, incorrectly named Branchiopoda.

The sixth volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" contains the following entomological papers: 1. "A Dissertation on two Natural Genera hitherto confounded under the name of Mantis." By A. H. A. H. Lichtenstein. In this paper, Phasma is first distinguished from Mantis. 2. "Observations on Aphides, to show that they are the principal causes of Blight in plants, and the sole cause of the honey-dew." By W. Curtis. 3. "Observations on the Curculio Trifolii." By W. Marwick, Esq. 4. "Farther Remarks on the same," by M. C. G. Lehmann. 5. "Descriptions of some singular Coleopterous Insects," By C. Schreibers. 6. "Observations on several species of the genus Apis, known by the name of Humble Bees." By P. Huber. This last paper is extremely valuable, and will be duly noticed, along with the others, in our article INSECTA.

In this year, Mr C. Stewart published anonymously, in Edinburgh, a valuable little work, entitled "Elements of Natural History," the best that has appeared in our language. The greater portion Entomology, of the second volume is devoted to Entomology. We are sorry to add, that a new edition has lately appeared, in which the author has not availed himself of the important improvements the science has acquired, since the publication of his first edition.

"Observationes Entomologicae. Pars I. Auctore A. Rönbeck. Lundae, 1802." 4to.

Mr T Marsham produced, in the same year, his "Entomologia Britannica," in 1 vol. 8vo; and although it is the worst work (considering the vast advancement of the science at the time) that we have seen, yet, as there was no other on the subject, it has most materially excited the study of entomology in Great Britain.

The "Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" was commenced this year, and contains a paper by Latreille, entitled "Observations sur quelques Guêpes, et description d'une larve et d'une espèce inédite de Casside." The second volume, which appeared in the year 1803, contains "Dissertation critique sur les espèces d'Ecrevisses connues des Anciens, et sur les noms qu'ils leur ont donnés; par G. Cuvier."

"De Animalium exsanguinium Respiratione; Auctore J. F. L. Hausmann. Hannoverae, 1803." 4to.

"J. C. Fabricii Systema Ryngotorum, &c. Brunsvigae, 1803." 8vo. Containing descriptions of the species of the orders Hemiptera and Omoptera.

"Genres des Monches Diptères représentés en xlii. Planches projetées et dessinées par M. J. R. Schellenberg, et expliquées par deux amateurs de l'Entomologie. Zurie, 1803."

"Monographia Siricum Germaniae atque generum illis annunciatorum Auctore D. F. Klug, cum tabulis aereis coloratis 8. Berolini, 1803." 4to. This work contains observations on the genera Oryssus and Sirex, with descriptions of the species.

"Vorschlag zu einer neuen in die Classe der Glossaten einzuführenden Gattung Platypteryx von J. H. Laspeyres. Berlin, 1803." 4to.

"Index Alphabeticus in J. C. Fabricii Systema Eleutheraterum genera et species continens. Helmstadii, 1803." 4to.

"Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Vieter Band. Berlin, 1803." Contains, 1. "Herrn S. Laspeyres, Vorslag zu einer neuen in die Klasse der Glossaten einzuführenden Gattung." 2. "Herr Prediger Herbst, Beschreibung einiger höchstseltener Heuschrecken."

"Versuche über die Insecten. Ein Beitrag zur Verbreitung der Nützlichen und Wissenswürdigen aus der Insectenkunde von C. A. Schmid Ester Theil. Gotha, 1803."

"Entomologische Hefte, &c. Frankfort am Main, 1803," 8vo. This work was conducted by Dr J. J. Hoffmann, Dr J. D. W. Knoch, P. W. J. Müller, and J. M. Linz. It contains several admirable monographs, on Hister, Haltica, and Dorcatoma, which are illustrated with coloured figures very neatly executed.

"Magazin für Insectenkunde, herausgegeben von Entomology. Karl Illiger. Zweiter Band. Braunschweig." Contains, "1. Vertheidigung der Fahrlichsen Systems, von J. C. Fabricius." 2. "Nachricht der Herausgebers zu vorstehenden Aufsatze." 3. "Etwas über Gattung, Gattung-kennzeichen und Gattungsbenennung von J. C. G. Karsten." 4. "J. H. Laspeyres Kritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe der Systematischen Verzeichnisses von der Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend." 5. "Auseinandersetzung von zwei unter dem Namen Runica bisher verwechselten Tagflüter Arten, P. Runica und P. Medesicata." 6. "Verzeichniss der in Portugal einheimische Käfer Erste Leiferung." 7. "J. W. Meigen's Verseuch einer neuen Gattungs-Einteilung der Europäischen Zweiflügigen Insecten." 8. "Literatur." 9. "Vermischte Nachrichten und Bemerkungen."

A. H. Haworth published the first part of an elaborate work, entitled Lepidoptera Britannica, the object of which was to give descriptions of the various species of that beautiful order which inhabit Britain. The task was a very difficult one, and the author has, in our opinion, acquitted himself with considerable credit. Two other parts have since appeared, but the work is still incomplete, one part still remaining unpublished.

"Voyage en Hongrie, &c. par R. Townson. Traduit de l'Anglais par Cantwell. Tom. 3. Paris, 1803." 8vo. The original appeared in 1797.

"D. J. F. Blumcnbach's Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Göttingen." 8vo. The seventh edition. A French translation appeared at Mentz during the same year.

Lastly, in the third Volume of the Annales du Museum, two papers by Latreille. 1 Observations sur l'Abeille parietine, &c. et Considerations sur le genre auquelle se rapporte : 2. Des Langoustes du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

J. C. Fabricius published, in 1804, his "Systema Piezatorum, &c. Brunsvigae."

And J. W. Meigen his celebrated "Klassificazion und Beschreibung der Europäischen Zweiflügigen Insecten (Diptera, Linne)." Braunschweig. Ester Band." 4to.

"Archiv für die Systematische Naturgeschichte herausgegeben von Dr F. Weber, und Dr D. M. H. Mohr. Ersten Bandes, Erstes Stück. Leipzig, 1804."

"Icones Cinicum. Fasc. IV. Auctore J. F. Wolff. Erlanga, 1804." 4to.

James Sowerby published the first number of his "British Miscellany," in 8vo. The few insects figured are highly interesting, but the work, from want of a liberal support, was never continued beyond 12 or 15 numbers.

The seventh volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" appeared this year, in which is a paper by William Roxburgh, M. D. on "The Tussach and Arrindy Silkworms of Bengal," which the author informs us produce the Phalaena Mylitta Drury ii. T. V. f. 1; and the P. Cynthia Drury ii. T. VI. f. 2.

The "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, par plusieurs Professeurs du Muséum, &c." commenced. The entomological part by Professor Duméril.

The Journal de Physique for the year contains "Essai sur l'Entomologie médicale, par Chau-Entomology-maton."

