among metaphysicians, denotes entity, being, or existence. This the schoolmen call ens reale and ens positivum, to distinguish it from, their ens rationale, which is only imaginary things or exists but in the imagination.

river in the Austrian dominions, which falls into the Danube. It is chiefly remarkable because it is the boundary line between two large provinces of that empire. These are distinguished by the names of the Upper and Lower Ens. The province of the Lower Ens is nearly in the centre of the monarchy. It is bounded on the north by Bohemia and Moravia, on the east by Hungary, on the south by Styria, and on the west by the Upper Ens. It extends over 8012 square miles, and is divided into four circles, besides one consisting of the city of Vienna and its suburbs. The names of those circles are, the Upper and Lower Vienna Forests, and the Upper and the Lower Manhartsberg. In 1816 the province contained 1,045,412 inhabitants, who have increased considerably since that period, and occupied 85 cities, 339 market-towns, and 4286 villages, in which were 148,172 dwelling-houses.

The face of the country is generally mountainous, although the warm valley of the Danube and some others contain land equal to any of Europe in productive power, and spots whose picturesque beauty is excelled by few in any country. There are a great number of smaller streams which empty themselves into the Danube, the banks of all which are fertile and pleasant. The mountain ranges are a part of the Noric Alps, running for the most part perpendicular to the river, and varying in height from 4400 to 6500 feet. The soil varies greatly, and as a whole, including the mountain districts, cannot be considered as fertile. The surface of the province appears by the cadastre to be 5,023,580 English acres, and the rivers, lakes, roads, rocks, and waste lands, with the site of the cities, towns, and villages, occupy 1,046,360, or somewhat more than one fifth of the whole. The rest of the land is thus appropriated: 2,244,508 acres are under the plough, 96,757 are in gardens, 137,650 are in vineyards, 666,900 are in meadows, 467,254 in upland pastures, and 1,505,440 are woods and forests. Although agriculture is not worse conducted than in Germany generally, the produce of corn is unequal to the demand for it; and it is calculated that wheat and rye scarcely yield more than five times the seed. The breeds of cattle are by no means good, and neither sheep, oxen, nor cows, are abundant. Poultry and river-fish are plentiful, as are also game both of the feathered and four-footed kinds. Wine and fruits are copiously produced, and much of both, after supplying the capital, is sent to the other provinces. The want of wood for fuel is complained of, and said to be constantly increasing, although of late years improvements have been introduced in the management of the woods, roads made to many places that were before inaccessible, and flots formed on many of the small rivers, to augment the supply. The whole province is a manufacturing district, and furnishes cotton, linen, and woollen cloth, silk goods, iron and copper wares, gold, silver, and plated articles, glass, hats, paper, hosiery, and the various smaller articles of necessity or luxury. The chief commodities exported are wine, saffron, mustard, and wool. The imports consist of East and West India articles, silk, corn, flour, cattle, wood, and salt. The city of Vienna has good roads from it to the most distant parts of the empire, on which, as well as on the rivers, there is a very great traffic.

The province of the Upper Ens is the westernmost Province part of the Austrian dominions, with which have been incorporated a part of the Valley of the Inn, which, before 1799, belonged to Bavaria; and the larger portion of the duchy of Salzburg, ceded to Austria in 1816. It is bounded on the north by Bohemia, on the north-east by the province of the Lower Ens, on the south-east by Steiermark, on the south by Illyria, on the south-west by the Tyrol, and on the north-west by the kingdom of Bavaria. It is 7668 square miles in extent. It is divided into five circles, namely, the Mühlviertel, the Hausruck, the Traun, the Innviertel, and the Salzkammergut. It contained in 1816 seventeen cities, 122 market-towns, 7785 villages, and 124,806 houses, inhabited by 738,890 individuals, since which they have rapidly increased.

The southern part of the province is a mountainous district, covered with a portion of the Noric Alps, in which are Glockner on the frontier of the Tyrol, 11,700 feet in height; the Vienbachhorn, 11,058; and several others exceeding 8000. Some of them are covered with perpetual snow, and have between them glaciers or fields of ice of more than sixty square miles in extent. On the north of the province the mountains which separate it from Bohemia are lower, but fill almost the whole circle of Mühlviertel. The province is well-watered; having besides the Danube, four other navigable rivers which discharge their waters into it. No country presents more lakes, and none are of greater beauty than the Traun, the Kammeree, the Mondsee, and the Hallstättersee.

A country so mountainous has little opportunity of practising agriculture; and with the exception of Salzburg, the corn is not supposed to produce more than four times the seed. The province contains 5,751,900 acres, of which 1,464,750 are under the plough, 44,840 in gardens, 145 in vineyards, 649,967 are meadows, 1,393,670 upland pasture, and 1,697,040 woods. The remainder is occupied with lakes, rivers, glaciers, roads, and sites of cities and towns. One of the chief productions of the province is salt, which is made from brine springs upon a very extensive scale at Hallein. In some parts are mines now worked. These produce annually 2,400 ounces of gold, 6,400 ounces of silver, 885 quintals of copper, 490 quintals of lead, and 14,461 quintals of iron, besides arsenic, vitriol, sulphur, and gypsum. The iron manufactures, and particularly that of knives, give employment to thousands of families. There are also many mills on the various streams, for spinning cotton, linen, and woollen yarn. It is said that the woollen manufacture alone supports more than 25,000 families. In the cities of Linz, Salzburg, and Steyr, there is much transit trade, both by the rivers and by the three great and excellent roads which traverse the province.

city of Austria, in the province of the Lower Ens. It stands near the influx of that river into the Danube, and contains 380 houses, with 2,951 inhabitants employed in linen weaving and in breweries. Being on the great road to Vienna, it has upwards of twenty inns and hotels. Long. 14° 21' E. Lat. 48° 13' N.