(Peridot, Haïti; Olivin, Hausmann). When chryslite is found in a crystallized state, and of considerable dimensions, it is a very beautiful mineral, and presents a fine grass-green colour, with a vitreous fracture, and perfect transparency. Such specimens are very rare, and the locality is quite unknown, but supposed to be Upper Egypt. It occurs also in minute but perfect crystals, along with other gems, in alluvial deposits at Epallia. It is most commonly found in grains in trap-rocks, sometimes in large spheroidal masses, of an oil-green colour, in a state of granular concretions. It likewise enters into the composition of meteoric stones, and occurs imbedded in the native iron discovered by Pallas in Siberia, and also in the same substance, which has subsequently been found at Atacama. Chryslite is the softest of all gems, being scratched by quartz, and yielding to the file. Its specific gravity is 3·4; and, according to Vaquelin, it contains, of silica 38°, magnesia 50°, and iron 9°.

CHYSOLORAS, Manuel or Emmanuel, a man who has claims on the eternal gratitude of all the lovers of learning. He was at the head of those learned Greeks who brought into Italy the language of Athens, and reopened the sources of erudition. Born at Constantinople, he was descended of an ancient and distinguished family, which had removed with Constantine from Rome to Byzantium; and he was sent by the emperor John Paleologus to implore of the Christian princes succours of men and money against the Turks. After an absence of some years, Chrysoloras returned to Constantinople; but he did not remain long there, as the magistrates of Florence had engaged him to accept of the office of professor of the Greek language in their city, where he opened his school about the year 1393 or 1394, and taught three years. From Florence Chrysoloras passed to Milan, and from Milan to the rising university of Pavia, to which he had been invited by John Galeas, duke of Milan. When the death of Galeas in 1402, and the troubles that broke out in Lombardy, forced him to quit Pavia, he retired to Venice, where he lived several years, and subsequently went to Rome, upon the invitation of Aretino, who had been his disciple, and who was then secretary to Gregory XII. About this period Chrysoloras entered on the career of public affairs. In 1408 he was at Paris in capacity of envoy from Manuel Paleologus, having been charged with an important mission by the Greek emperor. In 1413 he accompanied cardinals Chalanco and Zabarella on a mission from Pope Martin V. to the emperor Sigismund, in order to choose, in concert with the latter, a place for the meeting of a general council, which had been demanded by this emperor. Constance was the town fixed upon, and thither Chrysoloras repaired, for the purpose of assisting at the council as the representative of the Greek emperor. But while he was preparing for the discharge of this duty, he was suddenly cut off, on the 15th April 1415, in the forty-seventh year of his age. The works of Chrysoloras are not numerous. The best known is his Greek grammar, published under the title of *Erotemata* or questions, of which several editions, all now extremely rare, appeared in the fifteenth century. The editions of Gourmont in 1507, of Aldus in 1512 and 1517, and of Junius in 1514, deserve to be particularly mentioned. Several letters and a tract on the pouring out of the Holy Spirit are the only other known productions of Chrysoloras, and the last still remains in manuscript.

CHYSOLORAS, John, was the disciple and nephew of the preceding, not his son as some have supposed. He is believed to have accompanied his uncle into Italy, and to have taught Greek; but if so, he did not long follow this employment, for in 1415 we find that he had returned to Constantinople, whither Guarini addressed to him a letter of consolation on the death of Manuel. He was the master of Philadelphus, who in 1425 married his daughter Theodora Chrysolorina; and he appears to have died about the year 1427.

CHYSOLORAS, Demetrius, supposed to have been born at Thessalonica, devoted himself chiefly to philosophy and theology. Several of his works have been preserved in manuscript, including a hundred letters to the emperor Manuel Paleologus, a treatise on the procession of the Holy Spirit, a dialogue against Demetrius Cydonius, and an eulogy on St Demetrius. (See *Bibliotheca Graeca*, tom. xi. p. 411.)

CHYSOPRASE, a name derived from the Greek, signifying a superior kind of prase. It occurs at Rosemutz in Silesia, and also at New Fane, Vermont, North America. It is of an apple-green colour, more or less intense. It is translucent, with a fine-grained splintery fracture, nearly even, and occurs massive, in contemporaneous veins, traversing rocks of serpentine. Chysoprase is nearly allied to calcedony, and derives its beautiful colour from an admixture of the oxide of nickel, as ascertained by the analysis of Klaproth.

CHYSOSTOM, St John, a celebrated patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the most admired fathers of the Christian church, was born of a noble family at Antioch about the year 344 of our era. He studied rhetoric under Libanius, and philosophy under Andragathus, after which he spent some time in solitude in the mountains near Antioch; but the austerities which he practised having impaired his health, he returned to Antioch, where he was ordained as deacon by Meletius. Flavian, successor of Meletius, raised him to the office of presbyter five years after this; when he distinguished himself so greatly by his eloquence, that he obtained the surname of Chrysostom or Golden Mouth. Nectarius, patriarch of Constantinople, having died in 397, Chrysostom, whose fame had spread throughout the whole empire, was chosen in his room by the unanimous consent of both the clergy and the people. The emperor Arcadius confirmed this election, and caused him to leave Antioch privately, where the people were very unwilling to part with him. He was ordained as bishop on the 26th of Feb- CHU

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February 398, when he obtained an order from the emperor against the Eunomians and Montanists; reformed the abuses which existed amongst his clergy; retrenched a great part of the expenses in which his predecessors had lived, in order to enable him to feed the poor and build hospitals; and preached with the utmost zeal against the pride, luxury, and avarice of the great. But his great freedom of speech procured him many powerful enemies. He differed with Theophilus of Alexandria, who caused him to be deposed and banished; but he was soon recalled. After this, having declaimed against the dedication of a statue erected to the empress, he was banished into Cucusus in Armenia, a barren and inhospitable place; and afterwards, whilst they were removing him from Petysus, the soldiers treated him so roughly that he died by the way, in the year 407. The best edition of his works, which are chiefly composed of Homilies on a great variety of subjects, is that published at Paris in 1718 by Montfaucon. "Chrysostom," says Fenelon, "seeks no false ornaments; all tends to persuasion. Every topic is disposed with this view. He knows well the Holy Scriptures, and the manners of men. He enters into the heart, and renders every thing sensible. He has high and solid thoughts, and throughout he is a great orator." Dialogue sur l'Éloge.