"Illustrationes Insectorum Iconographica, &c. Auctore A. J. Coquebert. Tab. Dec. III. Parisii, An. x. (1804)." 4to. In it are published figures of the species described by Fabricius, from the Parisian cabinets.

"Notice des Abeilles proprement dits; par Latreille." Annal. du Mus. Tom. IV.

"Natursystem aller bekannter in-und Ausländischen Insecten. Von J. F. W. Herbst. Der Schmetterlinge mit 30 illum. Berlin, 1804." 4to.

Illiger's Magazin for this year contains, "1. Familien, Gattungen und Horden der Kafer, Coleoptera, von P. A. Latreille : 2. Namenweiser der Familien und Gattungen in Latreille's System der Kafer : 3. Zusätze, Berichtigungen und Bemerkungen zu Fabricii Systema Eleuteratorium. Tom. I.: 4. Alphabetisches Verzeichniss zu J. Hübler's Abbildungen der Papilionen mit biegefagten Synonymen von J. C. Grafen von Hoffmannsegg : 5. Essbare Insecten und eine neue art vom Spinnen : 6. Neuere Insectenwerke : 7. Vorschlag einer neuen Tötungsmethode der Insecten von M. J. Böhln, und Vertiligung der Borkkäfers, Pitinus Far., von Malinowsky : 8. Vermischte Bemerkungen." The same work for 1805 contains the following highly interesting papers: "1. J. H. Laspeyres Kritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe des Systematischen Verzeichnisses von der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend : 11. Theil : 2. Zusätze, Berichtigungen und Bemerkungen zu Fabricii Systema Eleuteratorium. Tom. II : 3. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte des Halbdiebigen Leuchtkaifers, Lampyrus hemiptera, Tab. von P. W. J. Müller : 4. Bemerkungen über die Fussgliederzahl einiger Kafergattungen in Beziehung auf Illiger's Abhandlung über diesen Gegenstand in dem Magazin für Insectenkunde. I. B. p. 185. von P. W. J. Müller : 5. Die Hauschrückenzüge in mittäglichen Africa. Auszüge aus Barrow's Reise in der Kolonien auf den Vorgeberg der Gattung Hoffnung."

A very interesting work on the various animals that produce a phosphorescent appearance in the sea was published this year. It contains figures of seven new minute species of Edriophthalmous Malacostraca. The book is entitled, "Phosphorescentia maris quatuordecim Lacientium Animalculorum novis speciebus illustrata a Dominico Viviani, &c. cum Tabulis æreis quinque. Genue, 1805." 4to.

"Tableau des Aranèdes, &c. par C. A. Walckenaër. Paris, 1805." 8vo. This work comprehends the characters of the genera belonging to the natural family Araneidae, with excellent observations on the parts comprising the mouths, &c. of this interesting group.

"Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands, nach der System bearbeitet von Dr G. W. F. Panzer. I.—xcvi. Heft 1. Bandchen. Nürnberg, 1805." 12mo.

"J. C. Fabricii Systema Antliatorum, &c. Brunsvigae, 1805." 8vo.

"G. A. Goldfuss Enumeratio Insectorum Eleutheratorium Capitis Bonae Spei totiusque Africæ, cum tabula ærea. Erlanga, 1805." 8vo. Eight new species are described and figured. Entomology. "Fauna Austriae, oder Beschreibung der österreichischen Insecten, &c. Von G. Duftschmid. Ester Theil. Linz-und Leipzig, 1805." Svo.

"Deutschlands Insecten. Von J. Sturm. I. Bändchen. Kafer. Nürnberg, 1805. mit 20 Kupfertapeln." 8vo.

"Insectes recuilles en Afrique et en Amerique, &c. par Palisot de Beauvois. Paris." fol.

E. Donovan gave to the world another work on exotic insects, in quarto, entitled, "An Epitome of the Insects of New Holland, New Zealand, &c." This publication is extremely valuable, the figures generally very correct, and the work is rare, few copies having been published.

Lastly, "Vollständige Naturgeschichte der Schädlichen Forstinsecten, &c. Von J. M. Becksteine und G. L. Scharfenberg, mit 13 Quartkupfern. Leipzig." 4to.

In 1806, C. Duméril published his "Zoologie Analytique, ou Méthode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux, &c. Paris." 8vo. In which the Insecta and Arachnoida are classed together. All the genera are given in tables, in a clear point of view.

P. A. Latreille produced the first volume of his "Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. Paris." 8vo. Two more volumes appeared during the following year, and a fourth in 1809. This is by far the best systematic work hitherto published; but as, in our article Insecta, we shall follow the general outline of his system, it will be unnecessary to say more on the subject in this place.

Dr G. W. F. Panzer published a tract on Hymenoptera, entitled "Entomologischer Versuch die Jürgineschen Gattungen de Linneshen Hymenoptera nach dem Fabriciusschen System zu Prüffin, &c. Nürnberg." 8vo.

"Handbuch der Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Hieltmittelchre, von K. F. Burdach. Leipzig." 8vo.

"Svensk Entomologi ab C. Iser. Linköping." 8vo.

"Svensk Zoologi, eller Svenska Djurens Historia, börjad ab C. Quesnal, forstatt ab O. Swartz, utgiver med illuminerande figurer ab J. W. Palmsturch. Stockholm." 8vo.

"Die Schmetterling Sachens, &c. Von F. Ochsenheimer. Erst. Th. Leipzig, 1806." 8vo.

"Entomologie Helvetique, &c. Tom. II. Zurich, 1806." 8vo. This volume treats of the Carabidae and Dyticidae.

"Monographia Coleopterum Micropterum, auctore J. L. C. Gravenhorst. Gottingae, 1806." 8vo.

"Natursystem aller bekannte in und Ausländischen Insecten, &c. Von J. F. W. Herbst. Berlin, 1806." 8vo.

The seventh volume of the "Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" contains, 1. A Memoire by Drandebart de Ferrussac fils, on two new species of Entomotracea and Hydracha : 2. An excellent Dissertation on the Argulus foliaceus, the whole history of which is admirably detailed : 3. A paper by Lepellier, on several new species of the family Chrysidae, with good remarks on the group in general, accompanied with figures.

Illiger's Magazin, too, contains some highly interesting papers : 1. "Züssäge zur Terminologie der Entomology. Insekten:" 2. "W. Kirby's Famien der beinenarten Insekten mit Zuzärzen, Naturweisungen und Bemerkungen:" 3. "Ester Nachtrag zu des Graffen von Hoffmannsegg Alphabetischen Verzeichnisse von Hubner's Papilionem. Durch denselben." 4. "Beschreibung der um Odenbach in Departement vom Donnerberg blohrachten Schlammkäfer, Limnius Illiger, von P. W. J. Muller." 5. "Beschreibung einer neuen käfergutung: Macronychus, mit der Beschreibung einer neuen art von Parnus, von P. W. J. Müller." 6. "Nachtrag zu der Zusätzen, Bemerkungen und Berichtigungen zu Fabricii Systema Cleuteratorum:" 7. "Mittel gegen die Blattläuse."—The same work for 1807 contains, 1. A paper on 160 species of Heltica : 2. A paper on Portuguese Insects; and, 3. what is by far the most interesting of all, An analysis of Fabricius Systema Glossatorum, as far down as Sphinx.

