ight. His printed works are, 1. A Collection of the Historians of the Crusades, under the title of *Gesta Dei per Francos, sive Orientalium Expeditionum et Regni Franco-rum Hierosolymitani Scriptores variis coactae*, in una editi, Hanau, 1611, folio; 2. *Jacobi Bongarsii Epistolae*, Leyden, 1641; 3. *Collectio Hungaricae Rerum Scriptorum*, Francfort, 1600, folio; 4. An edition of Justin, with learned notes; besides notes on Petronius, and various readings of Paulus Diaconus.

**Boniface**, the name of several eminent men, particularly of nine popes. To the first of these, who was chosen pope in December 418, St Augustin dedicated his four books in answer to the two epistles of the Pelagians. Boniface II. was elected pope in October 530, and succeeded Felix IV., who had been nominated by a part of the clergy, the senate, and the people assembled in the basilica of Constantine, and whose memory he caused to be condemned. His pontificate was distinguished only for its turbulence. Boniface III. prevailed upon the emperor Phocas to consent that the title of Universal Bishop should be conferred on no other but the bishop of Rome, and that the Holy See should have the supremacy over that of Constantinople. Boniface IV. obtained from the same emperor, the Pantheon, or temple of all the gods, built by Agrippa, and converted it into a church, which he consecrated to all the martyrs and the virgin, under the name of *Santa Maria della Rotonda*. Boniface V. was elected pope in December 617, and died in October 625. Boniface VI. was elected pope in April 896, but died of the gout fifteen days thereafter. Boniface VII., called Franconi, has the title of antipope. He was suspected of having caused Benedict VI. to be strangled in prison in 974; and after the election of Benedict VII. he removed the treasures of the church to Constantinople. But he returned on the death of Benedict, and his successor John XIV. was disposed of in the same way as Benedict VI. This intruder died in 985. Boniface VIII., elected pope in 1294, canonized St Louis in 1297, and in 1300 appointed the jubilee to be solemnized every hundred years thereafter. Boniface IX. was elected pope on the 2d November 1389, after the death of Urban VI. and during the schism of the west. He supported Ladislaus of Hungary in his pretensions to the kingdom of Hungary, against Louis of Anjou, protected by the Avignon pope, Clement VII. Some writers have praised his chastity; the greater number have accused him of simony, of cupidity in order to enrich his family, and of exactions for the support of his government. He died on the 1st October 1404.

Boniface is also the name of a saint, the apostle of Germany, who, before he took that name, was called Wini-frid. He was born at Kirton in Devonshire. Boniface chose to go and preach the gospel among the barbarous nations of Germany; and although created archbishop of Mayence, he soon after resigned his office, in order to go and preach in East Friesland, where he was murdered by the Pagans on the 5th of June 755. With him perished Eoban a bishop, three priests, three deacons, four monks, and forty-eight laics. Boniface, at the time of his death, was considerably above seventy years of age. The Bolandists collected the *Acta Bonifaciana*, containing an account of the miracles of the Saint, in the form of annals; and a collection of his *Letters*, in number one hundred and fifty-two, was published by Serrarius in 1605, 4to. In the *Speculium* of D'Achery may be found the canons which he promulgated for regulating the conduct of his clergy; and one of his sermons has been preserved in the *Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novissimus*, tom. iii. part 2, published by D. Bernard Pez, at Augsburg, 1729.

**Bonifaci**, a town in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, and in the delegation of Verona. It is the chief place of a district of the same name, on the Alpon, Bonifacio containing 3640 inhabitants.

**Bonifacio**, a town in the island of Corsica, beyond the mountains, near the strait called *Bocca di Bonifacio*. It is well fortified, and contains about 3000 inhabitants. Long. 9. 9. 16. E. Lat. 41. 23. 10. N.

**Bonn**, a circle in the Prussian government of Cologne, extending over 75 square miles, or 48,000 acres, including, besides the city, three villages on the left bank of the Rhine, with 24,118 inhabitants. It was the estate of the archbishop of Cologne before the sequestration which accompanied the French revolution. The city, which gives name to the circle, is close to the Rhine, in a most beautiful country. Some of the public buildings, especially the palace and the cathedral, are in very good taste. There is a fine market-place and tolerable good streets. It contains 1109 houses and 10,565 inhabitants. It has gained much celebrity since its transfer to Prussia, by the liberal establishment of a university, to the use of which the archiepiscopal palace has been appropriated. A library, apparatus, and botanical garden have been founded, and endowments fixed for professors, among which are to be found some of the most celebrated names in Germany. Long. 9. 38. 40. E. Lat. 50. 24. N.

**Bonnee River**. This river is formed by the stream of the Soan, which rises in Hindostan, in the district of Chuta Nagpoor and the Burkee river, which it joins in long. 84. 50. E. and lat. 21. 43. N. The united streams pursue a course of about 110 miles, when they take the name of the Bonnee river. Its course afterwards is nearly due east, until it is joined by the Coyle or Burnace river, when they flow together into the bay of Bengal, ten miles north from point Palnuras. The whole course from the rise of the Soan may be estimated at 360 miles.

