a circle of the Russian government of Nishegorod, between long. 43. 21. and 44. 10. E. and lat. 54. 37. and 55. 28. N. It is watered by the rivers Tescha and Scholka, which flow to the Volga. It is an undulating country; much of it is covered with wood, and some part of it with swamps; but it produces flax in abundance, and corn sufficient for the use of the inhabitants, who amount to 120,000, of whom 4351 are slaves belonging to the crown, and 28,643 belonging to other individual nobles. The chief employment is wood-cutting, potash burning, and spinning linen yarn.

the capital of the Russian circle of the same name, at the junction of the river Scholka with the Tescha. It is an old and ill-built city, with 20 wood and 2 stone churches, some other public buildings, 1416 houses, and about 8000 inhabitants. There are some manufactures of the leather peculiar to Russia, of soap, and of wood; and many shoes are made for distant markets. The merchants deal largely in linen and sail-cloth. It is in lat. 55. 27. N. and long. 43. 46. E.