L. Jurine published his "Nouvelle méthode de Classer les Hymenoptères et les Diptères. Avec figures. Tom. I. Hymenopteres. Geneve, 1807." 4to. An analysis was published in the Journal de Physique of the same year. The author has proposed to arrange into genera the two orders mentioned in his title, solely from the wing-bones, a method by no means new, having been before proposed by Moses Harris, and adopted, to a certain extent, by after writers.

The first part of the "Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" was published this year, and contains notices of several insects not before observed in Great Britain.

An elegant work on the finer exotic Butterflies appeared, entitled "Coloured Specimens, to illustrate the Natural History of Butterflies, from the collection of Mr Lee of Hammersmith." This publication is illustrated by twenty copperplates, so admirably coloured as to resemble highly-finished drawings.

"Observationes Entomologiae. Pars II. auctore D. Danielsson, Lundæ, 1807." 4to.

"Observationes Entomologiae. Pars III. auctore P. N. Block, Lundæ, 1807." 4to.

"Monographia Cantharidum et Malachiorum Sueciae, auctore J. E. Arrhenius, Lundæ, 1807."

"Monographia Cimicum Sueciae, auctore C. F. Fallén, Hafniae, 1807." 8vo.

"Deutschlands Fauna, &c. Von J. Sturm. V. Utheilung. Die Insecten. Zweites Bändchen. Kafer. Mit 32 Kupfertafeln. Nürnberg, 1807." 12mo.

"Die Schmetterlinge von Europa. Von F. Ochsenheimer. Est. Band. Leipzig, 1807." 8vo.

In the "Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par le Société Philomatique de Paris, Tom. I. 1807." 4to. are the following good papers: 1. "Mémoire sur les Mœurs de Ceratina albilabris, Latr. par M. Spinola." 2. "Note sur quelques habitudes des Abeilles-bourdons, par A. de Petit-Thouars."

The tenth volume of the "Annales du Museum" contains, "Memoire sur les Mœurs de Ceratina albilabris. Par M. Spinola."

The "Gesellschaft Natursforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1807," contains, 1. "Artcn von Krebsen, von Schneider." 2. "Anatomie der Darmkanals und Entomology. der Geschlechtstheile vom Carabus monilis, vom Dr Ramdohr." 3. "Uber das Leuchten der Fulgorem, als Nachtrag zur vorhergehender Abhandlung, von Graf Hoffmannsegg." 4. "Uber die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Piezaten, vom Dr F. Klug." 5. "Monographie der Elateren mit leuchtenden Flecken auf dem Hals-schild, von K. Illiger." 6. "Oxæa, eine neue gattung aus der Ordnung der Piezaten, von F. Klug." 7. "Species Apiarum Familiae novas descripsit, &c. F. Klug." 8. "Ein neuer Merkwürdiger Henops, beschrieben, von F. Klug." The same work for 1808 contains, 1. "Ueber die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Piezater, von D. F. Klug." 2. "Ueber die Gattung Cypris Müller, vom F. A. Ramdohr." 3. "Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Vespa Crabro, von Malinowsky." 4. "Tinea sociella und colonella, die beiden Geschlechter einer Art, von S. Laspeyres." 5. "Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt, von F. Klug." This last paper has since been followed up by several others on the same subject; they contain most accurate descriptions of all the species of Terthedo Linné, that have been hitherto discovered.

The second part of Schönher's "Synonomia Insectorum" came out this year; and a very interesting work on the insects of Sweden, "Insecta Suecia descripta a L. Gyllenhall," Tom. I.; comprehending the most detailed descriptions of the Coleoptera that we have yet seen.

The ninth volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" contains, 1. An excellent "Monograph on the Genus Apion, by the Rev. W. Kirby." 2. "Some Observations on the Wheat Insect, supposed to be the Wire-worm, by T. Walford, Esq. with notes by T. Marsham, Esq." 3. "Descriptions of notoclea, a new genus of Coleopterous Insects, from New Holland, by T. Marsham, Esq." This genus had long before been established by Olivier, under the name Paropsis.

"Die Schmetterlinge von Europa. Von F. Ochsenheimer. Est. Band." 8vo.

The "Annales du Museum, Tom. XI." contains "Notice biograph. sur J. C. Fabricius. Par Latreille." And Vol. XII. of the same work, for 1809, contains, 1. "Nouvelles observations sur le manière dont plusieurs insectes de l'ordre hyménoptères peuvent à la subsistance de leur postérité; par Latreille." This memoir consists of some very interesting observations on the economy of the genera Bembex, Philanthus, Anthophora, and Parnopes. 2. "Comparaison des organes de la mastication des Orthoptères, avec ces des autres animaux; par Marcel de Serres." The learned author of this paper details the variations presented in the teeth of the mandibles, and at the same time points out the functions he believes them to be destined to perform, in omnivorous, granivorous, and carnivorous orthoptera. He says, that the carnivorous have only the canine teeth; the herbivorous genera have incisors and grinders, and the omnivorous have canine and grinders, but that the latter are smaller, and the former less pointed than in the carnivorous and herbivorous genera. 3. "Mémoire sur les Métamorphoses du grand Hydrophile," par M. Miger.

"Essai sur l'Entomologie du Département du Entomology. Puy-de-dome. Par J. B. L. Monographie des La-melli-antennes. Clermont, 1809." 8vo.

The "Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin," 1809, contains, "Bemerkungen über die Lebensverhältnisse der Coccinellen überhaupt, und der Coccinella hieroglyphica, Fabr. insbesonder vom P. D. Reich."

The "Journal de Physique, Tom. LVIII." of this year, contains, "Mémoire sur les yeux composés et les yeux lisses des Orthoptères, &c. par Marcel de Serres."

"F. A. Bonelli, Observations Entomologiques, Turin, 1809," 4to, containing a monograph on the European genera of the Linnean genus Carabus, which he has admirably divided into natural genera, and distributed them into stirpes. It is a complete model for classification.

The "Berlin Magazine for 1809" contains, "Bemerkungen über die Sebensverhältnisse de Coccirellem, &c. Von Reich."

"G. Bayle Saggio intorno agli Insetti n ouvi,&c. Milano, 1809." 8vo.

The "Annales du Museum," Tom. XIII. of the year contains, 1. "Latreille sur le genre Anthidium de Fabricius," &c. in which the species are very well described. 2. "Jules de Tristan; Mémoire sur quelques crustacés trouvés sur les côtes de Poitou." In this paper five species of our genera Dynamene, Nasa, and Idotea are described and figured.