**Bonnefons, or Bonnefonius, John**, a Latin poet, was born at Clermont in Auvergne in 1554. He studied law under Cujas at Bourges; became an advocate in the parliament of Paris; was appointed lieutenant-general of Bar-sur-Seine; and acquired great reputation by his *Pancharis* and other poems. He died in 1612, in the sixtieth year of his age. He must not be confounded with John Bonnefons, his son, another Latin poet, or with Dom Elia Benedict Bonnefons, a benedictine of the congregation of St Maur. The most complete edition of his works is that of Amsterdam, 1676, 12mo, entitled *Joannis Bonnefoni, patris, Arcerni Opera Omnia*.

**Bonner, Edmund**, bishop of London, was born at Hanley in Worcestershire about the end of the fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth century, and generally supposed to be the natural son of one Savage, a priest, who was the natural son of Sir John Savage of Clifton in the same county. Strype, however, says he was positively assured that Bonner was the legitimate offspring of a poor man, who lived in a cottage long afterwards known by the name of Bonner's Place. About the year 1512 he entered as a student of Broadgate Hall in Oxford; and in 1519 was admitted as bachelor of the canon and the civil law. About the same time he took orders, and obtained some preferment in the diocese of Worcester. In 1525 he was created doctor of the canon law. Having now acquired the reputation of a shrewd politician and civilian, he was soon distinguished by Cardinal Wolsey, who appointed him commissary for the faculties, and heaped upon him a variety of church preferments. He possessed at the same time the livings of Blaydon and Cherry-Burton in Yorkshire, Ripple in Worcestershire, East Dereham in Norfolk, a prebend of St Paul's, and the archdeaconry of Leicester. Bonner was with the cardinal at Cawwood when he was arrested on a charge of high treason. After the death of that minister, he soon found means to insinuate himself into the favour of Henry VIII., who made him one of his chaplains, and employed him in several embassies abroad, particularly to the pope. In 1532 he was sent to Rome with Sir Edward Kame, to answer for the king, whom his holiness had cited to appear in person or by proxy. In 1533 he was again dispatched to Pope Clement VII., then at Marseilles, to intimate King Henry's appeal to a future general council, from the sentence which had been pronounced against his divorce. On this occasion he threatened the pope with so much resolution, that his holiness talked of having him burnt alive or thrown into a cauldron of melted lead; intimations which Bonner judged it prudent not to contemn, and, accordingly, he suddenly decamped without the ceremony of taking leave. His holiness did not foresee that the man whom, in his anger, he had thus menaced with the flames, was destined to burn heretics in England, and to operate by fire in support of the very faith which, under Henry, he had lent his aid to overthrow. In 1538, being then ambassador at the court of France, he was nominated bishop of Hereford; but, before consecration, he was translated to the see of London, and enthroned in April 1540. Henry VIII. died in 1547, at which time Bonner was ambassador at the court of the emperor Charles V. During this reign he was constantly zealous in his opposition to the pope; and, in compliance with the king, he favoured the Reformation. Henry VIII. was not a man to be trifled with, and exacted a rigid compliance with all his whims and caprices; but on the accession of young Edward, Bonner refused to take the oath of supremacy, and was committed to the Fleet, where he remained until he thought fit to promise obedience to the laws. After his release he continued to comply with the Reformation, but with such manifest neglect and reluctance, that he was twice reprimanded by the privy council, and in 1549 was, after a long trial, committed to the Marshalsea, and deprived of his bishopric. The succeeding reign, however, gave him ample opportunity of revenge. Mary was scarcely seated on the throne when Bonner was restored to his bishopric, and soon afterwards appointed vicegerent and president of the convocation. From this time he became the chief instrument of persecuting cruelty, and is said to have condemned no less than two hundred Protestants to the flames in the space of three years. Nor was this vindictive and persecuting priest less remarkable for his impudence than his cruelty. On the accession of Elizabeth he appeared with the rest of the bishops, at Highgate, to congratulate her on the occasion. But having, in the second year of her reign, refused to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy, he was again deprived, and committed to the Marshalsea, where he died in 1569, after a confinement of ten years' duration.

There cannot be a stronger instance of the comparative lenity of the Protestant church, than its suffering a man like this, devoid of mercy or compassion, and who had pronounced so many cruel and odious sentences, to die a natural death. The character of Bonner was remarkable for obstinacy and inflexibility in every thing save principle; yet, even in this respect, it exhibits some striking contrasts. In the early part of his career he took care to accommodate his principles to his convenience and ambition; in the latter, after his return to Catholicism, he remained steadfast in his adherence to the ancient faith, and, when disgraced, bore his deprivation and imprisonment with calmness and resignation. He was constitutionally merciless and austere; fitted by nature for a persecutor of all opinions adverse to his own; and equally capable of employing in favour of Protestantism the same burning zeal which he displayed against it. But he was a determined enemy to all laxity of conduct in the ministers of religion, and took the most energetic measures for reforming the manners of his clergy, over whom he exercised the most rigorous superintendence. The pieces ascribed to him are, 1. Letters to Lord Cromwell; 2. Responsum et Exhortatio in laudem Sacerdotii, 1553; 3. The Thirty-seven Articles of his Visits; 4. An Exposition of the Symbol, and of the Seven Sacraments, in thirteen homilies, 1554, 4to.; and some other writings on passing subjects.