In 1810, Latreille published his "Considerations sur l'Ordre naturelle des Crustacés des Arachnides, et des Insectes." 8vo. A most excellent little manual for the scientific student.

"Die Schmetterlinge von Europa. Von F. Ochsenheimer. Ditter. Band."

"Specimen Entomologicum Novam Dipteræ deponendi methodum exhibens. Auctore M. Rodhe. Lund. 1810." 8vo.

In the "Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences," we find a paper on a new genus of Diptera, named Nemestrina by Latreille, by Olivier.

"E. F. Germar, Systematis Glossatorum Prodromus, sistens Bombyceum, species secundum oris partium diversitates in nova genera distribuita. Sectio 1. Leipzig, 1810." 4to. Of this work we shall say more under the article INSECTA.

"Insecta Suecia descripta a Leonardo Gyllenhall, Tom. I. par 2. Scaris, 1810." This part treats of the Cicindelidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Meloidae, &c. and is equal to the first part in merit.

The "Berlin Magazin" contains, 1. "Einige neue Piezatengattungen, von Dr F. Klug;" and the same work for 1811, 1. "Ichneumones adici in genera et familias diversi a Dr Nees ab Esenbeck."

"Icones Cimicium. Fas. V. Auctore J. F. Wolff. Erlanga; 1811." 4to.

"G. A. Paykull, Monographia Histeroidum. Upsalia, 1811. Cum tablis 13. æreis." 8vo. This is by far the best production of this author. In it he has described and figured all the species he had an opportunity to examine, and has separated certain species under the generic title Hololepta; he has, however, figured the larva of a Dipteron Insect, for that of his new genus. The second part of the tenth volume of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" contains, 1. "Descriptions of several new species of Apion, by the Reverend W. Kirby." 2. "Some account of an Insect that was taken alive out of a desk that had been made for more than twenty years, by T. Marsham, Esq."

The Annales du Museum, Tom. XVII. et XVIII. contain, 1. "Mémoire anatomique sur un nouvelle espèce du genre Brachinus, par L. Dufour," in which the author shows us the organs by which this genus of Insects prepare and emit the fumes and cause the explosion by which their economy is characterized. This paper is republished in Vol. III. of the Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences for 1812. 2. "De l'Odorat et des Organes qui paraissent en être le siège, chez les Orthoptères, par Marcel de Serres;" wherein he combats the generally received opinion that Insects smell by their antennae or respiratory tracheæ, and seems disposed to think that the Orthoptera probably receive this impression through the medium of the membranaceous points of their palpi.

In the Berlin Magazine for 1811, there is a paper by Nees Von Esenbeck, on the Ichneumones adsciti.

The same work for 1812, Tom. XIX. contains a Mémoire by Latreille, entitled, "Sur un Insecte qui les Anciens réputoient fort venimeux, et qu'ils nommoient Bupreste," in which he attempts to prove the Buprestis of the ancients to have been a Meloë, or an insect of the same natural family.

"A. Ahensi, Fauna Insectorum Europæ. Fas. I. Ic. XXV. Halle. 1812, 12mo."

"Insectes de l'Amérique Equinoxiales, &c. Par Latreille. Seconde Partie. Paris, 1812." fol.

"Fauna Austriae. Zwenter Thiel. Linz un Leipzig. 1812." 8vo.

"Observations Entomologiques traduites et extraites d'un ouvrage inédit intitulé. J. N. Vallot, Insectorum incubula juxta methodicum disposita, &c. Paris, 1812." The Insects are classed according to the plants on which they feed.

"E. F. Germar Systematis Glossatorium prodromus, &c. Sectio II. Leipsiae, 1812."

"G. R. Treviranus über den Bau der Arachnider. Erlange, 1812."

In the fertile year, 1813, were published, "K. A. Randohr Abhandlung über die Verdauungswerkzeuge der Insecten, Halle. Mit 30 Kupfertafeln." 4to.

"Insectes de l'Amérique Equinoxiale, Par Latreille. Paris, 1813. Partie II." fol.

"Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St Petersbourg, Tom. IV. St Petersbourg, 1813." Contains, 1. "Coleoptera rostrata Capersia, a C. P. Thunberg illustrata."

"E. F. Germar, Resle nach Dalmatien und in das Gebiet von Ragusa. Leipzig, 1813. Mit Kupfern." 8vo.

"L. Gyllenhall, Insecta Svecica, Tom. I. Pars 3. 1813." Contains the continuation of the Coleopterous families Bruchidae, Cusculationidae, Erotylidae, and Chrysonelidae.

"Specimen novam Hymenoptera disponendi methodum exhibens, &c. Auctoribus C. M. Helleström, C. J. Danielson, et C. A. Lundman. Lundæ, 1813." Entomology 4to." In this work, the Hymenoptera are distributed into eighteen families, and seventy-one genera, the characters being founded on the form of the antennæ and body, and on the variations in the wing-bones.

The "Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Tom. III. Pairs, 1813," contains, 1. "Essai Historique sur les Crustacées de la mer de Nice; par Risso." 2. "Extrait d'un Mémoire sur le Puceron du Thérébinth, &c. par D'Audebard de Ferrussac." 3. "Extrait d'un Mémoire sur les Araignées; par Lepellier."

The "Journal de Physique, Tom. LXXVI. 1813," contains, 1. "Extrait d'un Mémoire sur les usages des diverses parties du tube intestinal des Insectes. Par Marcel de Serres." 2. "Rapport fait par Mr Bosc, sur l'ouvrage de Mr Hubert fils, intitule, Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmes indigènes."

"Index Entomologicus, sistens omnes Insectorum species, in G. W. Panzeri, Fauna Insectorum Germaniae descriptas, &c. Pars I. Norimb. 1812." The author, in this index, has availed himself of the observations of Latreille, Borelli, and other celebrated writers.

"Mémoire sur les yeux composés et sur les yeux lisses des Insectes, &c. Par Marcel de Serres. Montpellier, 1813." 8vo. It would be ridiculous to eulogise a man so celebrated as Marcel de Serres. In this work, which is illustrated with beautiful plates, he has shown us that the optic nerve, in Insects with compound eyes, is distributed by separate fibres, one to each facette, composing the eye itself. And that the simple eyes are supplied, each one, by a peculiar branch of the optic nerve, the branches themselves uniting before they join cerebral (or cerebral) ganglion.

"G. J. Billberg, Monographia Mylabridum. Holmæ, 1813. Cum tabulis 7 æreis coloratis." 8vo.

In this year Germar commenced an excellent journal on Entomology, which may be considered as a continuation of Iliger's Magazine. It is entitled, "Magazin der Entomologie. Von Dr E. F. Germar, Halle, 1813." 8vo. It contains, 1. "Naturgeschichte des Carabus gibbus (Zabrus gibbus), eins saatverwüstenden Insekts. Von Herausgeber." 2. "Insecten in Berstein eingeschlossen, beschrieben; Von Herausgeber." 3. "Bemerkungen über die Sachträger unter der Schnetterlingen ehe Fortpflanzung und Entwiechlung. Von Dr Zinken genannt Sömmer."

The first part of Vol. XI. of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" contains, 1. "An Essay on the British species of Meloë, with descriptions of two exotic species, by W. E. Leach." 2. "Strepsiptera, a new order of Insects, &c. By the Reverend W. Kirby." 3. "A Monograph on the British species of Choleva, by W. Spence, Esq."

Vol. XX. of the "Annales du Museum" contains, "Observations sur les diverses parties du Tube intestinal des Insectes. Par Marcel de Serres." In this learned memoir, we find a complete account of the intestinal canal of Insects, which always consists of the œsophagus, the stomach, biliary vessels, and intestines. The last part presents a vast number of modifications. In very voracious Insects, and in those whose masticatory organs are not well developed, a supplementary part may be observed, which is not very unlike the gizzard of birds. After giving an account of the coats that enter into the composition of the canal in its different parts, he informs us, that the length of the oesophagus depends on the form of the thorax. In some instances, it is as long as half of the intestinal canal, and at other times it varies from one to nine or twenty-six. The stomach is likewise variable in its size, according to the functions designed for it to fulfil. The intestines are generally longer in herbivorous Insects, than in those that feed on living bodies. We regret that our space will not allow us to give a detailed analysis of this valuable memoir, to which we refer those of our readers who wish to learn farther particulars.

In 1814 was published, "Précis des Découvertes Somiologiques ou Zoologiques et Botaniques, par C. S. Rafinesque. Palerme, 1814." 12mo. In this little work, which contains indications of several new genera and species, the Crustacea are termed Plaxolia, and the Insects Entomia.

" Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles. (2de edit.) Paris, 1814." 8vo. For an account of this work, see article Bss, Vol. II. p. 212.

" Anthracides Sueciae, auctore E. H. Berglund. Lunde, 1814." 4to.

" Hydrocorides et Naucorides Sueciae, auctore J. G. Liljegren. Lunde, 1814." 4to.

" Diptera Sueciae distripta a C. F. Fallen. Tom. I. Lunde, 1814." 4to.

" Asilici Suecic, auctore J. G. Waldenström. Lunde, 1814." 8vo.

" Specimen novam Hemiptera disponendi methodum exhibens, auctore M. Rodhe. Lunde, 1814." 4to.

" L'Art Entomologique, Poème didactique. Par Mr Le Roux. Versailles, 1814." 8vo. This volume, although in Rhyme, is not devoid of merit, and will not prove uninteresting to the entomologist.

" A. Ahensii, Fauna Insectorum Europae. Fas. 2. ie. 25. cum descriptionibus. Halae, 1814." 12mo.

" C. L. G. Löwe, de partibus quibus Insecta spiritus ducunt. Dissertatio inauguralis Med. Halae, 1814." 8vo.

The " Bulletin des Sciences, 1814," contains, 1. " Sur une nouvelle espèce du genre Cymothoae de Fabricius, par Le Sueur." 2. "Observations sur la bouche des Papillons, &c. par J.-C. Savigny."

The " Berlin Magazine for 1814" contains, 1. " Die Körpertheile der Zweiflüglichen Insecten. Ein terminologischer versuch; von P. F. Bouché." 2. "Die Blattwespen, &c." and 3. "Die Europäischen Arten der Insecten gattung Leucospis; von F. Klug." 4. "Ichneumones adsciti in genera et familias divisi, a Nees von Esenbeck."

"The Zoological Miscellany; or Descriptions of New, Rare, or Highly Interesting Animals, by William Elford Leach. Illustrated with Coloured Figures, by R. P. Nodder." Vol. I. This work contains descriptions and figures of several new and curious genera and species of insects. A second volume was published in 1815.

"Empidae Sueciae, &c. auctore P. N. Rhodin. Entomology. Lunde, 1815." 4to.

"Platypycninae et Bombyliarii Sueciae, &c. auctore L. F. Flodin. Lunde, 1815." 4to.

"C. Spengel, Commentarius de partibus quibus Insecta spiritus ducunt. Accedunt Tab. 3. æri incise et pictæ. Lipsiae, 1815." 4to.

"J. Sturm, Deutschlands Fauna. Drittes Bändchen. Käfer. Nürnberg, 1815." 12mo.

"Monographia Ichneumonum Pedestrium, &c. auctore J. L. C. Gravenhorst. Lipsiae, 1815."

"H. M. Gaede, Beiträge zur Anatomie der Insekten. Altona, 1815. Mit 2 Kupfertafeln." 4to.

"Dr Herold, Entwickelungs-Geschichte der Schmetterlinge, Anatomisch und Physiologisch bearbeitet, 1815. Mit 33 Kup." 4to.

The "Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, &c. Tom. I." This is a new series of the "Annales du Museum," it contains, "Note sur les Mœurs des Bourdons, par La Billardiere."

The "Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St Pétersbourg, Tom. V. 1815," contains, 1. "Hemipterorum maxillosorum genero, &c. a C. P. Thunberg." 2. "De Cancris Camtschatcicis, Oniscis, Entomotracis, et Cancellis marinis microscopicis noctilucentibus, cum appendice de Acaris et Ricinis Camptschatcicis, auctore Tileso."

"Magazin der Entomologie, herausgegeben von Dr E. F. Germar, Halle, 1815," 8vo. contains, 1. "Eenige Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen, von J. F. Kyber." 2. "Abhandlung über die Gattung Anthidium, Fabr. von P. A. Latreille." This is extracted from Vol. XIII. of the "Annales du Muséum." 8. "Südamerikanische Insecten gesammelt, von V. Humboldt und Bonpland, von P. A. Latreille."

The "Berlin Magazine" contains, 1. "Lapton femoralis, eine neue Ichneumonidengattung, &c. Von Nees von Esenbeck." 2. "A continuation of Klug's descriptions of the Tenthredinae." 3. "Die Gattung Leucosia, Fabr. Von P. Lichtenstein."

"An Introduction to Entomology, &c. By W. Kirby and W. Spence. Vol. I. London, 1815." 8vo. This is a popular book, published with a view to excite to the study of Entomology. Vol. II. appeared in 1817. The third volume, we understand, will contain the nomenclature.

"Transactions of the Linnean Society of London." Vol. XI. Part II. contains, 1. "Observations on the Cancer Salinus of Linneus, by the Rev. T. Racket." 2. "Addendum to the Strepsiptera, by the Rev. W. Kirby." 3. "Further observations on the Meloë, with descriptions of six exotic species, by W. E. Leach." 4. "A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of Animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera, composing three of the classes into orders, &c. and descriptions of several new genera and species, by W. E. Leach."

In 1816, the most philosophic work that we have seen, was published, entitled, "Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, par Jules-César Savigny. Premier Partie, 1st Fascicule, Mem. 1-2. Théorie des Organes de la bouche des Crustacés et des In- Entomology sectes. Paris, 1806." 8vo. In this work the author has proved in a most satisfactory manner, that the mouths of all Insects, Crustacea and Myriapoda, are composed of one pair of mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae; and that the lower lip of Insects is formed by the union of the second pair of maxillae. In the Myriapoda the lower lip is composed of the two pairs of maxillae confluent, their mandibles being soldered to it. The two anterior pairs of thoracic legs are, in the same class of animals, converted into auxiliary lower lips, the third pair only assisting them in locomotion, which is performed by the ventral or abdominal legs. The mandibles in Lepidoptera perform no function, they are but rudimentary. The first pair of maxillae in the same order is prolonged into a spiral tongue, bearing palpi at its base; and the lower lip is composed of the exterior maxillae united, like that of all other insects. We earnestly recommend this treatise to those occupied with the study of entomology.

"Empides Sueciae, auctore N. Kihlgren. Lundae, 1816." 4to.

"Observations sur le Xenos Vesparum, par M. Jurine."

"Histoire naturelle des Crustacés des Environs de Nice, par A. Risso. Ornée de Graveures. Paris, 1816." 8vo. A most valuable work, containing a vast number of observations relating to the economy of these animals.

"Die Schmetterlinge von Europa. Von F. Ochsenheimer. Bieter Band, 1816."

"Dr H. T. L. Reichenbach Monographia Pselaphorhum. Lipsiae, 1816. Cum tabulis coloratis 2." 8vo.

"Malinowsky, Elementarbuch der Insectenkunde, vorzüglich der Käfer. Quedlinburg bei Basse, 1816." 8vo.

Two new editions of the "Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle," &c. were commenced this year; the first, entitled, "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, &c. par plusieurs Professeurs du Jardin du Roi," &c. The articles on insects are written by Professor Duméril; those on Crustacea by Dr Leach, correspondent of the French Museum. One volume is published quarterly. The second professes only to be a new edition, and retains the old title. The Entomological articles are written by Latreille. One volume is produced every month. The first volume contains the interesting articles, Abeille, Argule, Araignée, Aile, and Bouche.

The "Journal de Physique, &c. Tom. LXXXII. and LXXXIII., contain, 1. "Observations sur la filiation des Animaux, depuis le Polype jusqu'au Singe, par De Barbançoise." 2. "Observations pour servir à une classification des Animaux, par le même." 3. "Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution Systematique des Regne Animal, par H. D. de Blainville;" in which the author has distributed the Linnean Insecta into the following classes. 1. With six legs, Héxapodes (or insects properly so called). 2. With eight legs, Octopodes (Spiders and Acari). 3. With ten legs, Decapodes (Malacostraca, with pedunculated eyes, excepting Squilla). 4. Legs variable in number, Hétéropodes (Squilla, Branchipus, &c.). 5. Legs fourteen, Tétradécapodes (our sessile-eyed Malacostraca). 6. Legs equal in number to the joints of the body (Myriapoda).

The "Bulletin des Sciences," for the year, contains, 1. "Sur une nouvelle distribution des Classes des Crustacés, des Myriapodes et des Arachnides, par W. E. Leach." 2. "Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systematique du Règne Animal, par H. de Blainville."

"Synopsis of four new species of Crustacea found in the United States, by C. S. Rafinesque, Esq." This notice is published in the "American Monthly Magazine, Vol. II., New York, 1817." 8vo.

"Insectes de l'Amerique Equinoctiale, &c. par Latreille, Partie 2."

"Synonymia Insectorum, von C. J. Schönherr, Ester Band. Skara, 1817. (Hispa-molorchus)." Also, "Appendix ad C. J. Schönherr, Synonymia Insectorum, Tom. I. Sistens descriptiones novarum specierum."

The "Massachusetts's Agricultural Repository and Journal, Vol. IV., Boston, 1817," 8vo, contains a paper by Professor Peck, "On the Natural History of two Insects; the one a Scolytus, the other a Rhynchamus."

"Transactions of the Linnean Society," Vol. XI. Part I. contains, "On the Classification of the Notonectidae, by W. E. Leach."

"Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. I., 1817." 8vo. This volume contains some excellent papers on the Crustacea of the United States, by Thomas Say, Esq. who has studied the subject with great success, and has discovered and described several very interesting new genera and species.

"J. A. C. Sturm, Deutschlands Insecten, Zweites Bändchen. Käfer, mit 32 Kupfertafeln, Nürnberg, 1817." 8vo.

"Mémoires du Museum, &c. Tom. III., 1817," contains, 1. "Introduction à la Géographie générale des Arachnides et des Insectes, ou des Climats propres à ces animaux, par P. A. Latreille." 2. "Considerations nouvelles et générales sur les Insectes vivant en Société, par le même."

"American Entomology, &c. illustrated by coloured figures, by T. Say, Vol. I. No. 1., Philadelphia, 1817." 8vo. This work promises to be of great utility to the science, and to make us acquainted with the but little investigated entomological treasures of North America.

"Magazin der Entomologie, Herausgegeben, von Dr E. F. Germar und Dr J. L. T. F. Zincken genannt Sommer, Halle, 1817." Contains, 1. "Beiträge zur Verwandlungsgeschichte einiger Käferarten, von J. F. Kyber." 2. "Die Linneischen Tineen in ihre natürlichen Gattungen aufgelöst und beschrieben, von J. L. T. F. Z. g. Sommer." 3. "W. Kirby's Monographie des Gattung Apion Herbst, aus dem Englischen übersetzt, mit Bemerkungen und eingeschalteten Beschreibungen neuer arten, von E. F. Germar." This dissertation not only contains the species described by Kirby, but a vast number of new species, which are illustrated by several very neatly coloured figures. 4. "Bemerkungen über einige Insekten, von P. W. J. Müller."

"Le Regne Animal, &c. par M. Le Chevalier Entomology. Cuvier, Vol. III., continent, "Les Crustacés, Les Arachnides, et Les Insectes, par M. Latreille." The Crustacea are arranged into five orders, viz. 1. Decapodes, comprehending our orders Brachyura and Macroura. 2. Stomopodæ, including Squilla. 3. Amphipodæ, embracing our first division of the Edriophthalmæ, or those with compressed bodies. 4. Isopodæ, under which he has placed the Oniscæ of Linne, or our Edriophthalmæ with depressed bodies. 5. Branchiopodæ, or the Entomostraca of Müller. The Arachnoïda he divides into two orders. 1. Pulmonæ (Unogata, Fabr.). 2. Trachéennes; but the characters have not directed his classification rigorously. The Myriapoda he has placed with the insects, of which they form the first order. To the orders given in his Genera Insectorum, he has added Rhipiptera (Strepsiptera, Kirby), which is placed between the Hymenoptera and the Diptera.

The "Mémoires du Museum, Tom. IV.," contains, "Observations sur les usages du Vaisseau dorsal, &c. par Marcel de Serres."

"The Zoological Miscellany, Vol. III., 1817," contains the following Entomological papers; 1. "On the characters of Matuta, with descriptions of the species." 2. "Micippa, a new genus of Brachyurous Malacostraca." 3. "Monograph on the genera and species of the genus Leucosia, Fabr." 4. "On the Thalassina of Latreille." 5. "On the genus Atya." 6. "The character of the class Myriapoda, with descriptions of some of the species." 7. "On the character of the class Arachnoïda, and of its families." 8. "On the genera of Scorpionidae, with descriptions of the British species, of chelifer and obisium." 9. "On the Orders of Insects." 10. "On the Genera of Thysanura." 11. "On the genera of Anoplura." 12. "On the genera of Dyticidae." 13. "On four genera hitherto called Silpha." 14. "On the Histeridae." 15. "On the Pselaphidae." 16. "On the Parnide." 17. "On Hydrophilidae and Helophoridae." 18. "On the genera of Sphaeridiidae." 19. "On the Tenthredinidæ." 20. "On the Rhipiptera of Latreille."

In the "Mémoires de L'Académie Imperial de Entomology, St Pétersbourg," we find, 1. "Coleoptera Capensia antennis lamellatis, A. C. P. Thunberg;" 2. "Decades tres Eleuteratorum novorum descripsit, J. F. Eschscholtz;" in which five new genera are established.

Vol. I. Part 2. of the "Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," contains a continuation of excellent Memoirs on the Crustacea of the United States, by T. Say, Esq.

The "Journal de Physique" (Vols. LXXXVI. and LXXXVII.) contains, 1. "Recherches sur la Metamorphose du canal alimentaire chez les Insectes, par M. Dutrochet." 2. "Sur une nouvelle espèce de Tenthrède, par M. Bosc." 3. "Sur quelques genres nouveaux de Crustacés, par M. Leach." 4. "Recherches anatomiques sur les Scoles et sur quelques Insectes Hyménoptères, par Leon Dufour." The same work for 1819, Vol. LXXXVIII., contains, 1. "Sur les Rhipiptères de Latreille, ordres d'Insectes nommés Strepsiptera, par Kirby; par M. Leach." 2. "Description de deux nouvelles espèces de Thynnus, découvertes dans la Nouvelle Hollande, par M. Rob. Brown; par M. Leach." 3. "Descriptions, par M. Leach, de quelques nouveaux genres et espèces d'animaux découverts en Afrique, par Mr T. E. Bowdich."

Vol. XII. Part II. of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society" was published in July 1819, although it bears the date 1818. It contains two papers on Insects, by the Reverend W. Kirby; the one is named "a Century of Insects," the other, "Descriptions of several new species of Insects, collected in New Holland by R. Brown, Esq."

"The Entomologist's useful Compendium, &c. by G. Samouelle, London." 8vo. This is a valuable work, and will tend materially to advance the study of British Entomology, since it is arranged after the natural method. It does infinite credit to its ingenious author.

(v.)

INDEX OF AUTHORS' NAMES.

<table> <tr> <th>ABBOT, 163</th> <th>Antic, 161</th> <th>Barboteau, 159, 160</th> <th>Blankaart, 154</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Adams, 161</td> <td>Antigonius, 151</td> <td>Barbut, 160</td> <td>Block, 168</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Admiral, 156, 159</td> <td>Apuleius, 151</td> <td>Baron, 161</td> <td>Blondeau, 159</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ægineta, 151</td> <td>Archeleas, 150</td> <td>Bayle, 169</td> <td>Blumenbach, 167</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ælian, 151</td> <td>Aristonachus, 151</td> <td>Palisot de Beauvois, 168</td> <td>Bockart, 153</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ætius, 151</td> <td>Aristotle, 150</td> <td>Bechsteine, 168</td> <td>Boerhaave, 156</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Afzelius, 164</td> <td>Arrhenius, 168</td> <td>Bockwith, 163</td> <td>Bomare, 158</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Agricola, 152</td> <td>Arthaud, 161</td> <td>Belerio, 153</td> <td>Bonelli, 169</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ahens, 170, 171</td> <td>Athanaeus, 151</td> <td>Bellouacensis, 151</td> <td>Bonnet, 159</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albertus Magnus, 151</td> <td>Ascanius, 159</td> <td>Berglund, 171</td> <td>Bonsdorff, 161</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albin, 155</td> <td>Augustin, 156</td> <td>Bergstraesser, 160, 161</td> <td>De Borch, 160</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Albino, 154</td> <td>Ausonius, 151</td> <td>Berkenhout, 158</td> <td>Borkhausen, 161</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aldrovandus, 152</td> <td>Avenzoar, 151</td> <td>Bernard, 161</td> <td>Bose, 162, 170, 173</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alexander, 151</td> <td>Averrhoës, 151</td> <td>Bernoulli, 160</td> <td>Bouchê, 171</td> </tr> <tr> <td>St Amans, 164</td> <td>Avicenna, 151</td> <td>Bilberg, 154, 170</td> <td>Bradley, 154, 155</td> </tr> <tr> <td>St Ambrosius, 151</td> <td>Badier, 160</td> <td>La Billardiere, 171</td> <td>Brown, 157, 159</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anaxagoras, 150</td> <td>Bangius, 158</td> <td>Blainville, 172</td> <td>Brunnick, 157</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Anderson, 161</td> <td>Barbançoise, 172</td> <td>Blancard, 154</td> <td>Bruyère, 161</td> </tr> </table> Entomology: Burdach, 157, 59, 168 Catesby, 155 Cederheim, 164 Charlton, 153 Chaumaton, 167 Cicero, 151 Clairville, 164, 168 Clark, 163, 164 Columella, 151 Coquebert, 163, 165, 167 Crammer, 160 Crellius, 154 Cuba, 151 Curtis, 159, 161, 162, 166 Cuvier, 164, 166, 173 Cyprin, 154 Cyprus, 151 Cyrillus, 161 Czempinsky, 160 Danielson, 168, 170 Democritus, 150, 151 Derham, 155 Detharding, 156 Donovan, 162, 164, 165, 168 Dorthes, 161, 162 Drury, 158 Dryander, 162, 163, 165 Dufour, 170, 173 Duftschmid, 168, 170 Duméril, 164, 165, 167, 168, 172 Dunker, 163 Dutfield, 156 Durochet, 173 Edwards, 156 Ernst, 160 Eschscholtz, 173 Esper, 160 Fabricius, J. C. 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167 Fabricius, O. 160 Fallén, 166, 168, 171 Ferrard, 153 Ferrussac, 168, 170 Figulus, 151 Fischer, 160, 161 Fleody, 157 Flodin, 171 Forskal, 159 Forster, 158, 159 Fourcroy, 161 Francillon, 163 Franzelio, 153 Franzius, 152 Frisch, 165 Frost, 165, 166 Fuesly, 160 Gadd, 156 Gaede, 171 Gaza, 151 De Geer, 156, 157 Germar, 169, 170, 171, 172 Gesner, 152 Goyereus, 154 Giorna, 162 Gmelin, 161 Goëdart, 153, 154, 155 Goëze, 159, 161, 164 Goldfuss, 167 Gould, 156 Gräffin, 153 Gravenhorst, 166, 168, 171 Griendel, 154 Gronovius, 157 Gyllenhal, 169 Gyllius, 152 Harris, 159, 160 Hasselquist, 157 Hausmann, 165, 166 Haworth, 153, 167 Hebenstreit, 154 Hellström, 170 Hennius, 154 Herausgeber, 170 Herbst, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168 Hermolaeus, 151 Herodius, 151 Herold, 171 Hildegardis, 151 Hill, 156, 159 Hippocrates, 150 Hoehnagle, 152 Hoffman, 166 Hoffmansegge, 165, 167, 168 Hollar, 153 Hombergh, 155 Hook, 153 Hoppe, 156, 163 Hoppis, 154 Huber, 170 Hubert, 170 Illiger, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169 Jorath, 151 Iser, 168 Isodorus, 151 John, 163 Johnson, 153 Jones, 163 Jovius, 152 Jules de Tristan, 169 Jung, 162 Jungius, 154 Jurine, 168, 171 Jurine Fils, 168 Kahn, 157, 159 Kahn, 157, 159 Karsten, 167 Kihlgren, 172 Kirby, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 Kirkmajour, 154 Kleemanalus, 156 Kleemanner, 156 Klug, 165, 166, 169, 171 Knoch, 160, 165, 166 König, 154 Koy, 165 Kyber, 171, 172 Lafarge, 169 Lamarek, 165 Lamétherie, 163 Laspeyres, 165, 166 Latreille, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 Laicharting, 160 Leach, 170, 171, 172, 173 Leeuwenhoek, 154, 155 Lehmann, 164, 165, 166 Lehren, 165 Leonides, 151 Lepeltier, 168, 170 Leske, 160, 162 Lespeyres, 167 Lesser, 156 Lewin, 163 Lianus, 151 Lichtenstein, 164, 166, 171 Liljegren, 171 Linck, 161 Linnaeus, 155, 156, 157, 159 Linne, 155, 156, 157, 158 Linus, 150 Linz, 166 Lister, 154 Löwe, 171 Luce, 163 Ludolphus, 155 Ludwig, 162 Lundmann, 170 Lyonnet, 156 Maclay, 163 Mainz, 162 Malinowsky, 167, 169, 172 Marcel de Serres, 169, 170, 171, 173 Marcus, 151 Marsham, 161, 163, 164, 166, 169 Martinière, 161 Martyr, 161, 162 Mattiolus, 152 Marwick, 166 Mayer, 162 Meigen, 164, 167 Menander, 156 Mentzelius, 154 Merboldus, 151 Merian, 153 Merret, 153 Mey, 153 Mikau, 169 Minasi, 159 Mohr, 167 Mollerus, 153 Morand, 160 Moses, 150 Mouffet, 152 Müller, 157, 159, 162, 166, 168, 172 Muralt, 154 Myrepus, 151 Naso, 151 Nees, 170, 171 Neoptolemus, 151 Nicander, 151 Niebuhr, 159 Nicolas, 159 Nodder, 171 O. 164 Ochsenheimer, 168, 172 Olivier, 161, 162, 169 Olympius, 151 Oppian, 151 Oribasius, 151 Orpheus, 150 M. P. 168 Palisot de Beauvois, 168 Pallas, 157, 158, 159, 160 Palmsturch, 168 Panzer, 163, 167, 170 Paykull, 162, 164, 165, 169 Peck, 164, 172 Perrault, 153 Petagna, 161 Petiver, 155 Philiscus, 151 Philistus, 151 Platerus, 151 Pliny, 151 Poda, 157 Poiret, 161 Prevost, 166 Preyssler, 162, 165 Quesnal, 162, 168 Racket, 171 Rainesque, 171, 172 Ramdohr, 169, 170 Ray, 155, 161 Razoumousky, 161 Reaumur, 155 Redi, 153, 154 Reich, 169 Reichenbach, 172 Retzius, 160 Reynier, 161 Rhazes, 151 Rhodin, 171 Riboud, 161 Risso, 170, 171 Rodhe, 169, 171 Römer, 162 Ronbeck, 166 Rondeletius, 152 Rösel, 156 Rossi, 162 Roux, 171 Roxburg, 167 Rozier, 159 Rumphius, 155

Entomology Russel, 155 Samouelle, 173 Ernesti. Savigny, 171 Say, 172, 173 Scharfenberg, 168 Schaeffer, 156, 157, 158 Schellenberg, 165, 166 Schneider, 162, 163, 168 Schmid, 165, 166 Schönherr, 169 Schrank, 159, 160, 164 Schreibers, 166 Schröter, 159 Scopoli, 157, 159 Scriba, 162 Seba, 155 Sedilau, 154 Semler, 160 Marcel de Serrcs, 169, 170, 173 Shaw, 162, 164 Sloane, 165 Smith, 163 Solomon, 150 Sömmer, 171, 172 Sonini, 161 Sowerby, 167 Spengel, 171 Speusippus, 151 Spence, 170 Spinola, 168 Stewart, 166 Sturm, 165, 168, 171, 172 Le Sueur, 171 Sulzer, 157, 159 Swammerdam, 153, 154, 155 Swartz, 168 Swederus, 161 Tagebach, 159 Thcophrastus, 151 Petit-Thouars, 168 Thrane, 157 Thulis, 161 Thunberg, 160, 161, 165, 170, 171, 173 Tilesio, 171 Titus, 151 Topsal, 153 Townson, 167 Trallian, 151 Treunera, 155 Triviranus, 170 Uddman, 157 Ursinus, 153 Valisnieri, 155 Vallot, 166, 170 Varro, 151 Vicentius, 151 Villers, 162 Viviani, 167 Voet, 163 Voigt, 164 Wagner, 153 Walckenaër, 166, 167 Waldenström, 171 Walford, 169 Weber, 165, 167 Wedelio, 155 Wiedmann, 165 Weiss, 159 Wilde, 152 Wilks, 156 Wolf, 153, 165, 166, 167, 169 Woollenhaupt, 154 Wotton, 152 Wulfen, 161 Xenocrates, 151 Yeats, 159 Zinke, 164 Zinke Sömmer, 170 Zinken, 172